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中英服饰文化对比研究论文

发布时间:2024-06-30 18:32:00

中英服饰文化对比研究论文

首先,需要明确什么是跨文化管理,其次既然以中英两国为例那么就需要收集三个大型服饰品牌企业的资料,中国三个,英国三个,做交叉对比,如果工作量较大,那么就收集两个,要分析近三到五年的数据,论文最重要的就是论据,假设没有数据,只是文字叙述,那么最后答辩也过不去,再次,得知道你是什么专业,管理专业与英文专业都可以写这个题目,但是写法不一样,还是得对症下药才可以。论文辅导员

Abstract: Dress culture is a cultural phenomenon unique to human beings. As it has different aesthetic ideas, different dressing concepts and different dress etiquette in China and west, it forms Chinese and western dress culture of the different connotation and characteristics. This thesis is divided into four major sections. The first part describes the different features of Chinese and western dress and why people wear clothing. The second part describes cultural differences between Chinese and western clothing. The third part gives an analysis of Chinese and western dress culture. The last part describes Chinese and western dress aesthetic culture and dress concept. Based on the analysis, the thesis finally draws a conclusion. Chinese and western dress culture each has rich connotation and distinct characteristics, which are precious cultural legacy which is left by human ancestors and are the world culture heritage. At the same time, we treasure our own civilization of five thousand years instead of belittling ourselves. It is significant to promote and develop our unique costume culture. We are confident and make contributions to realizing the rejuvenation of our Chinese nation and enriching the clothing culture of the whole world. Key words: Chinese and western clothing; culture;differences;aesthetic culture and clothing concepts 摘要摘要摘要摘要::::服饰文化是人类特有的文化现象。由于中西方各民族的审美观念、着装理念和服饰礼仪的不同,从而形成了不同内涵、不同特色的中西方服饰文化。本文共分为四部分。第一部分主要介绍了中西服饰的不同特征以及为什么人要穿衣服,第二部分写中西方服饰的差异,第三部分写导致中西方服饰文化差异的原因,第四部分则写中西方服饰审美文化和着装理念。通过以上简单的论述,最后得出结论,中西方服饰文化各具有丰富的内涵和鲜明的特色,她们都是人类祖先留下来的宝贵文化遗产 ,是世界文化的瑰宝。与此同时,我们应该珍惜自己五千年的文明而不是贬低自己的文明。促进和发展我们独特的民族服饰文化具有重要的意义。为了实现我们中华民族的文化复兴和丰富整个世界的文化,让我们自信起来吧! 关键词关键词关键词关键词::::中西服饰;文化;差异性;审美文化与着装理念Introduction Costume culture, carried by costume, is a respect of our physical and spiritual life and a mixture of our psychological activities like consciousness, emotion, idea and ideal. The rapid development of advanced technology makes multiculturalism stand out and also makes conflicts between China and the West increase. In that case, it becomes more and more important to recognize the similarities and differences of costume culture between China and the West. Nowadays, the whole world is, to some extent, dominated by the western costume culture, which has wound its way into the daily life of the whole world, together with technology, life style and values from the West. Quite popular in China, it’s nominally called “internationalization” or “globalization”. In recent years, the costume industry of China has developed swiftly. The “international” costume, featured by the western costume culture, has become a pretty important part of our daily life. However, as our economy takes off, international status rises and living standard improves, a wave of national costume culture resurgence is rising. Moreover, people from the West pay more and more attention to the giant dragon in the East——China. Western costume designers constantly introduce Chinese costume cultural elements to their latest designs. Those phenomena arouse a series of thoughts: what distinguishes Chinese costume culture from the western one? Are there any similarities between them? What kind of costume culture will we Chinese hold as the mainstream in the future, the so-called “international” western one, the Chinese one or the fusion of the two? To obtain the answers to these questions, we are supposed to study and contrast carefully the characteristics and developing processes of them, and then draw some regularity. To contrast the costume culture between China and the West, it is necessary for us to master a good knowledge of the Chinese and western costume cultural 1 Chinese and western dress The different features of Chinese and western dress China is known as “Xia” as it’s a land of propriety, and it’s also known as “Hua” with the beauty of its costume. (①《左传》p83) Our national costume is Hanfu. It originated in the Yanhuang era, formed in the Spring and Autumn Period and officially took form in Han Dynasty. That’s the reason why it’s called “Hanfu”. Since then, in spite of historical evolutions of all ages, their basic characteristics have never changed. Hanfu, on the whole, can be divided into four developing stages: Zhou Han Hanfu, Wei Jin Hanfu, Sui Tang Hanfu and Song Ming Hanfu. Zhou Han Hanfu was featured by dignity and simplicity, while Wei Jin Hanfu by chic and elegance, Sui Tang Hanfu by dignified, graceful, elegant and poised style. Hanfu in Song and Ming Dynasties epitomizes the characteristics of the past-simple, dignified, elegant, etc. In Qing Dynasty, Hanfu was forbidden by the government and disappeared from the land of China. The main features of Chinese clothing are focusing on the right collar’s overlap, the band deducted hidden, big sleeves, no buttons and using string binding, giving the impression of free and easy flowing. These characteristics are obviously different from those of other ethnic costumes. Hanfu is divided into uniform and common clothing. With strict standards, uniform is dressed on formal occasions while the common clothing, without long sleeves, is very convenient to people’s daily life. However, the western clothing is different form the Chinese clothing. The West belongs to Marine civilization, it emphasizes the subjective and objective separation and that we should rationally treat clothing, advocate releasing personality, stress dress effect and be good at showing beautiful the posture of the body. Besides, we use various clipping, color collocation means to perfect bodily curve and give a person with visual comfort in the modeling. A suit, also known as a business suit, comprises a collection of matching clothing consisting of: a coat﹙commonly known as a jacket﹚,a waistcoat﹙optional﹚﹙USA vest﹚for men, a pair of trousers﹙USA pants﹚, or for women, a shirt or trousers. A suit is generally accompanied by torment, a shirt and tie or for women, a blouse. Why people wear clothingChinese people are concerned more about its social function of helping to rule a country well than that of keeping warm or decorating. It has a lot to do with ruling a country to regulate the dressing way of the common people. Nevertheless, the westerners pay more attention to its wealth value and function. Therefore, people put on clothing for functional and social reasons. The functional reason The first use of clothing is to resist the cold and cover the body. Functions of clothing include providing the human body protection against extremes of climate (extreme heat, icy winters, and drenching storms) and protection against insects, noxious, chemicals, and contact with abrasive substances. In sum, clothing protects human beings against anything that might injure the naked, unprotected human body. The social reason Clothing also delivers social messages to other humans. Social messages sent by clothing, accessories, and decorations can involve social status, occupation, ethnic and religious belief, marital status, cultural degree and sexual availability, etc. For example, only Roman citizens can wear “Toga” in Rome while dragon robe can only be dressed by the emperor in China.

Western novels in comparison First, Western novels in the history of the development of Western novels are based on myths and legends of its origin. In ancient times, science developed, out of fear of nature, the working people out of the imagination is the key to many of the world "God", describing the personification of God is a myth; who will describe the deified, that is legend. China opened the world's Pan story, the story of San Juan Five Emperors, the West Greek mythology, Roman mythology, Norse mythology, and so on are all typical works. East and West, the original novel, is closely linked with the history, as historical records complement the event. China Pre-Qin prose in the fable, the Han dynasty in the history books, biographies, the Wei and Jin Zhi, Zhi-person novel; the West of ancient Babylon, "the United States and Ji Jia disabilities epic", in ancient Greece, "Homer's epic," "Aesop's Fables "And so on, fall into this category, fiction, novels such novels have been about the characteristics of fiction, it is still not the literary creation, directly from the private collection record, so this type of fiction plot is relatively simple, writing rough comparison. Ban Gu said, "On the Street Lane words, hearsay are made of" is a novel kind of accurate assessment of the image. China's Tang Dynasty, the novel is only from history and literature become a creativity. Tang Dynasty culture has developed, the author's ideas are more open, the legend came into being at this time, Li Zhaowei "Liu Yi Chuan", Po Chu's "Everlasting Regret," Wolf's "Everlasting Regret Chuan" And so on, are made in accordance with the creation of the legend. For the fictional story of the Tang Dynasty more emphasis on imagination and literary talent, not just the history of the nature of things, but as the history of Zhi Zhi who is also the novel did not stop. The Legend of the Song Dynasty to the novel on a gradual decline, which followed the rise of this so that after processing will become a scholar so many novel and Romance novels such as "Romance of the Three Kingdoms", "Outlaws of the Marsh", "Journey to the West." The author of such novels is the use of private creative and re-created to describe the circumstances of the touching scenes of brilliant and vivid active in shaping the character known, there are obvious story-telling style of language. Here by the redevelopment, it will become an independent literary creation rather than things to come together with the civil process, the representative of this type is the "Golden Lotus", it was an open and ordinary life on the road, the reality is that literature has come a long way The development of the latter's "A Dream of Red Mansions" in ancient China Geng Shiba realism to the novels of the summit. "54" after the novelist began to learn from China's western fiction writing practices, and gradually out a new path. Western novels, is the "Renaissance" after the rapid development of mature. The development of the Middle Ages novel near-stagnation in the West, 14, the end of the century "Renaissance" to overthrow the literature of the Church of control, 15, appeared in the western end of the century to promote freedom of thought and the liberation of personality in order to describe the reality of life and portray characters from all walks of life for the content of the Humanist novels, is to tie in with this type of novel anti-feudal Europe at the time of arising at the same time it also set the novel in the West to human describing the tone of the main things. Jiaqiu Italy's "Decameron", Spain's Cervantes "Don Quixote" is the kind of representative works of fiction. The resulting novel is a classical, elegant favor of its national language to standardize the writing of this novel in 17th century France's most well-developed. As a note on behalf of Corneille's "Cid" neoclassical story of the rise of Western novels have been a language substantially improved. The beginning of the 18th century to promote popular science knowledge, enlightenment of the public consciousness for the purpose of the Enlightenment novels, of which there are relatively well-known German Goethe's "Faust", the United Kingdom Defoe's "Robinson Crusoe" and the Swift "Gulliver's Travels" and so on, this type of novel to the emergence of the bourgeois revolution at the time to mold public opinion. In the 19th century, romantic fiction, realistic novels and critical realism novel turn to occupy the leading position in the field of fiction. Romantic novels, such as France Victor Hugo's "Notre Dame de Paris", Goethe's "juvenile Witt of trouble" and so on, imaginative, unusual ideas, language and imaginative, strong feelings. Efforts to reflect the reality of the novel is the essence of life, and depict typical life of a typical phenomenon in the United Kingdom Dickens, France and Germany are of such novels as a representative of the writer. Critical realism novels exposed the efforts of the decadent feudal system and capitalist society, the dark, in-depth criticism of the reality of evil, France Balzac and Maupassant, the United Kingdom of Charlotte, Bronte,. Russia's Tolstoy, Dostoevsky, the United States of a large number of writers such as Mark Twain's works belong to this category. Value today, the three novels in the West is still the most important of the three types of literary fiction. East-West novel on the history of the development of more or less the case. Second, the characteristics of the novel in the West In addition to the basic characteristics of the novel, the story of the West also have their own characteristics are as follows: 1, the traditional Chinese novel attention to the characters, language and the details of the description, in contradiction to the conflict to display the images, but the character of a single, small changes in the absence of the main flu. Western novels are more people pay attention to the psychological description, stressed that mining figure in the subconscious mind, good at writing full, the changes in the strong sense of the main characters. Again, "coach Lin Feng Snow Mountain Temple" in the figure is only through dialogue and action leads to contradictions and conflicts, but Anna Karenina Wogui before a series of conflicts only with his description of the psychological will be able to express their clear; for poetry in Lin In the performance of her literary talent, and Paul with his inner monologue of the ideal; Zhang Zhong-Yong has only the character, but Jane Eyre's character is the brave, strong, warm, kind-hearted, and so many of the character and rubbing and Cheng's. In short, people in the area described in the West has its own unique features. 2, China compared with Western fiction novel plot twists and turns more and more complete story. Plot twists and turns, the story is complete fiction China's unique traditional arts. The Wei and Jin Zhi Zhi people on the novel twists and turns with vivid characteristics. Tang legend in the layout of many of the famous, magnificent anomaly, rigorous and clever, dramatic plot development. The contents of the Ming and Qing Dynasties novels scattered irregular, undulating waves, Cuoluoyouzhi, careful structure, an integral whole. "A Dream of Red Mansions", everywhere She Fu, Hui turning point, the story of Jia's best writing. Western plot in respect of the outstanding works, although there are many, but it can not be compared with the Chinese novel. 3, concise and lively Chinese language novel, rich in content and rich Western novels. Chinese folk artists absorbed the novel language, at the same time inherited the fine traditions of ancient prose, often a few words will be able to outline the incident or the people. Western novels in the author includes a broad range of knowledge, involve the community in many ways, so rich in content and rich people can gain knowledge in many areas. Engels said he was in Balzac's novel about 19th century France's domestic situation than he received any reports are more. Western novels have different characteristics, and also in the West different aesthetic concepts to a certain extent related. 4, Western novels have been the rule of the feudal culture of oppression destroyed. Chinese feudal culture makes the development of the novel is extremely difficult, Ming and Qing Dynasties more people to write stories for shame, so many great writers living, creating the conditions are not covered, many of the great works of authors who do not know. Western novels in the feudal culture makes almost the whole of the Middle Ages in the development of extremely slow, and many talented writers were forced to church services, wrote some of the religious nature of the article dry hole. Third, Western novels in the future prospects for the development of End of the Qing Dynasty, China and the West have begun to understand the other side of the system, the advantages of the novel in the West have been constantly learn from each other. Of course, due to historical reasons, the Chinese side of the draw a little more. To this day, the novelist in the West efforts are still two researchers in the novel's artistic charm, although the different languages of each other's appreciation of the arts to a certain extent, but the United States are interlinked. We have every reason to believe that in the near future, the novel art in the West will ultimately learn from each other and integrate, develop and reach new artistic heights. References: "Foreign Literature" Shanghai Translation Publishing House Zhou Xu Liang "Contemporary Literature election," Zhang Zhong, such as Beijing University Publishing House "Chinese literature history of the development of" Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House Liu Jie "Literary History of Europe" People's Literature Publishing House Yangzhou Han Wu Da-yuan Zhao Rui radish "Three high school language textbook used by the five dates of the" People's Education Press仅供参考,请自借鉴。希望对您有帮助。

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教学文学方面都可以

中英文化对比研究论文目录

语言是思维的表达方式,不同的语言特征往往反映着不同地域、民族的思维习惯差异。下文是我为大家整理的关于英汉语言对比方面论文的 范文 ,欢迎大家阅读参考!关于英汉语言对比方面论文篇1 浅探英汉委婉语对比 摘 要: 本文应用范畴和构造手段对英汉委婉语进行了对比,通过对比英汉两种语言中的委婉语可以了解委婉语不仅是一种语言现象,更是一种社会 文化 现象。研究英汉委婉语的异同,有助于我们了解英语国家的社会风俗与文化。 关键词: 英汉委婉语 应用范畴 构造手段 一、引言 委婉语euphemism源自希腊语,由词头“eu”(good)和词干“phemism”(speech)构成,意为吉利之语(words of good omen)或优雅的说法(good speech)。委婉语是人类语言使用过程中的一种普遍现象。 通过对比英汉两种语言中的委婉语,我们可以了解委婉语不仅是一种语言现象,更是社会文化现象。委婉语的产生和发展是不同社会心理和语言因素共同作用的结果。委婉语反映了不同社会的发展、价值观、道德观和社会文化。 二、英汉委婉语应用范畴的对比 1.关于疾病的委婉语 生病是人们忌讳说的,因而东西方人常常用委婉语表达。在现代英语中,多用trouble婉指病,如heart trouble,lung trouble等。cancer的委婉语为“the Big C”或“long illness”,“terminally ill”。性病在英语里被称为“social disease”,“the French disease”,“certain disease”,“communicable disease”。汉语里人们把这种病称为“花柳病”、“富贵病”、“那种病”。汉语中,我们把“生病”称作“身体不好”、“身体欠安”,说“癌症”为“不治之症”。 而在身体缺陷方面,英语中婉称crippled(残疾)为physically handicapped(有生理缺陷的)或者用disabled,the inconvenienced表示crippled(瘸子),用imperfect hearing(听觉不完美)代替the deaf(聋子),用visually retarded(视力有障碍的)代替the blind(瞎子、盲人)。在汉语中,四肢残疾称“手脚不灵便、走路不便”,偏瘫称“半身不遂”等,秃顶婉称“谢顶”,耳朵聋称“耳背、耳朵不灵”。其他的还有“挨了一下子”、“划了个口子”等代称“受伤”。 2.关于性的委婉语 从古至今,各民族对性爱及与其相关的一些说法均持谨慎态度。随着人类的进步,也出现了一些开放性的说法,但其主流仍然采用回避、模糊、委婉的说法。英语中谈及性行为的委婉语有make love,to have sex with,to go to bed with etc.汉民族历来对性行为持封闭态度,谈及性行为时总是遮遮掩掩,含混模糊。汉语中表达性爱的委婉语有:同房、夫妻生活、房事、云雨之事、那种事等。在谈到性行为不检点时,英语中有free love,trial marriage,love companion,mixed singles等模糊与中性化的委婉语。汉语中则采用较严厉的贬义词抨击不检点的性行为。如男盗女娼、三者插足、寻花问柳、水性杨花等。对于妓女这一令人鄙弃的角色,西方社会给予了许多雅号,如,street walker,street girl,a woman of the town,pavement princess。谈到怀孕时,英汉两种语言均用委婉语,如英语很少直接说pregnancy(怀孕),而说be in the family way,in an interesting condition,in a delicate condition,knitting little bootees etc.汉语则说,有喜了、要当妈妈了、身怀六甲等。 3.关于死亡的委婉语 古今中外,无论东西方,“死亡”都是一个避讳莫深的话题。人们在语言交际中尽量回避“死亡”二字而尽可能用委婉语代替。虽然英汉语中都有很多表示“死亡”的委婉语,但其中的差异具体表现在: (1)英汉表达死的委婉语在体现社会地位上大相径庭。中国经历了几千年的封建社会,封建制度对中国文化影响颇深。天子死称“崩”,诸侯死称“薨”,大夫死曰“卒”,士死曰“不禄”。西方人笃信__,认为人都是上帝创造的,故生来人人平等。英语中有一条古老的格言:Popes,Kings,beggars,and thieves alike must die.头衔和地位并不能免人一死。在死神面前,卑贱者和高贵者一律平等。 (2)由不同的宗教文化带来的表达差异。英语中die的很多委婉语来自《圣经》,如to go to a better place/world(到一个更美好的地方、世界),to go to Heaven/Paradise(进入天国)。汉语中,入佛门的则说“迁化、圆寂、舍生”等;对信仰道教的则说“蝉脱、羽化、别驾、遁化”等。 (3)因价值观念的不同,英汉委婉语也不同。汉语中表“死亡”的委婉语还有褒贬之分,如壮烈牺牲、慷慨就义、为国捐躯等。英语国家的民族英雄常常受人敬仰,在英语里找到一些表示为国家或事业而捐躯的委婉词语,如bite the dust/the ground,fire one’s last shot,give one’s life,kiss the dust lay down one’s life。 4.有关“低微职业”的委婉语 在英汉这两种语言里,职业也是一个敏感的话题,因为它直接反映了一个人的社会和经济地位。为提高某些职业的社会地位,人们往往使用委婉语加以美化。这种现象在现代英语中俯拾皆是:把maid(女仆)或housekeeper(女管家)称为domestic help(家务助手)、day-help(白天帮工)或live-in help(住家帮手);一般服务员也升级为service manager(服务管理人员);butcher(屠夫)也改称为meat technologist(肉类技术专家);garbage collector(垃圾收集工)也称sanitation engineer(环境卫生工程师)。 现代汉语也有类似的职业委婉语,“理发师“成了“发型设计师”,理发店也随之改成了发型设计中心,“佣人”成了“家政人员”,“厨子”婉称为“大厨”、“大师傅”,用“服务员”代替“跟班、听差、跑堂”,“司机”代替“车夫”等。这些职业委婉语的使用一方面反映出人们文明程度的提高和追求高雅的心理趋势,另一方面体现出现代人的尊重意识和平等观念。 5.关于年龄上的委婉语 英语中有关老的委婉语很多,这与其文化密切相关。美国文化以个人主义为中心,讲究独立与隐私,子女成人后即与父母分居,老人生活孤单寂寞,于是老成了生活中的一大忌。因此,英语中有许多关于老的委婉语。如:senior citizen,advantage in the age,the mature,seasoned man等。 同时人们把晚年称为golden years(黄金年华),养老院并非理想去处,也被婉称为a home for adults(成人之家)、a rest home(休养所)等。然而在中国,情况却正好相反,因为中国历来有尊老敬老的传统观念和价值观。在中国,“老”字带敬意,是资历和地位的象征。人们有时还倚老卖老,以老为荣。 如什么“老板、老大、老总、老师、老师傅”等。汉语中类似“年老”的委婉语也很多,如:古稀之年、高龄、高寿、桑榆、夕阳红等。同时,中国人还常把老字放在姓氏的前面或者后面,来称呼那些德高望重的老年人,以表尊重,如:老赵、王老。这体现了中国重视老人的价值观,而这些在英美文化中是不可思议的。可见,在不同的文化背景中,人们对同一事物的态度可能截然相反。 三、英汉委婉语构造手段的对比 由于英汉民族的语言不同,两种语言在文化、语言形式和 思维方式 等方面存在较大的差异。英汉委婉语的差别正是由于两种语言的语言特点差异所造成的,主要体现在英汉委婉语各自的词汇形态特点、语义特点和语法特点等方面。英语是一种拼音文字,通过语音及语法手段构成委婉语,或拼写形式的变异,达到委婉的目的,汉语却侧重于词汇手段。 英语委婉语的构成方式: (1)缩略(Abbreviation):ladies代替ladies’ room,婉指女厕所。 (2)尾脱落(Apocopation):lav代替lavatory(厕所)。 (3)首字母缩略(Initiating):.代替body odor(狐臭)。 (4)逆生(Backforming):ecnop 代替ponce,婉指“拉皮条的人”。 (5)音节或字母重复(Reduplication)pee-pee=piss(小便)。 (6)音节扭曲(Phonetic Distortion)Cripes=Christ(基督)、God(上帝)。 (7)混合词(Blend word):gezunda=This object“goes under”the bed.(那东西放在床底下,即“夜壶”)。 (8)小词(Diminutive):heinie=hind end(后端,即“臀部”)。 汉语委婉语独特的构成方式: (1)拆字法。如:张俊氏道:“胡子老官,这事你作法便了,做成了,少不得言身寸。”(“谢”拆开后即“言”、“身”、“寸”)。(《儒林外史》第32回) (2) 歇后语 法。人们在做一些消极评论时,常会借助一些歇后语来缓冲过于直白的语气,以达到委婉的目的。比如骂人时说:茶壶里的水(滚开)。 (3)换字法。例如,北方话口语中常说“扯蛋”,书面语转写时,换成“扯淡”。 (4)符号替换法。例如:“×你妈!你怎么不说话,哑巴吗?” (5)反义法。所谓反义就是指与禁忌语的意义相反。如广州人把“气死我”说成“激生我”;把“笑死我”说成“笑生我”。显然,生与死是 反义词 ,这里用“生”避开了“死”。 三、结语 笔者对英语和汉语中的委婉语从应用范畴与构造手段两方面进行了比较,试图找到两种语言中的差异和相似之处。委婉语不仅仅是修辞现象、语言学现象,更蕴含浓厚文化内涵、民族特征。在各个国家的日常交往及工作中,委婉语的运用极为广泛,它可以润滑和协调人际关系,使交际活动顺利进行。充分认识其构造手段、形式特点、发展规律将有助于我们了解英语国家的社会风俗与文化,从而增强跨文化交际的能力。 参考文献: [1]邓志昌,刘润清.语言与文化[M].北京:外语教学与研究出版社,1989. [2]束定芳,徐金元.委婉语研究:回顾与前瞻[J].外国语,1995(5). [3]王希杰.汉语修辞学[M].北京:商务印书馆,2004. [4]刘瑞琴.英汉委婉语对比与翻译[M].银川:宁夏人民出版社,2010. 关于英汉语言对比方面论文篇2 浅谈英汉词缀对比研究 【摘 要】英语和汉语是两种不同的语言,两者在构词法上有着巨大的差别。分析了这两种语言的词缀,通过前缀和后缀的词缀对比,会给英语教学以及英汉互译提供一些启发。 【关键词】词缀;前缀;后缀;对比 1 词缀的定义 词缀法是把词缀附加在词根上构造新词的 方法 (陈,1991),也叫做派生法。总的来说,前缀起着语义功能,而后缀有语法功能。在英语中,它是一种重要的构词法,自从第二次世界大战以来,它在新的 英语单词 中占。在汉语中,由词缀法构成的词非常少,然而词缀化是汉语本身发展的自然趋势(吴,2001)。 2 英汉前缀对比 英汉前缀的不同反映在英语比汉语有更多的前缀。英语前缀是构词主要的成分,仅次于词根。整体来说,英语派生过程比汉语更复杂、更多样化。 英语前缀的分类 英语前缀大多只是改变词义而不改变词性,所以英语单词是在意义的基础上分类的,英语前缀可以分为九类,列举如下: 汉语前缀的分类 汉语的前缀表示语法意义,其首要功能是改变词性,这种功能相当于英语的后缀,这是两种语言最大的区别。汉语的前缀可以分为两类,一类只是为了构词,如“老”,老婆、老大、老虎;“阿”,阿爹、阿婆。另外一类不全是语法的性质,可能会改变词性,汉语前缀根据意义可以划分为以下类型。 汉语前缀和其相对应的英语形式: 1)否定前缀 不人道 inhuman 非正式 informal 不科学 unscientific 非导体 nonconductor 无形 invisible 无条件 unconditional 2)态度前缀 反建议 counterproposal 亲美 pro-American 反常 abnormal 伪政府 pseudo-government 反社会 anti-social 3)程度或大小前缀 超自然 supernatural 泛非 pan-African 超音速 hypersonic 次大陆 subcontinent 准学者 quasi-scholar 4)数字前缀 半封建 semi-feudal 单边 unilateral 半人半神 demigod 单晶体 monocrystal 双音节 disyllabic 多中心 polycentric 双语 bilingual 多级 multipolar 英汉前缀的对比分析 通过上面的分析,可以推测出两种语言的大多数前缀都有对应关系。总体来说,英语前缀在不改变词性的基础上,对词根起着语义功能,而汉语前缀具有语法的功能,更倾向于语义分类。 然而,在两种语言中,由相对应的前缀构成的派生词并不是一一对应的关系。也就是说,一种语言中的派生词在另一种语言中有着相同意义也可能不是派生词。例如,“不毛”在汉语中是个派生词,由前缀“不”和名次“毛”组成。在英语中相对应的词是“barren”,是个单词素的词。同样,英语中派生名词“non-smoker”是由一个前缀“non-”和一个名词“smoker”组合起来的,在汉语中是个名词词组“不吸烟的人”。 许多前缀具有多种意义,这种现象是非常普遍的,即一种语言的前缀在另一种语言中具有几种意义,反之亦然。英语前缀“a-”有三种意思:a. 强调原来的意思,如await; b. 改变词性和意思,如awash; c. 非、不, atypical。在汉语中,前缀“不”可以用英语中不同的前缀来表示,如un-, il-, ir-, a-等。 3 英汉后缀对比 与英语相比,汉语中表示人的后缀比指示状态和动作等的后缀多。两种语言的后缀都是加在词根之后。 英语后缀的四种范畴 英语后缀是对原来的词的一种修饰,它改变了词原有的词性。英语后缀有四种类型:名词后缀、形容词后缀、副词后缀和动词后缀。当词根加上这些后缀后,分别形成名词、形容词、副词和动词。 汉语后缀的分类 与英语后缀不同,汉语后缀主要构成名词。加上后缀的词根几乎限于名词、动词和形容词,尤其是名词。下文选择了若干汉语后缀和所对应的英语后缀。 1)名词后缀 ①表示代理人和职业的后缀 专家 specialist 教员 teacher 银行家 banker 打字员 typist 发明家 inventor 技术员 technician 读者 reader 讲师 lecturer 逃亡者 escapee 工程师 engineer 马克思主义者 Marxist 魔术 师 magician 助手 assistant 积极分子 activist ②表示属性、状态和学说意义的后缀 灵活性 flexibility 创造性 creativity 正确性 correctness 湿度 humidity 长度 length 唯心论 idealism 相对论 relativity 社会主义 socialism 达尔文主义 Darwinism 电子学 electronics ③表示亲昵或轻蔑意味的后缀 胖子 fatty 酒鬼 drunkard 赌棍 gamester 电影迷 filmnik 2)动词后缀 人格化 personify 简化 simplify 深化 deepen 现代化 modernize 革命化 revolutionize 3)形容词后缀 男孩子气 manly 孩子气 childish 阔气 luxurious 傲气 cocky 井然 orderly 默然 speechless 4)副词后缀 油然 spontaneously 惨然 miserably 特地 specially 继而 afterwards 率尔 rashly 英汉后缀对比分析 如上所述,汉语在构成名词方面有丰富的后缀,尤其是指示人的名词。据估计汉语表示人的后缀在词缀中达到32%,在英语中只有13%。两种语言的后缀很明显的不同在于汉语后缀大多带有些许感情色彩,尤其是轻蔑意义;而英语后缀很少带有这种贬义的感情色彩。 汉语中一定量的后缀在英语中没有相对应的后缀,因此,在英语中由自由词来表达这些后缀的意思,例如桌子(desk)、杯子(cup)、石头(stone)、尾巴(tail)、泥巴(mud)。同样,当表示女性的后缀附加于对应的动词之上,整个词就代表了女性。然而,在汉语中单个词就代表了相同的意义,比如女演员(actor-actress) and母老虎 (tiger-tigress)。 后缀中有一种有趣的现象,加上后缀的英语派生词与加上前缀的汉语派生词相对应,比如,“lawless” 和 “fearless”分别译成“非法”和“无畏”。英语中带有指小意义名词后缀在汉语中经常译成前面加“小”的名词,如小鸭(duckling)、小猫(kitten)。有时,同时使用前缀“小”和后缀“儿”,如小罐儿(cannikin)。 4 结语 总之,科技全球化给英语和汉语提供了更多的接触机会,在此过程中相互学习、相互比较。英汉词缀既有相似处也有不同点,将两者相比不仅有益于 英语学习 者深刻认识两种语言,而且有益于他们丰富英汉词汇。 【参考文献】 [1]陈治安.英汉词缀法构词比较[J].四川外语学院学报,1991(1). [2]韩汉雄.英汉词缀比较及 其它 [J].杭州师范学院学报,1994(7). [3]胡壮麟.语言学教程[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2006. [4]吴东英. 再论英语借词对现代汉语词法的影响[J].当代语言学,2001 (3). [5]萧立明.英汉比较研究与翻译[M].上海:上海外语 教育 出版社,2010. [6]张晗.英汉构词法对比[J].厦门大学外文学院,2010(3).

浅谈中英文化差异新教学大纲规定,九年义务教育初中英语教学的目的是培养学生运用英语进行交际的初步能力。英语考试也逐渐向这个方向靠拢。每种语言都背负着其民族的历史、文化。要谈到英语教学就不能回避中英文化的差异问题。(一)中英文化存在的一些差异一、从词汇的文化负载中看差异词汇中往往负载着许多文化内涵。如在中国虎代表的是百兽之王,词汇中常常出现将门虎子、虎踞龙蟠、虎虎生威等词语。但在英语中虎的地位被狮子所代替。如英国的别称以及前段时间播映的动画片《狮子王》。又如狗在中文中多含贬义:狗腿子、狗奴才等;而在英国文化中狗是人类最忠实的朋友。再如力大如牛(译成:as strong as horse)、a busybody并非大忙人而是“好管闲事的人”、black tea并非黑茶而是红茶、黄色书刊不是yellow book而是dirty book……;因而如果根据字面直译就会闹出大笑话。二、从姓名及称谓中看差异1、结构形式上的差异我们知道,姓名由姓(Family name)与名(Given name)组成。英国人的排列方式是名(Given name)+姓(Family name)而中国人的却与之相反是姓(Family name)+名(Given name)。为什么会存在着这种差异呢?这与两个国家人民的价值观念有关。由于相较而言英国封建制度存在的时间较短,资本主义发展得较早,尤其是文艺复兴时期宣扬个人主义至上的思想,崇尚以个人为中心深深地影响了英国人。因此这个国家的国民具有强烈的个体本位主义,反映在名字上就出现了名在前的形式。而我们中国具有漫长的封建历史,儒家思想根深蒂固。强调中庸之道,反对个人主义。最重视的是家族的传承,体现的是一种群体本位主义。由此出现了将家族标识-姓放在前面而代表个人的名放在后的形式。2、姓氏使用的差异由于我国早在远古姓氏出于图腾,进入封建社会后常以出生地、封地、官职、封号等作为姓氏的来源,将姓作为一种荣誉。因此在姓氏的选择和使用上显得极为谨慎和谦恭。而英国人却在姓名的使用上充分显示了其自我、自由的特征。有人以职业为名,如:Cook库克(厨师);有人以家庭关系为名,如:Johnson约翰逊Jackson杰克逊;有人以天气、季节为名:Snow斯诺(雪)Frost梅弗罗斯特(霜)、Summer萨默(夏天);有人以圣经人物为名:Bible拜布尔(圣经);以长相为名:Strong斯特朗(强壮的)、Longfellow朗费罗(大个子);以神话人物为名:Apllo阿波罗(太阳神)、Hymen海门(婚姻之神)、Mars马尔斯(战神);以动、植物名称为名:Bull布尔(公牛)、Wolf沃尔夫(狼)Rose罗斯(玫瑰花);有的以日期为名:May梅(五月)、Sunday森迪(星期日);以物体名称为名:Stone斯通(石头)、House豪斯(房屋)等林林总总,形形色色,不论美丑。有姓驼背的、有姓坏蛋的、有姓胖、姓瘦的、有叫教堂,有叫灌木(Bush)的……因而我们在翻译英国人姓名时往往用音译而不用直译法。而在取名时又存在着一个更大的差异,那就是在中国社会中子孙及其他位卑者要避尊者讳,不能直呼长辈及位尊者的名讳。例如:唐太宗名李世民,结果观世音菩萨也被改名为观音菩萨;唐朝诗人白居易一生不咏海棠只是因为他的母亲名为海棠。而在英语国家长辈则以子孙使用自己的名字为荣,于是出现了类似查理一世、查理二世的称谓,以及爷孙同名的事来。3、称呼上的差异在非正式场合、平辈人中英两国人都喜欢相互以名字来称呼以示亲密。但在上下辈中的称呼上,就存在着较大的差异。在中国人中需要严守上下辈分的差别,对长辈要用尊称不能直呼其名;在英语国家中则不一定严格照此实行,在非正式场合中或双方关系较为密切的情况下,则常以名字来相互称呼,对父母、师长、领导、长辈等均是如此。常常出现对父母直呼其名的情况。在对亲戚的称呼中,中国人分得很细而英语国家则是较为粗略。例如:uncle一词的中文含义就有伯伯、叔叔、舅舅既有有血缘关系的也有无血缘关系的,是个统称。这与两个国家人民的家族观念有着很深的关系。此外,中国人喜欢以职务和身份来称呼,如王老师、老王等;而英语国家则不会如此,如王老师-Mr./Miss/Mrs Wang 而不叫Teacher Wang(但在我们初中人教版教材中就曾出现这种错误)。语言是一种工具,由于社会的发展必然出现一些新的词汇,而留心身边日常生活中出现的英语词汇是十分必要的。如:E-mail(电子邮件) teletext(图文电视)homepage(主页) mobile telephone(移动电话)……三、日常交谈规则习惯由于我们日常对语言的听说能力注重得还是不够,尤其是对某些词句在具体语境中如何运用仍没有引起足够的重视。故而在实际运用中常常出现使用了一些句子无论是从语法角度来说还是从语言角度来说并没什么问题的句子但却与英语国家的风俗习惯不相符或是想当然地套用一些母语的语言形式即通常所说的Chinese English,犯一些令人啼笑皆非的错误来。举几个例子来说明。例如:1、对赞扬和感谢的反应就存在着有趣的差异。中国人将自谦当作一种美德,因而在遇到外国人的赞扬与感谢时,外国人说:You did so well. 中国人的第一反应就是:Oh,no.或是Well,just so so.而这一反应将引来赞美者的不快。正确的回答应是:Thank 、电话的开场白上的差异Hello, this is May speaking. Is that Mary?这是英语中一个简单的电话开场白。中文意义为:您好,我是梅。你是玛丽吗?这里就不能简单地运用中文想当然地用上I am和Are you的句式。3、其他差异对于中国人来说纯粹属于自己的隐私似乎没有,而英国人却极为重视个人隐私。中国人见面喜欢问的年龄、收入、婚姻家庭状况等问题在英国人看来是让人极其恼火的事情。对于这种问题的答案往往是:It’s none of your business.(这不关你的事。)还有一些习惯用法。如:圣诞快乐应为Merry Christmas而不是Happy Christmas同样是快乐不能通用仅仅是因为习惯而已(初中英语沿海版教材中就曾出现这一错误)。当然,作为分析性语言的中文与作为综合性语言的英语在语法上还存在着相当大的差别。在这里就不详细说明了。(二)如何在教学中解决这些问题浅谈中英文化的差异的意义在于:由于存在差异,我们的母语-中文势必对我们学习英语产生一些负迁移作用,如何通过了解差异,在教学中 避免母语产生的负面影响提高学习效率?主要做好以下两点工作:首先,在搞好英语日常教学的基础上,有目的地在教学中渗透一些交际文化背景。可以让学生进行一些辅助性的课外阅读,或组织英语原声电影、录像、VCD的观看,运用网络,通过一些有声的无声的,有形的无形的,字面的形象的社会文化内涵渗透到学生心中,让学生尽可能地触摸到最原汁原味的英语世界。其次,为学生提供尽可能多的练习机会。在课堂上用纯英语教学,创造一些英语听说氛围。通过创造模拟情景,鼓励学生大胆开口实践,使学生身临其境反复练习,形成良好的英语语感,增强学生在实践中的应对能力。总之,在英语教学中忽视中英文化差异的教学将会直接影响到教学质量,影响学生交际应用能力的提高。唯有注重提高学生对语言背后所蕴含的文化背景、社会知识的了解,才能真正让学生在语言学习运用中立于不败之地。最终达到学习的目的。

去百度搜索一下看看,我记得有的

中国服饰文化英语论文

历经秦朝的严苟政治,刘邦以平民得天下,力求予民休息,一般制度多无太大改变,冠服制度,也大都承袭秦制。直至东汉明帝永平二年,才算有正式完备的规定。汉朝的衣服,主要的有袍、襜褕[直身的单衣]、襦[短衣]、裙。汉代因为织绣工业很发达,所以有钱人家就可以穿绫罗绸缎漂亮的衣服。一般人家穿的是短衣长裤,贫穷人家穿的是短褐[粗布做的短衣]。汉朝的妇女穿着有衣裙两件式,也有长袍,裙子的样式也多了,最有名的是「留仙裙」。男服服饰:礼服:汉朝的祭祀礼服,承袭了秦代的废除「六冕」,以一种冕服为祭天地明堂之礼服的办法。冕冠服:为最尊贵的祭祀礼服,是天子及三公诸候、卿大夫祭天地明堂之时穿着。长冠服:为夫子和执事百官,用在祭宗庙及各种小祀,如五岳、四渎、山川、社稷等典礼穿者。委貌冠服:相当于周代的冠弁服。为公卿诸候大夫行大射礼于辟雍的时候穿着。皮弁冠服:此种冠服为大射礼时,执事者穿着,衣裳为缁麻衣,皂领袖、素裳。朝服:自秦开始以袍作为朝服,汉代从皇帝至贱更小吏亦以袍作为朝服,也是主要常服。亦即是深衣制的袍服,不过因不同身份的人戴的冠不同而有不同之名称。汉代的朝服,服色是随着五时色,即春青、夏朱、季夏黄、秋白、冬黑。朝服均是衬以告缘领袖的中衣。女服服饰:庙服:相当于周代的禕衣,是女子礼服中,地位最尊贵的一种。太皇太后、皇太后之入庙服,皇后之谒庙服,其服色是皂下。蚕服:相当于周代约鞠衣。每年三月,皇后帅领公卿诸侯夫人亲蚕礼时穿着。朝服:自二千石夫人以上至皇后,皆以蚕衣为朝服。

Summary: We can see various forms, a lot of elements in popular clothes, it is extremely extensive that the national subject matter is applied in popular clothes nowadays, have already nowadays become a kind of fashion. This text is started with by the dress culture of Dong in the Chinese ethnic minority, pass to Dong's regional on-the-spot investigation, understand characteristic, line kind, craft and structure of dress of Dong,etc. in depth, on how use and develop Dong element of dress among modern dress, this text is from analyzing the dress of present Dong minority area is started with, collect through the materials, further investigate, make, graduate design works, to ethnic minority dress application and develop new form launch the research in concrete and deep discussion among modern dress, have put forward some suggestions that this text obtains after analysing and researching.

隐喻的中西方文化差异Abstract: Metaphor is not only a linguistic phenomenon but also a way of thinking, which is one of the basic methods for human survival and cognition. It is rooted in language, thought and culture. Through the analysis and comparison of the use and concept of metaphor in different countries, we find that its universality and commonality of the metaphor as a basic human cognitive activities. However, metaphor in different languages reflects a different way of thinking and behavior and different cultural patterns. Owing to the different two modes of thinking and culture, there are some differences in understanding and formation that can not be ignored. Therefore, this paper will discuss the questions : metaphor, cross-cultural differences, translation. 1. Preamble Metaphor is a common phenomenon, a large number of people use metaphor to express his feelings and ideas. British scientists rhetoric Richards (IARichards) once said, "We have day-to-day in almost every conversation in three sentences may be a metaphor." According to statistics, life around the use of 4,700,000 new metaphor, 2,140,000 stereotypes of metaphor. Research in recent years, there is a great metaphor. This article introduced in the definition of metaphor on the basis of summing up the similarities and differences between Chinese and Western metaphor, and that its culture, precisely because of the prevalence of metaphor, how to translate metaphor has become a very important issue in the latter part of the article is aimed at The translation of metaphor put forward a translation of the three strategies. This paper studies aimed at trying to comparative analysis of English and Chinese in a large number of day-to-day language of metaphor to express, find out the differences and similarities, in order to be able to accurately translate the article in good metaphor to explore a little. This article is about the metaphor from the point of view to explore the differences in the way Thinking allows us to a deeper understanding of language, culture, the relationship between thinking and can more clearly understand the different ethnic language, culture, way of thinking, and so on On the nature of translation. 2. Metaphors in Chinese and Western studies In 1980, Lakoff & Johnson (George Lakoff & Mark Johnson) made a "living metaphor" (Metaphors We Live By) of the book, a modern metaphor to open a new chapter in the school. Domestic academia on the "metaphor" This is also a review of the system, such as Lin Wu's book "Study abroad metaphor Looking at the" beam-setting "metaphor research," Li of China and India "The main subjects Metaphor" and so on. However, the Chinese metaphor for the academic study of rare. "Chinese scholars on the study of metaphor, I am afraid the real contribution should be through the metaphor of the Chinese characteristics of research and study, through the metaphor of the Chinese and other languages in the comparative study of metaphor, metaphor for the establishment of a more general theory of the strong, and even unique The basis. "Lin Wu in the book" metaphor of the basic research the status quo, and the focus of the trend "in the main text, put forward a model of cultural metaphors with the relationship:" The language of metaphor is the emergence of expression into the system, which not only reflects the psychological Structure, but also reflect the different cultural models also play a role. " metaphor in the relationship between Chinese and Western cultures relationship Correspond to (corresponding) refers to the relationship between the two languages, English and Chinese in the meaning and metaphor in the use of the same meaning in the culture and image, and so on and-one mapping. This is because the survival of mankind itself, as well as all the external conditions, including the geographical environment, climate change, and the whole of human society and cultural background are certain there is a common, which formed a common humanity of their own and the outside world on many issues. In the "angry" mood, the English are angry that physiological responses, such as: grind one's teeth. (Teeth), bare one's teeth. (Ziyaliezui) an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth. (an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth), reflecting the Chinese culture on the basis of common experience. non-correspondence English-Chinese metaphor, after all, rooted in two different languages on the soil, resulting in very different cultural backgrounds, fully corresponds to the few metaphors, the vast majority do not have common cultural identity in order to form the corresponding non-(non-corresponding ) Relations. Non-relationship metaphor can be roughly divided into three categories: Vehicle counterpart, Yu Yi does not correspond to English and Chinese in some cases there is the same as a metaphor, but in their own language and culture in the meaning of the metaphor means is different, even different. Peacock in the Chinese culture is auspicious, a symbol of beauty, especially the Dai people to express jumped Pavaner desire to better their own. If the Chinese people will be likened to a peacock, it means that beautiful light. However, in English, peacock (Peacock) is a symbol of pride, often interpreted as arrogance, love to show off. For example, They were eager to take the young peacock down a peg. (They want to pressure a pressure that the arrogant young guy's momentum). counterpart Yu Yi, the vehicle does not correspond to English-Chinese two nations due to their differences, from different angles to look at things the same, it will be a different analogy. As a result both English and Chinese language there is a different vehicle, but Yu was referring to was basically the same as the meaning of the case, that is the same kind of non-correspondence. Such as: a person described as the hearts of anxious, restless, Chinese is "ants on the hot pan" and English is "a cat on the bricks". There are similar: To kick down the ladder. Guohechaiqiao. Yu Yu Yi and do not correspond to Some of the metaphors Yu-Yu has a meaning and it refers to the language and culture are closely related, in another culture often can not find corresponding Yu and Yu Yi, which resulted in a culture known as the default Phenomenon. For example: in English "my rib" I am referring to Yu's wife, it comes from the "Bible" story, that is, Adam (Adam)'s wife Eve (Eve) God is with a piece of Adam's rib made. The Chinese did not, "the Bible" cultural background, and there was no analogy with rib habit, so the formation of a corresponding gap. Similarly, "ugly duckling" (Ugly Duckling) refers to the metaphor will get ahead of Little, "early bird" refers to the diligent Yu, in the words into Chinese language, culture, as a result of the default, can not find a corresponding relationship between metaphor . Chinese and Western cultures in the common metaphor Metaphor and culture to a large extent, human beings have a common understanding, rooted in the people's own day-to-day experience. In this connection, often between different ethnic groups are the same. Both English and Chinese language in a lot of abstract thinking that the metaphorical expression is the same. For example: the human child in the period to form a position on the concept of input in that direction in the form of many of them easily understood, including the position expressed by metaphor, which has become a fixed pattern of thinking. For example: The term direction (up, down) to describe people's social status, physical, emotional, and other abstract concepts to the case when the good is up; Sad is down. We Chinese are also not difficult to find a similar sentence: "Gas Prices "," enhance the social status "and" vision "and" depressed. " Since the objective laws of nature with the relative unity of different cultures to understand the nature of the course is similar to the cognitive experience. in the metaphor of the difference between Chinese and Western cultures As the English-Chinese geographical and cultural differences, living in two different cultures in practice there are a lot of differences, and different life experiences and let people understand the objective world, a different language carries different nationalities Cultural characteristics and cultural information. Understanding of metaphor is not out of socio-cultural backgrounds. For example, social and cultural impact of the color words is deep-rooted, some color words in different cultures in an entirely different meaning, has a distinctive feature of our national culture. Such as: English, said in green "inexperienced" and "shallow knowledge", such as: "a green hand", "I was very green when I started working there." The Chinese like to express the meaning of the word is "yellow" Such as: "Huangmaoyatou" and "flower girl". Cultural background knowledge is the metaphor to create a rich source of thinking, as the Eastern and Western cultures are different, metaphors in English and Chinese applications there are also significant differences. The metaphor of the cross-cultural differences between Chinese and Western influence Language is a cultural change in the development of the complex, subject to political, economic, historical, environmental and other factors. Chinese and Western styles are different, but in many ways to infiltrate interaction and integration, language differences and cultural metaphor for the inevitable impact is complex and diverse. metaphorical expression of cultural conflict Different nationalities in the world to observe a different perspective and ideas, different cultures there are a lot of conflict or inconsistency metaphor. If the animal metaphors, in English Long (dragon) is a kind of evil, will belch out smoke monster. "Bible", the dragon is the devil, is a symbol of evil and terror, there is a terrible vicious meaning. The Chinese dragon is in power, the auspicious symbol of Chinese traditional culture, the Chinese have "Wangzichenglong", "descendants of the Dragon." The same analogy in different cultures, different meaning, of two cultures "Dragon" to give a different connotation. differences in living conditions caused by differences in metaphor In English is a lot of metaphor and marine-related, such as: all at sea (at a loss what to do); drink like a fish (drinking cow); fish in the air (Shuizhonglaoyue); give up the ship (give up). In Chinese, there are a lot of the horse or cattle pose a metaphor, such as: "a willing ox" (a willing horse) Gan means to serve the community; "old ox" (a working horse) refers to the hard work; "bragging "(Talk horse), and so on. This is due to different geographical location and natural environment caused by different cultural metaphor. Britain is an island, ultimately, dependent on the sea, and China is a large agricultural country, farming culture deeply feudal society. different religious and cultural differences arising from the metaphor Religious culture of human culture is an important part of it by referring to the nation's religious beliefs, such as the formation of the sense of culture, "the Bible" in the story, with its language and meaning has become a feature of daily life in the West in terms of . For example, power of the keys (the keys to the kingdom of heaven; the rights of the Pope), in the right church, but in the wrong pew (in general is right, but not the details), and so on. Chinese culture and Buddhism, Taoism and more affected by the impact of Confucianism, the Chinese, there are a lot of related argot. "Jiehuaxianfo"; "临时抱佛脚"; "做一天和尚撞一天钟" and so on. It is due to the diversity of culture, resulting in the differences between English and Chinese metaphor. This difference to the cross-cultural communication has brought the impact. As a foreign language students, do not understand the difference between metaphor and language will make mistakes, sometimes mistakenly made good as pleasant, caused by either one or both of the conversation unpleasant; also sometimes mocked as a praise. When a native language other operators do not understand the language contained in the cultural differences, it is often difficult for such language to accurately convey the meaning of the understanding, difficulty to the cross-cultural exchange. 3. Metaphor of the three methods of translation The translation of metaphor not only accurately and effectively convey the original language, but also loyal, accessible, complete reproduction of the original language and cultural connotation and significance. But in the West because of cultural differences and different, so the translation of metaphor in English on the need to consider not only its literal sense, and so on, but also in the West should pay attention to their cultural differences. American Eugene Nida said: "Translation is the exchange between the two cultures. The real success of the translation, even more familiar with the two cultures is more important to master two languages. Because only in terms of its role in the culture In the background will only be meaningful. "Therefore, the translation of metaphor to combining Chinese and Western cultures, and cultural backgrounds to leave the translation, can not be achieved between the two languages of the real exchange. Literal Translation The so-called "literal" is asked in the language when conditions permit, in the translation to maintain the original content, but also to maintain the original form, in particular, to maintain the original metaphor, the image of the nation, and other local color. In the literal translation method to maintain the original expression of the culture and at the same time, target enriched the vocabulary and expression, such as: "a Pandora's box" (Pandora's Box); "chain reaction" (chain reaction). In the original text and asked the information contained in the same culture, we should adopt the literal translation method. (1) You are my sunshine, my only sunshine. : You are my sun, my only sunshine. In Chinese and English, the sun is warm, beautiful, in both languages, they disseminate information on culture are the same. As a rule, and asked in the original text in the form of grammatical structure, similar to the style or color on basically the same, the law should adopt the literal translation. (1) He is another Shylock. : He is also a Shylock. (Note: Shakespeare's Shylock is "The Merchant of Venice" in a very harsh mean business People. ) (2) To carry coals to Newcastle. : Coal to Newcastle. (Note: "Newcastle" is a British coal, coal is superfluous here.) 4. Conclusion Metaphor as a way to figures of speech or skills, a unique feature of grammar, which features make the sentence more flexible and constructive, but the United States. Is a metaphor to express more complex ideas and things, a powerful tool. Wherever and whenever people in their daily lives are often used metaphor. As Mr. Lin Zhuang said: "The metaphor is no longer expanding his knowledge and understanding of a passive process. To help us in the form of new knowledge, the metaphor has played an active role so that we can better a better understanding of the objective world." In English and Chinese Metaphorical significance of the difference is due to cultural differences between East and West, that mode of thinking, moral values and sense of difference. However, different cultural impact of what is the concept of metaphor, it is still a need to examine and address the problem. At the same time, in the metaphor of the process of translation must pay special attention to cultural differences. The best translation is to be able to accurately reflect the true meaning of the author, as well as its cultural and stylistic characteristics of the translation, that is, the translation of metaphor to make as much as possible the original language and to achieve the target language culture, and so on.

摘 要礼仪,是整个社会文明的基础,是社会文明最直接最全面的表现方式。中国是礼仪之邦,有着灿烂的五千年文化华夏文明,在世界上影响深远。著名国学家钱穆先生就曾经说过,“中国文化的核心就是礼”。当在近200多年,随着西方国家的崛起,西方主导着世界。现今国际通行的礼仪基本上是西方礼仪。这种现象的原因并不仅仅是西方的实力强大,深层的原因在于西方人价值观的统一,在于西方人对自身文化的高度认同和深刻觉悟。在今天中西方礼仪文化的融合过程中,我们中国,更多的还是借鉴西方。但无论是借鉴西方的礼仪,或者是我们是自创一套自己的礼仪系统,这在形式上都不难。难的是我们也能有一个完整的价值体系,有对自身文化的高度认同和深刻觉悟。我们借鉴西方礼仪,不仅仅是要借鉴它的形式,更应当借鉴其内在灵魂,只有这样我们才能建立起自己的自信和优越感,才能确立我们的感染力。民族的复兴不仅是实力的复兴,更是一种文化的复兴。只有别人也认同我们的文化,才能真正使我们的礼仪行于世界。关键词:中西方,礼仪,差异 引 言礼仪、是人与人之间交流的规则,是一种语言,也是一种工具。由于形成礼仪的重要根源——宗教信仰的不同,使得世界上信仰不同宗教的人们遵守着各不相同的礼仪。中国是四大文明古国之一,中华民族是唯一传承千年的文明和民族。中国的礼仪,始于夏商周,盛于唐宋,经过不断地发展变化,逐渐形成体系。西方社会,是几大古代文明的继承者,曾一直和东方的中国遥相呼应。经过中世纪的黑暗,最终迎来了文艺复兴,并孕育了资本主义和现代文明,产生了现代科技和文化。中西方有着截然不同的礼仪文化。 随着我国改革开放的步伐日益加快,跨国交际日益增多,中西方礼仪文化的差异更是越发显露,这种差异带来的影响也是不容忽视,在中西礼仪没有得到完美融合之前,我们有必要了解这些礼仪的差异。有于各国的历史与文化底蕴不同,各国人民在进行礼尚交往时的习惯也有不少差异。特别是中西方之间,礼仪上的差别很大,因为不了解这些差异而引起的误会和笑话并不少见。近代历史上有两则故事,相信大家会比较熟悉。故事一是:李鸿章曾应俾斯麦之邀前往赴宴,由于不懂西餐礼仪,把一碗吃水果后洗手的水喝了。当时俾斯麦不了解中国的虚实,为了不使李鸿章丢丑,他也将洗手水一饮而尽,见此情景,其他文武百官只能忍笑奉陪。还有一个故事是:一个国民党军官携夫人去机场迎接来自美国的顾问。双方见面后,美国顾问出于礼貌说:“您的夫人真漂亮!”军官甚感尴尬又不免客套一番:“哪里,哪里!”在中国,这本是一句很普通的客套话,可是蹩脚的翻译却把这句话译成:where?where?美国顾问听了莫明其妙,心想:我只是礼貌地称赞一下他的夫人,他居然问起我他的夫人哪里漂亮?于是他只好说:“从头到脚都漂亮!”这两个故事都是由于中西文化差异闹出的礼仪上的笑话。由此可见,了解中西方礼尚交往之间的习惯差异是很有必要的。往大处来说,一个国家无论是在政治上,还是在经济贸易中,了解对方国家的礼仪习惯,将有利于各国之间的交往。从小处来讲,一个人了解对方的礼仪民间习惯,是对对方的尊重,容易给对方留下一个好印象,以便交往的顺利进行。随着东西方文化的不断发展,东西方的礼仪正在相互融合,西方人逐渐地接受了东方文化中重情感等合理因素,东方人也逐渐地接受了西方文化中先进文明的礼仪和交往方式。但在现实生活中,由于东西方文化的差异而对礼仪产生的影响还很多。1、 研究中西礼仪差异及原因 中西方礼仪差异的背景东方文明和西方文明都是在一定的社会历史条件下产生和发展的,没有孰优孰劣的问题。就西方来说,它的历史只有短短200年,而它的人民是从各个地方移民而来的,众多不同民族和种族都融合在一起。他们信奉的誓言是:“只要我们能够梦想的我们就一定能够实现!”这是西方精神,是在英雄主义和献身精神的基础上建立起来的,以它短短200年的历史,创造了人类史上的灿烂文明,它所创造的生产力,比过去一切世代创造的全部生产力还要多,这就是西方的魅力。造成中西方礼仪差异的根本原因,是中西方文化环境的不同,使得各国的人民有着完全不同的道德标准体系和价值观。 中西方观念的差异东方文化崇尚集体和团体精神,人们的倚赖性较强。而西方文化崇尚独立和个性自由。比如,中国人讲究修身,齐家,治国,平天下,人品是至关重要的,而这种人品是建立在关心国家,热爱集体,家庭和睦,人际关系和谐的基础之上。如果只考虑个人的利益,你的人品则大大的折扣。 而在西方人们法制观念较强。在此前提下,他们崇尚个人自由,不愿受到来自政府,教会或其他组织的干涉,喜欢我行我素。在家庭中,孩子们从小就被灌输自立自强的观念。青年人总是希望自己能尽量早独立,摆脱父母的管束,他们不希望过分的倚赖家庭,倚赖父母,否则,他们将失去自由,失去别人对他们的尊重。再这一点上,中国文化则有所不同。家庭是中国人最重视的生活集体。父母对孩子倍加珍惜,恨不能一切都为孩子想到,以致于当孩子长大成人,结婚时要给孩子大操大办,当孩子有了孩子后,还要牺牲自己的晚年来照顾自己的孙子,即把自己的全部希望寄托在孩子身上,又过分的照顾孩子,结果使孩子的自理能力较差,甚至于在中国今天在计划经济向市场经济转轨过程中,国有企业职工极不情愿丢掉铁饭碗,这种倚赖性是中国传统文化的遗产。这种文化上的差异,导致中西方观念很大的差异,以至于中西方礼仪从根本上有很大的差异。 礼仪是与本土的思想文化相对应的,由于形成礼仪的重要根源――宗教信仰――的不同,使得世界上信仰不同宗教的人们遵守着各不相同的礼仪。梁启超在有名的《劝学篇》里面讲到:“中学为内学,西学为外学;中学致身心,西学应世事。”在礼仪的表现中,西方更多的聚焦在行为、语言的面上;而中国礼仪在长期历史发展过程中,不仅行为人的语言、行动本身具有话语意义,同时还需从行为人的语言、行动中去“悟”出一些东西,在言传的同时,还需意会。东方文明和西方文明都是在一定的社会历史条件下产生和发展的,没有孰优孰劣的问题。 2、 中西方见面的礼仪的差异西方人见面时,不一定会握手,只要笑一笑,打个招呼就行了,即使是第一次见面,而中国人则视握手为一个基本礼节。但在中国握手并没有太多的限定,而西方人握手是有一定礼节的。例如男女之间,女方先伸出手,若女方无握手之意,男子就只能点头鞠躬致意;长幼之间由长辈先伸出手;上下级之间,由上级先伸出手;宾主之间由主人先伸出手。而且握手时应注视对方,并摘下手套,否则会被视为不礼貌。 中西方称呼的差异在西方,称呼是比较笼统的,一个称呼可以涵盖中国很多称呼。例如,西方称呼男的为先生,称呼女的女士或小姐,而在我国“先生”第一解释是“教师”,是对教师最古老最悠久的称谓。随着改革开放,先生已成为社会上最流行的尊称口语,西方人称”uncle”,可以涵盖我国的婶婶,伯母,姨。他们对这些方面的关系也不如中国分明,中国父亲那边的为伯伯,姑姑,堂兄妹,母亲方为舅,姨,表兄妹。在西方,人们见面时喜欢直呼其名,这是亲切友好的表示,纵使交谈之初可能互相用姓称呼,但过一会儿就改称名字。而在中国,人们很喜欢被称为某某经理,某某总裁,因为这是身份与地位的象征。但在西方,人们很少用正式的头衔称呼别人,正式的头衔只用于法官、高级政府官员,军官,医生,教授和高级宗教人士。值得注意的是,西方从来不用行政职务如局长、经理、校长等头衔来称呼别人。 中西方对隐私的看法另外,在与人交谈时,切不可谈及个人的私事,诸如年龄、婚姻、收入、信仰等等。看到别人买的东西不可问其价格;如果看到别人回来,也不能问他去哪儿了或者从哪里来,否则就会遭人厌恶,西方人常用“鼻子伸到人家私生活里来了”这句话来表示对提问人的轻蔑。而在中国,人们对个人隐私的界限远没有这么深刻,人们并不会在意别人对自己的生活作一般了解。但在中国人与美国人打交道时,在中国人看来很普通地问对方一些家庭情况,美国人就很可能认为你侵犯了他的隐私,别有用心,一桩生意很可能就这样泡汤了。 中国人通常是见面喜欢点点头,握握手或行拱手礼,或者微微欠身然后握手,而西方人觉得欠身似乎显得自卑。在西方,特别在欧美国家,拥抱礼却是十分常见的见面礼与道别礼,亲吻礼和吻手礼也是常见的西方见面礼。握手礼来源于西方人类半野蛮半文明时期。这种习惯逐渐演变成今天作为见面和告辞的“握手”礼节,被大多数国家所接受。在我国,握手礼不但在见面和告辞时使用,而且还作为一种祝贺、感谢或相互鼓励的表示。因此是社交中应用最广泛的致意礼节。见面、道别时的礼貌演变到今天就是“你好”、“再见”两个短语,客气的顶多再互相握下手,在各种古怪疾病流行的今天显得简洁而卫生而又体面。然而西方国家,见面就要先送贴面礼、亲吻礼和吻手礼,让我们很不习惯也不能接受。 3、 中西餐餐桌上礼仪的差异中国人有句话叫“民以食为天”,由此可见饮食在中国人心目中的地位,因此中国人将吃饭看作头等大事。中国菜注重菜肴色、香、味、形、意俱全,甚至于超过了对营养的注重,只要好吃又要好看,营养反而显得不重要了。西方的饮食比较讲究营养的搭配和吸收,是一种科学的饮食观念。西方人多注重食物的营养而忽略了食物的色、香、味、形、意如何,他们的饮食多是为了生存和健康,似乎不讲究味的享受。 中西方餐桌氛围的差异在餐饮氛围方面,中国人在吃饭的时候都喜欢热闹,很多人围在一起吃吃喝喝,说说笑笑,大家在一起营造一种热闹温暖的用餐氛围。除非是在很正式的宴会上,中国人在餐桌上并没有什么很特别的礼仪。而西方人在用餐时,都喜欢幽雅、安静的环境,他们认为在餐桌上的时候一定要注意自己的礼仪,不可以失去礼节,比如在进餐时不能发出很难听的声音。 中西方用餐时的差异中西方宴请礼仪也各具特色。从传统习俗上说,中国人请客,不论按长、尊、主、次围桌而坐,满桌丰盛的酒菜,主人频频劝酒,客人谦让礼到。中国人觉得这样的宴客方式才能体现主人的热情和诚恳。另外宴客时崇尚热闹欢快的气氛,讲究面子排场。排场之大,气氛之热闹常常令人叹为观止。较随便的形式则是主人邀上三五知己,到家中由女主人炒几个菜,小酌一番。这种随便的宴客形式不讲究礼仪,不讲究坐次,不讲究饭菜,只讲气氛的和谐、主人的热诚、主客谈话的投机。当然,近年来西方的一些宴客形式,如酒会、招待会、自助餐或冷餐也会传到中国,但这些多是官方或单位出面组织的宴请形式,平民百姓还少有实行。在西方则是以右为尊,男女间隔而座,夫妇也分开而座,女宾客的席位比男宾客的席位稍高,男士要替位于自己右边的女宾客拉椅子,以示对女士的尊重。 另外,西方人用餐时要坐正,认为弯腰,低头,用嘴凑上去吃不礼貌,但是这恰恰是中国人通常吃饭的方式。吃西餐的时候,主人不提倡大肆的饮酒,中国的餐桌上酒是必备之物,以酒助兴,有时为了表示对对方的尊重,喝酒的时候都是一杯一杯的喝。中国人的餐桌要热闹,西洋餐桌则安静。中国人要用言行来劝酒劝食,西方人只是用语言劝酒而已。酒文化在中国由来已久,被视为做生意,交朋友等社交场合不可或缺的。酒杯不空茶水不满。在西方,通常喝啤酒、葡萄酒,不喜欢劝酒。在中国,宴会喜欢共桌共菜,西方则认为不合卫生,实行分餐制。中国人宴请时,觥筹交错,歌舞升平。西方则要求少声响少动作,用餐程序较多。 4、 中西方服饰礼仪的差异古今中外,着装从来都体现着一种社会文化,体现着一个人的文化修养和审美情趣,是一个人的身份、气质、内在素质的无言的介绍信。从某种意义上说,服饰是一门艺术,服饰所能传达的情感与意蕴甚至不是用语言所能替代的。在不同场合,穿着得体、适度的人,给人留下良好的印象,而穿着不当,则会降低人的身份,损害自身的形象。在社交场合,得体的服饰是一种礼貌,一定程度上直接影响着人际关系的和谐。影响着装效果的因素,重要的一是要有文化修养和高雅的审美能力,即所谓“腹有诗书气自华”。二是要有运动健美的素质。健美的形体是着装美的天然条件。三是要掌握着装的常识、着装原则和服饰礼仪的知识,这是达到内外和谐统一美的不可或缺的条件。 中西方服饰礼着重点及代表服饰西方人注重身份,把衣服变成象征,中国注重韵味。如果说西方服饰文化刻意追求表现人体美,而完全忽视了服饰伦理,那么,中国服饰文化由于受到传统的伦理价值观念的影响还或多或少地保留着一些道德上的体统。而最能代表我们国家的是中山装,西方代表装是西装。 穿中山服时,不仅要扣上全部衣扣,而且要系上领扣,并且不允许挽起衣袖。在穿双排扣西服时,必须扣上全部衣扣。穿单排三粒扣西服时,仅能扣上上一粒或中、上两粒扣子;穿单排两粒扣西服时,只能扣上上一粒扣子;不允许扣上单排扣西服的全部衣扣。在穿西服时,宜穿白色衬衫,并打领带,领带打好后的标准长度,是其下端抵达皮带扣。 西方男士在正式社交场合通常穿保守式样的西装,内穿白衬衫,打领带。他们喜欢黑色,因此一般穿黑色的皮鞋。西方女士在正式场合要穿礼服套装。另外女士外出有戴耳环的习俗。西方国家,尤其是在美国,平时人们喜欢穿着休闲装,如T恤加牛仔服。 当今中国人穿着打扮日趋西化,传统的中山装、旗袍等已退出历史舞台。正式场合男女着装已与西方并无二异。在平时的市井生活中,倒会看到不少人穿着背心、短裤、拖鞋等不合礼仪的服。 俗话讲,人是衣服,马是鞍。尽管以貌取人并不可取,但是在现代生活中,服饰越来越成为礼仪的一个重要部分,穿着打扮的得体与否,不仅仅是个人品位的体现,更能成为人们彼此考虑的一个尺度。伟大的英国作家莎士比亚曾经说:“一个人的穿着打扮,就是他的教养、品位、地位的最真实的写照”。那么在日常工作和交往中,尤其是在正规的场合,穿着打扮的问题越来越引起我们现代人的重视。 5、结束语礼仪是一种文化,是文化就有纵向的传承和横向的借鉴与融合。 在今天中西方礼仪文化的融合的过程中,我国更多的还是借鉴西方。但无论是借鉴西方的礼仪,或者是我们是自创一套自己的礼仪系统,这在形式上都不难。难的是我们也能有一个完整的价值体系,有对自身文化的高度认同和深刻觉悟。我们借鉴西方礼仪,不仅仅是要借鉴它的形式,更应当借鉴其内在灵魂,只有这样我们才能建立起自己的自信和优越感,才能确立我们的感染力。民族的复兴不仅是实力的复兴,更是一种文化的复兴。只有别人也认同我们的文化,才能真正使我们的礼仪行于世界。 人无礼则不立,事无礼则不成,国无礼则不宁。一个礼仪缺乏的社会,往往是不成熟的社会。而一个礼仪标准不太统一甚至互相矛盾的社会,往往是一个不和谐的社会。礼仪,是整个社会文明的基础,是社会文明最直接最全面的表现方式。创建和谐社会,必须先从礼仪开始。中国今天面临前所未有的挑战,无论是物质,精神,文化各个方面,都急迫的需要一套完整而合理的价值观进行统一。而礼仪文化无疑是这种统一的“先行军”,只有认清中西礼仪文化的差异,将二者合理有效的融合,方能建立适合中国当代社会的礼仪文化体系,达到和谐社会的理想。参考文献 [1] 金正坤 商务礼仪 北京大学出版社 2004[2] 张占一 试仪焦急文化和知识文化 语言教学与研究 1990[3] 廖文丽 比喻中的中西方文化差异 湘潭大学社会科学学报 2001[4] 吴 冰 中西方文化差异拾零 闽西职业大学学报 2002[5] 邢 东 中美文化差异管窥 全国优秀英语学术论文集 1997[6] 陈 平 商务礼仪 中国电影出版社

服饰文化研究论文

众所周知,少数民族传统服饰文化是中华民族宝贵的精神财富,是有形的物质又是无形的精神载体。在我省,畲族是人口最多的少数民族。现在,由于社会经济和文化的发展,畲族男女服饰基本类同于当地汉人,能保留一定的民族特色的还在人口相对集中的闽、浙两地,尤以闽省畲家妇女特色显著。所以我们必须加快、加紧研究、保护好本省畲族服饰文化。把握畲族服饰的意蕴与创新,为我省文化产业和经济建设做贡献。

畲族的概况

畲族自称“山哈”,“哈”,畲语意为“客人”,“山哈”即居住在山里的客人。自唐以来,畲民们因生存、发展需要,从广东沿福建的山岭向北、西迁徙并不断分支,适时、适地定居在浙西南、江西、安徽等地,与汉民族交错杂居,形成了现在“大分散,小聚集”的居住格局。在迁徙的进程中,该民族不断融入当地的文化、风俗,受汉族文化影响较深,汉化明显,畲族有自己的语言但无自己的文字,百分之九十九的.畲族使用汉语客家方言,通用汉文。作为畲族文化中最醒目的标志之一的民族服饰也不例外,也在不断地吸取当地的文化元素,形成了目前畲族服饰“大相同,小差异”的特点。

畲族是中国五十六个民族大家庭中人口排列居第 19 位的一个古老的民族,现有人口 万(据有关资料统计),主要分布在福建、浙江、江西、广东、安徽等省的百余个县、市。

江西畲族的分布与服饰文化现状

1.江西畲族的分布情况

我省的畲族分布在7个乡80个村500多个村民小组,近15万人,是全国畲族分布的三大省份之一。这七个畲族乡分别是上饶铅山县太源畲族乡、上饶铅山县篁碧畲族乡、鹰潭市贵溪县樟坪畲族乡、南康市赤土畲族乡、抚州市乐安县金竹畲族乡、吉安市青原区东固畲族乡和吉安市永丰县龙岗畲族乡。

2.我省畲乡服饰文化现状

笔者在课题研究期间,带领课题组成员深入上饶铅山县太源畲族乡,鹰潭市贵溪县樟坪畲族乡等地进行实地调研,通过当地相关的人员和畲族群众了解当地服饰文化的保护和传承情况。

(1)我省畲族服饰总体特征。

笔者看到在各畲族乡政府保管的畲族服饰,男、女服装以蓝或黑色为主,只是传统的苎麻或棉大都已被化纤织物所代替。女上装为大襟小袖衫,在衣领袖口和右襟多镶花边,花边多是大红、桃红夹着黄色的花纹,刺绣各种花鸟及几何纹饰,也看到了畲族妇女最具有特色的“凤凰装”与“凤冠”。畲族男子服装基本与汉族相同,男服一般是青色和蓝色大襟短服。

(2)在保护和传承上的好的做法。

我省注重民族地区经济与文化发展,通过以民族乡村基础设施建设项目为基础,开发畲族乡村特色产业项目,带动各项文化和经济产业发展。

①设立畲族文化广场、服饰博物馆等文化类展示场所,展示畲族发展历史、风俗信仰、服饰及歌舞、特色产品等。如鹰潭市贵溪县樟坪畲族乡。

②突出畲族资源特色,建设生态环保、可持续发展的新型特色乡村旅游景区。如吉安龙冈畲族乡以“红色历史、蓝色民俗、绿色生态”发展旅游业。在贵溪市樟坪畲族乡能欣赏到体现畲族精彩艺术的“狗王图”和“马灯舞”,还可听到畲族的多种山歌。

③通过举办畲族文化艺术节挖掘、展示畲族文化遗产。2011年4月26日至28日,江西省首届畲族文化艺术节在贵溪举办,预计2015年4月21日至22日将在江西吉安举办江西省第二届畲族文化艺术节。

这些推广畲族民族风情的做法为保护我省的畲族服饰文化起到一定的作用。

3.依然存在的问题及原因

(1)畲族由于历史上的迁徙与汉族交错杂居,没有形成大块聚居区域,而在长期与汉族交往的过程中,畲族服饰面临被同化而湮没。笔者在畲族乡看不到身穿畲族服饰的畲民。

(2)生活方式和生活环境的变化,生活节奏加快,使得坚实耐磨、保暖为主的传统民族服饰不被新一代畲民们所接受,对他们的经济生活没有实际意义,取而代之的是简洁、明快、具有时代美感的服饰。

(3)笔者也了解到如今的畲民家中已没有了本民族服装,在重大畲族活动里,参与者所穿的畲族服饰也由乡政府统一安排穿戴。

(4)如今的青少年一代,他们触摸不到畲族的民族符号与表征,无法领会畲族的精神内涵,没有传承畲族服饰的责任感和主动性。现江西畲族服饰中植物染、手工刺绣等传统手工艺已然缺失,已成为现代工业化的产物,拙朴气息荡然无存。

下面学术堂来给大家讲述一下,关于服装的毕业论文怎么写:题目,论文的选题是论文工作中最为重要的一个环节,论文的选题有很多的奥妙,比如说选择的论文查重的题目是从小处着手的为最好.这样在论文查重的时候就不容易重复.毕业论文怎样写,从准备开始写论文到论文完成要有期限,有一个时间范围在这个时间范围内要合理安排论文的各个环节工作,比如说论文题目的准备,论题的评审.在什么时间点做预答辩,关于时间节点的提交材料以外,还要自己提前做好功课.清清楚楚知道什么时间点,应该提交哪些材料.在论文细节方面要按照学院要求的论文格式进行编写.否则格式如果过于随意.没有达到要求反倒舍本逐末.这样查重的时候很可能会影响论文查重的最后的结果.但是在写论文的时候,千万要注意不能抄袭别人的论文,目前知网的查重能力想必大家都听过,如果重复率过高的话,对自己写论文的时间也有很大影响的.这些就是针对服装毕业论文怎样写的说明了

[摘要]本文从服装的审美审美与功能结合、个性与时尚结合 、 品位与文化结合.提出了与这些发展方向适应的企业营销策略, 即注重产品设计的创新度、发挥终端市场中导购的作用及注重品牌形象的塑造与推广。[关键词]服装市场 消费心理 审美 品牌效应服装行业是集艺术性与功能性为一体的行业市场份额是衡量服装整体设计、生产、销售是否成功的标尺,如何有效地把握现有市场份额、并不断开辟新市场是现代服装企业的生存之道.在对服装市场的研究中,企业生产不仅要考虑技术层面的相关问题,要时刻关注消费市场中的各种消费审美心理因素.服装的设计生产过程,也就是设计师和生产者对潜在的着装者 (消费者) 进行艺术表达和寻求 审美认同的过程,而着装者 (消费者) 也正是通过服饰的选择达到与设计师在风格样式、审美情趣以及德行品格上的默契与沟通。对消费者消费审美心理趋势与购买行为的客观分析势必也是对使企业更好地掌握消费趋势、 扩大市场占有率, 从而获得最大经济效益的积极思考。一消费审美心理发展趋势特征分析流行,变化莫测,它的变化受到诸多因素的影响,如相互模仿效应的结果,即所谓的穿着的人多了便构成了流行.那么在流行中把握消费者的审美心理,也称得上是因时、因地制宜.当前, 服装消费者的消费心理已渐趋成熟,并呈现出几个相互结合的特征。(1)服装作为艺术的审美与功能的结合随着生活水平与消费观念的不断变化,人们的消费生活正由追求数量转向追求质量的方向发展,服装作为一种艺术其功能不仅仅在于遮体和保暖,而更多在于道德、 审美、 认同和表现 。所谓的审美功能,就是服饰不但要对引起羞耻感 的部位进行遮掩 , 而且要对身体进行美化,使之在视觉上取悦于人。服饰的认 同功能体现在两方面。一方面,通过共同的服饰符号,体现我们对特定的部落、氏族、团体、阶层、职业角色、民族或社会的认同,以及心理和情感的归属。这一类的认同体现的是个人与某个社会群体的一致和相同,因而可以叫做社会认同。另一方面, 人们也通过服装体现自己与其他成员的不同,表现自己的独特个性特征。(2)服装艺术的个性与时尚的结合现在的服装已成为了反映着装者社会性的一种无声语言,所以那些标榜自我存在、显现自我主张、有鲜明个性特征的服装必会受到消费者、 尤其是年轻消费者的青睐,在现代人眼里, 时髦、有创意的服装,能够张扬个性,可以更好的来修饰自我,当然, 在一定程度上也代表了时代所赋予它的特定内涵.比如在时尚界,“波西米亚” 风格成了追求放荡不羁,自由浪漫的代名词 , 而“波乔米亚” 风格,也成了演绎小资情调的最好方式, “ 朋克、嬉皮”风格,是反叛精神、思想颓废的代表等,这些现存的服装风格同时也代表了未来服装消费的发展方向之一。(3)服装艺术文化个性时尚与风格相结合——品牌效应服装品牌的这种文化意味吸引着人们的向往和追求,尤其是国际名牌.如当消费者认定某一个品牌适合自己穿着时,便显示出对其情有独钟的非凡热情,于是对这种认准了的品牌有了感情上的依托, 品牌也就作为一种能激发人们情感的形式而存在.由此,消费者在选择品牌服装时便产生了物有所值,物超所值的朦胧概念。现代人们在服装艺术上占主导地位的审美需要和审美理想, 是通过服装设计师们无数 的体验、沉思和奋斗,经历无数局部 的变革,最后才形成一个总的服装流行趋势。服装风格在形成 的过程中,既突破传统服装文化模式,同时又继承着传统模式的很多特性,使风格作为固定的文化特征,保留在地域或民族的文化传统 之 中。然而在当今日渐一体化的世界环境中,服装风格有着单线的发展危险趋势,服装文化的趋同性既是现代社会的一 大时代特征,又是民族性与世界性的尖锐斗争最激烈的阶段。 二、服装生产企业企业对消费审美心理的趋势的掌握服装企业以赢利为出发点,他们尽可能地采取一切有效策略来增加企业的销售量以达到赢利的目的.而对服装市场中消费者审美心理趋势的研究正好满足 了企业不断发展的需要。(1) 服装设计中流行趋势的把握由于流行趋势的世界同步性正在逐步加强,因此有效把握流行趋势成为企业竞争的重要手段,正确掌握最新流行预测资讯,就有可能获得更大市场份额,毕竟,追逐流行的消费群体占绝大多数,因此有效掌握流行元素、充分挖掘目标消费群的时尚需求与诉求点,才能最终诱发消费者购买欲。在预测流行趋势中,可以两方面作为重心:(1) 做深入细致的服装市场调研,包括服装原辅料市场,通过市场供求关系状况分析顾客群的购买心理趋向,以及对流行元素有效捕捉,便于及时运用到新设计当中;(2) 可根据企业及设计师在业内多年积累的经验,对新的流行做出判断,对流行色、 流行款式、 流行面料 等作尽可能有效的预测。从这种意义来看,穿着者的审美素质影响着设计师的素质与服饰文化的发展方向。从深层来看,现代的人们注重表现美,更多地注重服饰是否符合自己的个性,适合于特定 的场合和自己的风度, 甚至不满足于设计师现成的安排, 而乐于按照自己的心愿去挑选、配套, 去“篡改”设计师的作品,淡薄“权威”,去创造和表现自己的个性内涵,让服饰折射出高雅的审美情趣。这所有一切的实现 ,就需要较高的审美素质作为前提 ,从这层意义来看, 穿着者的审美素质决定和发展着设计师的素质与服装市场中西的消费审美心理的发展方向。(2) 销售过程中抓住消费真的心理在企业对目标市场准确定位的基础上,虽然服装卖场、 商品的组合搭配与陈列所表现的情节性和艺术性能够使顾客产生兴趣与欲望,但现场销售人员的素质也不容忽视.一般情况下,当其与消费者初步接触、尚未进行语言交流及深人了解之前,往往凭着对方的穿着打扮估计对方的着装情况, 以判断顾客的着装风,从而做出相应的反应.由于服装在一定程度上扮演着彰显身份的面具角色, 因此销售人员还必须作好 引导工作,宣传企业服装的新概念及流行趋势,强行促成流行导向,并且通过强化对生活方式的介绍与倡导,为消费者争取到变脸的机会,实现其购物过程中与结束后的愉悦与满足感,从而使其对该品牌的信任感与忠诚度增强。(3) 塑造品牌形象由于消费者品牌意识的增强,越来越多的企业开始注重对企业及产品“品牌形象”的塑造,充分挖掘品牌文化内涵, 实现品牌经营,发展自身优势,提高知名度,形成极大的感召力, 希望以明确的定位和理念来培养忠诚的顾客群.品牌作为一种无形资产,通过市场成功运作,将会有无与伦比的优势及强大的生命力.统一价格、统一形象、统一管理、统一配送、 统一服务,为服装产品送上了品质保险单,解决消费者的后顾之忧,也赢得了稳定的客户群体,从而有利于品牌形象的树立.另外,在着力打造 自主品牌的同时, 提高质量增加品种、满足多样化需求、 扩大高端市场分额、 提高其技术含量都成为重中之重。 当企业成功地树立起 自己的品牌后,他们还可以尝试生产冠以这种品牌的其他产品以拓展市场,因为消费者对品牌的熟悉程度直接影响他们的购物行为。三、总结通过对服装市场中消费审美心理趋势的研究可知:随着社会生活水平和审美意识的不断提高,服装消费者的购买行为由盲目从众向理性消费转变,且越来越注重审美体验,消费心理趋于成熟. 基于这种变化给企业营销策略带来的影响,服装企业需深入了解 目标消费者的不同需求和购 买动机,掌握各种消费心理活动规律,从而有效预测服装消费趋向、制定合理的服装生产和经营策略.当然,随着人们对服装求新求异的消费心理及个性化、多元化的风格特征成为未来服装流行趋势的主流时, 企业也必须在自身产品风格定位的基础上加以创新以适应市场变化,以满足消费者自我实现的诉求。

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