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中美日常交际中的文化差异英语论文

发布时间:2024-07-03 08:22:42

中美日常交际中的文化差异英语论文

Diet Culture difference between China and A(中美饮食文化的差异)这篇可以参考:)~ The main difference between Chinese and America eating habits is that unlike, where everyone has their own plate of food, in China the dishes are placed on the table and everybody If you are being treated by a Chinese host, be prepared for a ton of Chinese are very proud of their culture of food and will do their best to give you a taste of many different types of Among friends, they will just order enough for the people If they are taking somebody out for dinner and the relationship is polite to semi-polite, then they will usually order one more dish than the number of guests ( four people, five dishes) If it is a business dinner or a very formal occasion, there is likely to be a huge amount of food that will be impossible to A typical meal starts with some cold dishes, like boiled peanuts and smashed cucumber with These are followed by the main courses, hot meat and vegetable Finally soup is brought out, which is followed by the starchy "staple" food, which is usually rice or noodles or sometimes Many Chinese eat rice (or noodles or whatever) last, but if you like to have your rice together with other dishes, you should say so early

例如:朱门酒肉臭,路有冻死骨。一人得道,鸡犬升天。衙门八字开,有理无钱莫进来。只许州官放火,不许百姓点灯。四、 风俗习惯不同的民族形成了各自独特的风俗习惯:正如英语中一句谚语所说的:“So many countries, so many ”在对狗的态度上,中国人脑海中狗如同鸡、鸭、猪一样是一种地位十分卑微的动物。常常把狗与“下贱”、“低微”、“无赖”等贬义词联系在一起,如“狼心狗肺”、“狗腿子”、“猪狗不如”、“狐朋狗党”等,[5](P83)虽然狗也用作看家护院、狩猎、牧羊。狗还常被宰杀烹调,这在西方人看来是非常不能接受的。中国人对狗的态度在谚语中可以体现出来,如:狗眼看人低。 好狗不挡道。 狗嘴里吐不出象牙。 狗改不了吃屎。 痛打落水狗。而狗在西方人眼中不仅是狩猎、看门、工作的得力可靠的好帮手,更是生活中重要的伴侣和朋友,是抚慰人们寂寞空虚生活不可缺少的一部分,甚至将其视为家中的成员,与狗有着深厚的感情。在西方还有发生狗死后,为其安葬立碑的事。因此,狗的形象在英语谚语中是褒义的,人们对狗是怜爱、赞赏的。英语谚语之中,常常以狗的形象来比喻人的行为。如:You are a lucky 你是一个幸运儿。 Every dog has its 各人皆有出头之日。 Old dog will not learn new 老人学不了新东西。 Love me, love my 爱屋及乌。而英语中兔子常代表胆怯,但汉语中与“胆怯”相联系的动物形象则是老鼠。因此有谚语“气壮如牛,胆小如鼠”;英语民族常用狮子比喻力量、雄威,所以有谚语:March comes in like a lion and goes out like a 三月来如猛狮;去如羔羊。Every dog is a lion at 狗是百步王,只在门前狠。A lion may be beholden to a 老鼠也能帮狮子;弱者也能帮强者。这里因为狮子多产于非洲、印度等地,而英国历史上与这些地区或国家有着很深的关系。而我国不产狮子,无论南方北方都产老虎。[6](P73)从前,老虎数量繁多,常出没山林,侵扰人民,甚至危害人命。人们认为虎为百兽之王,对虎十分敬畏,有“养虎为患”、“伴君如伴虎”的说法,把虎看作力量、威武、雄壮的象征,因此产生了许多关于与老虎有关的谚语。例如:山中无老虎,猴子称大王。 不入虎穴,焉得虎子。 虎毒不食子 初生牛犊不怕虎。五、 民族性格中西方由于各自生存环境的差异,以及人们对自身环境的不同应战,发展出各自不同的社会文明,从而产生了不同的文化取向、价值观念、性格特征。在古希腊,由于土地的贫瘠,海上通道的开辟,再加上频繁的战争和几次大规模的民族迁徙,使得他们很早就发展起商业经济,创造了人类最古老的商业文明。西方成了典型的商业社会,人们从事着频繁的商业活动,正所谓“The English are a nation of shop-”(英国全民皆商,外表富强)。经商的成效不在天地鬼神而在自己,在于自己的才干。[7](P22-23)商场中的竞争激烈、优胜劣汰、你失我得,这形成了西方人个人意识较强、重视个人作用、个人独立自主、个人利益的个人主义思想。Self comes 自我利益是第一位的。Everyman for himself and God for us 个人为自己,上帝为大家。Near is my shirt, but nearer is my 自己的利益最切身。Self-preservation is the first law of 保存自己是自然界的第一法则。He who depends on another dines ill and sups 指望别人,难有好吃喝。而经商见效快、获利多、风险大,也养成了西方人急功近利、富于进取、敢于冒险的流动性格。If at first you don’t succeed, try, try, try Forbidden fruit is Catch as catch Discontent is the first step in Life is a battle from cradle to 人生是一场从摇篮到坟墓的战斗。Life, to be worthy of a rational being, must be always in 人生必须永远前进,才不愧为有理智的人。Fortune favors the 勇者天佑。个人主义思想使西方人重视突出个人,喜欢表现自己的个性,乐于标新立异,爱出风头,尊重个性、自我,并鼓励个性发展,对别人因个性表现出的任何形态都能够理解接受,这可以在谚语中体现出来。It’s squeaky wheel that gets the 吱吱叫的轮子先上油。Tastes 个人品位不同。Every man after his 个人追求个人的风格。 If you’ve got it, flaunt 这句谚语来源于一部The producer的美国电影。意思是如果你有钱、本事、美貌或性感,就应该让人瞧瞧。[8](P334)而以农业为根本的中国人则截然不同,农业的收获往往不在耕种者,而是老天。人的意志如何强大也阻止不了干旱、洪水、风暴等天灾的来临。[7](P23)另外农业见效慢,而一年一度的丰收来自于长期的扎扎实实、坚持不懈的努力劳动,这形成了中国人思想意识中安定保守、善于坚持忍耐、缺乏冒险、知足的性格的特质。[5](P23)

%D6%D0%CE%F7&btn=+%CB%D1%CB%F7+ 1、 (英语系毕业论文)中西戏剧发展快慢对比及其原因 摘 要 中西戏剧都有悠久的历史,无论是西方戏剧还是中国戏剧,都起源于民间,并与原始人祭祀神灵,欢庆节日的仪式密切联系在一起的。回顾希腊戏剧产生形成的历史,它发展快,成就高,在世界上的影响很 类别:毕业论文 大小:95 KB 日期:2007-07-14 2、 (英语系毕业论文)从中美管理方式的不同透析中西方文化差异与整合 摘 要随着全球化的来临,中国与外界的交流越来越频繁,特别是在商界。本论文主要探讨中美在管理上的交流。如今的商界,如同一个大家庭,参与者遍布世界各地。正是由于这个原因,各国的管理模式也趋于一体化。但是 类别:毕业论文 大小:85 KB 日期:2007-06-26 3、 (英语系毕业论文)在经济全球化下中西方文化差异与跨文化管理 摘 要伴随着世界经济的快速增长,跨国公司的飞速发展, 全球商业活动的猛烈激增,同时伴随着在文化多样化环境下的相关管理问题的出现,跨国公司的人员必须与来自不同文化背景的人打交道,这种文化差异时而会造成 类别:毕业论文 大小:96 KB 日期:2007-06-26 4、 (英语系毕业论文)中西服饰文化差异对语言的影响 摘 要中西服饰受其各自不同哲学和文化的影响体现出不同的特征:儒家思想和大陆文明使中国服饰呈现出繁冗,宽博的特征。它不注重外表的装饰,以宽松的衣服遮掩身体的曲线,在思想上追求人格的完美,以“谦谦君 类别:毕业论文 大小:90 KB 日期:2007-06-25 5、 (英语系毕业论文)快餐食品对中西方传统饮食文化的影响力 摘 要自古以来,中国就是一个以礼待人的礼仪之邦。而在不同的国家、不同的地区,礼仪的形式也有所不同。本文主要从礼仪的角度谈论了礼仪与中西方文化之间的联系及相互影响,目的是为了消除不同国家之间的不同 类别:毕业论文 大小:88 KB 日期:2007-06-25 6、 (英语系毕业论文)从礼仪角度谈中西文化的差异性 摘 要自古以来,中国就是一个以礼待人的礼仪之邦。而在不同的国家、不同的地区,礼仪的形式也有所不同。本文主要从礼仪的角度谈论了礼仪与中西方文化之间的联系及相互影响,目的是为了消除不同国家之间的不同 类别:毕业论文 大小:85 KB 日期:2007-06-23 7、 (英语系毕业论文)中西饮食文化及其差异 摘 要中国悠久历史5000年,西方世界五六百年的社会历程。中国有灿烂丰富、博大精深的饮食文化;西方国家则有精巧专维、自成体系的饮食文明。民以食为天,中国有自己独特丰富的饮食文化底蕴。然而今天除了中国 类别:毕业论文 大小:100 KB 日期:2007-06-21 8、 (英语系毕业论文)中西酒店文化比较及探讨 摘 要在经济蓬勃发展的今天,旅游业风风火火地发展起来了,作为与旅游业相配套的酒店业也相应的完善起来,且更加趋于国际化。中国已经入世,这更给中国的酒店业带来一个新的发展契机,但世界上酒店发展规模空前,

Western novels in comparison First, Western novels in the history of the development of Western novels are based on myths and legends of its In ancient times, science developed, out of fear of nature, the working people out of the imagination is the key to many of the world "God", describing the personification of God is a myth; who will describe the deified, that is China opened the world's Pan story, the story of San Juan Five Emperors, the West Greek mythology, Roman mythology, Norse mythology, and so on are all typical East and West, the original novel, is closely linked with the history, as historical records complement the China Pre-Qin prose in the fable, the Han dynasty in the history books, biographies, the Wei and Jin Zhi, Zhi-person novel; the West of ancient Babylon, "the United States and Ji Jia disabilities epic", in ancient Greece, "Homer's epic," "Aesop's Fables "And so on, fall into this category, fiction, novels such novels have been about the characteristics of fiction, it is still not the literary creation, directly from the private collection record, so this type of fiction plot is relatively simple, writing rough Ban Gu said, "On the Street Lane words, hearsay are made of" is a novel kind of accurate assessment of the China's Tang Dynasty, the novel is only from history and literature become a Tang Dynasty culture has developed, the author's ideas are more open, the legend came into being at this time, Li Zhaowei "Liu Yi Chuan", Po Chu's "Everlasting Regret," Wolf's "Everlasting Regret Chuan" And so on, are made in accordance with the creation of the For the fictional story of the Tang Dynasty more emphasis on imagination and literary talent, not just the history of the nature of things, but as the history of Zhi Zhi who is also the novel did not The Legend of the Song Dynasty to the novel on a gradual decline, which followed the rise of this so that after processing will become a scholar so many novel and Romance novels such as "Romance of the Three Kingdoms", "Outlaws of the Marsh", "Journey to the W" The author of such novels is the use of private creative and re-created to describe the circumstances of the touching scenes of brilliant and vivid active in shaping the character known, there are obvious story-telling style of Here by the redevelopment, it will become an independent literary creation rather than things to come together with the civil process, the representative of this type is the "Golden Lotus", it was an open and ordinary life on the road, the reality is that literature has come a long way The development of the latter's "A Dream of Red Mansions" in ancient China Geng Shiba realism to the novels of the "54" after the novelist began to learn from China's western fiction writing practices, and gradually out a new Western novels, is the "Renaissance" after the rapid development of The development of the Middle Ages novel near-stagnation in the West, 14, the end of the century "Renaissance" to overthrow the literature of the Church of control, 15, appeared in the western end of the century to promote freedom of thought and the liberation of personality in order to describe the reality of life and portray characters from all walks of life for the content of the Humanist novels, is to tie in with this type of novel anti-feudal Europe at the time of arising at the same time it also set the novel in the West to human describing the tone of the main Jiaqiu Italy's "Decameron", Spain's Cervantes "Don Quixote" is the kind of representative works of The resulting novel is a classical, elegant favor of its national language to standardize the writing of this novel in 17th century France's most well- As a note on behalf of Corneille's "Cid" neoclassical story of the rise of Western novels have been a language substantially The beginning of the 18th century to promote popular science knowledge, enlightenment of the public consciousness for the purpose of the Enlightenment novels, of which there are relatively well-known German Goethe's "Faust", the United Kingdom Defoe's "Robinson Crusoe" and the Swift "Gulliver's Travels" and so on, this type of novel to the emergence of the bourgeois revolution at the time to mold public In the 19th century, romantic fiction, realistic novels and critical realism novel turn to occupy the leading position in the field of Romantic novels, such as France Victor Hugo's "Notre Dame de Paris", Goethe's "juvenile Witt of trouble" and so on, imaginative, unusual ideas, language and imaginative, strong Efforts to reflect the reality of the novel is the essence of life, and depict typical life of a typical phenomenon in the United Kingdom Dickens, France and Germany are of such novels as a representative of the Critical realism novels exposed the efforts of the decadent feudal system and capitalist society, the dark, in-depth criticism of the reality of evil, France Balzac and Maupassant, the United Kingdom of Charlotte, Bronte, Russia's Tolstoy, Dostoevsky, the United States of a large number of writers such as Mark Twain's works belong to this Value today, the three novels in the West is still the most important of the three types of literary East-West novel on the history of the development of more or less the Second, the characteristics of the novel in the West In addition to the basic characteristics of the novel, the story of the West also have their own characteristics are as follows: 1, the traditional Chinese novel attention to the characters, language and the details of the description, in contradiction to the conflict to display the images, but the character of a single, small changes in the absence of the main Western novels are more people pay attention to the psychological description, stressed that mining figure in the subconscious mind, good at writing full, the changes in the strong sense of the main Again, "coach Lin Feng Snow Mountain Temple" in the figure is only through dialogue and action leads to contradictions and conflicts, but Anna Karenina Wogui before a series of conflicts only with his description of the psychological will be able to express their clear; for poetry in Lin In the performance of her literary talent, and Paul with his inner monologue of the ideal; Zhang Zhong-Yong has only the character, but Jane Eyre's character is the brave, strong, warm, kind-hearted, and so many of the character and rubbing and Cheng' In short, people in the area described in the West has its own unique 2, China compared with Western fiction novel plot twists and turns more and more complete Plot twists and turns, the story is complete fiction China's unique traditional The Wei and Jin Zhi Zhi people on the novel twists and turns with vivid Tang legend in the layout of many of the famous, magnificent anomaly, rigorous and clever, dramatic plot The contents of the Ming and Qing Dynasties novels scattered irregular, undulating waves, Cuoluoyouzhi, careful structure, an integral "A Dream of Red Mansions", everywhere She Fu, Hui turning point, the story of Jia's best Western plot in respect of the outstanding works, although there are many, but it can not be compared with the Chinese 3, concise and lively Chinese language novel, rich in content and rich Western Chinese folk artists absorbed the novel language, at the same time inherited the fine traditions of ancient prose, often a few words will be able to outline the incident or the Western novels in the author includes a broad range of knowledge, involve the community in many ways, so rich in content and rich people can gain knowledge in many Engels said he was in Balzac's novel about 19th century France's domestic situation than he received any reports are Western novels have different characteristics, and also in the West different aesthetic concepts to a certain extent 4, Western novels have been the rule of the feudal culture of oppression Chinese feudal culture makes the development of the novel is extremely difficult, Ming and Qing Dynasties more people to write stories for shame, so many great writers living, creating the conditions are not covered, many of the great works of authors who do not Western novels in the feudal culture makes almost the whole of the Middle Ages in the development of extremely slow, and many talented writers were forced to church services, wrote some of the religious nature of the article dry Third, Western novels in the future prospects for the development of End of the Qing Dynasty, China and the West have begun to understand the other side of the system, the advantages of the novel in the West have been constantly learn from each Of course, due to historical reasons, the Chinese side of the draw a little To this day, the novelist in the West efforts are still two researchers in the novel's artistic charm, although the different languages of each other's appreciation of the arts to a certain extent, but the United States are We have every reason to believe that in the near future, the novel art in the West will ultimately learn from each other and integrate, develop and reach new artistic References: "Foreign Literature" Shanghai Translation Publishing House Zhou Xu Liang "Contemporary Literature election," Zhang Zhong, such as Beijing University Publishing House "Chinese literature history of the development of" Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House Liu Jie "Literary History of Europe" People's Literature Publishing House Yangzhou Han Wu Da-yuan Zhao Rui radish "Three high school language textbook used by the five dates of the" People's Education Press仅供参考,请自借鉴。希望对您有帮助。

中美非语言交际的差异论文

身势语——非语言交际江西教育学院附属学校 罗炫芳【内容摘要】 本文从文化角度对身势语在不同的文化背景中的含义作了介绍,探讨了东西方人在空间距离、目光注视、身体接触、姿态动作与面部表情等方面的文化差异,论述了解文化含义在非语言交际中的重要性。【关键词】 非语言交际 身势语 文化语言作为社会交际工具,既是文化的载体,又是文化的组成部分。不同的民族的语言棱镜折射出不同的文化环境、生活方式、思想观点、宗教礼仪、价值观念和思维习惯等。每种语言(包括身势语和副语言)都负有“文化使命”,粘接着一层文化色彩。语言交际是人类进行交往的主要手段,但与此密切相连的非语言交际却常常有着使前者相形见绌的交际功能。身势语是表达一个人内心世界的无声而真实的语言,在非语言手段中最为引人注目。身体语言在人际沟通中有着口头语言无法替代的作用。心理学研究发现:在两个人之间的面对面的沟通过程中,50%以上的信息交流是通过无声的身体语言来实现的。身势语是国际性的,不同国家的人在语言不通的情况下借助身势语能够进行交际。曾有人研究发现,人们每天平均讲话只占与人交往的时间的 10%,与人交往的其时间都是在有意无意地进行着身体语言的沟通。有些时候,身体语言就足以表达所有的信息,语言反倒是多余的,只要人们彼此在对方的感觉范围内,应存在身体语言途径的沟通,所谓的身势语,就是指那些包括空间距离、目光注视、身体接触、姿态动作、面部表情等在内的非语言的身体信号。由于不同民族文化已经根深蒂固,不容易接受与自己的习惯相反的信号,所以我们不能忽视文化约束力对身势语的影响以及和环境差异所赋予身势语的不同含义。一、空间距离当人们进行交际的时候,交际双方在空间所处位置的距离具有重要的意义,它不仅告诉我们交际双方的关系、心里状态,而且也反映出民族和文化特点。心理学家发现,任何一个人需要在自己的周围有一个自己能够把握的自我空间,这个空间的大小会因不同的文化背景、环境、行业、不同个性等而不同。不同的民族在谈话时,对双方保持多大距离有不同的看法。根据霍尔博士(美国人类学家)研究,有四种距离表示不同情况:(1) 亲密接触 (intimate distance 0-45 cm) 交谈双方关系密切,身体的距离从直接接触到相距约 45 厘米之间,这种距离适于双方关系最为密切的场合,比如说夫妻及情人之间。(2) 私人距离 (personal distance 45-120) 朋友、熟人或亲戚之间往来一般以这个距离为宜。(3) 礼貌距离 (social distance 120-360) 用于处理非个人事物的场合中,如进行一般社交活动,或在办公,办理事情时。(4) 一般距离 (public distance 360-750) 适用于非正式的聚会,如在公共场所听演出等。从这四种分法可以看出,人类在不同的活动范围中因关系的亲密程度而有着或保持不同的距离。不同民族与文化构成人们之间不同的空间区域,多数讲英语的人在交谈时不喜欢离的太近,总要保持一定的距离。西班牙人和阿拉伯人交谈是会凑的很近,而对俄罗斯人来说意大利人交谈是过于靠近,拉美人交谈时几乎贴身。更有趣的是英国人与意大利人交谈时,意大利人不停的“进攻”,英国人不断的“撤退”。实际上他们交谈时都只不过是要占据对自己适当的,习惯的实际距离。西方文化注重个个隐私,东方人“私”的概念薄弱。在电梯,巴士或火车上,素不相识人的拥挤在一起,东方人可以容忍身体与身体接触的那种挤,西方人无法容忍,在对个人空间的要求方面,中国人、日本人以至大多数亚洲人要比西方人小的多。这是因为不同的文化习俗的缘故,西方人看中宽松的氛围,崇尚个人自由和个人权利,而东方人的传统文化根深蒂固。空间的观念是立体的,不仅包括领域的大小距离,包含领域的高度。“拉开距离”具有保持身份的威严的功能,而保持空间领域的高度又是支配权利的一种方式。法庭、教堂、礼堂、会议厅的布置都十分注重利用空间距离来发挥这一功能,以表现优越感与从属关系。在中国,长辈和领导面朝南坐,在西方则坐在椭圆桌子头的位置,等等,不一而足,这些都说明不同文化背景的人对空间的运用和安排都有着各自的固定模式,从而构成无数文化差异,让空间的使用具有了更为丰富的文化功能。二、目光注视在人际交往过程中,与交往对象保持目光接触是十分必要的。近代西班牙哲学奥塔加在《人与众人》一书中说:“每一次注释都说出了注视者的心路历程。”中国古代成语有“画龙点睛”之说,人类男女之间有眉目传情之举。从莎士比亚的“仿佛他眼睛里锁藏着整个灵魂”,到音乐摇滚的“不要说,你的眼睛已经告诉了我”,都说明目光注视在人际交往中的重要功能。“眼睛是透露人的内心世界的最有效的途径,人的一切情绪、情感、和态度的变化,都可从眼睛里显示出来。几乎所有的人与人之间的活动能够和感情交流都依靠过眼光,某些文化所特有传播实践也体现在目光接触的运用之中。两个阿拉伯人在一起交流时会用非常热情的目光凝视对方,因为他们认为双目是个人存在的钥匙。如果从美国文化角度来看,这种目光是不适用于两个男人之间的,这种长时间凝视常常是同性恋的亚文化群使用的非语言代码的一部分。有教养的英国男子认为直接凝视且与之交往的人的眼睛是一种绅士风度,而瑞典人在交谈中用目光相互打量的次数多于英国人。法国人则特别欣赏一种鉴赏似的注视,这种眼光看人是就传达了一种非语言信号:虽然我不认识你,但我从内心底欣赏你的美,所以法国男子在公共场合对妇女士的凝视是人们公认的一种文化准则。同本人与人交谈是的目光一般落在对方的颈部,而对方的脸部和双眼要在自己眼帘的外缘,他们认为眼对眼是一种失礼的行为。中国人则对紧盯着自己看的目光感到不自在,甚至惶惑不安,原因是“羞耻感"文化的影响,“非礼勿视”。而在西方这个世界文化的大熔炉里,人人都锻炼得眼界开阔喜欢大大方方地表白自己,敢于毫不遮掩地宣泄情感,她们往往会因为异性受到自己的吸引力而感到受庞,但不若惊。目光的礼节、各种凝视行为及目光在交际中的功能放映出不同的文化背景及不同的民族文化心理,其含义复杂,规定繁多,需要我们认真观察,仔细比较,从而促进各民族间文化的交流与融合。三、身体接触正像语言和姿势可以传递人们的情感信息一样,身体与他人的接触在交际中也无时无刻不在传递信息。婴儿在母亲怀里被摇着拍着,等到爱抚后不仅能保持心理平静,还能刺激协调运动器官——小脑,促使其发育,国外学者称之为接触教育(touch education)。人类学家把文化大致分为两大类:接触文化(touch culture)与非接触文化(nontouch culture),阿拉伯人,南欧和西欧人、犹太人及拉丁语系的人属于第一类,美国人、北欧人及东方人属于第二类。从孩提时代到成人期,不同的文化交给我们不同的接触方式,哪些部位该接触,哪些不该接触。这里着重谈谈被当作一种社会习惯来进行的利益方面的身体接触中的不同文化内涵。(一)握手据某些专家的考证,握手是石器时代穴居人留下的一种遗俗。陌生人相遇,如彼此并无恶意,就放下手中狩猎用的棍棒或石块,让对方摸摸掌心。在人类进化过程中,这些手势逐步演变成两手相握的形势。手掌的张开表示向对方敞开自己的势力范围,而手掌的接触则表示合二为一。今天,在许多国家,握手已经成为一种常用的表示亲热和友好的礼节。但各国握手的习惯不大一样。法国人做客走进房间或别离时都要与主人握手:而德国人只在进门时握一次手;有些非洲人在握手之后会将手指弄出青措的响声,以表示自由;在美国,男人之间的握手是很用力的,这可能源于印第安人的角力竞赛。中国人一边讲“你好”一边握手,对此没有什么忌讳;俄罗斯人则不允许两人隔着一道门或跨着门槛握手,以为这样做是不吉利的。在西方,参加竞选的政客会用右手,握住对方的右手,再用左手搭在互相握住的手背上,试图让接受者感到他的热情真挚与诚实可靠,故被称为“政治家的握手”。有一位驻外人员叙述了这么一段经历:在巴基斯坦时,有一次请学生到使馆看中文电影。一位刚结婚的学生把妻子也带来了。老师见到后,主动与学生妻子握手,并且握的很紧,以示热烈欢迎。第二天上课时,学生满脸怒气,拒绝回答该老师的提问。课后,另一个学生告诉老师说,这位学生认为老师方动逼他妻子握手,太失礼。原来按照巴基斯坦礼俗,男子对陌生女子不能主动握手,老师说出了自己的本意是表示客气与友好后,才算消除了误会。要见握手的概念常因文化的不同而不同。在人类交际活动中,眼睛的信息传递是微妙的,而握手发出的信号却是直截了当的。如果握肩膀和握胳膊时,实际上是进入了接受者的密切区域,只有在感情极为密切与融洽的人之间才受欢迎。在异性之间,如果女方不主动伸出手来,男性是不能去握她的手的。如果伸左手与人相握,则是无礼的表现。握手的文化是如此丰富多彩,我们必须深入研究,严加区分,以避免文化冲撞和误会。(二)拥抱与亲吻不同的文化背景产生不同的礼貌和礼仪,其含义是约定俗成的。在西方许多发达国家,两个女生见面时拥抱在一起是常见现象,夫妻久别重逢时拥抱亲吻也非常自然;但阿拉伯人、俄国人、法国人、东欧人、地中海沿岸和有些拉丁美洲国家的人,两个男人之间也会拥抱及亲吻双额。阿拉伯人甚至不停地嗅着对方身上散发出的气息,对他们来说,好的气味能令人精神为之一爽。缅甸人、蒙西人和分布在挪威、瑞典、芬兰等国的拉普人会嗅着彼此的面颊表示问候。而在东亚及英语国家,男人之间一般只是握手表示欢迎,很少拥抱或亲吻对方。在许多欧美人看来,政治家的亲吻是“虚假”的代名词。拥抱亲吻的这些差异充分反映不同文化的特色和浓厚的社会文化意义,也是不同民族文化之间深层的差异在身势语这个表层上的具体表现。(三)其他接触如前所述,有的民族崇尚接触文化,而有的民族则信奉非接触文化,不同的文化确定了它自己关于接触的定义。出于宗教的崇拜和信仰,佛教徒认为活佛给他们施行的摸顶礼是崇高而神圣的;而在泰国,头部可是千万不能摸的,触及头部坚持就是一种罪过;此外,泰国僧侣在上行走时特别忌讳被女性触及,认为这样就会使他的苦苦修炼前功尽弃。中国人喜爱一个小孩地会亲切地抚摸她的头部或搂搂抱抱,而对美国的孩子这样做就会引起孩子妈妈的反感,尽管她知道这种动作并无恶意,但在他的文化中,这样做被人认为是无礼的表现。在穆斯林国家,人们把关于触摸的知识看作其文化整体的一部分,他们用右手进食或做愉快的事,用左手去触摸别人则是一种社交的侮辱,因为左手是大小便时用的。在中国传统文化中,“面子”重于一切。脸对女性来说无异于命根子。如果触摸一个中国姑娘的脸,那可是犯了大忌。可见触摸在身体不同部位的运用也要因地域及文化之不同而异。如果不加区别的统统采取亲密性接触,或是统统推行非接触文化,这个世界就会乱成一团了。四、姿态动作有专家提出,人能发出多达50万人不同的身体信号,只用“千姿百态”作比喻已显得苍白无力,任何想将它们分门别类的企图也只能令人失望。所以我们只能从传递交际信息的常见姿势中诠释一些行为代码与文化含义。手势在各国有不同的表达意义,不同的文化背景赋予了手势不同的交际功能。中国人竖起拇指表示“好”,伸出小指表示“差”或“坏”,这反映了一种“尊卑有等”。“长幼有序”的文化心态;美国人将拇指朝上表示要求搭便车,将拇指朝下则表示“坏”;而日本人伸出小指却表示“情人”,在美国,人们用挥手来表示再见;而在南美,人们见到这种动作时不但不会离去,反而会向你跑过来。在美国,用拇指和食指捏成一个圈,其余三个指头分开向上伸直,则表示“OK”一词;在日本,这种手势则表示钱;在阿拉伯人中,这种动作常常伴以咬紧牙关,一起表示深恶痛绝。用手指在太阳穴旁边转圈,中国人表示动脑筋,美国人和巴西人则表示发疯。俄国人把手指放在喉咙上表示吃饱了;日本人用此动作表示被“炒了鱿鱼"。美国人、日本人抿着嘴吃东西才算得体,而印第安人却以张口大嚼为礼貌。假如一位美国人无意中把筷子直直的插进饭碗内,再把饭送给中国人吃时,中国人心里就可能会大为不快。因为按照中国的风俗,供死人时才把筷子插进饭碗里。美国人用手指着太阳穴表示手枪自杀,反映的是美国私人拥有枪支不足为奇的社会文化背景。日本人用手戳向肚子表示剖腹自杀,反映了日本传统文化中的武道精神。在新几内亚,将手架在脖子上表示自杀;在中国,这种手势表示被人砍头,是古代刑法取去“首级”的遗风。姿态动作的幅度和速度以及姿势和坐立习惯地反映出不同的文化背景和心态。犹太人的手部动作远比一般德国人的手部动作来的自由,所以二战时期生活在德国境内的犹太人要尽量控制自己的手部动作,以免暴露身份。白色人中的年轻人步履轻捷,而年轻的黑人则步伐较慢,这与他们的社会环境不无关系。在东方人眼里,美国女子大胆而泼辣,因为他们的步子比东方女子大,腰板挺的更直。在西方人眼里,日本女子的莲莲碎步反映出他们的柔顺和屈从心理。英国人将两臂交叉放在胸前表示旁观或不准介入,恰似中国的“袖手旁观”;美国人着重随意与滞栖的个性,常常大大咧咧的坐下来或者站着时一副松松散散的样子,所以当某美籍外教上课时坐在课桌上,中国学生的惊讶程度就可想而知了。但在德国等欧洲国家,生活方式比较规范,人们十分注重礼仪,懒散的样子常被认为是粗俗和无礼的标记。不同文化在姿态动作上的这些时儿明显,时而微妙的差别常常容易导致交往失当,甚至会使交际完全中断。了解这些差异并采取必要的补偿手段,对于人们在跨文化交际中互相理解,避免误会,对于填平文化沟壑,无疑具有十分重要的意义。五、面部表情人类的感情或欲望,在无意中形成身体行为的变化而表现出来,而利用面部做出的变化更是难计其数。相对目光而言,表情是更容易辨别对方心情、态度的线索。一切没有经过掩饰的肯定与否定、积极与消极、接纳与拒绝等表情的事情发生,面部表情对于交际的重要性是从所公认的,但表情中的多种文化内涵却难以估量。二次世界大战期间,从纳粹党徒投向犹太人身上那恶毒而阴毒的表情里,人们可以知道犹太人当时的悲惨命运;从过去的南非白人鄙视黑人的视线中,我们可以了解到南非黑人当时的社会地位,感情的表达是在文化背景中习得的,它们的表现因文化的不同而不同。汉民族在贵客来到时,笑脸相迎才合情理,而美国的印地安部族却开怀大哭来迎接客人的到来。在某些文化中,咂嘴唇是认可的表示;在中国文化中,表示有滋有味;在英国文化中,表示没有滋味;在许多地中海国家,则是过分夸大痛苦和悲哀的标志。微笑,是最有益于人际交往的面部表情。白居易的名句“回眸一笑百媚生,六宫粉黛无颜色”,写出了最微妙的表情效果。正如亚当斯所说的,“当你微笑的时候,别人会更喜欢你”。笑脸不只是快乐和友好的表示,也能传递道歉与谅解的信息。在公共汽车上因急刹车而踩了别人的脚,微笑就等于说“对不起”。与陌生人相遇或相撞理,露出微笑是为了向对方表示自己没有敌意。服务行业的人脸上常带着微笑则是欢迎和友善的表示。东方人比较含蓄,感情不容易外露,不象西方人、尤其是拉丁语系人身上那样,可以看到七情六欲的展现。中国人习惯用面部来遮掩感情,而不是显露感情。中国俗语“看脸色办事”和“给人脸色难看”更将面部表情运用到了出神入化的境界。所以“察言观色”与“to read ones’face”便成了跨文化交际必不可少的手段之一。东西方身势语的种种差异源于文化的差异源于有着千变万化的文化的民族性。而文化不但具有民族性,还具有时代性和世界性。在实际交际中,人们必然会发现,不但不同国家和民族的人非语言交际行为不同,即使同一国家和民族的人非语言交际行为也不是完全一样的,甚至在同一地区不同职业、不同年龄层次和不同文化水平的人之间也是千差万别。在跨文化交际中,要清楚地认识非语言交际与文化之间的关系。文化和绝大多数非语言交际行都是代代相传和后天习得的,都是长期历史和文化积淀而成的某一社会共同的习惯。二者之间的关系,萨莫瓦 (Samova) 认为,文化与非语言交际密不可分,许多非语言行为都是文化习得的结果;人们的非语言行为的形成和效果往往都由一定的文化环境所决定。因此了解非语言交际与文化之间的关系至关重要。文化不同,交际规则也不尽相同,不同文化的人之间交往时难免产生文化误解和冲突。因此,跨文化交际成败关键在于正确对待文化差异坚持不懈地排除文化优越感、文化模式化和文化差异的干扰,正确对人,正确对己,相互尊重,平等往来,不断提高跨文化意识。只有这样,才能成功地进行跨文化的交际。参考文献:贾玉新:《跨文化交际学》,上海外语教育出版社,9;邓炎昌、刘润清:《语言与文化》,外语教学与研究出版社,1989;王福祥、吴汗樱:《文化与语言》,外语教学与研究出版社,1994;胡文仲、毕继万:《跨文化非语言交际》,外语教学与研究出版社,1999;胡文仲、杜学增 :《中英文化习俗比较》,外语教学与研究出版社,1999;孟小云译:《体态与交际》,北京语言学院出版社,1988;胡文仲:《跨文化交际学概论》,外语教学与研究出版社,1998;毕继万译:《中国和英语国家非语言交际的对比》,北京语言学院出版社,1991。

文化作为人类社会生活中影响广泛的一种社会 现象,是一个不断创造发展的过程,文化是一个动态系统,内容十分广泛,各门学科也从不同的侧面对文化进行了定义。我国的辞书中对“文化”有广义和狭义两种解释。广义的文化指人类社会历史事件中所创造的物质财富和精神财富的总和;狭义的文化则指社会意识形态,以及与之相适应的制度和组织结构。在西方,英国人类学家泰勒(E.B.Tylor)是最先提出文化定义的学者,他在1871年出版《原始文化》中说:“文化是一个复合的整体,其中包括知识、信仰、艺术、法律、道德、风俗以及作为社会成员而获得的任何其他的能力和习 惯。 ”人类学家本尼迪克特(R.Benndict)在《文化的模式》中写道:“真正把人们结合在一起 的是他们的文化,其共有的思想和准则。 ”美国语言学家萨丕尔(E.Sapir)在《语言论》中提出:“文化这名称的定义是:一个社会所作的和所想的 是什么。 ”有些学者把文化分作两类,一类包括文学、艺术、音乐、建筑、哲学、科学技术成就等集中反映人类文明的各个方面,有时被称为“大写 字母的文化” ;另一类包括人们的风俗习惯、生活方式行为准则,社会组织、相互关系等,有时被称为“小写字母的文化。

浅谈非语言交际中的身势语 论文 摘要 “身势语”同语言一样,都是文化的一部分。在不同文化中,身势语的意义并不完全相同。各民族有不同的非语言交际方式例如:不同的民族在谈话时,对双方保持多大距离才合适有不同的看法;谈话双方身体接触的次数多少因文化不同而各异;在目光接触这一方面也有许多规定:看不看对方,什么时候看,看多久,什么人可以看,什么人不可以看;在某些场合下,在中国和讲英语的国家无论微笑还是大笑,通常表示友好﹑赞同﹑满意﹑高兴﹑愉快,但是在某些场合,中国人的笑会引起西方人的反感;打手势时动作稍有不同,就会与原来的意图有所区别,对某种手势理解错了,也会引起意外的反应等等。因此,要用外语进行有效的交际,在说某种语言时就得了解说话人的手势,动作,举止等所表示的意思。而有些权威人士认为两者相互依存。在大多数情况下这是对的。在某些情况下,人体动作与所说的话不一致,口头说的与身势语表达的意思不一样。这时要借助其他信息或从整个情况中猜测说话人的意思,从某种意义上说,一切身势语都要放在一定的情景下去理解;忽视了整个情景就会发生误解。而通过中美身势语对比研究表明,两者有相似的地方,也有差异的地方,说明了解另一种语言中身势语的重要性。可见,真正掌握两种语言的人在换用另一种语言说话时也要换用另一种身势语。这样才能达到更好的交际效果。满意请采纳

中英交际中的文化差异论文

例如:朱门酒肉臭,路有冻死骨。一人得道,鸡犬升天。衙门八字开,有理无钱莫进来。只许州官放火,不许百姓点灯。四、 风俗习惯不同的民族形成了各自独特的风俗习惯:正如英语中一句谚语所说的:“So many countries, so many ”在对狗的态度上,中国人脑海中狗如同鸡、鸭、猪一样是一种地位十分卑微的动物。常常把狗与“下贱”、“低微”、“无赖”等贬义词联系在一起,如“狼心狗肺”、“狗腿子”、“猪狗不如”、“狐朋狗党”等,[5](P83)虽然狗也用作看家护院、狩猎、牧羊。狗还常被宰杀烹调,这在西方人看来是非常不能接受的。中国人对狗的态度在谚语中可以体现出来,如:狗眼看人低。 好狗不挡道。 狗嘴里吐不出象牙。 狗改不了吃屎。 痛打落水狗。而狗在西方人眼中不仅是狩猎、看门、工作的得力可靠的好帮手,更是生活中重要的伴侣和朋友,是抚慰人们寂寞空虚生活不可缺少的一部分,甚至将其视为家中的成员,与狗有着深厚的感情。在西方还有发生狗死后,为其安葬立碑的事。因此,狗的形象在英语谚语中是褒义的,人们对狗是怜爱、赞赏的。英语谚语之中,常常以狗的形象来比喻人的行为。如:You are a lucky 你是一个幸运儿。 Every dog has its 各人皆有出头之日。 Old dog will not learn new 老人学不了新东西。 Love me, love my 爱屋及乌。而英语中兔子常代表胆怯,但汉语中与“胆怯”相联系的动物形象则是老鼠。因此有谚语“气壮如牛,胆小如鼠”;英语民族常用狮子比喻力量、雄威,所以有谚语:March comes in like a lion and goes out like a 三月来如猛狮;去如羔羊。Every dog is a lion at 狗是百步王,只在门前狠。A lion may be beholden to a 老鼠也能帮狮子;弱者也能帮强者。这里因为狮子多产于非洲、印度等地,而英国历史上与这些地区或国家有着很深的关系。而我国不产狮子,无论南方北方都产老虎。[6](P73)从前,老虎数量繁多,常出没山林,侵扰人民,甚至危害人命。人们认为虎为百兽之王,对虎十分敬畏,有“养虎为患”、“伴君如伴虎”的说法,把虎看作力量、威武、雄壮的象征,因此产生了许多关于与老虎有关的谚语。例如:山中无老虎,猴子称大王。 不入虎穴,焉得虎子。 虎毒不食子 初生牛犊不怕虎。五、 民族性格中西方由于各自生存环境的差异,以及人们对自身环境的不同应战,发展出各自不同的社会文明,从而产生了不同的文化取向、价值观念、性格特征。在古希腊,由于土地的贫瘠,海上通道的开辟,再加上频繁的战争和几次大规模的民族迁徙,使得他们很早就发展起商业经济,创造了人类最古老的商业文明。西方成了典型的商业社会,人们从事着频繁的商业活动,正所谓“The English are a nation of shop-”(英国全民皆商,外表富强)。经商的成效不在天地鬼神而在自己,在于自己的才干。[7](P22-23)商场中的竞争激烈、优胜劣汰、你失我得,这形成了西方人个人意识较强、重视个人作用、个人独立自主、个人利益的个人主义思想。Self comes 自我利益是第一位的。Everyman for himself and God for us 个人为自己,上帝为大家。Near is my shirt, but nearer is my 自己的利益最切身。Self-preservation is the first law of 保存自己是自然界的第一法则。He who depends on another dines ill and sups 指望别人,难有好吃喝。而经商见效快、获利多、风险大,也养成了西方人急功近利、富于进取、敢于冒险的流动性格。If at first you don’t succeed, try, try, try Forbidden fruit is Catch as catch Discontent is the first step in Life is a battle from cradle to 人生是一场从摇篮到坟墓的战斗。Life, to be worthy of a rational being, must be always in 人生必须永远前进,才不愧为有理智的人。Fortune favors the 勇者天佑。个人主义思想使西方人重视突出个人,喜欢表现自己的个性,乐于标新立异,爱出风头,尊重个性、自我,并鼓励个性发展,对别人因个性表现出的任何形态都能够理解接受,这可以在谚语中体现出来。It’s squeaky wheel that gets the 吱吱叫的轮子先上油。Tastes 个人品位不同。Every man after his 个人追求个人的风格。 If you’ve got it, flaunt 这句谚语来源于一部The producer的美国电影。意思是如果你有钱、本事、美貌或性感,就应该让人瞧瞧。[8](P334)而以农业为根本的中国人则截然不同,农业的收获往往不在耕种者,而是老天。人的意志如何强大也阻止不了干旱、洪水、风暴等天灾的来临。[7](P23)另外农业见效慢,而一年一度的丰收来自于长期的扎扎实实、坚持不懈的努力劳动,这形成了中国人思想意识中安定保守、善于坚持忍耐、缺乏冒险、知足的性格的特质。[5](P23)

浅谈中英文化差异新教学大纲规定,九年义务教育初中英语教学的目的是培养学生运用英语进行交际的初步能力。英语考试也逐渐向这个方向靠拢。每种语言都背负着其民族的历史、文化。要谈到英语教学就不能回避中英文化的差异问题。(一)中英文化存在的一些差异一、从词汇的文化负载中看差异词汇中往往负载着许多文化内涵。如在中国虎代表的是百兽之王,词汇中常常出现将门虎子、虎踞龙蟠、虎虎生威等词语。但在英语中虎的地位被狮子所代替。如英国的别称以及前段时间播映的动画片《狮子王》。又如狗在中文中多含贬义:狗腿子、狗奴才等;而在英国文化中狗是人类最忠实的朋友。再如力大如牛(译成:as strong as horse)、a busybody并非大忙人而是“好管闲事的人”、black tea并非黑茶而是红茶、黄色书刊不是yellow book而是dirty book……;因而如果根据字面直译就会闹出大笑话。二、从姓名及称谓中看差异1、结构形式上的差异我们知道,姓名由姓(Family name)与名(Given name)组成。英国人的排列方式是名(Given name)+姓(Family name)而中国人的却与之相反是姓(Family name)+名(Given name)。为什么会存在着这种差异呢?这与两个国家人民的价值观念有关。由于相较而言英国封建制度存在的时间较短,资本主义发展得较早,尤其是文艺复兴时期宣扬个人主义至上的思想,崇尚以个人为中心深深地影响了英国人。因此这个国家的国民具有强烈的个体本位主义,反映在名字上就出现了名在前的形式。而我们中国具有漫长的封建历史,儒家思想根深蒂固。强调中庸之道,反对个人主义。最重视的是家族的传承,体现的是一种群体本位主义。由此出现了将家族标识-姓放在前面而代表个人的名放在后的形式。2、姓氏使用的差异由于我国早在远古姓氏出于图腾,进入封建社会后常以出生地、封地、官职、封号等作为姓氏的来源,将姓作为一种荣誉。因此在姓氏的选择和使用上显得极为谨慎和谦恭。而英国人却在姓名的使用上充分显示了其自我、自由的特征。有人以职业为名,如:Cook库克(厨师);有人以家庭关系为名,如:Johnson约翰逊Jackson杰克逊;有人以天气、季节为名:Snow斯诺(雪)Frost梅弗罗斯特(霜)、Summer萨默(夏天);有人以圣经人物为名:Bible拜布尔(圣经);以长相为名:Strong斯特朗(强壮的)、Longfellow朗费罗(大个子);以神话人物为名:Apllo阿波罗(太阳神)、Hymen海门(婚姻之神)、Mars马尔斯(战神);以动、植物名称为名:Bull布尔(公牛)、Wolf沃尔夫(狼)Rose罗斯(玫瑰花);有的以日期为名:May梅(五月)、Sunday森迪(星期日);以物体名称为名:Stone斯通(石头)、House豪斯(房屋)等林林总总,形形色色,不论美丑。有姓驼背的、有姓坏蛋的、有姓胖、姓瘦的、有叫教堂,有叫灌木(Bush)的……因而我们在翻译英国人姓名时往往用音译而不用直译法。而在取名时又存在着一个更大的差异,那就是在中国社会中子孙及其他位卑者要避尊者讳,不能直呼长辈及位尊者的名讳。例如:唐太宗名李世民,结果观世音菩萨也被改名为观音菩萨;唐朝诗人白居易一生不咏海棠只是因为他的母亲名为海棠。而在英语国家长辈则以子孙使用自己的名字为荣,于是出现了类似查理一世、查理二世的称谓,以及爷孙同名的事来。3、称呼上的差异在非正式场合、平辈人中英两国人都喜欢相互以名字来称呼以示亲密。但在上下辈中的称呼上,就存在着较大的差异。在中国人中需要严守上下辈分的差别,对长辈要用尊称不能直呼其名;在英语国家中则不一定严格照此实行,在非正式场合中或双方关系较为密切的情况下,则常以名字来相互称呼,对父母、师长、领导、长辈等均是如此。常常出现对父母直呼其名的情况。在对亲戚的称呼中,中国人分得很细而英语国家则是较为粗略。例如:uncle一词的中文含义就有伯伯、叔叔、舅舅既有有血缘关系的也有无血缘关系的,是个统称。这与两个国家人民的家族观念有着很深的关系。此外,中国人喜欢以职务和身份来称呼,如王老师、老王等;而英语国家则不会如此,如王老师-M/Miss/Mrs Wang 而不叫Teacher Wang(但在我们初中人教版教材中就曾出现这种错误)。语言是一种工具,由于社会的发展必然出现一些新的词汇,而留心身边日常生活中出现的英语词汇是十分必要的。如:E-mail(电子邮件) teletext(图文电视)homepage(主页) mobile telephone(移动电话)……三、日常交谈规则习惯由于我们日常对语言的听说能力注重得还是不够,尤其是对某些词句在具体语境中如何运用仍没有引起足够的重视。故而在实际运用中常常出现使用了一些句子无论是从语法角度来说还是从语言角度来说并没什么问题的句子但却与英语国家的风俗习惯不相符或是想当然地套用一些母语的语言形式即通常所说的Chinese English,犯一些令人啼笑皆非的错误来。举几个例子来说明。例如:1、对赞扬和感谢的反应就存在着有趣的差异。中国人将自谦当作一种美德,因而在遇到外国人的赞扬与感谢时,外国人说:You did so 中国人的第一反应就是:Oh,或是Well,just so 而这一反应将引来赞美者的不快。正确的回答应是:Thank 2、电话的开场白上的差异Hello, this is May Is that Mary?这是英语中一个简单的电话开场白。中文意义为:您好,我是梅。你是玛丽吗?这里就不能简单地运用中文想当然地用上I am和Are you的句式。3、其他差异对于中国人来说纯粹属于自己的隐私似乎没有,而英国人却极为重视个人隐私。中国人见面喜欢问的年龄、收入、婚姻家庭状况等问题在英国人看来是让人极其恼火的事情。对于这种问题的答案往往是:It’s none of your (这不关你的事。)还有一些习惯用法。如:圣诞快乐应为Merry Christmas而不是Happy Christmas同样是快乐不能通用仅仅是因为习惯而已(初中英语沿海版教材中就曾出现这一错误)。当然,作为分析性语言的中文与作为综合性语言的英语在语法上还存在着相当大的差别。在这里就不详细说明了。(二)如何在教学中解决这些问题浅谈中英文化的差异的意义在于:由于存在差异,我们的母语-中文势必对我们学习英语产生一些负迁移作用,如何通过了解差异,在教学中 避免母语产生的负面影响提高学习效率?主要做好以下两点工作:首先,在搞好英语日常教学的基础上,有目的地在教学中渗透一些交际文化背景。可以让学生进行一些辅助性的课外阅读,或组织英语原声电影、录像、VCD的观看,运用网络,通过一些有声的无声的,有形的无形的,字面的形象的社会文化内涵渗透到学生心中,让学生尽可能地触摸到最原汁原味的英语世界。其次,为学生提供尽可能多的练习机会。在课堂上用纯英语教学,创造一些英语听说氛围。通过创造模拟情景,鼓励学生大胆开口实践,使学生身临其境反复练习,形成良好的英语语感,增强学生在实践中的应对能力。总之,在英语教学中忽视中英文化差异的教学将会直接影响到教学质量,影响学生交际应用能力的提高。唯有注重提高学生对语言背后所蕴含的文化背景、社会知识的了解,才能真正让学生在语言学习运用中立于不败之地。最终达到学习的目的。

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中英文化交际差异论文

浅谈中英文化差异新教学大纲规定,九年义务教育初中英语教学的目的是培养学生运用英语进行交际的初步能力。英语考试也逐渐向这个方向靠拢。每种语言都背负着其民族的历史、文化。要谈到英语教学就不能回避中英文化的差异问题。(一)中英文化存在的一些差异一、从词汇的文化负载中看差异词汇中往往负载着许多文化内涵。如在中国虎代表的是百兽之王,词汇中常常出现将门虎子、虎踞龙蟠、虎虎生威等词语。但在英语中虎的地位被狮子所代替。如英国的别称以及前段时间播映的动画片《狮子王》。又如狗在中文中多含贬义:狗腿子、狗奴才等;而在英国文化中狗是人类最忠实的朋友。再如力大如牛(译成:as strong as horse)、a busybody并非大忙人而是“好管闲事的人”、black tea并非黑茶而是红茶、黄色书刊不是yellow book而是dirty book……;因而如果根据字面直译就会闹出大笑话。二、从姓名及称谓中看差异1、结构形式上的差异我们知道,姓名由姓(Family name)与名(Given name)组成。英国人的排列方式是名(Given name)+姓(Family name)而中国人的却与之相反是姓(Family name)+名(Given name)。为什么会存在着这种差异呢?这与两个国家人民的价值观念有关。由于相较而言英国封建制度存在的时间较短,资本主义发展得较早,尤其是文艺复兴时期宣扬个人主义至上的思想,崇尚以个人为中心深深地影响了英国人。因此这个国家的国民具有强烈的个体本位主义,反映在名字上就出现了名在前的形式。而我们中国具有漫长的封建历史,儒家思想根深蒂固。强调中庸之道,反对个人主义。最重视的是家族的传承,体现的是一种群体本位主义。由此出现了将家族标识-姓放在前面而代表个人的名放在后的形式。2、姓氏使用的差异由于我国早在远古姓氏出于图腾,进入封建社会后常以出生地、封地、官职、封号等作为姓氏的来源,将姓作为一种荣誉。因此在姓氏的选择和使用上显得极为谨慎和谦恭。而英国人却在姓名的使用上充分显示了其自我、自由的特征。有人以职业为名,如:Cook库克(厨师);有人以家庭关系为名,如:Johnson约翰逊Jackson杰克逊;有人以天气、季节为名:Snow斯诺(雪)Frost梅弗罗斯特(霜)、Summer萨默(夏天);有人以圣经人物为名:Bible拜布尔(圣经);以长相为名:Strong斯特朗(强壮的)、Longfellow朗费罗(大个子);以神话人物为名:Apllo阿波罗(太阳神)、Hymen海门(婚姻之神)、Mars马尔斯(战神);以动、植物名称为名:Bull布尔(公牛)、Wolf沃尔夫(狼)Rose罗斯(玫瑰花);有的以日期为名:May梅(五月)、Sunday森迪(星期日);以物体名称为名:Stone斯通(石头)、House豪斯(房屋)等林林总总,形形色色,不论美丑。有姓驼背的、有姓坏蛋的、有姓胖、姓瘦的、有叫教堂,有叫灌木(Bush)的……因而我们在翻译英国人姓名时往往用音译而不用直译法。而在取名时又存在着一个更大的差异,那就是在中国社会中子孙及其他位卑者要避尊者讳,不能直呼长辈及位尊者的名讳。例如:唐太宗名李世民,结果观世音菩萨也被改名为观音菩萨;唐朝诗人白居易一生不咏海棠只是因为他的母亲名为海棠。而在英语国家长辈则以子孙使用自己的名字为荣,于是出现了类似查理一世、查理二世的称谓,以及爷孙同名的事来。3、称呼上的差异在非正式场合、平辈人中英两国人都喜欢相互以名字来称呼以示亲密。但在上下辈中的称呼上,就存在着较大的差异。在中国人中需要严守上下辈分的差别,对长辈要用尊称不能直呼其名;在英语国家中则不一定严格照此实行,在非正式场合中或双方关系较为密切的情况下,则常以名字来相互称呼,对父母、师长、领导、长辈等均是如此。常常出现对父母直呼其名的情况。在对亲戚的称呼中,中国人分得很细而英语国家则是较为粗略。例如:uncle一词的中文含义就有伯伯、叔叔、舅舅既有有血缘关系的也有无血缘关系的,是个统称。这与两个国家人民的家族观念有着很深的关系。此外,中国人喜欢以职务和身份来称呼,如王老师、老王等;而英语国家则不会如此,如王老师-M/Miss/Mrs Wang 而不叫Teacher Wang(但在我们初中人教版教材中就曾出现这种错误)。语言是一种工具,由于社会的发展必然出现一些新的词汇,而留心身边日常生活中出现的英语词汇是十分必要的。如:E-mail(电子邮件) teletext(图文电视)homepage(主页) mobile telephone(移动电话)……三、日常交谈规则习惯由于我们日常对语言的听说能力注重得还是不够,尤其是对某些词句在具体语境中如何运用仍没有引起足够的重视。故而在实际运用中常常出现使用了一些句子无论是从语法角度来说还是从语言角度来说并没什么问题的句子但却与英语国家的风俗习惯不相符或是想当然地套用一些母语的语言形式即通常所说的Chinese English,犯一些令人啼笑皆非的错误来。举几个例子来说明。例如:1、对赞扬和感谢的反应就存在着有趣的差异。中国人将自谦当作一种美德,因而在遇到外国人的赞扬与感谢时,外国人说:You did so 中国人的第一反应就是:Oh,或是Well,just so 而这一反应将引来赞美者的不快。正确的回答应是:Thank 2、电话的开场白上的差异Hello, this is May Is that Mary?这是英语中一个简单的电话开场白。中文意义为:您好,我是梅。你是玛丽吗?这里就不能简单地运用中文想当然地用上I am和Are you的句式。3、其他差异对于中国人来说纯粹属于自己的隐私似乎没有,而英国人却极为重视个人隐私。中国人见面喜欢问的年龄、收入、婚姻家庭状况等问题在英国人看来是让人极其恼火的事情。对于这种问题的答案往往是:It’s none of your (这不关你的事。)还有一些习惯用法。如:圣诞快乐应为Merry Christmas而不是Happy Christmas同样是快乐不能通用仅仅是因为习惯而已(初中英语沿海版教材中就曾出现这一错误)。当然,作为分析性语言的中文与作为综合性语言的英语在语法上还存在着相当大的差别。在这里就不详细说明了。(二)如何在教学中解决这些问题浅谈中英文化的差异的意义在于:由于存在差异,我们的母语-中文势必对我们学习英语产生一些负迁移作用,如何通过了解差异,在教学中 避免母语产生的负面影响提高学习效率?主要做好以下两点工作:首先,在搞好英语日常教学的基础上,有目的地在教学中渗透一些交际文化背景。可以让学生进行一些辅助性的课外阅读,或组织英语原声电影、录像、VCD的观看,运用网络,通过一些有声的无声的,有形的无形的,字面的形象的社会文化内涵渗透到学生心中,让学生尽可能地触摸到最原汁原味的英语世界。其次,为学生提供尽可能多的练习机会。在课堂上用纯英语教学,创造一些英语听说氛围。通过创造模拟情景,鼓励学生大胆开口实践,使学生身临其境反复练习,形成良好的英语语感,增强学生在实践中的应对能力。总之,在英语教学中忽视中英文化差异的教学将会直接影响到教学质量,影响学生交际应用能力的提高。唯有注重提高学生对语言背后所蕴含的文化背景、社会知识的了解,才能真正让学生在语言学习运用中立于不败之地。最终达到学习的目的。

中英饮食差异中文 中西方的饮食方式有很大不同,这种差异对民族性格也有影响。在中国,任何一个宴席,不管是什么目的,都只会有一种形式,就是大家团团围坐,共享一席。筵席要用圆桌,这就从形式上造成了一种团结、礼貌、共趣的气氛。美味佳肴放在一桌人的中心,它既是一桌人欣赏、品尝的对象,又是一桌人感情交流的媒介物。人们相互敬酒、相互让菜、劝菜,在美好的事物面前,体现了人们之间相互尊重、礼让的美德。虽然从卫生的角度看,这种饮食方式有明显的不足之处,但它符合我们民族“大团圆”的普遍心态,反映了中国古典哲学中“和”这个范畴对后代思想的影响,便于集体的情感交流,因而至今难以改革。 西式饮宴上,食品和酒尽管非常重要,但实际上那是作为陪衬。宴会的核心在于交谊,通过与邻座客人之间的交谈,达到交谊的目的。如果将宴会的交谊性与舞蹈相类比,那么可以说,中式宴席好比是集体舞,而西式宴会好比是男女的交谊舞。由此可见,中式宴会和西式宴会交谊的目的都很明显,只不过中式宴会更多地体现在全席的交谊,而西式宴会多体现于相邻宾客之间的交谊。与中国饮食方式的差异更为明显的是西方流行的自助餐。此法是:将所有食物一一陈列出来,大家各取所需,不必固定在位子上吃,走动自由,这种方式便于个人之间的情感交流,不必将所有的话摆在桌面上,也表现了西方人对个性、对自我的尊重。但各吃各的,互不相扰,缺少了一些中国人聊欢共乐的情调。 所以,归根结底还是感性与理性之间的差异。但是,这种差异似乎在随着科学的发展而变的模糊。越来越多的中国人以不再只注重菜的色、香、味,而更注重它的卫生与营养了。尤其是在经历了非典以后。还有,人们因为越来越繁忙的工作,觉得中餐做起来太麻烦,不如来个汉堡方便等。这样一来在饮食上差异也就不太分明了。 ENGLISH Center the western diet way has very greatly differently, thiskind of difference is also influential to the national InChina, any banquet, no matter is any goal, all only can have one kindof form, is everybody sits in a circle all round, The banquetmust use the round table, this formally has created one kind ofunity, politeness, altogether the interest The delicacydelicacies put on table of people's centers, it not only is the objectwhich table of people appreciates, tastes, also is a table of peoplesentiments exchange The people mutually propose a toast,mutually offer food to a guest, urge the vegetable, in front of thehappy thing, has manifested the moral excellence which between thepeople mutually respects, gives precedence out of Althoughlooked from the hygienic angle, this diet way has the obviousdeficiency, but it conforms to our nationality "the happy ending" theuniversal point of view, had reflected in the Chinese classicalphilosophy "and" this category to the descendant thought influence, isadvantageous for the collective emotion exchange, thus until now withdifficulty Western-style banquets, food and liquor although count for much, butin fact that takes the set- The banquet core lies in thefriendship, through with the adjacent seat visitor's betweenconversation, achieves the friendship the If and the danceresembles the banquet friendship compared to, then may say, theChinese type banquet is just like is a group dance, but thewestern-style banquet is just like is men's and women's Thus it can be seen, the Chinese type banquet and thewestern-style banquet friendship goal very is all obvious, onlyChinese type banquet more terrains now complete meal friendship, butthe western-style banquet manifests much between the neighboringguest's Is the western popular buffet is more obviouswhich with the Chinese diet way This law is: Will possessfood 11 to exhibit, everybody 各取所需, will not need to fix onthe seat eats, takes a walk the freedom, this way will be advantageousfor between individual emotion exchange, will not will certainly allspeeches to suspend on the tabletop, also has displayed the westernperson to the individuality, to the self- But respectivelyeats each, mutually did not harass, lacks some Chinese to chat thehappy altogether happy affective Therefore, in the final analysis or between perceptual and But, this kind of difference as if in the fuzziness whichchanges along with the science More and more many Chineseby no longer only pay great attention to the vegetable the color, thefragrance, the taste, but paid great attention to its health and In has experienced after in particular the non- Also, the people because of the more and more busy work, thought theChinese meal starts too troubles, was inferior to Hamburg facilitatesand so Then the difference not too was also distinct in the 论文

回答 价值取向方面,西方人注重以自我为中心,重个人,重竞争;中国人注重群体、社会、和谐。西方人的价值观认为个人是人类社会的基点。每个人的生存方式及生存质量都取决于自己的能力,有个人才有社会整体。思维方式上方面,西方人注重思辨、理性、分析、实证,剖析整体再加以综合;中国人注重直观、整体、经验。在西方哲人看来,只有思辨性的东西才是最真实,最完善,最美好的。从古希腊时代起,自然科学家和哲学家们都把抽象思维和逻辑思维方式作为认识和把握事物真理的最基本手段,并把分析学或逻辑学视为一切科学的工具。 提问 中西方文化差异的选题课题背景 回答 请您耐心等待1分钟,正在编辑整理回答,马上就为您解答,还请不要结束咨询哦。 1、饮食差异西方是一种理性饮食观念。不论食物的色、香、味、形如何,而营养一定要得到保证,讲究一天要摄取多少热量、维生素、蛋白质等等。即便口味千篇一律,也一定要吃下去——因为有营养。中国则是注重口感和美味,菜肴丰富多彩,烹饪手法多姿多彩,有油炸、黄焖、煸炒、火锅等。2、观念差异西方人认为一个人只有完全脱离社会关系,真正做到“关注自我”,才能成为一个“真正意义上的人”。而在中国的文化中,人之所以为人,必须成为社会关系中的一环。儒家文化中定义:“仁者,人也。”强调整体和综合。3、服饰差异西方男士在正式社交场合通常穿保守式样的西装,内穿白衬衫,打领带。他们喜欢黑色,因此一般穿黑色的皮鞋。西方女士在正式场合要穿礼服套装。另外女士外出有戴耳环的习俗。西方国家,尤其是在美国,平时人们喜欢穿着休闲装,如T恤加牛仔服。当今中国人穿着打扮日趋西化,传统的中山装、旗袍等已退出历史舞台。正式场合男女着装已与西方并无二异。在平时的市井生活中,倒会看到不少人穿着背心、短裤、拖鞋等不合礼仪的服饰。4、语言差异象形文字强调视觉和闪点,拼音语言强调逻辑和哲学,所以中国文化注重的是写意和系统思维,而西方文化则更多注重抽象和数据。写意和写实,前者步入漫长农耕时代,从老子的虚无到阴阳五行,试图解释宇宙万物。后者更接近科学,并与后来工业革命有脉络关系。5、逻辑差异由于逻辑的产生,西方文化是一种求真的文化,也可以说是科学文化,偏向于追求逻辑的完整性。中国文化是不讲究求真的,中国的传统注重现实的功业和修为,强调“学以致用”。含有浓重的实用理性, 可以从这五点其中一点入手可以背景 提问 中西方文化差异的活动目的 回答 师夷长技以制夷取其精华去其糟粕 提问 这么短 回答 您需要多少字的呢,请您详细描述一下 提问 150 中西方文化差异的实践活动方法(要与活动的开展相符合) 回答 一、活动主题旳产生与确定语言是文化旳载体,有着丰富旳文化内涵学习英语旳过程,也是了解和掌握英语文化背景知识旳过程对文化背景知识旳掌握程度直接影响到一个人旳英语使用能力,是能否得体地运用语言旳前提因此,在学习英语语言知识旳同时,也要注意同步地学习与英语有关旳文化于是,我们为了拓展学生旳文化视野,提升他们旳文化素养,我们决定让学生以“中西文化差异旳探索”为题,通过英语综合实践活动课这一教学形式,来指导学生开展研究性旳学习二、活动旳研究计划围绕“中西文化差异旳探索”这一活动主题,让学生根据自己旳爱好讨论选择具体旳小课题,如“日常谈话中旳文化差异”、“中英饮食文化旳差异”、“颜色在东西方语言中旳运用”、“数字在中西方旳不同意义”、“英语手势语拇指上旳学问”等等然后,学生组成小组,制定计划,确定研究方法,利用课外时间,分组进行研究、对比、分析、讨论、整理,然后写出**或总结,最后到英语综合实践活动课上来展示与交流各自旳研究成果三、活动旳目标通过对“中西文化差异旳探索”这一研究性学习活动,要求学生达到以下具体目标:1利用图书馆、阅览室、网络等资源收集相关资料或信息,并妥善处理,形成独立获取信息的能力;2、自主制定研究活动小课题方案旳能力,包括安排小组研究活动旳时间、过程、基本方法、人员、条件等要素;三。小组成员能独立读写简单的研究报告;4通过小组活动,学生可以学会与他人合作,培养他们的合作能力和**问题;5、通过与其他学生旳交流,报告研究过程旳体会和心得,大胆地向他人汇报自己旳研究成果,养成交流、分享旳良好态度和能力;6通过本此活动,学生可以体验**性学习的乐趣,了解中西文化差异的一些知识,提高学生学习英语的兴趣四、活动旳实施1、通过书本或各种**查阅资料学生利用课外时间可到图书馆或上网查阅与课题有关旳资料2面试外教。让学生利用外教的机会来我校讲课。让他们与外教进行一次访谈,学习一些与本课题相关的知识3、分组采访或咨询全校旳英语教师,看看他们对中西方文化差异了解多少,学生认真听取并作好笔记4学生小组研究、比较、分析、讨论、整理5最后,写一个总结。全班同学将在课堂上进行交流和讨论6、教师把学生研究成果张贴在班级“学习园地”里,拓展学生旳文化视野,提升学生旳文化素养,增长学习英语旳兴趣, 五、活动研究成果旳展示与交流1第一组小报告:中英饮食文化差异中国饮食被认为是健康食物,它包括fruit, green, vegetables, 具有丰富旳纤维素、低糖脂中国人吃旳食物含糖比世界其它国家少英国人吃旳食物为含有丰富脂肪旳油炸土豆片、奶油、干乳酪和巧克力他们吃蛋糕、软饮料、糖等等此外,中国人午餐食物较丰富,而英国人由于午休时间短,工作地点与家里相距较远,来不及回家吃饭,午餐简单英国家庭中晚餐则是他们旳正餐,可能有开胃酒、主菜及饭后甜点三道菜第二组的简短报告:东西方语言中颜色的不同用法ⅰ、colour(颜色)chinese(中文)english(英语)red(红)革命、喜庆愤怒、危险blue(蓝)肃穆、庄严沮丧、消沉green(绿)春天、希望幼稚、缺乏经验white(白)恐怖、死亡、纯洁纯洁、天真无邪ⅱ、带有颜色旳一些习语如“红茶”为“blacktea”而非“redtea”;“清咖啡”为“blackcoffee”;“brownrice”为“糙米”;“brownsugar”为“红糖”;“brownbread”为“黑面包”;“红眼病”是“green-eyed”而非“red-eyed”;“yellowpages ”是“**载公司、厂商等名称及**号码旳)黄页**号簿”而非“黄色书刊”小组3旳小报告数字在中西方旳不同意义我们中国人都喜欢“6”(顺)、“8”(发)、“9”(长久),不喜欢“4”、“7”,认为这两个数字不吉利;西方人却不同,他们不喜欢“5”、“13”,因为它们与**教旳救世主——耶稣被害有关,同时又与英国从前旳星期五为“绞刑日”有关 小组4旳小报告ⅰ、日常谈话中旳文化差异我们汉语中常用职业、职务来尊称某人如:韩教师、李校长,而英语中不能说hanteacher,也不能说teacherhan,应称为mr/miss/ms han,英文中旳姓和名排列顺序与汉语相反,即名在前姓在后,如jim green;而中国人旳姓名即使用汉语拼音书写,也应姓在前名在后,如song dan(宋丹)此外,因为西方人强调以“个人为中心”,许多我们中国人认为可以公开于关心和友好旳询问,如“how old are you?where are you going?have you had your meal?等,会引起西方人旳不快,他们会认为这是触犯了个人隐私因为外国人忌问年龄、婚姻等等ⅱ、感谢与赞扬由于各国人民旳风俗、礼节、交流都受特定环境旳影响,都具有鲜明旳特色中国人在交往时,更注重委婉、含蓄,而美国人却注重直来直去,“坦率”就能体现他旳价值观和交流方式当中国人听到赞扬后会谦虚地说“不”尽管内心极度高兴,但也绝不喜形于色,因为谦虚是中国人旳美德而美国人听到赞扬后会说:“thank you”在餐桌上,面对美味佳肴,中国人不会轻易地随便吃,因为这是不礼貌旳表现,而美国人会大口品尝主人旳手艺,这是对主人旳尊重和礼貌旳表现对别人送来旳礼物,中国人往往要推辞一番,接受后一般不当面打开,如果当面打开查看,显得不礼貌;而在英语文化中,人们对别人所送礼品一般都要当面打开,并称赞一番,然后欣然道谢 小组5旳小报告英美“手势语”拇指上旳学问在英美国家旳手势中,拇指旳不同指向可表示不同旳意思主要有以下三个方面:(一)、对着他人“咬拇指”和冲着他人“用拇指按鼻子”这都是很无礼旳,都是对他人旳极大侮辱,谁见了也不会轻易罢休(二)、“拇指朝上”表示赞成和支持;“拇指朝下”表示强烈旳反对这两个短语表示旳动作**于古罗马那时,斗士们要在公共竞技场上拼死搏斗,败阵旳斗士垂下双臂表示投降如果公众翘起拇指,就饶了他;如果公众不同意,他将被当场杀死(三)、我们中国人要求搭便车,就向司机招手,而英美人则是向司机“竖起拇指”六、学生旳自我评价学生1:通过这次活动,我觉得我学到了很多课本上学不到的知识学生2:最重要的是我学会了如何查找资料,如何使用英语词典和其他学习工具,这对我的一生都是有用的学生3:通过小组合作**,我体会到了相互合作旳重要性,以前旳学习过程中,老师只是一味地灌输文化知识,但在研究性学习过程中老师是指导者,我们体会到了探索和获得成功旳喜悦 提问 中西方文化差异的活动过程(结合开题报告的“时间安排表”书写) 回答 同学,您问了这么多,建议论文还是要从自身出发自己来写,毕竟这样才能学有所成,学以致用的呢 更多15条 

中美文化差异论文英语

是要别人帮你写一篇,还是摘抄给你

Diet Culture difference between China and A(中美饮食文化的差异)这篇可以参考:)~ The main difference between Chinese and America eating habits is that unlike, where everyone has their own plate of food, in China the dishes are placed on the table and everybody If you are being treated by a Chinese host, be prepared for a ton of Chinese are very proud of their culture of food and will do their best to give you a taste of many different types of Among friends, they will just order enough for the people If they are taking somebody out for dinner and the relationship is polite to semi-polite, then they will usually order one more dish than the number of guests ( four people, five dishes) If it is a business dinner or a very formal occasion, there is likely to be a huge amount of food that will be impossible to A typical meal starts with some cold dishes, like boiled peanuts and smashed cucumber with These are followed by the main courses, hot meat and vegetable Finally soup is brought out, which is followed by the starchy "staple" food, which is usually rice or noodles or sometimes Many Chinese eat rice (or noodles or whatever) last, but if you like to have your rice together with other dishes, you should say so early on

Social customs differ from place to place in the Misunderstanding will surely arise if we are not aware of these There are many differences in social customs between Americans and C The most obvious is that people are very informal in social situations in the United S For example, they call each other by their given nameswhen they meet for the firsttime, including the young to the In China, however, this will be regarded as quite Another difference is in topics in It is quite all right to ask a Chinese the cost of his possessions while it is quite rude to do so in the United S The Chinese do not care much if they are asked about their age, their political and religious beliefs whereas these kinds of topics are usually avoided in conversations in the United SThere are certainly many other different social customs between Americans and Chinese to which we should pay much attention in the study of the English Only those who have an awareness of the culture of another nation can have a better command of its

文化差异(Culture Difference):种族 National race The whole question of the changing role of Blacks in American society as been the subject of newspaper articles around the world so frequently that visitors to the United States do not know what to expect when they They may be surprised when they see that Blacks and Whites work side by side in offices , factories , and schools across the country The majority of Blacks in the United States, however, live in and around only a small number of American Many dark-skinned visitors arrive in the United States fearing personal attack or expecting various degrees of racial Some forms of discrimination [1] still exist ,unfortunately, especially in the areas of the housing , schools , and jobs The school equality is still more a dream than a There are still too many areas of the country where Black Americans do not enjoy the same full opportunities as White Americans However, the vast majority of American s are working , studying , and sharing public places This was not true even a few years ago in some parts of the country , but progress is steadily being made You will be able to observe the improvement in race relations as soon as your plane lands You will see it in the airport, in public buses and trains , in theaters , restaurants , rest room, in sops and libraries , in offices and factories Close personal friendships between Blacks and Whites , full trust and social relationships are still not common , except in certain areas, However, even in this - the slowest area of progress-there has been change , especially among young [1] discrimination 辨别, 区别, 识别力, 辨别力, 歧视 Excerpted from " A Guide to USA ", edited by Li Yang, Li Yi, published by Foreign Language Teaching and Research P Culture Difference 发表日期:2005-04-22 10:58:52 作者:洪恩在线 It is not a novel knowledge that culture difference exists between eastern and w estern But not until I heard the lecture given by a Chinese scholar, who has been lived in Australia for several years, did I came to understand that how different it The scholar summarized that we, as Chinese, prefer to think in a spiral, casual way, while western people, more often than not, are fond of a linear, business-i s-business Supporting the idea, he named out examples he himself experience d while staying in A Here are some Firstly, line up If you are in China, it is not rare to see that a crowd of people throng in the supermarket, trying to get service People in Ch ina do line up, the scholar said in a humorous tone, but they prefer to line up at a horizontal In contrast, in western countries, say, in Australia, people always line up, no matter in a big bank or a small grocery And they take it for Lin ing up has long since become part of their life that they scarcely doubt it or g row impatient while doing Secondly, first come, first Though in words it is a normal principle her e in China, it’s mostly not the case in Take an example of what usuall y happens in a Here when we are in a middle-sized bank, and suppose we are talking with the cashier, it always tends to have someone butt in, claiming tha t his or her request takes only one And it seems that we have already been accustomed to So has the But in western countries, it never It is always rude that you butt in whil e the cashier is serving his No matter how little time your request co sts, the cashier, more often than not, is likely to turn you Only one cust omer at a time is his Thirdly, change Suppose I am in a shopping mall and the stuff I purchase cost me 142 RMB While lining up at the casher’s and happening to check my wall et, I find I have 200 RMB and two one-yuan What will I do? To give the ca shier 200 RMB, or give him 200 RMB and the two one-yuan coins so that he could r eturn me 60 RMB, which is more convenient for both of I think when the Chinese were in this situation, they would mostly choose the la tter But the scholar said, in Australia, they won’t do He then told th at he himself did try it once, and he thought it was self-evident to do But the cashier did not So the scholar latter on summarized that western people are prone to lack of fle xibility while doing their Then how about us in their eyes? They think we Chinese have a tendency to make things What an interesting contrast! Here I don’t intend to tell which is better and which is What I try to s ay is just that we might well be in conformity with the customs and be aware of the culture differences while being Like the saying goes—while you are in Rome, do as Romans If you don’t want to put yourself in the public, bear ing all this in mind is perhaps the best Caroline This article has been read by 276 Copyright: This article was written by and first posted in HongEn The author owns the copyright, and HongEn online owns the right of using Any other unit or individual should get the author's approval before using, repasting or The author will assume all the civil and penal responsibility, directly or indirectly caused by posting the The SYSOPs and board masters have the right to reserve or delete the Reply|Digest|Return|Search Replied Articles Title Author Size Post Time Grade Re:Culture Difference tdeanxx(Tim) 1K 20 01:19 Dear Caroline, I think your scholar friend spent several years in Australia and completely miss ed the most important value represented in his That value is egalitar The principle that people should be treated When the bank teller insists on attending one customer at a time the principle i s not "only one customer at a time" it is "this customer waited in line and so w ill you, no matter how tall, how well dressed or how loud your " And you can be sure if the customer is a poor working man and the impatient man is a wel l dressed business man, the customer will very bruskly insist on his rights not to be A well run bank will have a customer service person who can answer questions, but people doing transactions must wait their My impres sion of a business or a nation where people are not treated equally in the marke tplace and a bully can obtain service without waiting is a place where there is a class oriented culture and/or where one can bribe one …………[文章太长,没有全部显示,点击本文标题阅读全文] Re:Culture Difference (caroline) 2K 20 12:25 Dear Tim, The lecture given by the scholar is mainly on English That's for he na med such He just aimed to tell the audience how important to understan d a culture is, which is different from our What you said is indeed And I am with you on The corruption in Chi na is rampant these years, you relate it with Well, I haven't thought abo ut But I do agree that the idea of class roots in many people's Like the example you took in the article, I almost could be sure that here the c ashier would definitely turn to the well dressed business You say that the poor working man will insist on his rigts not to be But here I gues s he would just pretend not to mind it and let it I myself experienced this once, in Once I was in a post office to have a p ackage You know, it was crowded inside and the people lined up in a wayw ard So when it was my turn, and when I was just about to tell the man my re quest, one guy …………[文章太长,没有全部显示,点击本文标题阅读全文] Re:Culture Difference panpanpan 210 20 08:32 You've got a sharp eye for the human conditions, T -- Learning is like rowing upstream; not to advance is to drop Learning is like sailing a boat against the current; it either advances or retre Re:Culture Difference tdeanxx(Tim) 351 20 12:47 Dear Panpanpan, I wouldn't have written in such a non-diplomatic fashion except that I wanted to see what people thought, and that sort of behavior is particularly irritating t o I will try not to lose my temper when I am in C I don't want to get "kung fu'd" Great to hear from you, I want to hear more of your thou Tim Re:Culture Difference smdyfc(Dont happy) 263 20 18:05 English is so good!Do you announce some articles more again?Did you graduate?Wor ker, should have of, all of you And have brains!Can come to our company to work? -- Power is everything!!Falling behind would be beaten!! I'm never,never,never,never give up!!! Re:Culture Difference spoilme(maple) 804 22 06:02 "Thirdly, change Suppose I am in a shopping mall and the stuff I purchase cost me 142 RMB While lining up at the casher’s and happening to check my wal let, I find I have 200 RMB and two one-yuan What will I do? To give the c ashier 200 RMB, or give him 200 RMB and the two one-yuan coins so that he could return me 60 RMB, which is more convenient for both of I think when the Chinese were in this situation, they would mostly choose the la tter But the scholar said, in Australia, they won’t do He then told th at he himself did try it once, and he thought it was self-evident to do But the cashier did not " It won't happen in New Y Maybe the cashers in NY are :) -- Be not afraid of going slowly, be afraid only of standing 参考一下Diet Culture difference between China and A(中美饮食文化的差异)这篇也可以参考一下The main difference between Chinese and America eating habits is that unlike, where everyone has their own plate of food, in China the dishes are placed on the table and everybody If you are being treated by a Chinese host, be prepared for a ton of Chinese are very proud of their culture of food and will do their best to give you a taste of many different types of Among friends, they will just order enough for the people If they are taking somebody out for dinner and the relationship is polite to semi-polite, then they will usually order one more dish than the number of guests ( four people, five dishes) If it is a business dinner or a very formal occasion, there is likely to be a huge amount of food that will be impossible to A typical meal starts with some cold dishes, like boiled peanuts and smashed cucumber with These are followed by the main courses, hot meat and vegetable Finally soup is brought out, which is followed by the starchy "staple" food, which is usually rice or noodles or sometimes Many Chinese eat rice (or noodles or whatever) last, but if you like to have your rice together with other dishes, you should say so early on

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