翻译学研究论文
翻译学毕业论文参考文献模板
翻译学是研究翻译的规律和艺术的学科。其主要任务是：研究中外翻译的历史、理论、流派;探讨翻译的性质、作用、标准、原则和方法;描述实际的翻译过程，说明各类翻译的特点和不同要求;探索语言转换的'科学性和艺术性;确定翻译人员应具备的素养、才能和培养提高途径，预测翻译事业的发展方向等。下面是我整理的翻译学毕业论文参考文献模板，希望对大家有所帮助。
[1] 王天天. 从合作原则看汉英交替传译中的增补手段[D]. 广东外语外贸大学 2009
[2] 许明. 口译认知过程中“deverbalization”的认知诠释[J]. 中国翻译. 2010(03)
[3] 李忠陈. 中英互译交替传译笔记难易分析及结构符号设计教学解决方法初探[D]. 上海外国语大学 2009
[4] 刁洪. 交替传译中停顿现象的减少策略[D]. 四川外语学院 2011
[5] 何爱香. 交替传译笔记[D]. 厦门大学 2006
[6] 侯海强. 交替传译笔记在不同阶段的规律及成因[D]. 对外经济贸易大学 2007
[7] 易引. 探索汉英交替传译中译语时间过长的原因[D]. 上海外国语大学 2012
[8] 孙晓芳. 《自传：那些只向朋友讲述的事》(2-4章)翻译报告[D]. 河南大学 2014
[9] 郭婷婷. 《旧径漫行》(第十至十一章)翻译报告[D]. 河南大学 2014
[10] 李素奎. 《驯马记》(第一章、第二章节选)翻译报告[D]. 河南大学 2014
[11] 武微. 交替传译的特点与策略对译者要求探析[D]. 辽宁师范大学 2013
[12] 潘梦云. 房地产董事长年会致辞交替传译实践报告[D]. 河北师范大学 2013
[13] 熊玮. 交替传译的认知研究及其对口译训练的启示[D]. 武汉理工大学 2004
[14] 赵军峰. 论口译的翻译单位[J]. 中国科技翻译. 2005(02)
[15] 仲伟合. 口译训练：模式、内容、方法[J]. 中国翻译. 2001(02)
[16] 北京市翻译工作者协会编，吕国军主编.口译与口译教学研究[M]. 外语教学与研究出版社， 2005
[17] 李越然. 充分发挥口译的社会功能[J]. 中国翻译. 1987(02)
[18] Gile, the Deverbalization Approach in the Interpreting and Translation Classroom. Forum . 2003
[19] Gentile A,Ozolins U,Vasilakakos Interpreting: A Handbook. Journal of Women s Health . 1996
[20] Larson, Translation. . 1984
[21] Gentile, Interpreting or Not. The Critical Link:Interpreters in the Community . 1995
翻译是跨学科的，注定要采取多学科的视角研究翻译现象和翻译问题。一、选题范围 1、翻译与文化：可以从宏观和微观两个方面考虑。宏观方面，一般从翻译在目的语社会文化中的生产、接受、翻译在目的语社会文化中所起的功能等角度讨论，可以从社会、文化、历史、交际的...1、选题意义和背景。随着中国加入世界贸易组织，中国企业的对外联系也日益增多。中国企业要想打入国际市场，提高在国际市场上的知名度，企业网站或宣传册上的企业简介扮演着十分重要的地位。通过阅读企业宣传资料，读者可以看出企业外宣材料既有关于企业的基本信息介绍，也有企业所做的文字上、句法上、结构上的这染来达到推广企业、大市场的目的。汉语企业外宣材料的翻译在英译过程中会涉及到与目的语不同的语言习惯、行文方式以及文化因素、社会政治因素、心理因素和审美因素等，这就需要译者对原文本做出适当调整，从内容和形式上对语篇进行重构，以此实现对交际意图的顺应。根据赖斯的文本类型说，本文有三种类型，分别是“信息型”、“表达型”和“诱导型”.笔者认为，企业外宣翻译属于“信息型”和“诱导型”文本兼而有之，而且更侧重于“诱导型”.因此，外宣翻译要更加注重文本的交际功能，要更多的考虑如何使译文所传递的信息更便于目的语读者理解和接受，并让读者产生共鸣，继而付诸行动，实现译文预期的功能。比利时语用学家维索尔伦(Verschuem)提出了顺应论，将语言的使用过程看做语言为顺应不同的交际目的和交际对象进行动态选择的过程。因而可以从顺应论的视角研究语言使用。翻译作为一种特殊的交际方式，也可以从顺应论的视角对其进行研究。优秀的企业宣传材料不仅会提高企业的知名度，还会为企业带来不可估量的经济效益，因此任何一个想打入国际市场的企业务必在其外宣材料的翻译上做足功夫。由于中西方文化背景、历史渊源、生活环境的不同，译者在翻译企业外宣材料时为了获取目的语读者的认可并激发他们付诸行动，就要顺应目的语读者的阅读习惯、审美习惯以及心理因素、文化因素等对原文做出形式上和内容上的调整，而这一顺应的过程也是语篇重构的过程。本文突破性的将顺应论与语篇重构结合起来，并结合西麦克展览公司宣传材料和海天调味食品股份有限公司宣传材料及其翻译，试图从顺应论的视角分析企业外宣翻译中的语篇重构现象。2、论文综述/研究基础。1987年维索尔伦(Verschueren)提出顺应论之后，在语用学界引起了很大反响，不久国内学者就将其引进到中国来。国内学者不仅从理论层面对顺应论进行研究和探索，而且将顺应论应用到翻译理论和实践、外语教学、二语习得、文化传播等领域。在这些领域中，成果最大的当属顺应论对翻译理论和其应用的研究。我国真正将顺应论引入翻译研究开始于21世纪初希望能帮到你
翻译学论文开题报告
开题报告是提高选题质量和水平的`重要环节。下面是我为大家整理的一篇以《目的论在英汉广告翻译上的应用》为例的语言学硕士论文开题报告，供参考阅读，希望对您有所帮助。
1、选题意义和背景
The progress of economic globalization has greatly hit the social life.
Advertising has become an important way of modern marketing and has attractedmerchants and the company. As people's consciousness worldwide enhances, manyproducts and services of advertising will be translated into other languages forpromotion to explore overseas markets. Advertising, as an effective way ofdisseminating brand information, has penetrated into many aspects of social life, andit plays a bridge role in connection and communication. Since China's accession tothe WTO, its connection with the world gets even closer. More and moreinternational enterprises and product brands come into China's huge market.
Translation of products and services for overseas consumers is not only the functionof promoting consumption, but also the effect of external publicity. In the globalmarket, advertising translation not only brings an opportunity for advertising, butalso has brings the huge challenge. Therefore, mastery of both Chinese and Englishadvertising translation is particularly important.
Skopos theory is the foundation and the core theory of functionalism. Skopostheory holds that the process of the whole translation behavior is determined to thepurpose of translation action, that is, the end justifies the means. The purpose of thetranslation behavior is the core element which determines the translation process.
Advertising translation has a strong purpose. What is more important toadvertising translation is whether translation can convey the purpose of source textand achieve the anticipated target of the source text, so as to attract the attention offoreign customers to induce their consumption desire, eventually to incur purchasebehavior.
2、论文综述/研究基础
1 Advertising Translation Studies in the West.
Advertising translation was mentioned in translation studies for the first time inHurbin's (1972) article “Peut-on traduire la langue de la publicé” (Can OneTranslate the Language of Advertising?)。 At that time, linguistics was the dominanthumanistic discipline, meanwhile, linguistics made translating a code-switchingoperation. Equivalence-based linguistic approaches mainly focus on the source text.
Hurhin argued that for one source text, there are several translations, and thetranslators chose which translation is the most appropriate one. Hurbin also pointedthat if glossaries of advertising language is compiled, this was made easier. So thetranslators will be easy to find the most appropriate equivalent expressions betweenthe source and the target text.
In Candace Seguinot's (1995) article “Translation and Advertising: GoingGlobal in Cultural Functions of Translation”. The main opinion of which is thatacross cultural boundaries, there is an understanding of culture and semioticsappearing in the marketing of goods and services. It goes well beyond both languageand design.
Another representative article “Advertising: a five-stage strategy for translationin Translation” as Intercultural Communication which is edited by C. Nord et al. Thearticle is published by Smith & Klein-Braley (1997)。 In this article, they conduct acontrastive analysis of English and German advertising. Then they developedtaxonomy of strategies for the analysis of advertising translation.
Up to now, the book which maybe the only one published exclusively onadvertisement translation is Translation Practices in International Advertisingwritten by Mathieu Guidere (2001)。 This book mainly talks about various aspects ofadvertising translation in international market and mainly concerns the globaladvertising of multinational companies, because they need to translate their productsinformation into other languages. The author analyzes some examples in advertisingtranslation and he shows readers some essential problems in current translation ideas.
This book introduced the strategies of translation which are implemented by the multinational firms to break into new markets.
2 Advertising Translation Studies in China.
Domestic advertising translation studies officially started in 1990s. In terms ofresearch contents, the initial studies mainly focused on the discussion about specificadvertising translation of idioms and the existing problems in Chinese-Englishadvertising translation. That was the primary stage. Years later, advertisingtranslation principle and criteria became the research themes. People hold the viewthat, advertising translation should give attention to in many aspects, such as text,language beauty, consumer psychology. Researchers illustrated their respectivepoints of view from different angles. Since the late 90s, although the discussion oftranslation principle and criteria were still mentioned, the researchers' attention weregradually focused on translation of difficult parts in advertising, such as therhetorical devices, emotional transmission, brand image and trademark reproduction ,etc. In terms of research methods, domestic advertising translation study mainly usesthe inductive method and the case study. Nevertheless, in recent years, researchersbegin to use the theory achievements of pragmatics and other related disciplines toanalyze different kinds of problems in advertising translation, and then put forwardsome translation strategies.
As early as xx, Li Fan proposed the development of the advertising languageposed a severe challenge to advertising translation. The artful advertisings require thetranslator to break hard the tradition of the original, boldly innovate, and improve thequality of translation. There are three reasons for flexible advertising translation: 1)the purpose of advertising is to induce consumer to purchase products. Text is justmeans, so translations do not have to stick to the text equivalent; 2) the feature ofadvertising language is vivid, which is the essence of advertising language. If thetranslation is not bold to change, there will be no magic translation; 3) formulaicexpressions are common use in advertising, if not alternative, it may be translatedinto foreign stereotyped writing (黎凡 xx:29-31)。 At the same time, researchersthought in terms of some specific advertisements, flexible translation seems to be theonly way, especially in the four kinds of advertising: 1) advertising used of witty and polished words; 2) advertising used of brand name; 3) advertising used of puns; 4)advertising with strong national culture color.
In order to achieve concise expression, attract more readers' attention, facilitatereaders recognize and remember, advertising writing should follow the KISSprinciple, namely, “keep it short and sweet” (郭可 1992:57-64)。 A great number ofstudies on advertising translation are associated with concise problem. Ding Shude isdedicated to his studies. He holds that: 1) Chinese advertising often uses modifiers toemphasis, product characteristics, while English advertising is simple words, mainlywith oral type. a lot of subject-predicative phrases in Chinese can be directlytranslated into adjectives English , such as 速度快、效率高、行动灵活 can betranslated into “fast, efficient and handy”; 2) There are a large number of the fourwords in Chinese advertising structure, which bring parallelism and overlapping tostrengthen language, but there is no such characteristic in English. InChinese-English translation should hold the center, around the center word leads toall aspects; 3) there are often loose sentences, which express a large amount ofinformation in Chinese advertising. Translation should be concise and compact,strengthen the logic; 4) Chinese advertising commonly uses formulaic expressions.
Translation should be fascinating, considering the overall rhetorical, but not stackrhetoric. Good English advertising language is not many words, but it is impressive(丁树德 xx: 42-43)。 Cao Shunfa also takes a large number of examples of bothEnglish-Chinese translation two aspects show that based on the principle of simple,the translation of advertising language should strive to use the most simple languageto express the most complex meaning, to make it easy to be remembered (曹顺发xx: 43-45)。
Equivalence theory is based on Nida's equivalence translation theory. On thisbasis, some researchers point out that commercial advertising translation is mainlyon the equivalence of semantic, social and cultural, and stylistic aspect. 1) Thesemantic equivalence. This is the most basic and important equivalence. From wordto chapter, in order to achieve the semantic equivalence, the first thing to thetranslator is that he must determine the meaning of the translation unit in context.
翻译研究期刊
核心期刊认可度最高的是南核（即南大核心）、北核（北大核心或中文核心）、科技核心这三个核心，是国家统一认可的。其他的核心，像遴选核心、行业核心、指定核心，都是小范围以内的核心，比如指在本单位认可，不在社会上公认。全国都认可的只有南核、北核、科技核心这三大核心。你说的中国核心期刊，我没有听说过，你方便说一下刊物的名称吗？我可以帮你查查是不是南核、北核、科技核心。或是你自己在网上搜索一下最新的期刊目录，查看一下。什么是正规期刊，双刊号齐全，新闻出版总署可查，正规网站知网、万方、龙源或是维普收录的。只要符合这几个条件的正刊，都是正规期刊~
中国翻译杂志属于中文核心期刊。
《中国翻译》杂志社（双月刊）创刊于1980年，是中国外文出版发行事业局主管、中国外文局编译研究中心；中国翻译工作者协会主办的学术期刊，同时也是中国翻译协会的会刊。它是翻译工作者交流译学研究和翻译实践经验的窗口，进行学术争鸣的园地。本刊是国家核心学术期刊。期刊办刊宗旨：开展翻译研究和学术交流；促进翻译人才培养和翻译队伍建设；进行行业指导，参与行业管理；维护翻译工作者的合法权益；开展与国内外相关组织之间的交流与合作。期刊栏目设置：译学研究、翻译理论与技巧、翻译评论、译著评析、翻译教学、科技翻译、经贸翻译、实用英语翻译、人物介绍、国外翻译界、当代国外翻译理论、翻译创作坦、翻译史话、医坛春秋、中外文化交流、国外翻译界动态、词汇翻译轩登、读者论坛、争鸣与商榷、翻译自学之友等。主办：中国外文局对外传播研究中心;中国翻译协会
1. 外语界 2. 外语教学与研究 3. 外国语(上海外国语大学学报)4. 外语学刊 5. 现代外语6. 外语教学理论与实践 7. 外语教学8. 外语与外语教学9. 解放军外国语学院学报10. 外语研究11. 外国语文12. 山东外语教学
英语专业学术核心骑行有好多些。
儿童文学翻译研究论文
【摘要】：奈达运用交际学理论,把翻译视为是跨语言、跨文化的交际活动,其功能对等理论思想产生了世界性的深远影响,在对文学翻译、科技翻译等领域里都有重要的指导作用。这种以"读者反映论"为核心的翻译理论为儿童文学翻译批评提供了一个崭新的思路。作者就以《夏洛的网》汉译本为例,辅以奈达的功能对等理论指导,来探讨儿童文学的翻译,并通过功能对等理论中的意义、风格和文化三个方面的分析比较,从实践个案上来证明功能对等理论在指导儿童文学翻译上的实用性和适用性。【作者单位】： 浙江工贸职业技术学院基础部; 【关键词】： 功能对等 儿童文学 翻译 【分类号】：H059【正文快照】： 从晚清起，我国就开始大量翻译儿童文学作品，这对我国儿童文学的发展产生了深远的影响。但是至今在国内，儿童文学翻译的研究还没有得到应有的重视，儿童文学翻译仍一直处于研究的边缘地位。实际上，儿童文学翻译绝非易事，译者不仅需要熟练使用两种语言，还要熟悉儿童文学
论儿童文学与儿童阅读能力的培养摘要：新课程理念下的小学语文阅读教学的方法灵活多样。儿童文学作为儿童阅读的主要精神食粮，它与培养儿童的阅读能力有着天然的联系。首先，掌握儿童文学的语言符号，可提升儿童认知分析能力；其次，感受儿童文学的文学形象，可提高儿童的审美鉴赏能力；再次，把握儿童文学的文学蕴含，可发展儿童的联想扩展能力。关键词：儿童阅读能力；儿童文学小学语文教学主要培养儿童的识字、阅读、作文、口语交际的能力，阅读和作文是儿童语文素养最重要的两个方面。所以，《全日制义务教育语文课程标准（实验稿）》（以下简称《语文课程标准》）关于阅读要求作了如此规定：“阅读是搜集处理信息、认识世界、发展思维、获得审美体验的重要途径。阅读教学是学生、教师、文本之间对话的过程。”“阅读是学生的个性化行为，不应以教师的分析来代替学生的阅读实践。应让学生在主动积极的思维和情感活动中，加深理解和体验，有所感悟和思考，受到情感熏陶，获得思想启迪，享受审美乐趣。要珍视学生独特的感受、体验和理解。”“阅读教学的重点是培养学生具有感受、理解、欣赏和评价的能力。这种综合能力的培养，各学段可以有所侧重，但不应把它们机械地割裂开来。”“逐步培养学生探究性阅读和创造性阅读的能力，提倡多角度的、有创意的阅读，利用阅读期待、阅读反思和批判等环节，拓展思维空间，提高阅读质量。”以上这些文字告诉我们：儿童的阅读能力，主要包括认知分析能力、审美鉴赏能力、联想扩展能力。虽然提高儿童阅读能力的方法多种多样，但儿童文学对儿童的阅读能力的提升有着不容忽视的作用。因为据统计，六年制小学语文教学中80%以上的课文属于儿童文学（从文学的角度划分统计），说明儿童文学已成为小学语文课堂教学的主要教材。儿童文学还是小学生课外阅读的主要内容，它为小学生开展课外活动提供了丰富的材料。可见，儿童文学教育已成为小学语文教育的主体，儿童文学已成为提高儿童文学阅读能力的主要文本。儿童文学是语言的艺术，语言的表情达意的功能在儿童文学作品中达到了极致。优秀的儿童文学作家或用饱蘸诗意的笔墨抒发自然人性的美妙，或用含蓄委婉的笔调抒写苦难人生之不幸，或用讽刺幽默的笔法揭示社会现实之污点。这种优秀的儿童文学作品，既是儿童学习语言的最好范本，也是儿童学习成为“人”的通灵宝玉，就像赫尔岑所言：“歌德和莎士比亚抵得整整一所大学。一个人通过阅读体验了时代，不像在科学中，在科学中他只摘取最后的、得到澄清的成果，而是像那种一同举步、一同走上曲折道路的旅伴。”〔1〕既然儿童文学在儿童的阅读和成长中有着如此重要的作用，那么作为一个具有儿童文学素养和有较高的阅读分析能力的教师，要想提高语文课堂教学质量，有效地指导小学生课外阅读、课外活动，他需要探索理想的阅读教学模式。因此，在课堂教学中，他对教材中的优秀儿童文学作品的教学不能仅仅停留在字、词、句的理解和道德品质的教育上，也不会满足于借此教会学生文章的结构方法、中心的表达方式等等，应该自觉地引导学生感受作品独具的美学特质，提高学生对文学艺术的审美能力，努力探求儿童文学与儿童阅读能力培养之间的关系。儿童在阅读儿童文学作品时，他们由表及里感受到的三个基本层次：语言符号-文学形象-文学蕴含。这三个层次明确告知我们，儿童在阅读儿童文学过程中不可缺少的三个环节是：识别语言符号，掌握信息，提升儿童认知分析能力；再现文学形象，培养想象，提高儿童审美鉴赏能力；挖掘文学蕴含，锻炼思维，发展儿童联想扩展能力。一、儿童文学的语言符号与儿童的认知分析能力符号学将文学看成是一个由符号构造的精神世界。文学读解要寻绎文本的意义和价值，也就是要寻绎文学符号的意义和价值，因为文学符号是文学意义和价值的载体。一般认为，语言是表达思想的符号系统，其中词是符号，句子是符号链，由词和句子组成的讲话或文章是符号的集合体。英国学者特伦斯·霍克斯阐述关于语言的功能时认为：“当语言用来传达信息时，它的认知或指称功能就发生作用；当语言用来表明说话人或作家的情感态度时，它的表达情感的功能就显示出来。”〔2〕中国的汉字符号，兼有表形与表意的特点，从汉字的符号上可以看出外指的“物象”与内指的“意向”两个因素的有机统一。也就是说，索绪尔所推崇的——能指的感性与所指的抽象性的结合，在汉字中达到了高层次的完美实现。可是，书面语言是文字符号，本身不具形象性，要想办法把它变成形象，要使儿童获得一种切实的审美体验。就如法国作家法郎士在《乐园之花》曾说：“书是什么？主要的只是一连串小的印成的记号而已，它是要读者自己添补形式色彩和情感，才好使那些记号相应地活跃起来，一本书是否呆板乏味，或是生气盎然，情感是否热如火，冷如冰，还要靠读者自己的体验。〔3〕(20)换句话说，语言符号的抽象性质，使它所创造的形象和表达的情感失去了直接可感性，儿童想要通过文本感受艺术形象，就必须用自己的认知和分析去融化语符，重构形象，使作者的经验、情感由凝固的物化形态，重新变化为流动的观念形态。按照心理学知识，儿童的认知过程是从环境中接受信息、贮存信息、按需要提取和操作信息，然后作出外显反应。信息加工把认知过程中感性部分（如，感觉、知觉、注意与记忆）与理性部分（思维）结合起来成为一个从输入到输出的完整的控制系统。〔4〕而儿童与成人不同，成人有一定的阅读和生活经验，很容易在再造想象中将文字符号转化为脑海中的形象，儿童由于年龄与审美经验的不足，对文字美的内涵往往难以把握，就需要教师蹲下来，用儿童能够理解的方式去唤起他们的审美体验，激发他们的想象力，以使其充分感受文学的魅力。可是，我国传统的语文阅读教学更注重辞章学，喜欢从表达的角度研究作者遣词造句、布局谋篇的技巧。为了有效地捉高儿童的阅读能力，在小学语文的教学过程中，应该运用经典的儿童文学作品为范本，根据儿童的认知特点和现代的阅读观念 （现代阅读观念着眼于快速而准确地从书面资料中获取信息），培养儿童透过儿童文学文本获取信息的能力。文章的信息有主信息、副信息，全面发现这些信息，就能完成阅读的基本要求。如，新课标小学语文二年级上册《纸船和风筝》的表面信息是松鼠和小熊一个住在山顶，一个住在山脚。它们借风筝和纸船分别祝对方快乐和幸福，于是它们成了好朋友。可是有一天，它们为了一点小事吵架，山顶上再也看不到飘荡的风筝，小溪里再也看不到漂流的纸船。松鼠和小熊都很难过。过了几天，松鼠在纸船上写了一句话：“如果你愿意和好，就放一只风筝吧。”傍晚，松鼠看见一只美丽的风筝朝它飞来，它把一只只纸船放到了小溪里。而内在的信息是作者表现的是儿童的心灵是单纯而明净的，他们因为不谙世事而真诚地对待一切事物。它所展现的是一种极为透明、至纯至真的友谊。在完成了课堂教学之后，教师应该把目光转向更多的儿童文学作品，因为任何儿童文学作品一定不是孤立地存在，它必然在相互关系中占据一定的位置。而“认知”就本质而言，始终旨在达到这个本质目的，即将特殊儿童文学作品归结到一般作品的法则和序列。所以，每一种“认知” 都具有这一特征：“它不单纯地摹写，而是体现出一种本原性的、赋予形式的力量。它不是被动地表示出某种事物在场这一单纯的事实，而是包含着一种独立的人类精神力量，通过这种能量，现象的单纯在场获得了一种确定的‘意义’，获得了特殊的、观念化的内容。”〔5〕那么，儿童在阅读了具有某一种类型特点的作品之后，在他们的“认知”领域中，必然会获得一种观念化了的程序。例如，完成了 《纸船和风筝》的教学后，可引导儿童去阅读叶圣陶的《小白船》。在阅读过程中，儿童将会发觉：在《小白船》中，表层信息是作者赞颂田野的美丽、多趣，展现的是“将来的田野”。《小白船》开头第一句话，“一条小溪是各种可爱东西的家”，就将我们引入优美平和的境地，在这片“将来的田野”里，各种生物都得以自由地舒展生命：“水面上有极细微的声音，是鱼儿在奏乐，他们会用他们特别的方法奏出奇妙的音乐来：‘拨喇……拨喇’好听极了。他们邀请小红花跟他们一起跳舞；绿萍要炫耀自己的美丽的衣服，也跟了上来。”祥和、谐趣的田野风光中，鱼儿畅快地嬉戏游玩，伴随他们的是“活泼美丽的小孩儿”。一条小白船载着天真无邪的孩子随风飘荡，任意东西，即使迷路了，也有善良的人来帮助。深层信息是“小孩儿”与鱼儿融洽相处，互不侵犯，共同营构优美、诗意的童话境界。这方天地里洋溢的是真、善和纯洁，表现着作家对理想、和谐、充满真诚与爱意的人生的追求。这样的教学，可以说儿童以作家创造和构建的文学意象为媒体，透过文字符号与该符号所表示的语义，掌握了文本要传达的表层、深层信息，从而达到读者与作者之间的交流，有效地完成了语文阅读教学任务。二、儿童文学的文学形象与儿童的审美鉴赏能力儿童读者在语言符号的感染下，经过想象和联想，便可在头脑中唤起一系列相应的具体可感的文学形象，构成一个动人心弦的艺术世界，这就是文学作品的第二个层面——文学形象层面。关于文学形象，卢卡契在《艺术与客观真实》曾指出：“每一种伟大艺术，它的目标都是要提供一幅现实的画像。在这里，观象与本质、个别与规律、直接性与概念等的对立消除了，以致两者在艺术作品的直接印象中融合成一个自发的统一体，对接受者来说是一个不可分割的整体。”〔6〕这里所说的“现实的画像”即文学形象。儿童文学的文学形象有两层含义：其一是指作家的情感和生活形象（物象）的结合而创造的艺术形象，如，在《寄小读者》里，冰心饱含着她个人的或思念、或向往、或欣赏、或同情的各种情愫，而描绘的仪态万千的自然风光、金发碧眼的异国少年；其二是文本中的文学形象并非直接由实体形象所构成，而是由接受主体的心理机制在一系列语言符号的刺激下幻化、再造而成。如，解读“丑小鸭”时，读者通过再造想象，实实在在会感受到：《丑小鸭》绝不仅仅限于反映当时欧洲社会的某些现实，也绝对不仅限于作为作者安徒生人生道路的单一象征。它最大程度地写出了整个世界、全体人类生活的某些普遍性，写出了所有曾经有过自卑而摆脱了自卑，达到理想境界的一种艰难的心路历程。由于儿童文学是按照美的规律创造的文学，所以，儿童文学的文学形象为儿童提供了一种审美的依据。儿童在儿童文学的阅读过程中，可以在获得审美愉悦的同时间接地认识社会、认识历史、认识人生，接受教育，受到美的熏陶。但要领略文学形象的独特魅力，从而在情绪情感上打动儿童、感染儿童，需要儿童在阅读的基础上，运用艺术思维，借助创造性的想象和联想，对作品的情和理有所感受和领悟。所以阅读儿童文学作品时，通过再现文学形象，发挥儿童的想象，可提高儿童的审美鉴赏能力。具体地说，表现在以下三个方面。首先，提高儿童的审美感受力。审美感受力是指审美主体对审美对象所传递的信息作出的反映能力。在这里，既有单纯的生理感觉因素，又有积淀理性内容的感觉因素。〔7〕(232)从生理感觉因素上说，指的是审美主体的感觉能力，表现为主体对事物的感性特征怀有浓厚的兴趣，能够在审美实践中保持高度的敏感。例如，儿童听到节奏韵律鲜明的儿歌、看到富有儿童色彩的语言，就可能引起他们情绪上的舒适感，从而会更有兴趣地投到阅读中。而从积淀理性内容的感觉因素上来说，是指审美主体在获得生理愉悦的同时，不知不觉地调动起各种心理机能，并参照以往的审美心理积淀和感觉经验而作出的审美反应。例如，当儿童阅读了一定数量的儿童文学作品时，由于审美感觉中积淀的阅读经验，使儿童对接触到的文学形象产生特定的审美感受，这样，儿童会从审美对象的外在特征、象征符号中迅速领会它所对应的内涵，所以看到狐狸、大灰狼、小白兔、老牛、猴子，他们会产生狡猾、凶狠、活泼、善良、聪明等相应的审美反应。其次，培养儿童的审美判断力。审美判断是对审美对象的美的特性进行分析、综合之后所得出的审美评判和审美断定，而审美判断力则是指在这种审美评判和审美断定中所显示出来的审美水平与能力。〔7〕(232)如果结合儿童的审美心理特点，我们可以这样理解：在儿童阅读儿童文学作品的过程中，他们会调动主体的审美经验展开丰富的自由联想，将儿童文学作品的审美特性与儿童主体的知、情、意对应起来，从而产生丰富的审美想象和营造意蕴深厚的审美境界。古罗马教育家普鲁塔克说过，儿童的心灵“不是一个需要填满的罐子，而是一颗需要点燃的火种”，于是我们需要通过儿童文学作品去点燃儿童心灵的火种，让儿童对作家创造的审美意象进行不断的审美判断练习，这将有效地培养儿童的阅读审美判断能力。例如，德国当代儿童文学作家甘特·斯本的短篇童话《向日葵大街的房子》：老房子与主人伯姆泼利先生一家世代相居，因此感情深厚，几次从危难中解救和保护了主人一家，对主人始终忠心耿耿。然而伯姆泼利先生却嫌老房子旧了，要卖掉它，买幢新房子。老房子不愿离开主人，想尽一切办法来阻止主人出售它。它的种种鬼把戏吓走了一个又一个的买主，然而引起了一对喜爱新奇的新婚夫妇的极大兴趣，非要买下老房子不可。老房子在万般无奈之下，只得选择出走。最后，伯姆泼利先生千辛万苦才找回了老房子，并把老房子装饰一新，决心永远与忠诚的老房子为伴。如果儿童经常阅读这类作品，他们就会在对老房子这个别出心裁的形象进行再现、体验与感悟的基础上，判断出作品的蕴含：作者借助童话这一文体，突出老房子忠心不二的精神品质，意在赞扬一种朋友间的忠诚守信，哪怕遇到任何意外变故也不变心的为人的高尚品质。再次，提升儿童的审美理解力。审美理解是在审美判断的基础上，对事物审美特性作进一步认识、分析和把握的一个审美过程。〔7〕(233)审美理解也是对事物审美特性进行深入和强化的认识与把握过程，是审美由感性认识飞跃到理性认识，由个别性把握经由特殊性把握，再到普遍性把握的飞跃过程。从这一层面进行思索，可以发觉儿童在阅读儿童文学作品时，往往是从作品中的各种事物外部联系的理解入手，然后对各种事物的现象与本质、内容与形式、偶然与必然、可能与现实的相互关系，以及事物内部的联系作深刻理解和认识，从而积累某类事物所具有的审美属性，不断提高审美理解力。例如，儿童在阅读王尔德的《快乐王子》时，他们发现这个童话描写的是“快乐王子”为了关心帮助穷人而献出了自己所有最珍贵的东西，最后又由于同情曾帮助过他的小燕子，悲痛得铅心爆裂而最后被毁，而其内涵却是“快乐王子”为爱而献身的崇高的精神境界。由这个文本作为范例，然后引导儿童阅读更多的童话，儿童会领悟到童话生动的形象与离奇情节的背后，常能引发人们思考更深刻的社会内容，如，人与人的相处、人与自然的关系、美与丑的辨别、正义与邪恶的根源等隐藏着的蕴含。席勒曾经指出：“审美的教养使一切事物服从美的法则，并且在它给予外部生命的形式中显现内在的生命。”〔8〕由此可见，如果在小学语文教学中，经常进行类似的阅读，那么儿童会在文学形象的审美感受中渗透自己的审美体验，从而直接进入到文学作品的哲理性认识和本质性把握的层面。三、儿童文学的文学蕴含与儿童的联想扩展能力文学蕴含层面，是指文本所含的思想、感情等各种内容，它是宗白华所说的“最高灵境”层次，也是亚里士多德所说的“写诗这种活动比写历史更富于哲学意味”的哲学内涵。中国古典美学中的“象外之象”“景外之景”“含不尽之意见于言外”，也是对文学作品蕴含的阐述。在西方，但丁早就指出，文学具有四义——字面意义、譬喻意义、道德意义和奥秘意义。可见真正成功的文学作品，不应当是意义确定的和完结的，而应当是意义含蓄的，这样可以满足读者的阐释欲望。儿童文学作为文学的一个分支，它当然也讲究文学的蕴含。许多儿童文学作品，尤其是适合少年阅读的儿童小说，其内蕴存在于特定的小说话语体系中，仿佛具有无限的生成与阐释的可能性。例如，曹文轩的《古堡》，表层描写两个少年对一座传说中的古堡的寻觅，深层告诉儿童在一切认识自然和社会的实践中要表现出不迷信、不盲从、不畏艰险、不惮前驱的探索精神。儿童文学文本的蕴含散发出无穷的艺术魅力，召唤着儿童充分调动其联想、想象能力，逐渐走进儿童文学文本的蕴含层面。阅读期待中包含着想象能力的培养。接受美学代表人物姚斯在《接受美学与接受理论》中曾说：“在文学阅读之先及阅读过程中，作为接受主体的读者，基于个人和社会的复杂原因，心理上往往会有一种既成的结构图式。读者的这种据以阅读文本的既成心理图式，叫作阅读经验期待视野，简称期待视野。”〔9〕从某种意义上说，以文学能力和阅读兴趣为主要因素构成文学读者的统觉背景，即是阅读期待视野，读者正是立足于这一统觉背景去选择作品、破译语符来和作家对话的。在这儿，读者是接受主体、是积极的、主动的、创造性的。也就是说，面对儿童文学文本，儿童读者当然可以而且必须以自己的想象去将其具体化，去进行再创造。如果再用姚斯的话来说就是：“文学作品并非对于每个时代的每个观察者都以同一种面貌出现的自在的客体，它不是一座自言自语地宣告其超时代性质的纪念碑，而像一部乐队总谱，时刻等待着阅读活动中产生的，不断变化的反响。只有阅读活动才能将作品从死的语言材料中拯救出来并赋予它现实的生命。”〔10〕接受美学的这些观点，实际上强调了儿童文学阅读的再创造性质。儿童在阅读作品时，不是对作品作浮光掠影的了解，而是在阅读（或听读）的基础上，运用艺术思维，借助创造性的想象和联想，对作品的“情”和“理”能有所感受和领悟。因此儿童文学阅读有较明显的感情色彩和理性色彩，具有主动性和创造性的特点。况且少年儿童的心理有其共性：即对新奇的事物表现出极大的热情，“青少年最富于想象、青少年的空间想象能力不断提高、青少年的想象更富于创造的特色。”〔11〕于是，面对曹文轩的儿童小说，儿童在想象中期待着个性独特的儿童形象和如诗如画的环境；面对汤素兰的童话，儿童在想象中期待着曲折有趣的情节和幽默诙谐的童话形象；面对着儿童诗歌，儿童在想象中期待着和谐的韵律和鲜明的节奏。所以，在儿童的阅读期待中，要抓住儿童想象丰富的特点，从而进一步培养他们的联想、想象能力。阅读回味中包含着想象能力的培养。回味是读解的一种精神反刍形式，是一种回溯性的心理活动。〔3〕（171）儿童文学中的某个情节、某个人物的典型性格，甚至它的一两句有意思的话，儿童诗歌中某种意境、某一佳句、某一关键字眼都可能给儿童读者留下阅读回味。之所以产生阅读回味，是因为儿童的抽象思维能力还不够发达，他们对作品中的场景、情节、人物、内涵可能一时难以有豁然领悟的感受，需要在对作品的反顾中重新整理，逐渐得以领会。而回味的过程，教师可充分运用各种方法与手段有效地激发儿童的情感，使儿童在情感的触动下牵引想象，进而在飞扬的想象中产生更加丰富的情感体验。如，回味《和时间赛跑》这一篇文章时，让儿童在进一步体会“光阴似箭，日月如梭”的基础上，发挥自己的想象，联想与珍惜时间有关的格言；也可以利用音乐创设教学情境，让学生展开想象的翅膀讲讲珍惜时间的小故事；或让学生用画笔描绘珍惜时间的画面。这一过程用故事、音乐或画面来渲染气氛，营造宽松自由的课堂氛围，往往充满激情、充满想象、充满灵感。它不仅有助于丰富儿童的内心情感世界，培养想象力，使儿童体悟到文学的情感美与形象美，而且直接关系到儿童对文学本身的理解与接受程度。 同时，这一过程还鼓励学生发表独立见解，逐步培养学生探究性阅读和创造性阅读的能力，提倡多角度的、有创意的阅读……拓展学生的思维空间，提高阅读质量。参考文献：〔1〕〔俄〕赫尔岑.赫尔岑论文学〔M〕.辛未艾，译.上海：上海文艺出版社，.〔2〕〔英〕特伦斯·霍克斯.结构主义和符号学〔M〕.上海：上海译文出版社，.〔3〕龙协涛.文学阅读学〔M〕.北京：北京大学出版社，.〔4〕刘金花.儿童发展心理学〔M〕.上海：华东师范大学出版社，.〔5〕〔德〕恩斯特·卡西尔.语言与神话〔M〕.北京：三联书店，.〔6〕〔匈牙利〕卢卡契.马克思主义文艺理论研究第2卷〔M〕.北京：文化艺术出版社，.〔7〕黄健.文学与人生〔M〕.杭州：浙江大学出版社，2004.〔8〕席勒.美育书简〔M〕.北京：中国文联出版公司，.〔9〕〔德〕姚斯.接受美学与接受理论〔M〕.沈阳：辽宁人民出版社，.〔10〕童庆炳.文学概论〔M〕.武汉：武汉大学出版社，.〔11〕北师大公共课编写组.心理学〔M〕.北京：北京师范大学出版社，.
经济学人翻译研究论文
翻译之路道阻且长，必经百般磨砺。每周精修一篇《经济学人》中译文，主要目的是琢磨语言，一方面学习英文表达，另一方面深入思考中文表达。尽量避免“翻译腔”，就算是没有白费功夫了。【这里是我的精修】Low-Earth-orbit satellites Round and round they go The launch of thousands of new satellites will boost the space economy 近地轨道卫星 转圈圈 【转呀转呀转呀转】 将有数千颗新卫星升空，推动太空经济发展 【数千颗新卫星即将升空，太空经济将迅猛发展】Space is becoming more crowded. On December 3rda Falcon 9 rocket made by SpaceX thundered into the sky. On board were 64 small satellites, more than any American company had launched before in one go. They have an array of uses, from space-based radar to the monitoring of radio-frequency emissions. One, designed by Trevor Paglen, an artist, will soon unfurl a 30-metre reflective structure that will shine down on Earth like an artificial star, visible to the naked eye. 太空正变得越来越拥挤。12月3日，SpaceX制造的一枚猎鹰九号火箭轰隆升空。它上面装载了64颗小型卫星，超过之前任何一家美国公司单次发射卫星的数量。从天基雷达到无线电发射监测，这些卫星的用途多种多样。其中一颗由艺术家Trevor Paglen设计，内嵌的30米场反射器不久将会打开，变成一颗肉眼可见的人造星星，在地球的上空闪光。 【太空越来越拥挤了。12月3日，SpaceX发射了一枚猎鹰9号火箭，这一次共有64颗小型卫星随之升空，创下了美国公司单次发射卫星数量的新纪录。这些卫星用途多样，从天基雷达到无线电监测等十分广泛。其中还包括一颗由艺术家特雷弗·裴格伦（Trevor Paglen）设计的艺术卫星，它将在太空中释放约30米长的反射器，变身为肉眼即可观赏到的人造卫星。】These objects are part of the latest breed of low-Earth-orbit (LEO) satellites, which are designed to whizz around the planet only a few hundred kilometers above its surface. This month’s launch is just a taste of what is planned. SpaceX and OneWeb, a communications firm, plan to launch satellites in their thousands, not hundreds (see briefing). The pair are set to double the total number of satellites in orbit by 2027. 这些都属于最新型的近地轨道卫星，在距地表仅几百公里的轨道上绕行。本月发射的只是计划中的以下部分。SpaceX和卫星通信公司OneWeb计划发射几千而不是几百颗卫星。两家公司的目标是让轨道卫星的综述到2027年增加一倍。 【此次发射的卫星都属于最新型近地轨道卫星（LEO），运行轨道距离地面不过几百公里。此次发射活动也只是更宏大计划的牛刀小试。SpaceX和通信公司OneWeb打算发射数以千计的卫星，几百个尚不足为道，到2027年，它们要把在轨卫星的数量增加一倍。】That promises to change things dramatically on Earth. LEO satellites can bring internet connectivity to places where it is still unavailable or unaffordable. This will also be an enduring source of new demand for the space economy. Morgan Stanley, a bank, projects that the space industry will grow from $350bn in 2016 to more than $ by 2040. New internet satellites will account for a half this increase. 这会给地球带来巨大改变。近地轨道卫星可以为目前还未接入互联网或者联网成本过高的地区提供网络连接。而这也将是太空经济新需求的持久源泉。摩根士丹利预测，航天业的规模将从2016年的3500亿美元增长至2040年的超过万亿美元。其中一半的增长将源自新兴互联网卫星。 【这将给人类社会带来巨大改变。有了近地轨道卫星，目前没有网络或者网络太贵的地区就能联网了。太空经济也将因此获得源源不断的新需求。摩根士丹利预测，到2040年，太空行业规模将从2016年的3,500亿美元增长到超过万亿美元，其中一半将来自互联网卫星。】For that to happen, however, three worries must be overcome. Debris is the most familiar concern. As long ago as 1978, Donald Kessler, a scientist at NASA, proposed a scenario in which, when enough satellites were packed into low-Earth orbits, any collision could cause a chain reaction which would eventually destroy all space craft in its orbital plane. The syndrome which bears Mr. Kessler’s name weighs heavily on the minds of executives at the new satellite firms. Debris could conceivably render entire tracts of space unusable for decades. (Collisions have already happened. In 2009 an American satellite and a Russian one crashed into each other above Siberia, sending over a tonne of metal fragments swirling around the planet at thousands of kilometers per hour.) 然而，要实现这一点必须解决三大忧患。其中最为人熟知的一个是空间碎片。早在1978年，美国国家航空航天局的科学家DO哪来的Kessler就提出，当足够多的卫星进入近地轨道时，任何碰撞都可能引起连锁反应，最终破坏所在轨道平面内的所有航天器。这一被命名为“凯斯勒综合症”的理论是压在新型卫星公司高管心头的一块大石。碎片可能导致整个太空轨道在几十年内都无法使用。（碰撞事件已有发生。2009年一颗美国卫星和一颗俄罗斯卫星在西伯利亚上空相撞，产生的一吨多金属碎片以每小时数千公里的速度在地球上空旋转。） 【然而，要实现这一愿景，尚需解决三大问题。太空垃圾首当其冲。1978年，美国国家航空航天局的科学家唐纳德·凯斯勒（Donald Kessler）就曾提出，当近地轨道卫星达到一定的密集程度，一旦发生碰撞，连锁反应将摧毁该轨道平面上的所有航天器。这种情景被命名为“凯斯勒综合症”，给新兴卫星公司高管的心头投下了一片阴影。一旦太空轨道上挤满了碎片，或许数十年都不能再发射航天器了。（太空碰撞已经不再是设想。2009年，一颗美国卫星和一颗俄罗斯卫星在西伯利亚上空相撞，留下了一吨多金属碎片以每小时数千公里的速度在地球上空飞速旋转。）】Solutions exist. One is to grab malfunctioning satellites and pull them down into Earth’s atmosphere. Another is to monitor space more intensively for debris; a US Air Force programme called Space Fence is due to start in 2019. But technology is only part of the answer. Rules are needed to govern the safe disposal of old satellites from low-Earth orbit. The United States’ Federal Communications Commission is revising its regulations with this in mind. Other countries should follow suit. 解决办法是有的。一个方案是“捉住”故障卫星，将其下拉至地球大气层中。另一个方案是更严密地检测太空中的碎片，美国空军一项名为“太空篱笆”（Space Fence）的相关计划将于2019年启动。但技术只是解决方案的一部分，还需要制定规则来管理近地轨道就卫星的安全处置问题。为此美国联邦通信委员会（FCC）正在修订相关规定。其他国家也应效仿。 【解决办法还是有的。首先，可以将发生故障的卫星抓住并拖入地球大气层中。其次，更严密地监控太空碎片；美国空军就将在2019年启动Space Fence（太空篱笆）计划。但是科技只是一个方面。要安全清除近地轨道上的旧卫星，还需要相关政策加持。美国联邦通信委员会（FCC）正在沿着这个思路修订相关规定。其他国家也应如此。】Cyber-security is a second, long-standing worry. Hackers could take control of a satellite and seal intellectual property, redirect data flows or cause a collision. The satellite industry has been slow to respond to such concerns. But as more of the world’s population comes to rely on the infrastructure of space for access to the internet, the need for action intensifies. 第二个担忧存在已久——网络安全。黑客可能劫持卫星，窃取知识产权，重新定向数据流，或者让卫星相撞。卫星行业对这类问题反应迟缓。但随着世界上越来越多人口依赖太空基础设施接入互联网，就此类风险采取行动变得愈加迫切。 【其次，网络安全隐患存在已久。黑客可能劫持卫星，窃取知识产权，重新定向数据流，甚至让卫星相撞。对于这些问题，卫星行业的反应一直很缓慢。但是，越来越多的人口需要依赖太空基础设施才能连接互联网，因此，采取行动已变得十分紧迫。】The third issue follows from the first two. If a simple mistake or a cyber-attack can cause a chain reaction which wipes out hundreds of billions of dollars of investment, who is liable? Underwriters are studying the plans of firms that wish to operate large numbers of satellites. But there is a long way to go before the risks are well understood, let alone priced. 第三个问题因前两者而生。如果一个简单错误或一次网络攻击就可能导致连锁反应，令数千亿美元的投资化为乌有，那么谁该为此负责？保险公司正在研究那些想要运营大量卫星的企业提出的计划。但要充分了解其中的风险尚需时日，更别说要为这些风险定价了。 【问题之三与前两者联系密切。如果一个小小的错误或者一次网络攻击就能引发连锁反应，足以让数百亿美元投资化为乌有，那么这笔账该找谁来算呢？保险公司正在帮助有意运营大量卫星的公司研究保险计划，但是充分了解其中风险尚需时日，要给风险定价岂不是难上加难。】As space becomes more commercialized, mind-bending prospects open up: packages shuttled across the planet in minutes by rocket rather than by plane, mining equipment sent to asteroids, a stream of paying passengers launched to orbit and beyond. All that and more may come, one day. But such activities would raise the same questions as LEO satellites do. They must be answered before the space economy can truly blossom. 随着太空空间变得更商业化，让人脑洞大开的前景渐现：通过火箭而不是飞机在几分钟之内横跨地球递送包裹；把采矿设备发射到小行星上；把付费乘客“发射”到地球轨道或更远的地方。某一天，这些乃至更多的想法也许都会一一实现。但这些活动会和近地轨道卫星引发同样的问题。必须首先回答这些问题，太空经济才能真正开花结果。 【太空的商业化程度越来越高，千奇百怪的想法也纷纷涌现：用火箭代替飞机送快递，几分钟就能穿越地球；把采矿设备发送到小行星上去；花钱买票就能去地球轨道甚至更远的地方。未来某天，或许再光怪陆离的想法也能成真。但是那时，人们还是要面对近地轨道卫星今天面对的问题。只有尽快找到解决办法，太空经济才能真正百花齐放。】
心理学学术研究翻译论文
Divorce, another injury to a childIn recent years, China's divorce rate was gradually rising trend, accounting for about marriage a few of 10%. Children of divorced parents on psychosomatic health can not be ignored negative impact. A related study shows that: 54% of divorced families of the children in emotional and emotional problems, manifested as depression little Huan, easily angered, and the tense relations between the same age children, and even heap, psychological and behavioral deviations. How to help children adapt to life after the divorce of their parents, will not affect the healthy development of their personality, psychologists recommended: Grasping her own feelings: divorce, the vast majority of couples are not a happy thing. Abandoning the child as "punching bag" and venting their emotions, divorce is not the child's fault. We should continue to give their children a warm and caring can help children grow up. To live together with their children: some divorced couples to take their children to the custody of their elders or other relatives, their only map where he considers safe. This will have the children feel abandoned by their parents, have inferiority and resentment, pessimistic turn hostile society. His father or mother after the divorce party should assume the obligation to bring up children, create a harmonious family home atmosphere. Not that spouses坏话: Most of the children after their parents divorce, hope that they can reunion between, and is willing to maintain good relations with them. However, if the dependent child's party vandalism parent-child relationship, often in front of the children said that the former spouse坏话, not conducive to the cultivation of mental health, this will affect their future happiness of love and marriage. Communicate with your child: before and after the couple divorced in, we should talk more communication with their children, why should tell his parents divorce, the marriage to have a correct understanding of the objective, and not simply as which side is wrong. If the lack of communication, some children of divorced parents will be attributed to them, there can not悦纳themselves, the loss of self-confidence, and other psychological crisis, vulnerable emerging extreme acts. Do not deprive parents love: not by blood between husband and wife, although the divorce, but parents and children of the parent-child relationship will never change. Some people, after divorce, child custody prohibit their former spouses and relatives between the exchanges, forcing kids do not recognize this gate relatives, to express their grievances, all of which are undesirable. After the divorce both parents should not be lightly denied the integrity of the children's love, perfect for the child's personality can be more caring. The child is innocent, the divorced parents should love to give them a little care, do not let children have been hurt by divorce. Even when one of remarriage, should also regularly visit the children, sharing family happiness.有两处中文自己解决下吧。
A Dream's Worth, Lesson on Psychology of DreamsA picture is worth a thousand words. You've heard it so many times that it sounds trite. But a picture really IS worth a thousand words. And if a dream is a very special kind of picture, how much is IT worth? Maybe more? What about very simple pictures and very simple dreams? No doubt they're worth a little bit less than complex, elaborate ones. Or are they? In my psychotherapy course one day, I presented my undergraduate students with these questions. "Here's a very simple dream from a psychotherapy client I worked with years ago. I won't tell you anything about the client. I'll just tell you his dream, and then lets see what we can discover about him by exploring it...... Here's the dream:" "I was wearing a white shirt and a purple tie." The students just stare at me, expecting more to come. "No," I explain, "that's it. That's the dream. Now let's start to explore it." I then lead them through a group process of free associating to the dream (much like I describe on the Working and Playing with Dreams Page). "Just let your imagination go. Take every element of the dream and just let your mind wander on it. Whatever comes to mind. Don't censor anything, that's important. There is no right or wrong. It can be a fun, playful exercise - although the results sometimes may be serious and powerful. Freud thought that free association bypasses the defenses of rational, logical thinking and unlocks deeper links within the unconscious. It opens one up to fantasy, symbolism, and emotion - the very place from which dreams spring." Here is a list of some of the associations the students come up with. For the purpose of this article I've organized them somewhat, whereas during the actual exercise the ideas surface in a much more freewheeling stream of consciousness: PURPLE .... royalty, bruises, choking, holding one's breath, grief, a combination of blue and pink, goes well with black, The Color of Purple TIE .... formal attire, going to work, phallic symbol, tied up, being tied to something, chokes the neck, confining PURPLE TIE .... unconventional, stands out, rebellious, showing off WHITE .... clean, pure, unstained, "good," light SHIRT .... the top part, covered up, tucked in, stuffed shirt, where are the pants? WHITE SHIRT.... conventional, boring, going to work, going to church, corporate America WHITE SHIRT AND PURPLE TIE.... unusual combination, contradictory combination, very unconventional, tie really stands out DEPLETION?.... there's nobody else in the dream, it's so static, there's nothing happening, where are the feelings? After we finish this free associating, I then describe the client to the class. At the time Dan had the dream, he was 23 years old. I would describe him as a quiet, held-back person who was very confined (the tie) in how he talked, behaved, and felt towards others. Put bluntly, people found him rather boring to be with (white shirt). His emotional and interpersonal life were choked (the tie). He had almost no friends and felt little connection to his family (the tie again). Other than going to his tedious job (white shirt) as a low level technician for a computer company, essentially nothing was happening in his static, uneventful life (depletion). Dan was also very limited in understanding anything but the most surface, top-level (shirt) characteristics of his personality. Although outwardly conventional in how he dressed and acted at his job (white shirt), secretly he felt rebellious against authority (purple tie on white shirt) and generally superior (purple) to most people. He liked to think of himself as a political activist who firmly believed in the rights of abused (purple) people and felt more tied to them than anyone else. Comparing outside to inside, he was a bit of a contradiction (white shirt on purple tie). But none of these issues is what consciously drove him to therapy. What he most desperately needed to discuss and resolve was the fact that he was homosexual (purple tie). Yet he didn't know whether he wanted to come out of the closet or not (the tie). Part of him wanted to let everyone know, to even show off and parade the fact that he was gay (purple tie on white shirt), to escape the feeling that his identity was being restrained and choked (more tie). His rebellious, unconventional side liked that idea. He sometimes did indeed bravely experiment with revealing his gay identity by wearing a purple triangle, which to him symbolized being homosexual (a combination of pink and blue). But another side of him (purple tie versus white shirt) was afraid to come out. He sometimes felt dirty, tainted, sick, for being gay. That part of him wanted to be somehow cleansed and redeemed (white shirt). Part of the problem was that sex in general was a very unpleasant issue for him. When he was young he had had surgery on his genitals. He still felt insecure and "bruised" (purple) down there. He was so conflicted about sex that I sometimes wondered if he had been sexually abused as a child (purple tie?, suffocating tie?). A dream, even a simple one, is worth at least a thousand words. Freud thought that there was no limit to how much you could analyze a dream. You can always go further and further into the symbols, the links of associations, the memories that generate a dream. At some deep unconscious level, any dream fans out into the infinite horizon of emotion and thought that constitute the individual psyche... that even transcends the individual psyche and constitutes us all. 920字左右，觉得不够你还可以再在开头或者结尾加一小段。本片小论文短小精悍，包括了理论与案例分析。觉得还能用的话希望能尽快加分：）
Education and educational psychology is the study of the educational process, educators and the educated and the phenomenon of mental activity and change of generation branch of psychology. It is a range of education, science and interdisciplinary between Psychological Science. It is mainly teachers and students context of teaching and learning interaction between the psychological process of teaching and learning in the process of psychological Psychology in the late nineteenth century became an independent discipline, but in the history of many educators have been able to practice in education based on the psychological state of the targeted teaching. For example, the ancient Chinese educator Confucius asked: "Do not anger does not start, do not but can not speak does not send" heuristic teaching method. Socrates also made in ancient Greece: "I am not giving knowledge. But knowledge generated by their own midwife" This Educational Psychology. The production of educational psychology, is the combination of psychology and education, and gradually form an independent branch of the historical in the nineteenth century German psychologist Herbart clearly on the first teaching and learning of psychology as a theoretical basis. He will be a combination of psychology and education, educational psychology attempt to have played a larger role in promoting. His book "General Education" and other books on education set up to explore the role of generation of experimental psychology as an independent discipline of educational psychology is another important condition, which led to the emergence of experimental education, experimental pedagogy is a pioneer in educational psychology, experimental psychology and pedagogy is a product of integration. Psychological Testing and the birth of educational psychology provides a theoretical and method in psychology, the process of formation and development of law played an important catalytic role. How to adapt to individual differences and individualized, is the common task of pedagogy and psychology, intelligence tests and educational tests is to understand the mental state of students and the teaching effect 1903, an American psychologist Thorndike wrote, "Educational Psychology", which later expanded to three volumes of "Educational Psychology", published in 1913 -1914, which established the educational psychology as a the status of independent subjects, marking the official birth of educational psychology. In this book, including human nature, learning psychology, individual differences and the reasons of three parts. His study of three law (law of effect, reserve ratio, practice law) and individual differences theory, after 20 years of educational psychology as an important research the development of education, social development, to meet the needs of educational development, educational psychology, the task of increasing study also expanded the scope and depth. Europe and the United States is to study the general characteristics of child development, special children's mental activity, learning psychology, learning methods, learning counseling and mental health, mental structure and mode of learning, education and psychological measurement and evaluation of teachers in psychology. The development of modern science, especially in modern biology, anthropology, sociology, medicine and the development of psychiatry have an impact on educational psychology, prompting it constantly updated to meet the requirements of social development. United States, "Annual Review of Psychology" comprehensive agreement on all aspects of comparison that the educational psychology research tasks and targets should include eight items: education evaluation and measurement; the characteristics of child development; special children and their education; about learning psychology educational methods; special subjects of study; study counseling and mental health; teachers, staff and teachers to promote learning behavior; educational psychology psychology research methodology is observation, investigation and interview, natural experiment, laboratory experiment and so the basic observation is the educational psychology research methods, experimental method is more practical research , the world As regard the important role of education, more emphasis on education of their children grow. And a higher education requirement, due to fast development of society, from which reflected individual differences and diversity has become increasingly evident, with many new things and subjects, and this also suggests a greater education challenges. So I think for the study of educational psychology has a very broad prospects and challenges, so I am very willing to join the educational psychology of learning and study, want to learn, they can on this subject a deeper understanding, and can the knowledge applied to work in the future to serve the community which