远大前程论文英文文献

《远大前程》又译《孤星血泪》，作者透过剧中孤儿的跌宕起落，表达他对生命和人性的看法。下面我为大家带来远大前程英文经典段落，欢迎大家阅读!远大前程英文经典段落1 He was a secret-looking man whom I had never seen before. His head was all on one side, and one of his eyes was half shut up, as if he were taking aim at something with an invisible gun. He had a pipe in his mouth, and he took it out, and, after slowly blowing all his smoke away and looking hard at me all the time, nodded. So, I nodded, and then he nodded again, and made room on the settle beside him that I might sit down there. 远大前程英文经典段落2 However, go to Miss Havisham's I must, and go I did. And behold! nothing came of the late struggle. It was not alluded to in any way, and no pale young gentleman was to be discovered on the premises. I found the same gate open, and I explored the garden, and even looked in at the windows of the detached house; but, my view was suddenly stopped by the closed shutters within, and all was lifeless. Only in the corner where the combat had taken place, could I detect any evidence of the young gentleman's existence. There were traces of his gore in that spot, and I covered them with garden-mould from the eye of man. 远大前程英文经典段落3 For such reasons I was very glad when ten o'clock came and we started for Miss Havisham's; though I was not at all at my ease regarding the manner in which I should acquit myself under that lady's roof. Within a quarter of an hour we came to Miss Havisham's house, which was of old brick, and dismal, and had a great many iron bars to it. Some of the windows had been walled up; of those that remained, all the lower were rustily barred. There was a court-yard in front, and that was barred; so, we had to wait, after ringing the bell, until some one should come to open it. While we waited at the gate, I peeped in (even then Mr Pumblechook said, `And fourteen?' but I pretended not to hear him), and saw that at the side of house there was a large brewery. No brewing was going on in it, and none seemed to have gone on for a long long time. 远大前程英文经典段落4 AT the time when I stood in the churchyard, reading the family tombstones, I had just enough learning to be able to spell them out. My construction even of their simple meaning was not very correct, for I read `wife of the Above' as a complimentary reference to my father's exaltation to a better world; and if any one of my deceased relations had been referred to as `Below,' I have no doubt I should have formed the worst opinions of that member of the family. Neither, were my notions of the theological positions to which my Catechism bound me, at all accurate; for, I have a lively remembrance that I supposed my declaration that I was to `walk in the same all the days of my life,' laid me under an obligation always to go through the village from our house in one particular direction, and never to vary it by turning down by the wheelwright's or up by the mill. 远大前程英文经典段落5 As the night was fast falling, and as the moon, being past the full, would not rise early,we held a little council: a short one, for clearly our course was to lie by at the first lonely tavern we could find. So, they plied their oars once more, and I looked out for anything like a house. Thus we held on, speaking little, for four or five dull miles. It was very cold, and, a collier coming by us, with her gallery-fire smoking and flaring, looked like a comfortable home. The night was as dark by this time as it would be until morning; and what light we had, seemed to come more from the river than the sky, as the oars in their dipping stuck at a few reflected stars. 天黑得很快，偏巧这天又是下弦月，月亮不会很早升起。我们就稍稍商量了一下，可是也用不着多讨论，因为情况是明摆着的，再划下去我们一遇到冷落的酒店就得投宿。于是他们又使劲打起桨来，我则用心寻找岸上是否隐隐约约有什么房屋的模样。这样又赶了四五英里路，一路上好不气闷，大家简直不说一句话。天气非常冷，一艘煤船从我们近旁驶过，船上厨房里生着火，炊烟缕缕，火光荧荧，在我们看来简直就是个安乐家了。这时夜已透黑，看来就要这样一直黑到天明，我们仅有的一点光亮似乎不是来自天空，而是来自河上，一浆又一浆的，搅动着那寥寥几颗倒映在水里的寒星。猜你喜欢： 1. 经典英语优美段落 2. 英语优美段落欣赏 3. 经典英语段落摘抄 4. 英语优美段落摘抄

中文摘要《远大前程》是英国作家狄更斯的代表作之一。自从出版以来，它吸引了众多文学评论家的注意。本论文是首次运用苏联文艺理论家巴赫金的狂欢化理论来对《远大前程》进行分析。本论文讨论了狂欢节的笑及其在这部小说中所采取的幽默，讽刺及其它弱化了的形式。《远大前程》的主人公匹普被认为是狂欢节之王。他的加冕和脱冕过程表现了巴赫金所说的令人发笑的相对性。狂欢节之宴和具有象征意义的火在狂欢节之王的加冕和脱冕中具有重要的作用。在巴赫金的荒唐现实概念的基础上，本论文把这部小说中的人物当作狂欢节的群体来对他们特殊的语言和行为来进行分析。同时这部小说中又有狂欢化地狱的描述。所有这些都表明这部小说表现了狂欢化理论的基本方面。因此，《远大前程》是一部狂欢化了的小说。外文摘要 Great Expectations is one of the representative works of Charles Dickens". Since its publication, it has attracted the attention of the critic circle. This thesis is the first academic attempt to apply the carnival theory to the analysis of Dickens" Great Expectations. The theory is raised by the Russian scholar Mikhail Bakhtin. Several key terms of the theory are discussed and used in my study of Great Expectations. Carnival laughter is explored in this novel, which takes the muffled form---humor, satire and irony. The hero Pip of Great Expectations is regarded as the carnival king in the light of carnivalization. Through Pip"s crowning and decrowning, Bakhtin"s notion of joyful relativity is expressed. The carnival feast and the symbol fire play a very important part in his crowning and decrowning. The characters in this novel are discussed as carnival collective on the basis of the conception of grotesque realism. The language of these characters is distinctive which is called "billingsgate language" in Bakhtin"s term. Also the novel is not devoid of the atmosphere of carnival hell. All these indicate that the key aspects of the carnival theory are demonstrated in Great Expectations. This leads to my conclusion that it is a carnivalized novel.

远大前程论文英文

【篇一】远大前程英语读后感 Great Expectations has been considered to be one of Charles Dickens’ most mature and relatively late works. Having experienced a wealth of human life, Dickens got a profound understanding of human-being, the surrounding environment and his life experiences while all his mature thinking and understanding were summarized into the book Great Expectations. The original meaning of the work’s title in fact is a heritage, but when it was translated into Chinese it gave me an impression that the title shows the hero of the story had Great Expectations. However, reading over the book I realized that this Great Expectations takes an ironic bandit should be said that the theme of this work not only told the story of orphan Pip who wanted to be the ideal first-class disillusionment. If one does think so, he holds a wrong understanding of the great significance why Dickens creative the work. The hero Pip lived with his sister’s family. Though their life was hard, Pip didn’t wish to be a first-class person his vision was to be a blacksmith like his brother-in-law, his sister’s husband. The reason why he changed his mind and was eager to be a first-class person later was the changing of environmenthe met Miss Harvisham, Estella and some other complex people. As we know one of Dickens's philosophy thoughts is environment takes a deep impact to humans’ ideological and the story expresses his view that different environment creates different people. In short, I think the work was not arbitrarily written, but was based on the 10 works before aggregating Dickens’ thoughts. What is more, Dickens had put his outlook on life, his views of philosophy and ethics into the great creation. 【篇二】远大前程读后感英文版 With so many famous masterpieces on the booklist, it is really a pretty hard job to choose one to read first. After much hesitation and deeply thought, I finally decided to borrow Great Expectations from the small library. Great Expectations is about love, family, and rejection as Pip and Miss Havisham have both been rejected in certain ways. Pip is a boy around 13 years old, easy to fright, and goes through his life suffering lots of sadness. He is in love with a girl named Estella and wants her to find his love, but for him being shy and not showing himself to her, it makes it very hard for him. Great Expectations was the penultimate novel completed by the most popular novelist of Victorian England, Charles Dickens. Born in Kent, England, in 1812 to a family of modest means but great pretensions, Dickens’s early life was marked by both humiliation and ambition. Dickens never forgot the period of financial crisis during his childhood, when following his father’s bankruptcy, he was taken out of school and forced to work in a shoepolish warehouse. Pip meets an escaped convict, Magwitch, and gives him food, in an encounter that is to haunt both their lives. When Pip receives riches from a mysterious benefactor he snobbishly abandons his friends for London society and hisgreat expectations。 I set up my mind to select it for the reason that I have read a brief introduction of this masterpiece in my high school English textbook before. In addition, a Tale of Two Cities which is also written by Charles Dickens, the outstanding and special English writer, left me a wonderful and deep impression, when I finished reading the marvelous story. Of course, Great Expectations didn’t let me down, either. What’s more, the whole structure of the novel is well and elaborately designed. The plot is extremely attractive and full of unexpected twists. Quite a few characters have a distinguishable personality. Moreover, those words and sentences are so beautiful and meaningful that I even took them down carefully in my notebook. By reading them no less than three times, I have learned not only some new phrases and sentences, but also a philosophy of life. Among the characters, which impressed me most are not Pip and Estella who should be regarded as the leading roles, but Joe and Magwitch. I feel awfully sorry that I was not brave enough to read the original edition that is as thick as a brick. Otherwise, I may appreciate Joe and Magwitch more. Yes, they are not the main characters in the novel. However, what they said and what they did deeply touched me. It’s interesting, isn’t it? They are quite the opposite guys. One is a totally good man without the least bit of wickedness while the other is a prisoner who is believed to have committed every evil. I believe that everyone who reads the book is to like Joe. When he talked about his heavy drinking father who hit him a lot, he said he had a lot of love. Faced with his rude wife, he would rather seem a bit weak or foolish than stand up to her and fight for himself. Knowing peacockish Pip was ashamed of his uneducated manners, he left sadly and quietly. The world rushes on over the strings of the lingering heart making the music of sadness. But when he was informed of Pip’s illness, he immediately came to take good care of Pip. He is always contributing everything and requiring nothing. Such a man is Joe, kind, tolerant and selfless. Nothing is so mild and gentle as courage, nothing so cruel and pitiless as cowardice, says a wise author. However, why do I appreciate Magwitch, the bad guy? You may wonder. Indeed, Magwitch did a lot of evil things when he was young. But how can you be unmoved when you get to know that the old man kept himself going just by thinking of the boy who once did him a small favor？ He lost his only daughter and Pip had no parents, so he considered himself as the boy’s second father, making up his mind to help his dear boy became a gentleman. He did every kind of job and led a hard life in Australia. At last he made a big fortune and promised himself that all the money would go to Pip. He could have led a better life in Australia ,but Ihe chose to go back to London .with the simple intention of seeing Pip, he went back at the risk of being hanged! whatever the fault he had from the start, remember, reader, he had a good heart. Joe used these words to describe his father. But I think these words can better describe Magwitch. He lived with the fear of death all his life. Who shuts love out, in turn shall be shut out from love. However, thankfully, because Pip finally realized his good heart, his ending was peaceful. Dickens has Pip as the writer and first person narrator of this account of his life's experiences, and the entire story is understood to have been written as a retrospective, rather than as a present tense narrative or a diary or journal. Still, though Pip knows how all the events in the story will turn out, he uses only very subtle foreshadowing so that we learn of events only when the Pip in the story does. Pip does, however, use the perspective of the bitter lessons he's learned to comment acidly on various actions and attitudes in his earlier life. I know how to fully understand this novel, twice is far from enough. Pip, Estella, Miss Havisham, Biddy even Mr Wemmick, every single character has a story that is well worth my attention. I love this novel so much that I am determined to read the original edition one day. Believe me. But before that day comes, I will see the movie Great Expectations first. Search for knowledge, read more, sit on your front porch and admire the view without paying attention to your needs.

《远大前程》英文读后感

当品味完一本著作后，大家心中一定是萌生了不少心得，现在就让我们写一篇走心的.读后感吧。那么如何写读后感才能更有感染力呢？下面是我为大家整理的《远大前程》英文读后感，仅供参考，希望能够帮助到大家。

In this summer holidays, I read a book called Great Expectations>, it was written by Charles Dickens, one of the most famous English writers. He wrote lots of wonderful novels. This book is one of his compositions.

People always like to compare with their friends. It is a big foible of all the people. If other people have a lot of money, we also want to be rich. If all the people around us are poor , we never mind that we are very poor, too. we will not ashamed because of our folly. This is a social problem.

If we never possess anything, we will not mind we lost some thing. Since we don’t want to be very rich ,we will not feel despond because poor.

The protagonist of this novel is Pip (Handel). His parents died when he was a baby. His sister had brought him up ‘by hand’. His sister married to Joe Gargery, the village blacksmith. They didn’t have much money, and Pip never went to school to study. But he was often very happy .Because all of his friends are like him. It isn’t very unfortunate to them, this is their lives. But by a chance, Pip helped a convict; he gave much food to him. Then he met Miss Havisham, a very strange old woman and she was very rich.

Four years later, Miss Havisham wants Pip to be removed from his home and educated as a gentleman who expects inherit a fortune when he grow up.

After hearing that . Pip started to despise his poor friends. He even feel ashamed because he live with the poor man . Pip’s ‘great expectations’ destroyed his life.

This novel told us that we cannot compare with others .Don’t feel envy at the others money. And if one day you be very rich , please don’t despise your poor friends.

中文摘要西方文学史当中，维多利亚时期被视为是一个重要的分水岭。在此之前，人类习惯用宗教的角度去看待世界，但十八世纪中开始，工业革命在西方展开，各种机器的发明使得当时科学极具的发达，科学带来的影响逐渐改变当时的人民，人类开始采用科学的角度去思考这个世界。达尔文(Charles Darwin)的两部作品，包括物种原始(Origin of Species)及人类原始及类择(The Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex)，当中进化论和物种原始的概念造成维多利亚时期社会的一片震撼。本文主要使用达尔文的两大概念—天择及性择—探讨狄更斯(Charles Dickens)的小说—远大期望(Great Expectations)。第一章主要介绍达尔文的进化论及其理论产生背景，其中包含天择(Natural Selection)及性择(Sexual Selection)，其中看出为求生存，生物会自行突变以适应环境的变化，第二章主要针对天择的概念探讨狄更斯之小说，透过物竞天择、均变论(Uniformitarianism)及巨变论(Catastrophism)的对照、达尔文对演化概念及唯物论(Materialism)的诠释、推论出外在环境对生物的影响。第三章则是针对性择的概念探讨书中女性与男性角色之互动，透过无性生殖(Parthenogenetic Reproduction)、母性本能(Maternal Instinct)及男性竞争天性(Male Competitive Tendency)的概念，探讨达尔文及狄更斯作品所中隐含之性别意识。英文摘要The Victorian period can be regarded as a watershed of the history of literature. Before the Victorian period, people tended to see the world from a religious point of view. Because of the improvement of science, Victorians began to change their attitudes and started to consider things from a scientific perspective. Charles Darwin, the author of The Origin of Species and The Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex, introduced evolutionary theory and created a heated dispute that has lasted, to some degree, even until today. This thesis applies Darwin’s two ideas— natural selection and sexual selection— to investigate into Charles Dickens’s Great Expectations. The introduction briefly discusses Darwin’s evolutionary theories and their application in Dickens’s Great Expectations. The first chapter investigates natural selection and sexual selection with more specifics. Simply put, for example, organic beings evolve in order to adapt to the environment. Male of all species try to seduce females in order to propagate. The second chapter deals with the difference between uniformitarianism and catastrophism, and how Darwin challenges the idea of “progress” and how natural selection applies to the notion of materialism. In addition, recalling Darwin’s observation that organic beings would change themselves due to the pressure of survival, readers of Dickens’s novels see how environmental changes bring effects upon characters. The third chapter concentrates on Darwin’s sexual selection, including the contrast between parthenogenetic reproduction and sexual selection, female supremacy in the animal world and male dominance in the human society, as well as female’s maternal instincts and male’s competitive tendencies. Finally, I conclude with the gendered ideology that both Darwin and Dickens reveal in their works. In conclusion, approaching Dickens’s novel from the perspective of Darwin’s evolutionary theories, we see how Victorian literature and science merged together.我只知道这些！不能抄我回答！

远大前程英文论文

学术堂整理了十五个好写的英语论文题目，供大家进行参考：1. 试论简奥斯汀生活对其小说的影响 (On the Impact of Jane Austen’s Life on Her Novels)2. “真实的诺言”与传统文化的碰撞——简析“真人秀”的实质和本地化过程 (When True Lies Challenge Tradition—An Analysis of the Reality and Localization of Reality TV)3. 从台湾问题看中美关系 (The Sino-US Relation—The Taiwan Issue)4.《傲慢与偏见》的生命力 (The Great Vitality of Pride and Prejudice)5. 平凡中的不平凡——《傲慢与偏见》(Significance in Commonplace—Pride and Prejudice)6. 萨皮尔沃夫理论 (Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis)7. 论格里高尔的悲剧 (An Analysis of Gregor’s Tragedy)8. 对大学生心理健康问题予更多关注 (More Attention to the Psychological Health of College Students)9. 文体学: 语言学习的科学 (Stylistics: A Scientific Approach)10. 佛教在西方 (Buddhism in the West)11. 非语言交际 (Nonverbal Communication)12. 国际反恐 (International Anti-Terrorism)13. 全球资金市场近期特征与走向 (The Character and Tendency of Global Capital Market in Recent Decades)14. 从《老人与海》中桑堤亚哥的性格可知——人是打不败的 (A Man Cannot Be Defeated—From the Character of Santiago in The Old Man and the Sea)15. 南方的失落 (The Loss of the South)

[1]An analysis of female character Miss Havisham in Great Expectations JOURNAL OF CHENGDU UNIVERSITY OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY 第22 卷 2007 年8 月作者：Tang Wangxia&Xie Benyu p:133-188[2Symons, J. (1974). Introduction to great expectations. London: Pan Books Ltd.[3]Zhang, D., & Wu, G. (2002). A New Concise History of English Literature. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education.

远大前程论文文献综述

米莉个性孤独倔强，落落寡合，但她始终生热爱自然，苦恋故乡约克郡的荒原。她的小说和诗歌作品都充满了对大自然细致入神的描写。尤其在《呼啸山庄》中，旷野、神秘的的自然环境与凯瑟琳和希斯克厉夫这对旷世情侣的性格释放和人生故事水乳交融，相得益彰：极度的爱与极度的恨在在这个封闭的小宇宙中，戏剧化地获得一种神秘而又崇高的艺术气质。如此孤傲、叛逆又热情如火的灵魂，除了在这魔幻般的荒原上，还能在哪里生存呢？1神秘的原野评论家阿诺凯特尔（Arnold Kettle）认为这部小说“对自然，荒野与暴风雨，星辰与季节的有力召唤是启示生活本身真正的运动的一个重要部分” 。故事背景具有哥特式神秘、超自然的气氛，而几乎所有的人物都被置于各种悖论关系所产生的危境中，弥漫着悬念，不断累积和爆发着能量。在这个前工业时期的约克郡荒原上，没有文明城市的状貌描画，没有繁华时尚的情趣点缀。只有阴郁荒凉的原野，四季不断的风、孤独的山庄，倾斜的树木、嶙峋的岩石，纷繁五彩的世界被过滤成为一个单纯的的黑白底色的梦境。这梦魇般的夸张氛围中才能生发出非理性的人生价值和超越现实的精神追求。雨雪、风暴、黑夜是这荒凉原野的主要基调，野性的自然与激荡的精神一样，深不可测，令人生畏。这神秘漠然的荒野就是凯瑟琳和希斯克厉夫永远的精神之源，孕育滋养着他们孤傲不羁的灵魂、痴顽的爱情迷恋和对抗现实的疯狂。这荒原，是艾米莉终生不能离弃的故乡，是她艺术创作的素材宝库，也是她强烈个性发展的土壤。勃朗特一家的牧师住宅位于哈沃斯的城镇与荒野之间。西边的旷野是勃朗特姐妹经常散步的地方，艾米莉的气质深受旷野气氛的感染。夏洛蒂在1850年给《呼啸山庄》作序时说：“《呼啸山庄》从头到尾是乡土气息的。它带着荒原色彩，野性，像根一样虬结多枝。它也合乎自然的，不会是另一个样子，因为作者本人就是荒原上土生土长的人，荒原哺育长大的孩子。”艾米莉对原野的热爱是她人生经历的客观结果，也是她率真单纯个性的主观选择。在《呼啸山庄》中，荒野的浓重意象又是她表达混沌而强大的无意识的绝佳载体，是她展现本我精神层面故事的完美背景。荒野赋予了艾米莉独特的诗情，而她绝没有像夏洛特所惋惜感叹的那样是在一本困难的书上浪费了自己的才能，她以惊鸿一瞥的天赋给了这粗莽的旷野以永恒的生命。

我是个初中生，自己读过，希望对你有帮助，感受了这些主人公匹普是个孤儿，与脾气火爆的姐姐和善良的姐夫一同生活。匹普在儿时救过一个逃犯（影响后文）。他本来应与姐夫学打铁，可悲心理变态的寡妇郝微香看中，被叫去她的庄园服侍她，并在那遇见了清高孤傲，“心理很邪恶”但美貌绝伦的艾斯黛拉。（与白面少年赫伯尔特，影响后文）她迷住了匹普同时也无尽的羞辱匹普。她使匹普开始烦他的姐夫，烦他的出身。他想成为上等人！他去学校学习，与好姑娘毕蒂谈心。至此，我觉得是一个小结了匹普得到了神秘的资助，能够去伦敦做上等人了。于是他没管亲人与朋友，去了伦敦。在那又遇见了赫伯尔特，同处一室，成了朋友。匹普因有资助，每日开销很大，而赫伯尔特每天都在观望机会。匹普觉得赫伯尔特非成大事者。这期间出现了贾格斯律师和为贾工作的文米克。贾冷酷无情，目光犀利，人见人怕！而文米克有双重人格，在工作处不爱管匹普，而在家是与匹普有说有笑，是教心的朋友。还有赫伯尔特的父亲，是郝微香的亲戚，郝对其有偏见平静的生活随着浦洛威斯的到来变的不平静了。是匹普救过的逃犯，也是他资助的匹普，而根本不是匹普认为的郝微香。匹普不希望这逃犯害到自己，极力的想送走他，而浦却把他当自己的孩子去爱。艾斯黛拉在此期间嫁给了“畜生”朱穆尔，匹普伤心欲绝。匹普回到郝微香的庄园与其谈心，的值郝微香因在结婚当天被抛弃，于是让艾斯黛拉去撕裂匹普的心。可无奈郝以悔改是艾斯黛拉却改不了了。后赫伯尔特与匹普送走浦洛威斯是被捕，一切都完了！匹普没钱了，艾斯黛拉走了，一切之后他终于想起了爱他的人--姐夫，毕蒂，浦洛威斯。。他陪浦洛威斯在监狱中度过最后时光，告诉蒲他的女儿（艾斯黛拉）还活着。匹普的了一场大病，醒来是姐夫在身边。帮他换了债（先前欠的），之后便离开了。此时作者开始最后的讽刺————文米克娶了史芬奇小姐，赫伯尔特在娶了克拉拉之后去了远方打拼;匹普本还幻想毕蒂会爱他，可毕蒂嫁给了他姐夫，真正的善良的乔。回家短暂的停留之后投奔了赫伯尔特。很久以后，赫伯尔特努力经营使公司运作不错，完全不像匹普认为的难成大事匹普有遇见了孀居艾斯黛拉，两人在泪水中原谅对方，言归于好。--全文结束所有的讽刺就是匹普的朋友亲人爱他，而他做不到。他自命不凡却成不了大事。平凡的他人有了家庭可艾斯黛拉却离开她你仔细往回看，凡是有矛盾的地方就是讽刺！妈妈不让我打了，下星期天在补一些吧。这书我有说不完的话，流不完的感动泪

哥特式小说是西欧文学花园中的一朵奇葩。它充满着神秘与恐怖，给人以独特的心灵震撼和审美感受。它盛极一时，许多作家都受到过它的影响，直到今天，哥特式手法都以其极强的表现力和感染力而得到作家们的青睐。哥特式小说源远流长，本文试从其起源、发展、演变及对后世的影响来揭示：在西方文学中一直有这样一股“哥特传统”的暗流，它时隐时现，与“两希”源头并存，可谓西欧文学与文化的第三条源流。关键词：哥特式，神秘，恐怖，第三源头近 20 年研究综述一. 哥特式小说的特征和文学史地位布兰丹 ·亨尼塞在《哥特式小说》一书中总结了哥特式小说的特征： “哥特式” 这个术语有三种主要含义：野蛮，好像中世纪的哥特部落；中世纪，和与之相联的城堡、带甲武士和骑士精神；超自然，和随之而来的恐怖、未知与神秘。《牛津简明英国文学史》中说：哥特式小说拒绝平淡，偏好峭壁和悬崖、折磨与恐怖、巫术、恋尸癖以及心神不定。它沉浸于鬼魅出没、突然死亡、地牢、妖术、幻觉和预言之中。这一批评式术语涵盖了大量的反常性作品，这些作品表现了自然力和超自然力的聚合与冲突。这类小说在18世纪的最后几年进入繁荣期，它的影响的余波，它的耸人听闻的手法的重要方面，从勃朗特到狄更斯时期直至当代的英语文学，可以连续的被感受到。美国评论家赖特认为：要了解近两百年来的文学，必须具备一定的哥特式小说的知识。肖明翰、刘新明等人也认为：哥特小说自 18 世纪中期从英国诞生以来，一直拥有广泛的读者，不仅在英国确定了自己的地位，而且还影响到其它一些国家，特别是德国和美国的文学创作。它吸引了各时期、各流派的作家，将哥特小说的手法大量运用于创作以安排情节，深化主题，增强作品的效果，取得了很高的艺术成就。二百多年来，在英美不仅通俗作家热衷于哥特作品的创作，而且许多第一流的诗人和作家，如英国的司各脱、柯勒律治、拜伦、雪莱、济慈、狄更斯、勃朗特姐妹、康拉德、福斯特、戈尔丁和美国的布朗、华盛顿·尔文、爱伦·坡、霍桑、马克·吐温、詹姆斯、福克纳、奥康纳、莫里森等人都要么直接创作过脍炙人口的哥特故事，要么把哥特小说的手法大量运用于创作之中，使哥特小说从通俗小说这一文学领域的“边缘地位”得以进入文学的中心和文学发展的主流，从而在英美文学中逐渐形成了十分突出的哥特传统。二、解读“哥特”一词人类学意义上：哥特是所谓的蛮族之一。古代欧洲的一个民族。他们住在日尔曼部落的最东部，占据南多瑙河盆地和黑海沿岸的土地，被第聂伯河划分成东哥特和西哥特，两个独立的部落。西哥特人善于移动，攻下罗马，最终被同化到已在西班牙建立起的罗马文化中， 8 世纪时被摩尔人征服，同伊比利亚的拉丁成分混为一体。东哥特人穿过巴尔干到意大利，公元 493 年占领了意大利，公元 555 被吸收到拜占庭帝国中。艺术风格上：出现于十二世纪晚期，主要体现在建筑与绘画上，起源于法国的巴黎附近。从来源上看，哥特式美术和建筑借鉴了罗马技术，但是把它们置于与前辈完全对立的一种革新的美学观点。哥特式风格在建筑上主要是运用了飞檐扶壁，这样可以使墙体的负担大为减轻，使在墙面上开出大幅的玻璃花窗成为可能，同时使建筑的整体具有强烈的向上的特征。这样，从视觉角度来看，建筑——主要是教堂——具有高耸入云的外观，而其内部空间则在大幅的彩色玻璃花窗透射出的迷离光线和更高的中庭的双重作用下给人强烈的升腾感，同时又优雅纤细。主要用于建造教堂和城堡。法国的巴黎圣母院和英国的圣·保罗大教堂堪称代表性建筑。这种建筑的特点是高耸的尖顶，厚重的石壁，狭窄的窗户，染色的玻璃，幽暗的内部，阴森的地道甚至还有地下藏尸所等。在那些崇尚古希腊古罗马文明的文艺复兴思想家眼里，这种建筑代表着落后、野蛮和黑暗，正好是那取代了古罗马辉煌文明的所谓“黑暗时代“（ the Dark Ages ）的绝妙象征；因此，用那个毁灭了古罗马的“野蛮”、“凶狠”、“嗜杀成性”的部落的名字来指称这种建筑风格自然就再适合不过了。这样，在文艺复兴思想家们的影响下，哥特一词逐渐被赋予了野蛮、恐怖、落后、神秘、黑暗时代、中世纪等多种含义。哥特式作为恐怖、黑暗的代名词则成为小说这种叙事艺术中的一种风格。恐怖的、黑暗的、怪诞的、野蛮的，就像“拜占庭式”意指了不必要的繁复那样，哥特式（ Gothic ）成为了一个形容词。到了 18 世纪后期，哥特一词又成了一种新的小说体裁的名称。这种小说通常以古堡、废墟或者荒野为背景，故事往往发生在过去，特别是中世纪；故事情节恐怖刺激，充斥着凶杀、暴力、复仇、强奸、乱伦，甚至常有鬼怪精灵或其它超自然现象出现；小说气氛阴森、神秘、恐怖，充满悬念。三. 哥特式小说和运用了哥特式手法的代表作家作品 1764 年，《奥特朗托堡》诞生，作者是英国的荷拉斯 · 沃尔浦尔，这是哥特式小说的开山之作。其他的代表作有：英国理查生的《克莱丽生》英国克拉拉·利弗的《年老的英国伯爵》英国安娜 · 拉德克利弗的《乌多尔弗之谜》、《意大利人》英国威廉 · 贝克福德的《瓦塞克》英国马修·刘易斯的《修道士》（ The Monk ， 1796 ）爱尔兰马图林的《漫游者梅尔莫斯》英国詹姆士 · 郝格的《一个已开释的罪者的自传和忏悔》英国司各特的《玛米思》英国玛丽 · 雪莱的《弗兰肯斯坦》德国霍夫曼的大部分作品英国 B ·斯托克的吸血鬼小说美国爱伦坡的大部分作品运用了大量哥特式手法的作品：英国狄更斯的《荒凉山庄》，《远大前程》英国勃朗特姐妹的《简·爱》和《呼啸山庄》英国哈代英国罗特特·布朗宁法梅里美的《维纳斯雕像》、《熊人洛奇》美国福克纳的《喧哗与骚动》、《去吧，摩西》、《我的弥留之际》、《圣殿》、《押沙龙！押沙龙！》、《坟墓的闯入者》、《纪念爱米莉的一朵玫瑰花》美国霍桑的《红字》美国费兰纳里·奥康纳的《妇人难寻》美国特鲁曼·卡波特的《别的声音，别的屋子》美国卡森·麦卡勒斯的《伤心咖啡馆之歌》、《金眼睛中的映像》美国查德·赖特的《土生子》、《吸血鬼访谈录》英国班布里奇的《裁缝》、《到瓶子工厂游玩》英国达夫妮 · 杜穆里埃的《蝴蝶梦》美国斯蒂文金四. 哥特式小说的心理和美学基础哥特式小说的心理基础是人与生俱来的恐惧感。在阅读哥特故事时，我们既感到强烈的恐惧，同时又确信自己的安全，我们既能在幻觉中置身险境，但又从心底知道危险不会真的降临在自己身上，这时，我们就能感到一种强烈的愉悦。哥特式小说的美学基础是和恐惧相关的壮美。 18 世纪时，英国美学家伯克（ Edmund Burke ）在讨论壮美时，就已经谈到人类最强烈的情感是恐惧，并且把壮美同恐惧联系起来。他把美分为秀美（ the beautiful ）和壮美（ the sublime ）。一般来说，秀美的事物小巧、精致、和谐，并且为人们所熟悉，它们在观赏者心中所引起的是甜蜜、温馨、热爱、安全的愉悦和激动。与之相对，当面对峻峭高山、滚滚大河、亘古荒原、莽莽林海、古老废墟或者雷鸣电闪时，我们似乎体验到一种神秘的超验力量，心中不由充满敬畏甚至恐惧。如果我们仔细研究这些场面，我们会发现，它们全都是有关光明与黑暗、善与恶之间的冲突。从基督教的观点来看，这种冲突归根结底是上帝与魔鬼之间的永恒冲突。而这种光明与黑暗、善与恶、上帝与魔鬼的冲突是哥特小说最突出、最普遍、最持久的主题，它贯穿了哥特小说发展的整个历史。五、哥特式小说的源头和它出现的原因肖明翰认为：虽然哥特小说与哥特人毫无关系，但日尔曼民族（即条顿民族）中所流传的极为丰富的民间传说，以及以这些传说为素材的中世纪浪漫故事，是哥特小说的一个重要源泉。哥特小说的另一个重要源头是英国文艺复兴时期的戏剧。这时期的英国戏剧深受古罗马剧作家塞内加的影响，充满复仇、阴谋、暴力和凶杀，甚至还有鬼魂出没，因此情节惊险刺激。特别是莎士比亚的剧作和詹姆斯一世时期的悲剧，对哥特小说的出现与发展更是产生了巨大影响。作者：雾中寻你 2007-4-28 16:44 回复此发言 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3 【资料】从哥特式小说看西欧文学中的哥特传统 (某学生毕业论文) 《圣经》和基督教传说也是哥特小说的重要源泉。《圣经》里面有许多极为恐怖的场面，而基督教传说也一直在极力渲染地狱的恐怖。这方面最突出的当数《启示录》，里面描写了天使同撒旦的战争，地上的屠杀、瘟疫、灾难和饥荒，以及其它大量关于末日审判的神秘而可怕的征兆。《启示录》因其生动的语言、奇异的想象、丰富的象征、鲜明的意象和震撼人心的气势，具有很高的文学成就，对西方文学产生了重大影响，从密尔顿的《失落园》到今天的许多恐怖电影都直接取材于《启示录》或者受到它的启示。哥特小说中的许多典型人物类型，比如魔鬼、恶棍英雄、“流浪的犹太人”等，都能在《圣经》中找到他们的原型（撒旦、该隐等）；而兄弟相残、夺人之妻、仇杀、强奸、乱伦、同性恋等等哥特小说中的通常主题，都无不在《圣经》中反复出现。至于哥特小说里最突出、最普遍、最持久的主题：善与恶之间永恒的冲突，那就更是一部《圣经》从头到尾的主线。哥特小说之所以产生和繁荣于 18 世纪，最重要的是浪漫主义对理性主义的挑战。文艺复兴运动使人文主义得到空前发展，宗教改革运动与人文主义结盟终得以摧毁罗马天主教的一统天下，然而人文主义的大发展却反过来沉重打击了教会势力，并且使以上帝为中心的传统的基督教意识形态处于解体之中。到了 18 世纪，欧洲进入理性时代，启蒙运动思想家们热情讴歌、极力弘扬人的理性，却忽视并压抑情感、想象、直觉，否认神秘和超自然现象。席卷欧美的浪漫主义运动就是对理性主义和新古典主义的逆反。哥特小说是浪漫主义文学的一个特殊流派，被评论家们称为“黑色浪漫主义”（ dark romanticism ）。它的所谓“黑”，主要表现在两个方面：在情节上，它浓墨重彩地渲染暴力与恐怖；在主题思想上，它不是像一般浪漫主义那样侧重于正面表达其理想的社会、政治和道德观念，而主要是通过揭示社会、政治、教会和道德上的邪恶，揭示人性中的阴暗面来进行深入的探索，特别是道德上的探索。肖明翰教授还提出了一个新观点，那就是，哥特小说在英美和德国这样一些国家最繁荣、成就最高，而这些国家正是最主要的新教国家，其中英美更是长期为清教主义所统治。清教主义是基督教里的原教旨主义，它是新教的一个比较极端的重要流派。清教徒信奉加尔文主义，把《圣经》里的每一个字都看成上帝的话。尽管在哥特小说兴起之时，对天主教徒和各种男女“巫”的残酷迫害已经成为过去，但其影响仍然十分明显。早期的许多哥特小说，比如前面提到的《奥特朗托城堡》、《乌多芙堡之谜》、《意大利人》、《修道士》以及爱伦·坡的名作《陷阱与钟摆》等等，都是以意大利、西班牙或者法国南部这样的天主教国度为背景，而且大都是在暴露天主教及其教士的邪恶。同样，“清巫”事件也被广泛运用于文学创作，这在美国文学中特别突出，比如 1692 年在塞勒姆发生的大规模残酷迫害所谓女巫的事件。几个世纪以来一直刺激着文学家们的艺术想象力，从约翰·尼尔、霍桑到现代剧作家亚瑟·米勒、当代作家斯蒂芬·金等许多文学家都以塞勒姆事件为素材创作出了气氛恐怖、寓意深刻的作品。六、哥特式小说的发展 18 世纪末和 19 世纪初，浪漫主义成了文学的主流，哥特小说也进入最繁荣的时期，几乎所有主要的浪漫主义诗人和作家都创作了哥特故事或者使用了哥特手法并且推动了哥特文学的进一步发展。在一定意义上讲，所有浪漫主义者都是现实的叛逆者，但主流浪漫主义文学的核心在于理想化，而哥特小说却意不在此。尽管哥特小说中也有一些理想化人物，而且也在间接表达理想的价值观念，但其重点从来就是暴露罪恶与黑暗。到了维多利亚时代，现实主义在文学中成为主导，但现实主义作家们并没有拒绝使用哥特手法。在这些作家笔下，哥特故事的背景从遥远的过去和古老的城堡搬到了现实中的工业化大都市。在维多利亚时代，哥特小说的一个重要发展就是社会化和现实化。作者：雾中寻你 2007-4-28 16:44 回复此发言 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4 【资料】从哥特式小说看西欧文学中的哥特传统 (某学生毕业论文) 虽然哥特小说在英国产生和繁荣，但 19 世纪 20 年代以后，哥特小说发展的中心移到了美国。哥特小说能在美国迅速繁荣、持续发展有着深刻的历史、文化和文学根源。来到美洲的早期移民经历了饥饿、寒冷、瘟疫和死亡，一部美国史可以说就是他们在一个陌生而危险的环境中不断探险、冲突和征服的历史；而且美国小说兴起之时正好是哥特小说在英国和欧洲其它国家最繁荣的时候；不过，最重要的原因还是美国历史上和美国文化中极为突出的清教主义传统。美国第一位有影响的作家查尔斯· B ·布朗在 18 世纪末推出的几部作品都是阴森恐怖并且充满血腥的小说，而第一个享有国际声誉的美国作家欧文在司各脱和德国作家的影响下创作出了《睡谷》等哥特故事。美国小说一开始就具有哥特色彩。七、哥特小说不会消亡人们对于这些罪恶往年视而不见，习以为常，甚至以恶为善，这在当今世界更是如此。所以，当人们问奥康纳，她为什么在作品中那样大量使用哥特手法时，她回答说：“对于那些听觉不灵的人，你得大声叫喊；而对于那些快失明者，你只能把图画得大大的。”也就是说，只有借助于哥特小说所特有的那种震撼人心的力量才能使人们认识到那些罪恶和危险。因此，只要有使人堕落或者践踏人性的罪恶存在，哥特小说就会继续发展。

远大前程论文参考文献

这里有"英语专业"你需要的完整范文及超多的标准格式,希望能够帮助到你.

摘要：《远大前程》是英国著名批判现实主义小说家狄更斯晚期最具有代表性的作品之一，“在结构和语言上堪称完美”。笔者试图从小说的主题、结构、人物刻画及小说的宗教情怀等角度，来着重赏析这部作品。

关键词： GreatExpectationsstructurecharacters

前言

查尔斯·狄更斯(1812-1870年)是英国维多利亚时代最著名的小说家，是英国文学史上古典作家中除莎士比亚之外最重要的作家，也是英国批判现实主义作家的最杰出代表之一。他一生创作颇丰，对英国和欧洲现实主义小说的发展做出了独特的贡献。

《远大前程》是狄更斯晚期最具有代表性的作品之一，埃德加·约翰逊曾高度赞扬这部小说，认为《远大前程》在“狄更斯所有作品中结构和语言都堪称是最完美的。”这部小说叙述了一个青年幻想追求虚幻和渺茫的“远大前程”，最后幻想破灭的故事。小说生动地描写了由于对金钱和上流社会生活的追求，原本天真善良的主人公匹普逐渐变得虚荣、忘恩负义，而“恩人”的出现使他不得不重新面对现实，在一系列的变故中，他最终回归人性之美；在皮普从一个怀有浅薄热望的男孩到成为一个真正有深度、有内涵的绅士的过程中，狄更斯动态地探索了人性的善恶变化。在这部小说中，他用独特的方式描写了19世纪文学中具有普遍意义的有关青年人的成长的主题，并深刻批判了罪恶与贪婪、资本主义以及金钱对人性的腐蚀。小说还同时塑造了许多鲜活的人物形象，他们共同铸造了这部巨著的成功。

一

狄更斯小说的典型结构是多元整一，人物、线索、情节多，各种元素相互渗透组成一个统一的整体。

在《远大前程》这部小说中，人物众多，主要人物形象突出。Pip，乔大嫂、乔·葛奇里、毕蒂、郝维仙、埃斯苔娜、贾格斯、赫伯特、马格韦契等主要人物的活动组成了贯穿全文的条条主线索：Pip的成长历程；Pip的财产来源之谜；Pip和埃斯苔娜的爱情；埃斯苔娜的身世之谜；郝维仙小姐的奇特经历；Pip和赫伯特的友谊；马格韦契的离奇经历；贾格斯的活动以及Pip，乔·葛奇里以及毕蒂的感情这些线索有机地交织在一起。随着小说情节的展开，谜团一个接一个地被揭露，当所有的一切都在读者面前展现之时，我们能够深刻地感受到小说布局之精美，结构之严谨。

二

狄更斯在小说中，侧重描写自己感受到的生活和自己生活中的感受，可以称为感受型的现实主义者。在他之前，一些作家侧重故事的讲述，而对人物的描写则是粗线条的；另有一些作家则侧重人物心理描写，刻画比较细腻。狄更斯吸取了两者的长处，使小说成为真正大众化的艺术形式。他侧重当代题材，不再故意虚构惊心动魄的情节和顶天立地的英雄，而是把现实的社会生活作为自己取材的对象，竭力挖掘其中的内涵，发现其中蕴涵着的美与魅力。

在小说《远大前程》中，Pip一直在乡村过着平淡无奇的铁匠徒弟生活，却突然有一天接受了大笔不明财产，从此踏上了追求“远大前程”之路。这正体现了狄更斯小说中侧重生活的奇异一面与遵循生活的本来面貌的有机结合。狄更斯小说的另一个特点则是将主观的生活进程与客观的生活逻辑有机地结合在一起。无论什么样的生活都有其自身的存在和发展规律，人可以努力去改变自己，去适应生活，但却无法改变生活本身。小说中，Pip在去了伦敦，有了钱以后，虽然改变了自己的形象，努力想挤入上流社会，但就他本身的情况而言，并不具备成为一个绅士的条件，因此生活没有怜悯他，他仍然无法成为一名真正的绅士。在小说中还有这样一段有关乔大嫂的描写：

“我们徒步朝镇上进发，我姐姐走在前面。她头戴一顶阔大的海狸皮帽子，手里挽着一只形同英国玉望的草篮子，另管天气晴朗万里无云，她却带上了一双木套鞋、一条围巾和一把雨伞。我不大清楚她带上这些东西究竟是为了受活罪呢，还是为了摆阔气。不过，我倒觉得这些东西主要是作为财物而带来炫耀的—很像横行一时的古埃及女王克利奥巴特拉或其他女君主，总爱以庆典或游行的方式展示她们的奢华富有。”

这段细节描写充分体现了狄更斯小说将细节的真实和主观的介入有机结合在了一起。

他的小说充分地显示了文学的社会功能，他不仅用自己的作品去反映生活，而且评价和干预生活。他从人道主义思想出发，本着艺术家的良心，对社会的黑暗与不公正进行了坚决的揭露和批判，对社会产生了巨大影响。如小说中有一段对新门监狱狱警的描写：

“一个肮脏邋遢、酒气熏天的法警走过来问我，是不是想进去听一两场官司。他告诉我只要给他半个克朗他就可以把我领到前排座位，全面欣赏头戴假发、身着法袍的高等法院院长形象；他这么一说我倒以为这位神圣不可侵犯的大人物不过是一座蜡像而已。他看我不决不断便立刻降价到十八个便士，于是我赶忙向他说明我身负约会，只有谢谢他的美意。尽管如此，他还是殷勤如故，把我领进院子，指给我看设置绞刑架的地方、公开鞭答犯人的地方，然后又把死囚监狱的门指给我看，凡是上绞架的犯人都要经过这里。他为了提高我对这个阴森可怖之门的兴趣，又告诉我后天早晨八时就会有四个死囚犯从那个门走出来，排成一队上绞刑台。这真令人毛骨悚然，使我对伦敦感到厌恶。尤其使我感到厌恶的是这位利用观赏高等法院院长的幌子来赚钱的法警，从他头上戴的帽子到脚上登的靴子，包括口袋中的手帕，也就是说上上下下的全部衣物都散发着霉味儿。这套衣服分明原来不是他的，一定是从刽子手那里用便宜的价钱买来的。”

以上这段描写，生动而深刻地揭露了当时伦敦监狱的环境以及法律界的肮脏的社会现实。

三

狄更斯笔下的人物神态各异，憎恶分明，生动感人，呼之欲出。

在《远大前程》中，人物性格特色的具体表现有：1.人物本质的确定化。如小说中勾画的郝薇香小姐就应该属于坏女人的典型。她从小娇生惯养，在结婚当天被新郎欺以后，就再也没有迈出家门，从此“向天下的男人复仇”似乎成了她生命的全部，自己也变成了一个十足的老怪物；2.人物的明晰性。在狄更斯的小说中，每一个人物都代表了某一类人，反映了某一类人的共性。如贾格斯的形象就充分反映了当时伦敦社会的律师形象；3.深厚的人性内涵。狄更斯十分善于挖掘人物身上隐含的人性因素，并通过它们来反映人性中某些普遍性的倾向和规律的东西。乔大嫂在遭受歹徒袭击、瘫痪在床以后性情变得温和，临死前还依恋地拉着乔并请求他的原谅；对于郝薇香小姐的刻画更是入木三分：

“她刚才一直没有正视我，现在才第一次转过面孔来望着我；使我大为吃惊的是她这时跪在了我面前，对着我举起合着的双手，这简直使我惊骇万分。…眼看这一位生满白发、面孔枯瘦的老人竟然跪在我的脚下，这使我全身颤抖起来。我请求她站起来，伸开双臂去扶她；可是她只是抓住我的一只她能够抓得着的手，并且把她的头倚在我的手腕上，悲伤地哭了起来。从前我从来没有见她流过一滴眼泪；现在我无言地俯身看着她，心中暗想，让她痛哭，哭去她深藏在心中的痛苦，也许对她倒有益处。她现在已不跪在地上，而是跌坐在地上。“哦！”她绝望地叫道，“我竟做出这种事来了！我怎么做出这种事来了！”

这样的描写对于人性的`揭示给读者带来的震撼是巨大的。

四

作品在主人公人格修养的塑造上下了很大功夫，作品中正面主人公都是品格高尚的人。纵然一时还有缺点，但总是在不断向善的努力中进行自我道德的完善。先不看作品的情节怎样、艺术技巧如何，仅仅主人公的人格魅力就令我们感动、深深地吸引了我们的心。

虽然小说并没有专门宣传宗教教义，但在其中的主人公身上无时无刻不流露出与圣徒一样虔诚的宗教信仰。他们写的是世俗中人，但是这些人都有一颗超越世俗之上的崇高灵魂。

狄更斯的宗教救世观主要体现在人性的拯救和社会的拯救两方面，而这两方面又是有机地联系在一起的。狄更斯认为社会苦难和罪恶的根源在于人性的自私、贪婪等，他认为，只有以爱的精神传播善的种子，使人人向善，世界才能变得美好而纯净。人性的拯救不仅是对因贫困而堕落的穷人的拯救，更是对卑劣、邪恶的富人的拯救。狄更斯对那些剥夺和压榨穷人的富人一向痛恨，他无情地揭露他们贪婪、自私、冷酷的本性，剥出掩盖在温文尔雅外表下的丑恶灵魂，但他绝不抛弃他们，反对以仇恨和对立的态度对待他们，只主张相互沟通，彼此爱护，消除隔阂和仇恨，融洽相处，最终以仁爱、宽恕的态度感化他们，使其人性复苏，这正是基督教教义的体现。

结束语

狄更斯的作品始终保持着对广大民众的忠诚和对资本主义社会的悲观。他是一位资产阶级作家，一个人道主义者，又是一位改良主义者。他不赞成革命，认为革命手段太残忍，又以为革命不过是个人的报复行为。他主张用改良手段，幻想以道德感化的力量，特别是以小人物的真挚温情去改善社会，使恶人良心发现，蟠然悔悟，痛改前非。他提倡博爱与真诚，僧恶虚伪与怨恨。他描绘的正面女性形象莫不温柔贤淑、美丽善良，所达到的最完美结局是固守家庭，全身心地相夫教子；相反，性格暴庚，复仇心重、孤傲势利的女人往往遭到命运的惩罚，最后在“好人”的感动和残酷的现实面前恢复人性。

狄更斯的文学成就很高，对世界文学的影响是巨大的。他的作品在20世纪初就被介绍到中国，受到广大读者的喜爱。他创作中的人道主义思想和社会批判精神，以及高超的艺术技巧，对中国现代小说都有影响。

狄更斯是英国最受欢迎的小说家—即使是一个多世纪后的今天，他仍无愧于这一可敬的称号。

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