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建筑工程论文3000字英文版怎样写

发布时间:2024-07-06 02:52:58

建筑工程论文3000字英文版怎样写

有一篇施工监控的论文,你查收一下吧,希望对你有用!

In the 20th century, bridge construction technology evolved and was fueled by the Industrial R At the turn of the century, steel bridges were riveted together, not bolted; concrete bridges were cast in place, not precast; and large bridge members were built from lacing bars and smaller sections, not rolled in one Plastic had not yet been Construction techniques such as post-tensioning, slurry walls, soil freezing, and reinforced earth walls had not yet been Surveying was performed mechanically since infrared, optical technology was still 75 years Bridge construction is changing as the new millennium New construction techniques and new materials are There are also new issues facing the bridge building industry relative to the research needs associated with these new techniques and LONG-SPAN BRIDGES Suspension Bridges While suspension bridge building was conducted at a modest pace throughout the 20th century, an unprecedented number of spans of remarkable record lengths were built in the Far East and D Both the Akashi Kaikyo Bridge in Japan and the Great Belt Bridge in Denmark were completed in The Akashi Kaikyo Bridge is the largest suspension bridge in the world, with a span of 1991 m, and the Great Belt Bridge is the second largest, with a span of 1624 While spans lengths have increased nearly fivefold during the course of this century, they may have reached their physical limits with today’s Research will be necessary to develop the new, ultra-high-strength steel wire or carbon fiber wire required to build the longer main suspension cables that will make it possible to increase span lengths to beyond 2000 As we enter the new millennium, rehabilitation and ongoing maintenance of the existing suspension bridges must continue as Recent rehabilitation measures for the main cables and suspension systems of these bridges have uncovered degradation through corrosion and hydrogen Research is needed to determine the remaining useful service life of suspension bridge cables and what measures can be taken to slow or halt the degradation Transportation in the New Millennium 2 Other components of long-span bridges, existing and new, are being revolutionized as technology moves Advances in deck technology are producing stronger, lighter Orthotropic and exodermic decks are becoming increasingly popular on long-span structures as a means of reducing dead Bearings, joint systems, and seismic retrofitting components are becoming increasingly efficient as more large-scale testing facilities are 在20世纪,桥梁施工技术,是由进化而来的 工业革命。随着新世纪的到来,钢桥受到铆接在一起,而不是 螺栓、混凝土桥梁被扔在的地方,不是预制、大型桥梁成员 从系酒吧和小的部分,不卷在一块。塑料尚未 发明了。制作等施工工艺、浆墙、土壤冻结, 加筋土墙尚未怀了孕。测量进行机械 自从红外、光学技术仍然是75年。 大桥建设是新千年开始转变。新建筑 技术和新材料正在浮出水面。也有新的解决面临的桥 建筑行业的相关研究的需要,这些新技术 材料。 大跨度桥梁 悬挂的桥梁 虽然悬索桥建设进行了整个20速度不快 世纪,前所未有的跨越了卓越的长度是建在记录 远东和丹麦。双方在日本明石海峡大桥正式通车,伟大的带桥 在丹麦是在一九九八年完成。这个明石海峡大桥正式通车是世界上最大的悬架 在这个世界上,与桥梁的m,1991年是中国的第二大带桥, 用一段1624)。 虽然已经增加了近5倍长度的跨世纪的过程中, 他们已经达到了他们的物理极限与今天的材料。研究将 必须发展新的、ultra-high-strength钢丝、碳纤维丝要求 建立了悬索,将不再主要可能增加到跨度的长度 超出2000米。 当我们进入新千年、康复和持续的维护现有的 悬索桥必须继续。最近的戒毒措施为主要 电缆悬架系统与这些桥梁发现退化 氢脆腐蚀,。研究还剩下的 寿命悬索桥电缆和什么措施可以减缓或 停止退化的过程。 在新千年的运输 其他组件的大跨度桥梁,现有的和新的,正在发生了革命性的变化 技术的进步。提出了在甲板上技术生产强的,更轻的 甲板。正交各向异性和exodermic牌是大跨度越来越受欢迎 作为一种手段,降低结构自重荷载。轴承、联合系统和抗震能力 越来越多的有效成分是更大规模的测试设备 建造。 50分!!~~谢谢 参考资料:我的大脑

你是哪个省的啊 看看如果可以的话 可以给你一份全面的

①标题(Title)②署名(Authors)(包括单位及合作者)③摘要(Abstract)(包括中、英文摘要及关键词等)④引言(Introduction)⑤材料与方法(Materials and Methods)⑥结果(Results)(包括图表及其注解等)⑦讨论(Discussion)(包括结论)⑧致谢(Acknowledgements)⑨参考文献(References)摘 要为方便读者概略了解论文内容,在论文的正文之前,用醒目字体刊印约200~250字左右的摘要,简述研究工作的目的、方法、结果及结论等摘要力求精练,应反映全文的主要内容在摘要之下,根据内容选写3~8个关键词(Keywords),主要目的是为了方便编制或纳入电子计算机检索,尽可能用标准的 “主题词表”中的术语引 言亦称前言、导言或序言,是文章开头的一段短文,简要说明本研究的目的和意义,指出研究方法和途径,亦包括这一研究的历史、现状、前人的方法、结果及见解,对自己的启发等引言对读者起到一定的定向作用,写引言切忌离题或公式化。在正文内首次出现不常用的英语术语缩写词时,应写明全称,并要有中文注释材料与方法材料部分应说明具体的实验观察对象,所用仪器和试剂的产地、型号及规格等,实验动物的来源、名称、种系、性别、体重及健康状况等在方法部分要着重介绍研究的对象与数据如何获得,使读者了解样本的代表性、组间可比性、指标与观测方法的精确性。详细写明实验步骤的细节,以便他人重复验证。生物学实验必须设立对照组结 果结果部分是论文的实质和精华,描述必须如实、具体和准确。把经过审核以后用统计学处理过的实验检测数据资料按照逻辑顺序在正文及图表中表达科学研究论文的结果多用3种形式,即表格、图及文字说明。表格应做到有表序和表题。图下应有图号图注,图中重要部位应有标志,应用原始的实验记录图或照片,不宜用复印件或影印件文字、数据和符号是表达科研成果和结论的重要手段。文字应简明、清楚和明确,多用数学式表达成果,正确运用各种符号,对不符合主观设想的数据和结论,应作客观的分析,不宜作过多的文字说明讨 论是文章的重要组成部分,是从理论上对实验和观察结果进行分析比较、解释、推论或预测等,或者应用自己和定论的实验根据进行讨论,阐述实验结果的理论和实际意义。与国内外先进水平的比较,指出今后的研究方向。讨论中要避免与实验结果无关的主观推断或不成熟的结论谢 词一部论著的写成,必然要得到多方面的帮助。对于在工作中给予帮助的人员(如参加过部分工作,承担过某些任务、提出过有益的建议或给予过某些指导的同志与集体等)。应在文章的开始或结尾部分书面致谢。致谢的言辞应该恳切,实事求是,而不是单纯的客套参考文献列出参考文献的作用:①论证作者的论点,启发作者的思维;②同作者的实验结果相比较;③反映严肃的科学研究工作态度,亦为读者深入研究提供有关文献的线索所引用的参考文献篇数不宜过多,论著类论文要求在10篇左右,综述类文章以20篇左右为宜所引文献均应是作者亲自查阅过的,并注意多引用权威性、专业性杂志近年发表的相关论文参考文献列出时要按文献在文章中出现的先后,编数码,依次列出完整的参考文献(书籍)写法应列出文献的作者(译文注明译者)、书名、页数、出版者、出版时间、版次等完整的参考文献(论文)写法应列出文献的作者、文章标题、期刊名称、年/卷/期、起讫页数等、毕业论文格式的写作顺序是:标题、作者班级、作者姓名、指导教师姓名、中文摘要及关键词、英文摘要及英文关键词、正文、参考文献。 2、毕业论文中附表的表头应写在表的上面,居中;论文附图的图题应写在图的下面,居中。按表、图、公式在论文中出现的先后顺序分别编号。 3、毕业论文中参考文献的书写格式严格按以下顺序:序号、作者姓名、书名(或文章名)、出版社(或期刊名)、出版或发表时间。 4、论文格式的字体:各类标题(包括“参考文献”标题)用粗宋体;作者姓名、指导教师姓名、摘要、关键词、图表名、参考文献内容用楷体;正文、图表、页眉、页脚中的文字用宋体;英文用Times New Roman字体。 5、论文格式的字号:论文题目用三号字体,居中;一级标题用四号字体;二级标题、三级标题用小四号字体;页眉、页脚用小五号字体;其它用五号字体;图、表名居中。 6、格式正文打印页码,下面居中。 7、论文打印纸张规格:A4 210×297毫米。 8、在文件选项下的页面设置选项中,“字符数/行数”选使用默认字符数;页边距设为 上:3厘米;下:5厘米;左:8厘米;右:8厘米;装订线:8厘米;装订线位置:左侧;页眉:8厘米;页脚8厘米。 9、在格式选项下的段落设置选项中,“缩进”选0厘米,“间距”选0磅,“行距”选5倍,“特殊格式”选(无),“调整右缩进”选项为空,“根据页面设置确定行高格线”选项为空。 10、页眉用小五号字体打印“xx大学xx学院xx级XX专业学年论文”字样,并左对齐。

建筑工程论文3000字英文版怎么写

有一篇施工监控的论文,你查收一下吧,希望对你有用!

In the 20th century, bridge construction technology evolved and was fueled by the Industrial R At the turn of the century, steel bridges were riveted together, not bolted; concrete bridges were cast in place, not precast; and large bridge members were built from lacing bars and smaller sections, not rolled in one Plastic had not yet been Construction techniques such as post-tensioning, slurry walls, soil freezing, and reinforced earth walls had not yet been Surveying was performed mechanically since infrared, optical technology was still 75 years Bridge construction is changing as the new millennium New construction techniques and new materials are There are also new issues facing the bridge building industry relative to the research needs associated with these new techniques and LONG-SPAN BRIDGES Suspension Bridges While suspension bridge building was conducted at a modest pace throughout the 20th century, an unprecedented number of spans of remarkable record lengths were built in the Far East and D Both the Akashi Kaikyo Bridge in Japan and the Great Belt Bridge in Denmark were completed in The Akashi Kaikyo Bridge is the largest suspension bridge in the world, with a span of 1991 m, and the Great Belt Bridge is the second largest, with a span of 1624 While spans lengths have increased nearly fivefold during the course of this century, they may have reached their physical limits with today’s Research will be necessary to develop the new, ultra-high-strength steel wire or carbon fiber wire required to build the longer main suspension cables that will make it possible to increase span lengths to beyond 2000 As we enter the new millennium, rehabilitation and ongoing maintenance of the existing suspension bridges must continue as Recent rehabilitation measures for the main cables and suspension systems of these bridges have uncovered degradation through corrosion and hydrogen Research is needed to determine the remaining useful service life of suspension bridge cables and what measures can be taken to slow or halt the degradation Transportation in the New Millennium 2 Other components of long-span bridges, existing and new, are being revolutionized as technology moves Advances in deck technology are producing stronger, lighter Orthotropic and exodermic decks are becoming increasingly popular on long-span structures as a means of reducing dead Bearings, joint systems, and seismic retrofitting components are becoming increasingly efficient as more large-scale testing facilities are 在20世纪,桥梁施工技术,是由进化而来的 工业革命。随着新世纪的到来,钢桥受到铆接在一起,而不是 螺栓、混凝土桥梁被扔在的地方,不是预制、大型桥梁成员 从系酒吧和小的部分,不卷在一块。塑料尚未 发明了。制作等施工工艺、浆墙、土壤冻结, 加筋土墙尚未怀了孕。测量进行机械 自从红外、光学技术仍然是75年。 大桥建设是新千年开始转变。新建筑 技术和新材料正在浮出水面。也有新的解决面临的桥 建筑行业的相关研究的需要,这些新技术 材料。 大跨度桥梁 悬挂的桥梁 虽然悬索桥建设进行了整个20速度不快 世纪,前所未有的跨越了卓越的长度是建在记录 远东和丹麦。双方在日本明石海峡大桥正式通车,伟大的带桥 在丹麦是在一九九八年完成。这个明石海峡大桥正式通车是世界上最大的悬架 在这个世界上,与桥梁的m,1991年是中国的第二大带桥, 用一段1624)。 虽然已经增加了近5倍长度的跨世纪的过程中, 他们已经达到了他们的物理极限与今天的材料。研究将 必须发展新的、ultra-high-strength钢丝、碳纤维丝要求 建立了悬索,将不再主要可能增加到跨度的长度 超出2000米。 当我们进入新千年、康复和持续的维护现有的 悬索桥必须继续。最近的戒毒措施为主要 电缆悬架系统与这些桥梁发现退化 氢脆腐蚀,。研究还剩下的 寿命悬索桥电缆和什么措施可以减缓或 停止退化的过程。 在新千年的运输 其他组件的大跨度桥梁,现有的和新的,正在发生了革命性的变化 技术的进步。提出了在甲板上技术生产强的,更轻的 甲板。正交各向异性和exodermic牌是大跨度越来越受欢迎 作为一种手段,降低结构自重荷载。轴承、联合系统和抗震能力 越来越多的有效成分是更大规模的测试设备 建造。 50分!!~~谢谢 参考资料:我的大脑

从最基本的说起,其实和语文的议论文一样, 有introduction,body and conclusion。 Introduction- topic, point of view(optional),a breif introduction that the student will mention in the following paragraph (1st para of body) Body- a thesis statement + supportive examples + a summary of the thesis(optional) NB: one thesis (idea)/ Conclusion- rearrangement of REMEMBER students have no idea! That's the whole idea of academic Thus there is a very IMPORTANT tip you need to tell your students- REFERENCES References need to appear in introduction,body and conclusion of the whole Academic writings are usually expositive, hence you need tell your students to use passive Active words are ONLY used in Creative Writing

我要用来做翻译作业,最好是幼儿园建筑

建筑工程论文3000字英文版

你是哪个省的啊 看看如果可以的话 可以给你一份全面的

Summary of the study on construction project management methodology: is the largest number of construction projects, the most typical "projects", construction project management practice is one of the important sources of project management theory with integrated project management system of project management theory and practical experience provide theories for construction project management tools, making increasingly systematic and scientific management of construction Tags: 1, raised issues of project management and overview of project management is becoming a modern social address "one-off questions" effective tools that a kind of professional qualification, wide application in the process of social, economic and rapid development is that it provides a new Modern social economic total constantly increased, economic globalization, and information trend increasingly enhanced, development speed speed up, process complex, new of industry, and field constantly appears, products development cycle shortened, led increasingly more of "one-time", and no precedent can through of task of appears, especially enterprise and management social public affairs of Government, more faced was increasingly complex of from market and at home and abroad Affairs of various problem, involves of factors, and interests main increasingly more, these problem General of management approach difficult to solution or successfully solution, and from construction project and the military, and space exploration, field of project management method by upgrade for project management theory and thought, provides has solution social economic development non-General problem of You can think, lies in its development and application of project management Widely promoted popular project management in China in recent years, the ascendant, and we introduce, universal focus, should not be a complicated theories, concepts, procedures, and should be concise, applicable and effective Regardless of the economic structure changes, construction remains the main carrier of China's economic In comprehensively building a comfortably well-off society and development in China under the background of the Northwest, Northeast, become important means for economic revitalization in many parts of the Some cities even proposed "project will flourish cities" Rely mainly on the application of new scientific and technological achievements in economic progress, relying on the content-type extension, depend on the situation of knowledge innovation, rely on an extensive project is not a suitable means of revitalizing the economy, has been in China for failure to pay the investment decision of enormous cost, so using the scientific method on engineering construction project management, including assessment of argumentation, is the important condition of the building can achieve the desired purpose of the Project management methods are not only specific methods, including Party of 16 session third plenary made people, and can continued of science development view, "people", and "can continued" of a basic content is science and technology, and economic, and environment, and social of coordination development, project construction do for development economic of important means, not only cost huge, and on around environment has larger effect, so must meet can continued, and coordination development requirements, this is project management of important guiding ideology Methodology is the study of Comprehensively building a comfortably well-off society and development in Northwest and northeast of real background might set off a new round of upsurge of construction, sustainable and coordinated development of scientific concept of development put certain constraints on the construction of macro-control, this method should be implemented in construction project Project management is not only for the purposes of achieving specific objectives (duration, quality and cost), should also do project construction and coordination of environmental, social or risk repeating previous errors, mistake, got out of the investment This is also a project management method to rise to "methodology" meaning Project management of theory so far has can said is is complete of, this not only performance in rich diverse of theory results as various project management books (including translation) of launched, more performance in this area has has own of "knowledge system", as United States Project Management Association (PMI) Yu 1987 made and by 1996, and 2000 amendment of "project management knowledge system", international project management Association 1997 launched has "project management personnel ability benchmark", China double method society for the project management Research Committee also Yu 2001 launched China project management knowledge system Each of these knowledge systems project management body of knowledge is divided into a number of areas, elements, modules, China knowledge system "methods and tools" concept, other systems do not have on the topic independent of the method, but throughout all stages of project management, processes, Various project management works also focus on content, stage of project management, program, organization of expositions devoted to Of course, this does not mean to ignore, perfection but summary, concentrate on methods of research and contribute to the popularization and application of project management project management role into full 建设工程项目管理的方法论研究摘要:建设工程项目是数量最多、最典型的“项目”,建设工程项目管理的实践是项目管理理论的重要渊源之一,融合了项目管理实践经验的系统的项目管理理论又为建设工程项目管理提供了理论工具,使得建设工程项目管理日益系统化、科学化。 关键词:项目管理 工程1、问题的提出及现状综述 项目管理之所以成为一种现代社会解决“一次性问题”的有效工具以至于一种职业资格,在社会事务、经济过程中广泛应用并且迅速发展,就在于它提供了一种新的方法。现代社会经济总量不断增加,经济全球化、信息化趋势日益增强,发展速度加快,过程复杂,新的行业、领域不断出现,产品开发周期缩短,导致越来越多的“一次性”、无先例可循的任务的出现,尤其是企业和管理社会公共事务的政府,更面临着日趋复杂的来自市场和国内外事务的各种问题,涉及到的因素、利益主体越来越多,这些问题常规的管理办法难以解决或圆满解决,而来自建设工程项目及军事、空间探索等领域的项目管理方法经提升为项目管理理论和思想,提供了解决社会经济发展中非常规问题的手段。可以认为,项目管理的发展与应用在于它的方法。项目管理在中国广泛推广普及是近几年的事,方兴未艾,而我们引进、普及的重点,不应是繁琐的理论、概念、程序,而应该是简明、适用、有效的方法。 不论经济结构如何变化,工程项目建设仍是我国经济发展的主要载体。在我国目前全面建设小康社会、开发西北、振兴东北的背景下,项目建设成为许多地区经济振兴的重要手段。有的城市甚至提出“项目兴市”的口号。在经济进步主要依靠新科技成果应用、依靠内涵式扩展、依靠知识创新的形势下,靠粗放式项目建设并不是合适的振兴经济的手段,我国也一直在为投资决策的失误付出巨大代价,所以利用科学方法对工程建设项目进行管理,包括评估论证,将是项目建设能否达到预期目的的重要条件。 工程项目管理方法不仅是具体方法,也包括思想。党的十六届三中全会提出以人为本、可持续的科学发展观,“以人为本”、“可持续”的一个基本内容就是科学技术、经济、环境、社会的协调发展,工程项目建设做为发展经济的重要手段,不仅耗资巨大,而且对周围环境有较大影响,所以必须满足可持续、协调发展要求,这也是工程项目管理的重要指导思想之一。方法论是对方法的研究。全面建设小康社会、开发西北、振兴东北的现实背景可能掀起新一轮工程建设热潮,可持续、协调发展科学发展观对工程项目建设提出了一定制约的宏观控制,这一点要落实到建设项目管理的方法上。工程项目管理的目的不仅是实现具体的目标(工期、质量、费用),也应做到项目建设与环境、社会的协调,否则可能重蹈以前投资失误、失策、失控的覆辙。这也是工程项目管理方法上升到“方法论”的意义之一。 项目管理的理论至今已可以说是很完备的,这不仅表现在丰富多样的理论成果如各种项目管理书籍(包括翻译)的面世,更表现在这个领域有了自己的“知识体系”,如美国项目管理协会(PMI)于1987年提出并经1996、2000年修订的“项目管理知识体系”,国际项目管理协会1997年推出了“项目管理人员能力基准”,中国双法研究会项目管理研究委员会也于2001年推出《中国项目管理知识体系》。上述各知识体系将项目管理知识划分为若干领域、要素、模块,中国的知识体系有“方法与工具”概念,其他体系未有关于方法的独立专题,而是贯穿于项目管理的各个阶段、过程、领域。各种项目管理著作也多侧重于对项目管理内容、阶段、程序、组织等的论述,对于方法的专门论述不多见。当然这并不意味着对方法的忽略,但对方法的总结、集中研究与完善有助于项目管理的推广应用的项目管理作用的充分发挥。

Along with the our country economic development rapid development, the lives of the people level unceasing enhancement, the city uses to be day by day anxious, urges the building to face the direction is This kind of high level civil construction repair needed materials and the way also more hasten the diversification, and along with uses electricity the load and coal gas consumption quantity enlarging, proposed to the fire auto-alarm system design is higher, a stricter In order to guarantee the people life and property the security, the fire auto-alarm system design has become in the high level civil construction design one of most important design Presently based on the author fire of auto-alarm system design overseeing work in the high level civil building experience, proposed in present national related standard and standard unclear true detail shallow opinion, by for the colleagues to discuss and to point out First, design basis The fire auto-alarm system design is a specialized very strong technology work, at the same time also has the very strong policy- Therefore, first should be clear about the following design basis: 1st, must grasp the architectural design fire protection standard, the system design standard, the equipment manufacture standard, the installment construction approval standard and the administration laws and regulations and so on five big aspects fire laws and regulations, and in practical understanding present country related standard and standard positive word: "Must", "be supposed", "to be suitable", "may" and the reverse side word: "Strictly prohibits", "should not", "not have", "not to be suitable" the 2nd, must aim at high level civil building function, use and the protection object fire protection rank, earnestly carries out the present national related standard and the standard, earnestly treats the public security fire prevention surveillance department the examination and approval Second, fire auto-alarm system equipment establishmentFire detector establishmentOpens wide either the seal or the stair hall should alone divide the search coverage, and each 2 ~ 3 establish a fire The first room (including guards against in front of smoke stair hall in front of room, fire elevator room, fire elevator with guards against the front room which smoke stair hall comes in handy) and the aisle should distinguish alone to divide the search coverage, specially front the room and the lift well, the scattered stair hall and the aisle are interlinked, has time the fire haze to be easier to gather or to flow, is the personnel disperses which saves goal with the fire prevention, therefore should install the fire Regarding common elevator in front of room although is not the personnel disperses , but this front room and the lift well are interlinked, has time the fire haze to be also easy to gather or to flow, suitably alone divides the search coverage and installs the fire The electric cable shaft therefore is easy to form pulls out the smoke inflammation the channel; Has when the fire the fire intensity not easily extends along the electric cable burns, for this, "the high level civil construction design fire protection standard" and "the civil construction electricity design standard" separately proposes the detailed specific stipulation in the construction and in the electric wire or on the electric cable But considered implements specifically the difficulty and the present situation, the electric cable shaft installs the fire detector is extremely essential, and coordinates the shaft the fire protection separation request, each 2 ~ 3 or each level The elevator machine room should install the fire detector, its elevator is the important vertical transportation vehicle; Its two elevator machine room has has the fire risk; Its three lift well existence essential opens the hole, like the level gate opens between the hole, the air vent, the between permanence opens the hole with the elevator machine room or the pulley and so on; Its four when has the fire, the lift well often becomes the fire intensity spread the channel, is easy to threaten the elevator machine room the Therefore, the elevator machine room establishes the fire detector is necessary, crown of also suitable establishment fire detector lift 2nd, the manual fire reports to the police the button establishment(Including guards against in front of smoke stair hall in view of various floors front room in front of room, fire elevator room, fire elevator with guards against which smoke stair hall to come in handy the front room) is has when the fire the personnel to disperse which saves goal with fire prevention, should report to the police the button first choice spot as the establishment manual In addition, the room also should establish the manual fire to the common elevator in front of to report to the police the In the public active place (including hall, hall, dining room, multi-purpose hall and so on) and the main thoroughfare and so on place, the personnel very is all centralized, and mainly disperses the Therefore should report to the police the button in these public active places main access establishment manual fires; The manual fire establishes which in the main thoroughfare reports to the police the button to guarantee "to a manual fire which most is close to reports to the police the button distance from a fire protection district any position not to be supposed to be bigger than 30 meters"3rd, the fire emergency broadcasts the speaker the establishmentThe aisle, the hall, the dining room and so on the public place personnel very are all centralized, and mainly disperses the Therefore should press in these public places "to a recent speaker distance is not bigger than 25 meters from a fire protection district any spot" and "in the aisle last should not be bigger than 5 meters the speaker to the aisle terminal distance" the establishment fire emergency to broadcast the speaker; Next also should establish the fire in the public bathroom place emergency to broadcast the The first room (including guards against in front of smoke stair hall in front of room, fire elevator room, fire elevator with guards against which smoke stair hall to come in handy the front room) is has when the fire the personnel to disperse which saves goal with fire prevention, also has the fire door separation and the sounds of people is confused and noisy, therefore should establish the fire emergency to broadcast the In front of the common elevator the room also should establish the fire emergency to broadcast the Disperses the stair hall also is has when the fire the personnel to disperse which saves goal with the fire prevention, also the sounds of people are confused and noisy, therefore should establish the fire emergency to broadcast the speaker, by favors the fire emergency broadcast to disperse the 4th, fire alarm installment establishmentThe establishment fire emergency broadcast fire auto-alarm system, the author thought also should install the fire alarm installment, but its control procedure should be: The alarm apparatus should confirm after the fire, uses manual or the automatic control mode unification to the fire correlation region transmission warning, stops the alarm apparatus work in the stipulation time, the rapid linkage fire emergency broadcast and broadcasts to the people disperses the The fire alarm installment establishment position, the author thought should report to the police the button position with the manual fire to be same, its wall surface installment should for be apart from the ground 8 meters highly5th, fire special use telephone establishmentInstalls the fire special use telephone extension telephone, should be located the engine room which related also some people is on duty frequently with the fire linkage control (including fire water plant, spare electricity generation engine room, matches substation, mainly ventilates with air conditioning engine room, discharges fume engine room, fire prevention elevator machine room and other), the fire fighting control system operates the equipment place or the control room, the fire duty officers observation room, the security manages spot and so on public Sedan of theater box the fire elevator and in the ordinary elevator all should suppose the special use telephone, requests the elevator machine room and the elevator sedan theater box, the elevator machine room and the fire control room, the elevator sedan theater box and the fire control room and so on three compositions is reliable to speaks the correspondence telephone Usually in fire control room; The establishment elevator monitoring demonstration plate (including position indicator, direction indicating lamp, to speaks correspondence telephone, trouble lamp and so on), in order to carries on the necessity to the elevator running status which in the surveillance and the emergency case Is equipped with the manual fire to report to the police position and so on button, fire hydrant button also should install the fire special use telephone Third, fire linkage control 1st, the fire linkage control should include the control fire pump to open, to stop, also should demonstrate opens pumps the button the position and the fire pump work and the When the fire hydrant is equipped with the fire hydrant button, its electric installation work spot also should demonstrate the fire pump the working mode active status (namely establishment fire pump work indicating lamp) 2nd, the fire linkage control should include the control spraying of water and the water atomization fire fighting system opens, stops, also should demonstrate the fire pump the work and the malfunction and the fluent display, reports to the police the valve, the safety signal valve working mode active In addition, to the basin, the water tank water level also should carry on the demonstration monitor; In order to prevent the overhaul signal valve is shut down, the author thought should use the belt electric signal the control signal valve by to demonstrate it opens the 3rd, the fire linkage control other controls and the demonstration function, should carry out the present national related standard and the standard specific Fourth, fire auto-alarm system wiringIn order to prevent the fire occurs when the fire control, the correspondence and the warning line severance, causes the fire fighting work to be unable to carry on, creates the bigger economic loss; Also for the suppression electronmagetic interference (for example transformer, electric motor, electric cable and so on) the influence which produces to the fire auto-alarm The fire auto-alarm system transmission line and the fire control, the correspondence and the warning line should use the being flame-resistant electric cable, and should use the metal tube or the enclosed metal trunking The fire manual positive governing installment line should use the fireproof electric cable, its electric cable also should use the metal tube or the enclosed metal trunking Uses Ming Fushi, should takes the fire protection protective measures on the metal tube or the enclosed metal Fifth, concluding remarkThe author rests on the concrete project to implement the experience, elaborated the design basis, fire auto-alarm design actual problem and so on system equipment establishment, fire linkage control and its wiring pulls out some shallow opinions, its goal is enhances the fire auto-alarm system the design quality, discovered early and the notification fire, prevented and reduces the fire to harm, by protects the person and the property 随着我国经济发展快速发展,人民生活的水平不断提高,城市使用是每天着急,敦促建设面临着发展的方向。这种高层次的民间建筑维修所需的材料和方式也更加多样化加快,而且随着使用电力负荷和煤气消费量扩大,提议消防自动报警系统设计较高,更严格的要求。为了保证人民生命和财产的安全,消防自动报警系统的设计已经成为在高级别民间建筑设计的一个最重要的设计内容。目前的基础上撰文火灾自动报警系统设计监督工作的高层次的民间建设的经验,建议在目前国家相关标准和标准不清楚真正详细浅见解,为同事们的讨论,并指出错误。 首先,设计依据 火灾自动报警系统的设计是一家专业非常强的技术工作,同时还具有很强的政策性。因此,首先应明确以下设计依据: 第一,必须紧紧抓住的建筑设计防火标准,该系统的设计标准,标准的设备制造,安装施工审批标准和管理的法律和规章等五大方面的消防法律法规,并在实际了解国家有关本标准和标准积极字: “必须” , “必须假定” , “不适合” , “可能”和反面词: “严格禁止” , “不应该” , “没有” , “不适合“的含义。 第二,必须着眼于高层次的民间建筑的功能,利用和保护对象的防火等级,认真开展本标准和国家有关标准,认真对待公安防火监督部门的审批意见。 其次,火灾自动报警系统设备的建立 建立火灾探测器 要么全打开的印章或楼梯大厅应单独划分搜索范围,每个2 〜 3建立火灾探测器。 第一个房间(包括防前面的烟雾大厅楼梯前室,消防电梯间,消防电梯防前面房间烟雾楼梯大会堂来用场)和过道应区分单独划分搜索范围,特别是前面的房间,以及电梯,分散楼梯大厅和走道都是相互关联的,有时间的火灾烟雾比较容易收集或流动,是人员分散保存目标与防火,因此,应该安装火警探测器。关于共同电梯前室虽然不是人员分散,而且这方面的空间和良好的电梯是相互关联的,有时间的火灾烟雾也很容易被收集或流动,适当地划分为单独的搜索覆盖面和安装消防探测器。 电缆轴因此很容易形成掏出烟炎症渠道,拥有火灾时的火强度不容易延伸沿电缆燃烧,为此, “高级别民间建筑设计防火标准”和“民用建筑电气设计标准“分别提出了详细具体的规定,在建筑和在电线或电缆塑造。但认为具体实施的难度和目前的情况下,电缆竖井安装了火灾探测器是非常必要的,坐标轴的防火分隔要求,每2 〜 3或每一级安装。 电梯机房应安装火灾探测器,它的电梯是重要的垂直交通工具,其两个电梯机房已具有火灾危险性,其存在的三个基本解除以及打开洞,像打开闸门的水平之间的球洞,在气孔,持久的关系打开了洞与电梯机房或滑轮等,其时,有四个火,升降机以及往往成为火灾强度传播渠道,很容易危及电梯机房设施。因此,电梯机房建立了火灾探测器是必要的,也适用于皇冠建立火灾探测器举井。 2 ,手动火警报警按钮建立 (包括防前面的烟雾楼梯大厅鉴于各层前房间前面的房间,消防电梯间,消防电梯防这些烟雾楼梯大会堂派上用场前室)是有火灾时人员驱散节省目标,防火,应立即向警方举报的按钮,首选地点设立手动火警。此外,该室也应建立防火手册的共同电梯前,向警方报案的按钮。 在公共活动场所(包括会堂,礼堂,餐厅,多功能厅等)和主要通道等场所,是所有工作人员非常集中,主要是分散的渠道。因此,应立即向警方举报的按钮,在这些公共活动场所主要通道设立手册火灾;该手册规定的火灾中的主要通道报警按钮,以保证“ ,以手动火警最接近报警按钮距离防火区的任何位置不应该超过30米。 “ 第三,消防紧急广播喇叭建立 走道,大厅,餐厅等公共场所的工作人员都非常集中,主要是分散的渠道。因此,应该按这些公共场所的“最近的一项发言距离不超过25米的防火保护区的任何位置”和“在走道上不应大于十二点五米扬声器的过道末端距离”建立消防应急广播喇叭;下一步还应当建立消防在公共浴室的地方紧急广播喇叭。 第一个房间(包括防前面的烟雾大厅楼梯前室,消防电梯间,消防电梯防这些烟雾楼梯大会堂派上用场前室)是有火灾时的人员驱散节省目标与防火,也有分离和防火门的声音,人民的混乱和嘈杂,因此,应建立消防应急广播喇叭。在前面的共同电梯房也应建立消防应急广播喇叭。分散大厅楼梯也已经火灾时的人员驱散节省目标与防火,也是人民的声音和嘈杂的混淆,因此应建立消防应急广播喇叭,由主张消防紧急广播驱散指令。 第四,建立火灾报警装置 建立消防应急广播火灾自动报警系统,笔者认为还应该安装消防报警装置,但它的控制程序应该是:该报警器应确认火灾后,利用手动或自动控制模式统一消防相关区域传输预警,报警器停止工作时间的规定,迅速联系消防应急广播和电视节目,并且分散了人们的指示。 火警警报装置建立的立场,笔者认为应该向警方报案的按钮位置的手动火警是相同的,它的墙面安装应为距地面8米高度 第五,消防专用电话设立 安装消防专用电话分机电话,应设机房其中也涉及一些人是在工作地点经常与消防联动控制(包括消防给水设备,备件发电机房,火柴变电站,主要ventilates空调引擎室,排放烟气轮机室,防火电梯机房及其他) ,消防控制系统的经营场所或设备的控制室,消防责任人员观察室,现场的安全管理等公共空间。轿车的影院中消防电梯和普通电梯应假设所有使用的特殊电话,请电梯机房和电梯轿车影院中,电梯机房及消防控制室,电梯轿车影院方块和消防控制室等三个成分是可靠的讲通信电话系统。通常在消防控制室;建立电梯监测演示板(包括位置指示器,显示方向灯,以讲信函电话,麻烦灯等) ,以进行必要的电梯在运行状态的监视和紧急情况下的控制。 配备了手动火警报警位置等按钮,消火栓按钮,还应该安装消防专用电话插座。 第三,消防联动控制 第一,消防联动控制应包括控制消防泵开启,停止,也应表现出的按钮,打开泵的位置和消防泵的工作和故障。当消火栓设有消火栓按钮时,其电气安装工程现场也应表现出的消防泵的工作模式有效状态(即建立消防泵工作表明灯) 。 第二,消防联动控制应包括控制喷洒水和水雾化灭火系统打开,停止,也应表现出的消防泵的工作和故障和流利显示,报警阀,安全信号阀工作模式积极的地位。此外,该盆地,水箱水位也应进行示范监测;为了防止检修信号阀关闭,作者认为应该使用带电信号控制信号阀证明它打开条件。 第三,消防联动控制其他控制和示范作用,应进行本标准和国家有关标准的具体规定。 第四,火灾自动报警系统布线 为了防止火灾发生时,消防控制,通信和警戒线遣散,使灭火工作无法进行,造成了更大的经济损失,也为抑制electronmagetic干扰(例如变压器,电电机,电缆等)的影响而产生的火灾自动报警系统。火灾自动报警系统的输电线路和消防控制,通信和预警线应使用被阻燃电缆,并应使用金属管或封闭式金属线槽保护。消防手册积极理事分期付款行应使用防火电缆,其电缆也应使用金属管或封闭式金属线槽保护。使用明复,应采取防火保护措施的金属管或封闭金属Fifth ,结论备注 作者取决于具体的项目实施经验,阐述了设计依据,火灾自动报警设计和实际问题,以便建立系统设备,消防联动控制及其接线拿出一些肤浅的意见,其目的是增强了火灾自动报警系统的设计质量,早期发现,并通知消防,预防和减少火灾危害,通过保护个人和财产安全。

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三千字的论文五十分。。。。吐血中老兄啊五百块都弄不来

桥梁工程学的发展主要取决于交通运输对它的需要。古代桥梁以通行人、畜为主,载重不大,桥面纵坡可以较陡,甚至可以铺设台阶。在有重载马车之后,载重量逐步加大,桥面纵坡也必须使之平缓。这时的桥梁材料仍以木、石为主,铸铁和锻铁很少使用。 从桥梁的原始雏形——堤梁(及在浅滩溪涧中筑起一个个石堤,堤间流水,人从石堤上跨越)、独木桥、浮桥(架设在船只上的桥)和石拱到现在超千米跨度的悬索桥,桥梁工程在几千年的时间里发展可谓翻天覆地。然而桥梁工程能拥有这翻天覆地的发展取决于工程材料和工程技术迅猛发展的有力推动。在原始社会里,懵然无知的古人类还只是追求有一个起身的洞穴和能填饱肚子的食物,还不会想到桥。然而随着社会的发展,人类文明的进步,交通的不断发展,人们开始创造了桥。然而那时工程材料的使用仅限于天然的木和石块,且工程技术非常落后,所以人们只能建造简单的桥——堤梁、独木桥和简单的石拱。世界上现存最古老的石桥在希腊的伯罗奔尼撒半岛,是一座用石块干垒的单孔石拱桥,距今3500年左右建成。我国古代桥梁工程技术的发展在当时处于世界领先地位。公元590——608年建造在河北省赵县(叫)河上留存至今的隋代敞肩式单孔圆弧弓形石拱桥,即赵州桥。该桥全长82m,桥面宽约10m,采用28条并列的石条砌成拱券形成。拱券矢高23m。拱上设有4个小拱,既能减轻桥身自重,又便于排洪,且更显美观。该桥无论在材料使用、结构受力、艺术造型和经济上都达到极高成就,是世界上最早的敞肩式拱桥,早于欧洲同类桥约1000年。近代土木工程的时间跨度为从17世纪中叶至20世纪中叶的300年间。这个时期内土木工程的主要特征有:——有力学和结构理论作为指导;——砖、瓦、木、石等结构建筑材料得到日益广泛的使用;混凝土、钢材、钢筋混凝土及早期的预应力混凝土得到发展;——施工技术进步很大,建造规模日益扩大,建造速度大大加快。在这个时期内,以下几件大事对桥梁工程的影响巨大: (1)意大利学者伽利略在1638年出版的著作《关于两门新科学的谈话和数学证明》中论述了建筑材料的力学性质和梁的强度,首次用公式表达了梁的设计理论。 (2)英国科学家牛顿在1687年总结了力学三大定律它们是土木工程设计理论的基础。 (3)瑞士数学家欧拉1744年出版《曲线的变分法》建立了柱的压屈理论,得到计算柱的临界受压力的公式,为分析土木工程结构物的稳定问题奠定了基础。 (4)1824年英国人阿斯普丁取得了波特兰水泥的专利权,1850年开始生产。这是形成混凝土的主要材料,使得混凝土在土木工程中得到广泛应用。后来,在20世纪初,有人发表了水灰比等学说,才初步奠定了混凝土强度的理论基础。 (5)1859年发明了贝塞麦转炉炼钢法,似的钢材得以大量生产,并愈来愈多地应用于土木工程。 (6)1867年法国人莫尼埃用铁丝加固混凝土制成花盆,并把这种方法应用到工程中,建造了一座蓄水池,这是应用钢筋混凝土的开端。1875年他主持建造了第一座长16m的钢筋混凝土桥。 (8)1779年英国用铸铁建成跨度为5m的拱桥;1826年英国用锻铁建成跨度为177m的悬索桥;1883年美国建成世界上第一座大跨钢悬索桥——布鲁克林桥;1890年英国又建成两孔主跨达521m的悬臂式刚架桥,这样,现代桥梁3种基本形式(梁桥、拱桥、悬索桥)相继出现。 自从有了铁路以后,桥梁所承受的载重逐倍增加,线路的坡度和曲线标准要求又高,且需要建成铁路网以增大经济效益,因此,为要跨越更大更深的江河、峡谷,迫使桥梁向大跨度发展。石材、木材、铸铁、锻铁等桥梁材料,显然不合要求,而钢材的大量生产正好满足这一要求。 在技术方面,只是凭经验修桥,曾使19世纪80~90年代的许多铁路桥发生重大事故;从这时起,正在发展中的结构力学理论得到了重视,而在它的静力分析理论完全确立并广泛普及之后,桥梁因强度不足而造成的事故显然大为减少。 二十世纪以来,公路交通有很大发展。在内陆,需要在更多的河流、峡谷之上建桥。在城市中,以及在各种交通线路相交处,需要建造立交桥。在沿海,既需在大船通航的河口、海湾、海峡修建特大跨度桥梁,又需在某些海岛与大陆之间修建长桥。 由于更多新技术新材料的出现,现代桥梁工程的发展尤其迅速,世界各国相继建造出超千米的桥梁。世界上跨径最大的预应力混凝土斜拉桥——西班牙的卢纳巴里奥斯桥,跨径达440m,采用了双面辐射形密索布置 世界第一的悬索桥——日本明石海峡桥,横跨日本内海,使日本神户与淡路岛紧紧相连这座大桥全长3190M,中央跨度1990m于1998年竣工它可以承受里氏5级地震目前中国在建的一批公路桥梁,无论是桥梁的数量还是工程规模、技术难度、科技含量,都代表着当今世界的先进水平,创造了中国建桥史之最。据悉,这些桥梁主要有:阳逻长江大桥,主跨1280米的悬索桥;南京长江三桥,主跨648米的斜拉桥;润扬长江公路大桥,跨江连岛的主跨1490米悬索桥和406米斜拉桥组合;深圳湾跨海大桥,主跨180米独塔单索面斜拉桥;苏通长江公路大桥,主跨1088米的斜拉桥,居世界第一;杭州湾跨海大桥,按双向六车道高速公路标准建设,全长36公里,是世上在建最长的公路跨海大桥。一个国家同时在建这么多世界级桥梁,在世界上不多见。 桥梁需要大量修建,而人力、物力、财力有限;于是,不断提高技术水平,引用新材料、新工艺、新桥式,对结构行为进行更精确的数值分析,采用更精确的结构试验进行验证,以使桥梁建设的经济效益不断提高,已成为时代的要求。 桥梁工程学主要研究桥渡设计,包括选择桥址,决定桥梁孔径,考虑通航和线路要求以确定桥面高程,考虑基底不受冲刷或冻胀以确定基础埋置深度,设计导流建筑物等;桥式方案设计;桥梁结构设计;桥梁施工;桥梁检定;桥梁试验;桥梁养护等方面。 在建桥材料方面,以高强、轻质、低成本为选择的主要依据,近期仍以发展传统的钢材和混凝土为主,提高其强度和耐久性。对于建筑钢材的脆断机理、初始几何缺陷等,以及混凝土材料的非弹性问题(收缩徐变以及疲劳等),将继续作充分的研究,使能正确控制结构的受力和变形。至于碳纤维塑料等在桥梁上的广泛应用,还必须在降低成本以后才有可能。 在桥梁勘察设计方面,随着交通事业的迅速发展,大跨度或复杂的桥型将不断涌现。高速公路的发展,对桥梁设计亦将提出新的要求。在桥式方案设计中,将有可能利用结构优化设计理论,借助电子计算机选出最佳方案。 在结构设计计算中,采用空间理论来分析桥梁整体受力已成为可能;以概率统计理论为基础的极限状态设计理论,将进一步反映在桥涵设计规范中,使桥梁设计的安全度得到科学合理的保证。桥梁美学作为时代、民族的文化在某些方面的反映,将愈来愈受到人们的重视:桥梁的面貌将蔚为大观。 在桥梁施工方面,对施工组织将充分利用电子计算机进行经济有效的管理。在施工技术中,将不断引用新技术和高效率、高功能的机具设备,借以提高质量、缩短工期、降低造价。如采用激光测量控制结构的精确定位;引用自升式水上平台克服深水基础的困难;利用遥控设备在沉井、沉箱中挖基,以减少劳动强度并避免人身危险;利用高质量的焊接技术,借能推广工地焊接等,此外,装配式桥梁也将有所发展,以使结构和构件标准化,生产工业化。 在桥梁养护维修方面,要求对既有桥梁建立完善的技术档案管理制度。在桥梁维修检查中,引用新型精密的测量仪表,如用声测法对结构材料的缺陷以及弹性模量进行测定;用手携式金相摄影仪检查钢材的晶体结构俾能及早进行加固防患于末然,以便延长桥梁的使用寿命。 桥梁工程始终是在生产发展与各类科学技术进步的综合影响下,遵循适用、安全、经济与美观的原则,不断的向前发展。人们除了要求桥的功能完善,还讲求桥的外形美观、有艺术性 ,桥梁地建造将更加复杂化,更加艺术化,桥梁的未来将更加多元化,是现代桥梁更现代,还是旧式桥梁的复兴,值得期待! 中国桥梁的历史可以上溯到6000年前的氏族公社时代,到了1000多年前的隋、唐、宋三代,古代桥梁发展到了巅峰时期。公元35年东汉光武帝时,在今宜昌和宜都之间,出现了架 设在长江上的第一座浮桥。 在秦汉时期,我国已广泛修建石粱桥。世界上现在是保 存着的最长、工程最艰巨的石粱桥,就是我国于1053一1059年 在福建泉州建造的万安桥,也称洛阳桥,此桥长达800米,共47 孔,位于“波涛汹涌,水深不可址”的海口江面上。此桥以 磐石铺遍桥位底,是近代筏形基础的开端,并且独具匠心地用养殖海生牡蛎的方法胶固桥基使成整体,此也是世界上 绝无仅有的造桥方法,近千年前就能在这种艰难复杂的水文 条件下建成如此的长桥,实是中华桥梁史上一次勇敢的突破。 我国古代石拱桥的杰出代表是举世闻名的河北省赵 县的赵州桥(又称安济桥),该桥在隋大业初年(公元605年左 右)为李春所创建,是一座空腹式的圆弧形石拱桥,净跨37m, 宽9m,拱失高度7.23m,在拱圈两肩各设有二个跨度不等的腹 拱,这样既能减轻桥身自重,节省材料,又便于排洪、增加美 观,赵州桥的设计构思和工艺的精巧,不仅在我国古桥是首屈一指,据世界桥梁的考证,像这样的敞肩拱桥,欧洲到19世纪中叶才出现,比我国晚了一千二百多年,赵州桥的雕 刻艺术,包括栏板、望柱和锁口石等,其上狮象龙兽形态逼 真,琢工的精致秀丽,不愧为文物宝库中的艺术珍品,我国 石拱桥的建造技术在明朝时曾流传到日本等国,促进了与世 界各国人民的文化交流并增进了友谊。 1240年建造的福建潭州虎渡桥,也是最令人惊奇的一 座粱式大桥,此桥总长约335m,某些石粱长达23.7m,沿宽度 用三根石粱组成,每根宽1.7m,高1.9m,重达200多吨,该桥一直 保存至今”历史记载,这些巨大石梁桥是利用潮水涨落浮运建 设的,足见我国古代加工和安装桥梁的技术何等高超。 广东潮安县横跨韩江的湘子桥(又名广济桥)此桥始 建于公元1169年,全桥长517.95m,总共20墩19孔,上部结构有 石拱、木梁、石梁等多种型式,还有用18条活船组成的长达 97.30m的开合式浮桥,设置浮桥的目的,一方面适应大型商 船和上游木排的通过,并且也避免了过多的桥墩阻塞河道, 以致加剧桥基冲刷而造成水害,这座世界上最早的开合式 桥,柱石桥之长、石墩之大、桥梁之多以及施工条件之困难 工程历时之久,都是古代建桥史上所罕见的。。 1957年,第一座长江大桥——武汉长江大桥的胜利建 成,结束了我国万里长江无桥的状况,从此“一桥飞架南北,天堑变通途”,桥的正桥为三联3X128m的连续钢桁粱,双 线铁路上层公路桥面宽18m,两侧各设2.25m人行道,包括引 桥在内全桥总长1670.4物,大型钢梁的制造和架设、深水管柱基础的施工等,对发展我国现代桥染技术开创了新路。 1969年胜利建成了举世瞩目的南京长江大桥,这是我国自行设计、制造、施工,并使用国产高强钢材的现代大型桥梁,正桥除北岸第一孔为128m简支钢桁粱外,其余为9 孔3联,每联为3x l60m的连续钢桁粱。上层是公路桥面,下层 为双线铁路,包括引桥在内,铁路部分全长6772m,公路部 分为4589m,桥址处水深流急,河床地,质极为复杂桥墩基础 的施工非常困难。南京长江大桥的建成显示出我国的建桥事 业已达到了世界先进水平,也是我国桥梁史又一个重要标 志。 在最近的1000年中,中国的桥梁技术全面落后于世界的脚步,中国第一座现代化桥梁的出现距今仅100多年历史,而且是由外国人建造的。从钱塘江大桥算起,中国人自己设计现代桥梁的历史还不足70年;从南京长江大桥算起,中国人自行设计建造大型桥梁的历史仅34年。而九十年代以来,中国桥梁的成就才使我们重新无愧于祖先地站到了世界前列,这是中国桥梁建设的伟大复兴时代。改革开放以来的20多年中,中国的桥梁建造技术取得了举世瞩目的成就,前十年为此做了经济上、技术上和人才上的准备,九十年代迎来了跨越式的发展。展望未来,随着中国经济的发展,一批更大的越江跨海工程的建设,中国桥梁将会创造更辉煌的成就。中华民族的伟大复兴,必将造就一代巨人去引领世界桥梁的未来。 1990年四川省在宜宾市建成的小南门桥,跨径达到240米,已是当时世界上中承式拱桥中跨径最大的一座。2001年11月7日,小南门大桥因吊杆锈蚀造成部分桥面跨塌,在修复过程中,技术人员对全桥进行了检测,大桥整体结构依然完好。小南门大桥所付出的代价是创新的代价,没有创新我们就不可能一睹1400年前的赵州桥。 1991年,四川省苍溪县建成了中国第一座钢管混凝土拱桥——旺苍大桥,跨径115米。在此之后的几年中,各地虽然兴建了不少钢管混凝土拱桥,但跨径始终在200米以下徘徊,直到1998年,广西壮族自治区建成了三岸邕江大桥,一举将此类桥梁的跨径提高到270米;1999年又建成了跨径220米的六景大桥。此后,在湖北、浙江和贵州等省,跨径在250米左右的钢管混凝土公路、铁路拱桥开始增多。 1995年贵州省瓮安县建成江界河大桥,首次突破了中国混凝土拱桥跨径 300米大关,达到330米,一举成为世界最大的桁式组合拱桥。不仅如此,其拱顶桥面至水面高度达263米,居中国各类桥梁之首。大桥一跨飞跃乌江天险,主孔分108个桁片预制,运用桁架伸臂法悬拼架设,两岸引孔为桁式刚构,全桥轻盈简洁,凌空飞渡,气势不凡。 1997年重庆万县长江大桥建成。大桥位于万州区(原万县市)黄牛孔处,是上海至成都高速公路跨越峡江天险的特大型拱桥。大桥一跨飞渡长江,全长 12米,主拱圈为钢管混凝土劲性骨架箱型混凝土结构,主跨420米,桥面宽24米,为双向四车道,是1995年贵州省瓮安县建成江界河大桥,首次突破了中国混凝土拱桥跨径 300米大关,达到330米,一举成为世界最大的桁式组合拱桥。不仅如此,其拱顶桥面至水面高度达263米,居中国各类桥梁之首。大桥一跨飞跃乌江天险,主孔分108个桁片预制,运用桁架伸臂法悬拼架设,两岸引孔为桁式刚构,全桥轻盈简洁,凌空飞渡,气势不凡。 华夏第一桥——江阴长江公路大桥,是我国“八五”规划的“两纵两横”国道主干线中沿海主骨架的跨江工程,是目前 中国第一、世界第四大跨径钢悬索桥。大桥由桥塔、主缆、锚旋和钢箱梁等主要部件组成。大桥全长3071 米,主跨1385米;桥面宽33.8米,双向六车道,设计车速100公里/小时;通航净空为50米,可通行五万 吨级巴拿马型散货轮。江阴长江公路大桥的两根主索,各长2400多米,直径近1米,每根重1.4万 多吨,主索用127根直径5.3毫米的钢丝搅成索,再由169股钢索组成主索。主桥每边有85个吊杆,每个吊杆2根,用以连结主索和桥面。 两岸索塔标高为196.236米,相当于65层搂高。北塔基长43.5米,宽73.5米,下有123根近90米长的基础桩。北锚的混凝土陈井平面长69米,宽51米(面积相当于一片足球场大)。沉入地面58米,被称为世界第一大沉井。江阴长江大桥于1994年11月22日正式开工,1999年10月1日胜利通车,名列“中国第一,世界第四”。 改革开放以来的20多年中,中国的桥梁建造技术取得了举世瞩目的成就,前十年为此做了经济上、技术上和人才上的准备,九十年代迎来了跨越式的发展。展望未来,随着中国经济的发展,一批更大的越江跨海工程的建设,中国桥梁将会创造更辉煌的成就。中华民族的伟大复兴,必将造就一代巨人去引领世界桥梁的未来。

金融学专科学生必读  撰写调查报告、毕业论文指南  集中实践环节教学工作是广播电视大学教学过程管理的重要环节。财经类集中实践性教学环节包括社会调查和毕业论文两项主要内容。集中实践环节不得免修。  财经系各个专业专科集中实践环节的指导工作现已开始,为落实人才培养模式改革的目标,确保该项工作有序、准时、高质、高效地完成,特编写《金融学专科学生撰写调查报告、毕业论文指南》材料,供学生认真学习,严格遵守。现将各环节具体要求规定如下:  调查报告  每位学生必须在撰写毕业论文前参加社会调查活动,并撰写出具有一定价值的社会调查报告。调查报告最好反映工作单位的情况(尚未工作的同学要以本地区企业为调查对象)。调查报告开头要介绍调查的时间、地点、调查的对象、调查的内容。正文用一级标题注明以下几部分:一、某单位的概况;二、经营管理特点;三、存在问题;四、思考与建议。  调查报告必须在3000字以上,交电子文档和打印材料各一份。  调查报告不准写成小论文,也不能写成报告文学、通讯报道。必须是一个金融机构的真实情况的反映,要用事实、数据说话。调查报告不需要目录、摘要、关键词、脚注、参考文献等。其打印格式与毕业论文的要求一致。  调查报告要在封面加盖被调查单位的公章(定稿后再盖章)。  写作提纲  写作提纲是学生在正式开始写作论文之前提交给论文指导教师的一份关于选题理由、文章结构及实例分析、个人见解的报告。要用一级标题注明四个部分的内容。具体要求如下:  一、选题理由部分,要介绍自己的学习、工作经历与背景;说明该选题的意义、研究价值、实际作用 等等。  二、文章结构部分,要求学生写清楚整个论文的基本观点,这些观点必须逻辑清楚、合理。学生结合自己的基本观点写清楚整个论文的结构。这是学生向指导教师说明自己如何论证观点的一个部分。例如学生要写清楚整篇文章包含那几个部分,第一部分写什么,其中包括几个小部分,每个小部分写什么等等,以此类推。  三、实例分析部分,要以本地区实例为主。这一部分非常重要,体现同学分析问题解决问题的能力。  四、个人见解部分,是对文章的总结。  写作提纲的字数在500字以上。文字方面要求语言流畅、思路清晰,说清楚自己的观点。  毕业论文  (一)毕业论文选题、内容与字数方面的要求  1.撰写毕业论文要避免选择已经完全得到解决的常识性问题作为论题。论文选题必须是本专业方面的研究题目,必须有明确的研究方向(不能是调查报告、工作研究、工作总结)。  2.毕业论文应做到观点新颖明确、材料详实有力、结构完整严谨、语言通顺、格式规范。毕业论文应由学生本人在指导教师的指导下独立完成,杜绝一切抄袭、剽窃行为。  3.专科论文字数在4000字以上。  (二)关于论文的修改与定稿  1.毕业论文初稿要认真修改。  2.论文的最后定稿应是封面填写准确、装订规范(论文夹、封面、写作提纲、目录、摘要、关键词、正文、参考文献八项)、字体符合要求的文章。  (三)相关记录表格的填写  与论文指导、答辩相关的表格(包括论文指导记录表、答辩情况记录等),应填写清楚、不得空项。  交第一稿之前学生要在班主任处领取论文夹。按指导记录得要求进行修改,每次交稿时应带前次指导记录。  (四)、论文用纸、装订、打印份数与字体要求  1.论文用张一律为A4纸,左侧装订。  2.定稿后文字稿一式3份。  3.字体要求  (1)封面  主标题(3#字黑体,粗体,居中);副标题(4#字黑体,居中)  封面学生姓名等内容居中,文字楷体小四号字加粗,详细内容见附表。  (2)写作提纲  主标题(3#字黑体,粗体,居中);副标题(4#字黑体,居中)  内容宋体小4#字  (2)论文目录  目 录  摘要 、关键词 …………… 1  正文 [目录要深入到二级标题层次] …………… 2  参考文献 …………… 10  (3)论文正文  主标题3#字黑体,粗体,居中 副标题4#字黑体,居中  署名(楷体小4#字)(之后空一行)  〖摘要〗:概括论文主要观点,200字以上,楷体五号字。  〖关键词〗:(3—5个,楷体五号字)(之后空二行)  论文正文(论文内各标题4#黑体,其他宋体小4#字)(之后空几行)  参考文献:(不得少于3篇,宋体小5#字,要注明何人所著何时何社出版)  四、进度安排   2006年3月15日前交第一稿(交调查报告和论文。论文包括论文夹、封面、写作提纲、目录、摘要、关键词、正文、参考文献八项)。3月31日为第一稿的最后截止日期。此后不再接收04秋金融学专科学生论文的第一稿。   2006年3月15日-5月20 日为论文指导过程,师生之间要进行3次以上的面对面的交流与指导。直至论文达到前述要求。   2006年5月31日前学生要在完成论文修改之后将规定的资料交给指导教师(包括:调查报告和论文。论文包括论文夹、封面、开题报告、目录、摘要、关键词、正文、参考文献八项)。   2006年6-7月为专科科论文答辩时间。每位学生必须参加毕业答辩。毕业答辩的具体时间另行通知。  大连电大财经系  2005年12月  附:论文、调查报告封面样本  利率市场化后企业投融资策略的调整  学生姓名:  学 号:  入学时间: 年 季  专 业:  直属/分校:  指导教师:  大连广播电视大学  2006年5月

建筑工程论文3000字英文版高中

摘要:结合实际工程,笔者就建设工程全过程质量管理这一话题,谈了自己的一些看法和建议,在具体工程实际操作中,具有一定的指导价值,可供参考。/html/Constructs/20091126/html

Along with the our country economic development rapid development, the lives of the people level unceasing enhancement, the city uses to be day by day anxious, urges the building to face the direction is This kind of high level civil construction repair needed materials and the way also more hasten the diversification, and along with uses electricity the load and coal gas consumption quantity enlarging, proposed to the fire auto-alarm system design is higher, a stricter In order to guarantee the people life and property the security, the fire auto-alarm system design has become in the high level civil construction design one of most important design Presently based on the author fire of auto-alarm system design overseeing work in the high level civil building experience, proposed in present national related standard and standard unclear true detail shallow opinion, by for the colleagues to discuss and to point out First, design basis The fire auto-alarm system design is a specialized very strong technology work, at the same time also has the very strong policy- Therefore, first should be clear about the following design basis: 1st, must grasp the architectural design fire protection standard, the system design standard, the equipment manufacture standard, the installment construction approval standard and the administration laws and regulations and so on five big aspects fire laws and regulations, and in practical understanding present country related standard and standard positive word: "Must", "be supposed", "to be suitable", "may" and the reverse side word: "Strictly prohibits", "should not", "not have", "not to be suitable" the 2nd, must aim at high level civil building function, use and the protection object fire protection rank, earnestly carries out the present national related standard and the standard, earnestly treats the public security fire prevention surveillance department the examination and approval Second, fire auto-alarm system equipment establishmentFire detector establishmentOpens wide either the seal or the stair hall should alone divide the search coverage, and each 2 ~ 3 establish a fire The first room (including guards against in front of smoke stair hall in front of room, fire elevator room, fire elevator with guards against the front room which smoke stair hall comes in handy) and the aisle should distinguish alone to divide the search coverage, specially front the room and the lift well, the scattered stair hall and the aisle are interlinked, has time the fire haze to be easier to gather or to flow, is the personnel disperses which saves goal with the fire prevention, therefore should install the fire Regarding common elevator in front of room although is not the personnel disperses , but this front room and the lift well are interlinked, has time the fire haze to be also easy to gather or to flow, suitably alone divides the search coverage and installs the fire The electric cable shaft therefore is easy to form pulls out the smoke inflammation the channel; Has when the fire the fire intensity not easily extends along the electric cable burns, for this, "the high level civil construction design fire protection standard" and "the civil construction electricity design standard" separately proposes the detailed specific stipulation in the construction and in the electric wire or on the electric cable But considered implements specifically the difficulty and the present situation, the electric cable shaft installs the fire detector is extremely essential, and coordinates the shaft the fire protection separation request, each 2 ~ 3 or each level The elevator machine room should install the fire detector, its elevator is the important vertical transportation vehicle; Its two elevator machine room has has the fire risk; Its three lift well existence essential opens the hole, like the level gate opens between the hole, the air vent, the between permanence opens the hole with the elevator machine room or the pulley and so on; Its four when has the fire, the lift well often becomes the fire intensity spread the channel, is easy to threaten the elevator machine room the Therefore, the elevator machine room establishes the fire detector is necessary, crown of also suitable establishment fire detector lift 2nd, the manual fire reports to the police the button establishment(Including guards against in front of smoke stair hall in view of various floors front room in front of room, fire elevator room, fire elevator with guards against which smoke stair hall to come in handy the front room) is has when the fire the personnel to disperse which saves goal with fire prevention, should report to the police the button first choice spot as the establishment manual In addition, the room also should establish the manual fire to the common elevator in front of to report to the police the In the public active place (including hall, hall, dining room, multi-purpose hall and so on) and the main thoroughfare and so on place, the personnel very is all centralized, and mainly disperses the Therefore should report to the police the button in these public active places main access establishment manual fires; The manual fire establishes which in the main thoroughfare reports to the police the button to guarantee "to a manual fire which most is close to reports to the police the button distance from a fire protection district any position not to be supposed to be bigger than 30 meters"3rd, the fire emergency broadcasts the speaker the establishmentThe aisle, the hall, the dining room and so on the public place personnel very are all centralized, and mainly disperses the Therefore should press in these public places "to a recent speaker distance is not bigger than 25 meters from a fire protection district any spot" and "in the aisle last should not be bigger than 5 meters the speaker to the aisle terminal distance" the establishment fire emergency to broadcast the speaker; Next also should establish the fire in the public bathroom place emergency to broadcast the The first room (including guards against in front of smoke stair hall in front of room, fire elevator room, fire elevator with guards against which smoke stair hall to come in handy the front room) is has when the fire the personnel to disperse which saves goal with fire prevention, also has the fire door separation and the sounds of people is confused and noisy, therefore should establish the fire emergency to broadcast the In front of the common elevator the room also should establish the fire emergency to broadcast the Disperses the stair hall also is has when the fire the personnel to disperse which saves goal with the fire prevention, also the sounds of people are confused and noisy, therefore should establish the fire emergency to broadcast the speaker, by favors the fire emergency broadcast to disperse the 4th, fire alarm installment establishmentThe establishment fire emergency broadcast fire auto-alarm system, the author thought also should install the fire alarm installment, but its control procedure should be: The alarm apparatus should confirm after the fire, uses manual or the automatic control mode unification to the fire correlation region transmission warning, stops the alarm apparatus work in the stipulation time, the rapid linkage fire emergency broadcast and broadcasts to the people disperses the The fire alarm installment establishment position, the author thought should report to the police the button position with the manual fire to be same, its wall surface installment should for be apart from the ground 8 meters highly5th, fire special use telephone establishmentInstalls the fire special use telephone extension telephone, should be located the engine room which related also some people is on duty frequently with the fire linkage control (including fire water plant, spare electricity generation engine room, matches substation, mainly ventilates with air conditioning engine room, discharges fume engine room, fire prevention elevator machine room and other), the fire fighting control system operates the equipment place or the control room, the fire duty officers observation room, the security manages spot and so on public Sedan of theater box the fire elevator and in the ordinary elevator all should suppose the special use telephone, requests the elevator machine room and the elevator sedan theater box, the elevator machine room and the fire control room, the elevator sedan theater box and the fire control room and so on three compositions is reliable to speaks the correspondence telephone Usually in fire control room; The establishment elevator monitoring demonstration plate (including position indicator, direction indicating lamp, to speaks correspondence telephone, trouble lamp and so on), in order to carries on the necessity to the elevator running status which in the surveillance and the emergency case Is equipped with the manual fire to report to the police position and so on button, fire hydrant button also should install the fire special use telephone Third, fire linkage control 1st, the fire linkage control should include the control fire pump to open, to stop, also should demonstrate opens pumps the button the position and the fire pump work and the When the fire hydrant is equipped with the fire hydrant button, its electric installation work spot also should demonstrate the fire pump the working mode active status (namely establishment fire pump work indicating lamp) 2nd, the fire linkage control should include the control spraying of water and the water atomization fire fighting system opens, stops, also should demonstrate the fire pump the work and the malfunction and the fluent display, reports to the police the valve, the safety signal valve working mode active In addition, to the basin, the water tank water level also should carry on the demonstration monitor; In order to prevent the overhaul signal valve is shut down, the author thought should use the belt electric signal the control signal valve by to demonstrate it opens the 3rd, the fire linkage control other controls and the demonstration function, should carry out the present national related standard and the standard specific Fourth, fire auto-alarm system wiringIn order to prevent the fire occurs when the fire control, the correspondence and the warning line severance, causes the fire fighting work to be unable to carry on, creates the bigger economic loss; Also for the suppression electronmagetic interference (for example transformer, electric motor, electric cable and so on) the influence which produces to the fire auto-alarm The fire auto-alarm system transmission line and the fire control, the correspondence and the warning line should use the being flame-resistant electric cable, and should use the metal tube or the enclosed metal trunking The fire manual positive governing installment line should use the fireproof electric cable, its electric cable also should use the metal tube or the enclosed metal trunking Uses Ming Fushi, should takes the fire protection protective measures on the metal tube or the enclosed metal Fifth, concluding remarkThe author rests on the concrete project to implement the experience, elaborated the design basis, fire auto-alarm design actual problem and so on system equipment establishment, fire linkage control and its wiring pulls out some shallow opinions, its goal is enhances the fire auto-alarm system the design quality, discovered early and the notification fire, prevented and reduces the fire to harm, by protects the person and the property 随着我国经济发展快速发展,人民生活的水平不断提高,城市使用是每天着急,敦促建设面临着发展的方向。这种高层次的民间建筑维修所需的材料和方式也更加多样化加快,而且随着使用电力负荷和煤气消费量扩大,提议消防自动报警系统设计较高,更严格的要求。为了保证人民生命和财产的安全,消防自动报警系统的设计已经成为在高级别民间建筑设计的一个最重要的设计内容。目前的基础上撰文火灾自动报警系统设计监督工作的高层次的民间建设的经验,建议在目前国家相关标准和标准不清楚真正详细浅见解,为同事们的讨论,并指出错误。 首先,设计依据 火灾自动报警系统的设计是一家专业非常强的技术工作,同时还具有很强的政策性。因此,首先应明确以下设计依据: 第一,必须紧紧抓住的建筑设计防火标准,该系统的设计标准,标准的设备制造,安装施工审批标准和管理的法律和规章等五大方面的消防法律法规,并在实际了解国家有关本标准和标准积极字: “必须” , “必须假定” , “不适合” , “可能”和反面词: “严格禁止” , “不应该” , “没有” , “不适合“的含义。 第二,必须着眼于高层次的民间建筑的功能,利用和保护对象的防火等级,认真开展本标准和国家有关标准,认真对待公安防火监督部门的审批意见。 其次,火灾自动报警系统设备的建立 建立火灾探测器 要么全打开的印章或楼梯大厅应单独划分搜索范围,每个2 〜 3建立火灾探测器。 第一个房间(包括防前面的烟雾大厅楼梯前室,消防电梯间,消防电梯防前面房间烟雾楼梯大会堂来用场)和过道应区分单独划分搜索范围,特别是前面的房间,以及电梯,分散楼梯大厅和走道都是相互关联的,有时间的火灾烟雾比较容易收集或流动,是人员分散保存目标与防火,因此,应该安装火警探测器。关于共同电梯前室虽然不是人员分散,而且这方面的空间和良好的电梯是相互关联的,有时间的火灾烟雾也很容易被收集或流动,适当地划分为单独的搜索覆盖面和安装消防探测器。 电缆轴因此很容易形成掏出烟炎症渠道,拥有火灾时的火强度不容易延伸沿电缆燃烧,为此, “高级别民间建筑设计防火标准”和“民用建筑电气设计标准“分别提出了详细具体的规定,在建筑和在电线或电缆塑造。但认为具体实施的难度和目前的情况下,电缆竖井安装了火灾探测器是非常必要的,坐标轴的防火分隔要求,每2 〜 3或每一级安装。 电梯机房应安装火灾探测器,它的电梯是重要的垂直交通工具,其两个电梯机房已具有火灾危险性,其存在的三个基本解除以及打开洞,像打开闸门的水平之间的球洞,在气孔,持久的关系打开了洞与电梯机房或滑轮等,其时,有四个火,升降机以及往往成为火灾强度传播渠道,很容易危及电梯机房设施。因此,电梯机房建立了火灾探测器是必要的,也适用于皇冠建立火灾探测器举井。 2 ,手动火警报警按钮建立 (包括防前面的烟雾楼梯大厅鉴于各层前房间前面的房间,消防电梯间,消防电梯防这些烟雾楼梯大会堂派上用场前室)是有火灾时人员驱散节省目标,防火,应立即向警方举报的按钮,首选地点设立手动火警。此外,该室也应建立防火手册的共同电梯前,向警方报案的按钮。 在公共活动场所(包括会堂,礼堂,餐厅,多功能厅等)和主要通道等场所,是所有工作人员非常集中,主要是分散的渠道。因此,应立即向警方举报的按钮,在这些公共活动场所主要通道设立手册火灾;该手册规定的火灾中的主要通道报警按钮,以保证“ ,以手动火警最接近报警按钮距离防火区的任何位置不应该超过30米。 “ 第三,消防紧急广播喇叭建立 走道,大厅,餐厅等公共场所的工作人员都非常集中,主要是分散的渠道。因此,应该按这些公共场所的“最近的一项发言距离不超过25米的防火保护区的任何位置”和“在走道上不应大于十二点五米扬声器的过道末端距离”建立消防应急广播喇叭;下一步还应当建立消防在公共浴室的地方紧急广播喇叭。 第一个房间(包括防前面的烟雾大厅楼梯前室,消防电梯间,消防电梯防这些烟雾楼梯大会堂派上用场前室)是有火灾时的人员驱散节省目标与防火,也有分离和防火门的声音,人民的混乱和嘈杂,因此,应建立消防应急广播喇叭。在前面的共同电梯房也应建立消防应急广播喇叭。分散大厅楼梯也已经火灾时的人员驱散节省目标与防火,也是人民的声音和嘈杂的混淆,因此应建立消防应急广播喇叭,由主张消防紧急广播驱散指令。 第四,建立火灾报警装置 建立消防应急广播火灾自动报警系统,笔者认为还应该安装消防报警装置,但它的控制程序应该是:该报警器应确认火灾后,利用手动或自动控制模式统一消防相关区域传输预警,报警器停止工作时间的规定,迅速联系消防应急广播和电视节目,并且分散了人们的指示。 火警警报装置建立的立场,笔者认为应该向警方报案的按钮位置的手动火警是相同的,它的墙面安装应为距地面8米高度 第五,消防专用电话设立 安装消防专用电话分机电话,应设机房其中也涉及一些人是在工作地点经常与消防联动控制(包括消防给水设备,备件发电机房,火柴变电站,主要ventilates空调引擎室,排放烟气轮机室,防火电梯机房及其他) ,消防控制系统的经营场所或设备的控制室,消防责任人员观察室,现场的安全管理等公共空间。轿车的影院中消防电梯和普通电梯应假设所有使用的特殊电话,请电梯机房和电梯轿车影院中,电梯机房及消防控制室,电梯轿车影院方块和消防控制室等三个成分是可靠的讲通信电话系统。通常在消防控制室;建立电梯监测演示板(包括位置指示器,显示方向灯,以讲信函电话,麻烦灯等) ,以进行必要的电梯在运行状态的监视和紧急情况下的控制。 配备了手动火警报警位置等按钮,消火栓按钮,还应该安装消防专用电话插座。 第三,消防联动控制 第一,消防联动控制应包括控制消防泵开启,停止,也应表现出的按钮,打开泵的位置和消防泵的工作和故障。当消火栓设有消火栓按钮时,其电气安装工程现场也应表现出的消防泵的工作模式有效状态(即建立消防泵工作表明灯) 。 第二,消防联动控制应包括控制喷洒水和水雾化灭火系统打开,停止,也应表现出的消防泵的工作和故障和流利显示,报警阀,安全信号阀工作模式积极的地位。此外,该盆地,水箱水位也应进行示范监测;为了防止检修信号阀关闭,作者认为应该使用带电信号控制信号阀证明它打开条件。 第三,消防联动控制其他控制和示范作用,应进行本标准和国家有关标准的具体规定。 第四,火灾自动报警系统布线 为了防止火灾发生时,消防控制,通信和警戒线遣散,使灭火工作无法进行,造成了更大的经济损失,也为抑制electronmagetic干扰(例如变压器,电电机,电缆等)的影响而产生的火灾自动报警系统。火灾自动报警系统的输电线路和消防控制,通信和预警线应使用被阻燃电缆,并应使用金属管或封闭式金属线槽保护。消防手册积极理事分期付款行应使用防火电缆,其电缆也应使用金属管或封闭式金属线槽保护。使用明复,应采取防火保护措施的金属管或封闭金属Fifth ,结论备注 作者取决于具体的项目实施经验,阐述了设计依据,火灾自动报警设计和实际问题,以便建立系统设备,消防联动控制及其接线拿出一些肤浅的意见,其目的是增强了火灾自动报警系统的设计质量,早期发现,并通知消防,预防和减少火灾危害,通过保护个人和财产安全。

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