国贸论文英文文献
童鞋你好！这个估计需要自己搜索了！网上基本很难找到免费给你服务的！我在这里给你点搜索国际上常用的外文数据库：----------------------------------------------------------❶ISI web of knowledge Engineering Village2❷Elsevier SDOL数据库 IEEE/IEE(IEL)❸EBSCOhost RSC英国皇家化学学会❹ACM美国计算机学会 ASCE美国土木工程师学会❺Springer电子期刊 WorldSciNet电子期刊全文库❻Nature周刊 NetLibrary电子图书❼ProQuest学位论文全文数据库❽国道外文专题数据库 CALIS西文期刊目次数据库❾推荐使用ISI web of knowledge Engineering Village2-----------------------------------------------------------中文翻译得自己做了，实在不成就谷歌翻译。弄完之后，自己阅读几遍弄顺了就成啦！学校以及老师都不会看这个东西的！外文翻译不是论文的主要内容！所以，很容易过去的！祝你好运！
国际贸易论文参考文献
在现实的学习、工作中，说到论文，大家肯定都不陌生吧，通过论文写作可以培养我们的科学研究能力。如何写一篇有思想、有文采的论文呢？下面是我收集整理的国际贸易论文参考文献，供大家参考借鉴，希望可以帮助到有需要的朋友！
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[8]还有许多纸和电视上的新闻,因看的时候没有仔细记录,故现在不能详尽的罗列.
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国际贸易论文英文文献
Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary CreditsThis article is an orphan, as few or no other articles link to it. Please introduce links to this page from related articles; suggestions are available. (October 2009)The Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credits (UCP) is a set of rules on the issuance and use of letters of credit. The UCP is utilised by bankers and commercial parties in more than 175 countries in trade finance. Some 11-15% of international trade utilises letters of credit, totalling over a trillion dollars (US) each , the commercial parties, particularly banks, have developed the techniques and methods for handling letters of credit in international trade finance. This practice has been standardized by the ICC (International Chamber of Commerce) by publishing the UCP in 1933 and subsequently updating it throughout the years. The ICC has developed and moulded the UCP by regular revisions, the current version being the UCP600. The result is the most successful international attempt at unifying rules ever, as the UCP has substantially universal effect. The latest revision was approved by the Banking Commission of the ICC at its meeting in Paris on 25 October 2006. This latest version, called the UCP600, formally commenced on 1 July and the UCPA significant function of the ICC is the preparation and promotion of its uniform rules of practice. The ICC’s aim is to provide a codification of international practice occasionally selecting the best practice after ample debate and consideration. The ICC rules of practice are designed by bankers and merchants and not by legislatures with political and local considerations. The rules accordingly demonstrate the needs, customs and practices of business. Because the rules are incorporated voluntarily into contracts, the rules are flexible while providing a stable base for international review, including judicial scrutiny. International revision is thus facilitated permitting the incorporation of the changing practices of the commercial parties. ICC, which was established in 1919, had as its primary objective facilitating the flow of international trade at a time when nationalism and protectionism threatened the easing of world trade. It was in that spirit that the UCP were first introduced – to alleviate the confusion caused by individual countries’ promoting their own national rules on letter of credit practice. The aim was to create a set of contractual rules that would establish uniformity in practice, so that there would be less need to cope with often conflicting national regulations. The universal acceptance of the UCP by practitioners in countries with widely divergent economic and judicial systems is a testament to the rules’ latest revision of UCP is the sixth revision of the rules since they were first promulgated in 1933. It is the fruit of more than three years of work by the ICC's Commission on Banking Technique and UCP remain the most successful set of private rules for trade ever developed. A range of individuals and groups contributed to the current revision including: the UCP Drafting Group, which waded through more than 5000 individual comments before arriving at this final text; the UCP Consulting Group, consisting of members from more than 25 countries, which served as the advisory body; the more than 400 members of the ICC Commission on Banking Technique and Practice who made pertinent suggestions for changes in the text; and 130 ICC National Committees worldwide which took an active role in consolidating comments from their the revision process, notice was taken of the considerable work that had been completed in creating the International Standard Banking Practice for the Examination of Documents under Documentary Credits (ISBP), ICC Publication 645. This publication has evolved into a necessary companion to the UCP for determining compliance of documents with the terms of letters of credit. It is the expectation of the Drafting Group and the Banking Commission that the application of the principles contained in the ISBP, including subsequent revisions thereof, will continue during the time UCP 600 is in force. At the time UCP 600 is implemented, there will be an updated version of the ISBP to bring its contents in line with the substance and style of the new that UCP600 does not automatically apply to a credit if the credit is silent as to which set of rules it is subject to. A credit issued by SWIFT MT700 is no longer subject by default to the current UCP – it has to be indicated in field 40E, which is designated for specifying the "applicable rules".Where a credit is issued subject to UCP600, the credit will be interpreted in accordance with the entire set of 39 articles contained in UCP600. However, exception to the rules can be made by express modification or exclusion. For example, the parties to a credit may agree that the rest of the credit shall remain valid despite the beneficiary's failure to deliver an instalment. In such case, the credit has to nullify the effect of article 32 of UCP600, such as by wording the credit as: "The credit will continue to be available for the remaining instalments notwithstanding the beneficiary's failure to present complied documents of an instalment in accordance with the instalment schedule."eUCPThe eUCP was developed as a supplement to UCP due to the strong sense at the time that banks and corporates together with the transport and insurance industries were ready to utilise electronic commerce. The hope and expectation that surrounded the development of eUCP has failed to materialise into day to day transactions and its usage has been, to put it mildly, minimal. Owing to this lack of usage, it was felt that this was not the right time to incorporate the eUCP into the UCP600 and it will remain as a supplement albeit slightly amended to identify its relationship with updated version of the eUCP came into effect on 1 July 2007 to coincide the commencement of the UCP600. There are no substantive changes to the eUCP, merely references to the Certified Documentary Credit Specialist is a qualification awarded by IFSA US and IFS UK and endorsed by ICC Paris as the only International qualification for Trade Finance Professionals, recognising the competence, and ensuring best practice. It requires Re-Certification every Three years. UCP 600 rules will be included from April 2008 examinations only. CDCS requires some 4–6 months of independent study and a pass in 3 hour examination of 120 multiple choice questions as well as 3 in basket exercises with questions which demonstrate skill in real-world applications of UCP.
国际贸易相关英语词汇accepting bank 承兑银行 adept 内行 adulterated 冒充物agreement 同意书 air parcel 航空邮包 amendment修正书area 面积 bankrupt 破产 beneficiary 受益人bilateral trade 双边贸易 bill of landing 提单 bill of exchange汇票billing 开发票 blind competition恶性竞争 boom 生意兴隆delay延误 shoes store 鞋子专卖店 breakage破损 air cargo 航空货运 certificate of origin原产地证明 bulk cargo 散装货discount折扣 business is inactive 市面萧条 buyer买主cancel 取消 can not afford 买不起 capacity 容积capture market 争取市场 certificate fee 签证费 certificate of inspection检验证claim 索赔 close 结关 close date 结关日close door 歇业 collection 托收 confirm 确认commercial credit 商用信用 commission 佣金 consignee 收货人consumer 消费者 contract 合约 container 货柜costprice 成本价 cost & freight 货运及运费 cost & insurance 货价及保险cost insurance & freight (CIF)成本保险费加运费价 counter 货柜台 counterfeit 仿冒 customer 顾客 customs 海关customer broker 报送行 dealer 贩卖商 deferred payment 延迟付款deficit 亏空 delivery date 交货期 deliver from go down 出仓department store 百货公司 depression 不景气 destination 目的地direct trade 直接贸易 distribution 分销 documentary 押汇documentary acceptance bill 承况汇单 documentary payment bill 付款汇单double check 复查 drawee 付款人 dumping 倾销enlarge 扩充 export 出口 exporter 出口商export declaration 出品申请书 faulty goods 劣足迹 foreign exchange 外汇free on board (FOB，离岸价) gross weight 毛重 handle with care 小心轻放horizontal competition 同业竞争 import 进口 importer 进口商import permit 进品许可证 indirect trade 间接进口 inquiry sheet 询价单inspector 验货员 inspection sheet 检验单 instalment 分期付款international trade foreign trade 国际贸易 invoice 发票limited price 限价 loading port 输出口岸 main mark 正唛manufacture 制造 marg in profit 利润 managenment 管理制度manufacturer 制造商 market 市价 mass production 大量生产multilateral trade 多边贸易 negotiated purchase 议价 netback price 厂价net weight 净重 no transshipment permitted 不准转运nominal price 标价 notary 公证人 offer 报价on board 已装船 only one price 不二价 open tender 公开投标order 订单 output 产量 packing list 包装单partialloss 部分损失 payee 收款人 penalty 违约金，罚金paying bank 付款银行 peak season 旺季 place of delivery 交货地点post office 邮局 price bargain 讨价还价 price cutting 减价，削价price list 价目表 process 流程 production control 生产管制proforma invoice（一般译为“形式发票”简写为“PI”） purchase 购买quality control 品质管制 received for shipment 待装船 reduced price 减价regular customer 老主顾 reorganization 改组 repacking 改装restricted tender 比价 resume business 复业 retail 零售returned check 退票 retailer 零售商 sale 销售rock bottom price 最低价 sale on credit 赊账 salesman 推销员sea port 港口 service 服务 segment delivery 分批交货shipper 货主 shipping advice 装船通知 shipping company 船务公司或海运公司 shipping date 装船日期 shipping dock 装船码头shipping document 装船文件 shoddy 粗制滥造 unpacking开箱shopping rush 抢购 shortage 缺量 yielding 获利show window 橱窗 slack season 淡季 special customs invoice 海关特种发票 specification 规格 standard brand 正牌子steady 稳定 stock 存货 stylist 款式设计师supplier 供应商 supply & demand 供求 terminal market 批发市场telegraphic transfer 电汇（T/T） time of delivery 交货日期 trade company 贸易公司travelers checks 旅行支票 title 抬头 top quality 上等货total loss 全部损失 trade mark 商标 trial order 试销货unfavorable trade balance 逆差 uniform invoice 统一发票 unilateral trade 单边贸易warehouse 仓库 unsaleable 滞结 upset price 底价useful load 装载量 wholesaler 批发商 letter of credit 信用状revocable letter of credit 取消信用状 irrevocable letter of credit 不可取消信用状sight letter of credit 即期信用状 usance letter of credit 远期信用状assignable letter credit 可转让信用状 unassignable letter of credit 不可转让信用状destination 到达口岸 export declaration 出口申请表 quotation form 行情表
国贸论文要看英文文献吗
一般用汉语。各个学校要求不一，要到具体的单位、学校打听
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上很多经济类的原创文章，不知道你有没有用
国际贸易英文论文文献综述
What Is International Trade? If you walk into a supermarket and are able to buy South American bananas, Brazilian coffee and a bottle of South African wine, you are experiencing the effects of international trade allows us to expand our markets for both goods and services that otherwise may not have been available to us. It is the reason why you can pick between a Japanese, German and American car. As a result of international trade, the market contains greater competition and therefore more competitive prices, which bring a cheaper product home to the Is International Trade?International trade is the exchange of goods and services between countries. This type of trade gives rise to a world economy, in which prices, or supply and demand, affect and are affected by global events. Political change in Asia, for example, could result in an increase in the cost of labor, thereby increasing the manufacturing costs for an American sneaker company based in Malaysia, which would then result in an increase in the price that you have to pay to buy the tennis shoes at your local mall. A decrease in the cost of labor, on the other hand, would result in you having to pay less for your new globally gives consumers and countries the opportunity to be exposed to goods and services not available in their own countries. Almost every kind of product can be found on the international market: food, clothes, spare parts, oil, jewelry, wine, stocks, currencies and water. Services are also traded: tourism, banking, consulting and transportation. A product that is sold to the global market is an export, and a product that is bought from the global market is an import. Imports and exports are accounted for in a country's current account in the balance of payments. (For more on this, see the articles What Is The Balance Of Payments? and Understanding The Current Account In The Balance Of Payments.)Increased Efficiency of Trading GloballyGlobal trade allows wealthy countries to use their resources - whether labor, technology or capital - more efficiently. Because countries are endowed with different assets and natural resources (land, labor, capital and technology), some countries may produce the same good more efficiently and therefore sell it more cheaply than other countries. If a country cannot efficiently produce an item, it can obtain the item by trading with another country that can. This is known as specialization in international 's take a simple example. Country A and Country B both produce cotton sweaters and wine. Country A produces 10 sweaters and six bottles of wine a year while Country B produces six sweaters and 10 bottles of wine a year. Both can produce a total of 16 units. Country A, however, takes three hours to produce the 10 sweaters and two hours to produce the six bottles of wine (total of five hours). Country B, on the other hand, takes one hour to produce 10 sweaters and three hours to produce six bottles of wine (total of four hours).But these two countries realize that they could produce more by focusing on those products with which they have a comparative advantage. Country A then begins to produce only wine and Country B produces only cotton sweaters. Each country can now create a specialized output of 20 units per year and trade equal proportions of both products. As such, each country now has access to 20 units of both can see then that for both countries, the opportunity cost of producing both products is greater than the cost of specializing. More specifically, for each country, the opportunity cost of producing 16 units of both sweaters and wine is 20 units of both products (after trading). Specialization reduces their opportunity cost and therefore maximizes their efficiency in acquiring the goods they need. With the greater supply, the price of each product would decrease, thus giving an advantage to the end consumer as that, in the example above, Country B could produce both wine and cotton more efficiently than Country A (less time). This is called an absolute advantage, and Country B may have it because of a higher level of technology. However, according to international trade theory, even if a country has an absolute advantage over another, it can still benefit from specialization. (For a review of some of these economic concepts, see the Economics Basics tutorial.)Other Possible Benefits of Trading GloballyInternational trade not only results in increased efficiency but also allows countries to participate in a global economy, encouraging the opportunity of foreign direct investment (FDI), which is the amount of money that individuals invest into foreign companies and other assets. In theory, economies can therefore grow more efficiently and can more easily become competitive economic the receiving government, FDI is a means by which foreign currency and expertise can enter the country. These raise employment levels and, theoretically, lead to a growth in the gross domestic product. For the investor, FDI offers company expansion and growth, which means higher Trade vs. ProtectionismAs with other theories, there are opposing views. International trade has two contrasting views regarding the level of control placed on trade: free trade and protectionism. Free trade is the simpler of the two theories: a laissez-faire approach, with no restrictions on trade. The main idea is that supply and demand factors, operating on a global scale, will ensure that production happens efficiently. Therefore, nothing needs to be done to protect or promote trade and growth because market forces will do so contrast, protectionism holds that regulation of international trade is important to ensure that markets function properly. Advocates of this theory believe that market inefficiencies may hamper the benefits of international trade and they aim to guide the market accordingly. Protectionism exists in many different forms, but the most common are tariffs, subsidies and quotas. These strategies attempt to correct any inefficiency in the international it opens up the opportunity for specialization and therefore more efficient use of resources, international trade has potential to maximize a country's capacity to produce and acquire goods. Opponents of global free trade have argued, however, that international trade still allows for inefficiencies that leave developing nations compromised. What is certain is that the global economy is in a state of continual change and, as it develops, so too must all of its participants. 如果你走进超市，并能买到南美香蕉，巴西咖啡和一瓶南非葡萄酒，您所遇到的影响国际贸易。国际贸易使我们能够扩大我们的市场，商品和服务，否则可能没有提供给我们。这就是为什么您可以挑选之间日语，德语和美国车。由于国际贸易，市场包含更大的竞争，因此更具有竞争力的价格，由此带来更便宜的产品提供给消费者。什么是国际贸易？国际贸易是交流之间的货物和服务的国家。这种类型的贸易引起了世界经济，在这种价格或供应和需求，影响和影响的全球性活动。政治变化，例如，亚洲可能会导致成本增加的劳动力，从而增加了生产成本为美国的耐克公司总部设在马来西亚，然后导致价格上升，你不得不花钱购买在网球鞋在您当地的商场。在减少的劳动力成本，另一方面，将导致您不需要支付较少为您的新鞋。贸易在全球范围和国家为消费者提供的机会接触到商品和服务不提供在自己的国家。几乎每一种产品可以在国际市场：食品，衣服，零件，石油，珠宝，葡萄酒，股票，货币和水。服务也是交易：旅游，金融，咨询和运输。产品销往全球市场的出口，和一种产品，是购买的全球市场是一个进口。进口和出口都是以一国的经常账户的国际收支。 （欲了解更多关于这个，请参阅文章什么是国际收支平衡？和了解目前帐户收支平衡。 ）提高效率，在全球范围内的交易全球贸易允许富裕国家利用它们的资源-无论是劳动，技术或资本-更有效率。由于国家赋予了不同的资产和自然资源（土地，劳动力，资本和技术），一些国家可能产生同样的好，因此更有效地销售更便宜比其他国家。如果一个国家不能有效地产生一个项目，它可以取得该项目的贸易与其他国家可以。这就是所谓的专业化的国际贸易。让我们来一个简单的例子。 A国和乙国毛衣都生产棉花和葡萄酒。 A国生产10毛衣和六瓶葡萄酒，而乙国生产6毛衣和10瓶葡萄酒一年。既可以产生，共有16个单位。 A国，但是，需要3个小时生产10毛衣和两小时内产生的6瓶葡萄酒（共5个小时） 。 B国，另一方面，需要一小时生产10毛衣和三个小时的生产六瓶葡萄酒（共4个小时） 。但是这两个国家认识到，他们可以生产更多的是侧重于这些产品，他们具有相对优势。 A国然后开始只生产葡萄酒和乙国只生产棉花毛衣。每个国家现在可以创建一个专门的产出20个单位，每年的贸易同等比例的两种产品。因此，每个国家现在已进入20个单位的这两种产品。我们可以看到那两个国家的机会成本，生产这两种产品是大于成本的专业。更具体而言，每个国家的机会成本，生产16单位都毛衣和葡萄酒为20单位的两种产品（交易）。专业化降低其机会成本，因此，最大限度地提高其效率获取他们所需要的货物。随着更多的供应，每个产品的价格将下降，从而有利于最终消费者以及。请注意，在上面的例子中，国家B可以同时生产葡萄酒和棉花比国家更有效的（更少的时间）。这就是所谓的绝对优势，乙国可能是因为较高的技术水平。然而，根据国际贸易理论，即使一个国家拥有绝对优势，另外，它仍然可以受益于专业化。（审查其中的一些经济概念，请参阅经济学基础知识教程。 ）其他可能的好处的交易在全球范围内国际贸易的结果，不仅提高了效率，而且也使国家参与全球经济，鼓励的机会，外国直接投资（ FDI ） ，这是的金额，个人投资于外国公司和其他资产。从理论上讲，经济增长因此可以更有效，也更容易成为有竞争力的经济参与者。为接受政府，外国直接投资是一种手段，外汇和专门知识可以进入该国。这些提高就业水平，从理论上讲，导致经济增长在国内生产总值。为投资者，外国直接投资提供了公司扩张和增长，这意味着更高的收入。自由贸易与保护主义至于其他的理论，有反对意见。国际贸易有两种截然不同的看法程度的控制放在贸易：自由贸易和保护主义。自由贸易是简单的两种理论：一种放任自流的方式，没有任何的贸易限制。主要的想法是，供应和需求的因素，在全球范围经营，将确保发生生产效率。因此，没有什么需要做，以保护或促进贸易和市场力量的增长，因为这样做将自动。与此相反，保护主义认为调节国际贸易重要的是要确保市场的正常运作。主张这一理论认为，市场的低效率可能妨碍国际贸易的利益，他们的目的是引导市场相应。保护主义存在于许多不同的形式，但最常见的是关税，补贴和配额。这些战略企图，以纠正任何效率不高在国际市场上。结论因为它开辟了专门的机会，因此更有效地利用资源，国际贸易的潜力最大限度地发挥一个国家的能力，以生产和收购货物。反对者的全球自由贸易的主张，但是，国际贸易仍然允许效率低下离开发展中国家的损害。可以肯定的是，全球经济正处于不断的变化，因为它的发展，也必须在其所有与会者。
中国钢铁贸易论文英文文献
文献翻译有点花时间呢你需要几篇呢？
感觉相关的就行吧,这是我今天刚交老师的Solidarity tradeThe current fair trade movement was shaped in Europe in the 1960s. Fair trade during that period was often seen as a political gesture against neo-imperialism: radical student movements began targeting multinational corporations and concerns that traditional business models were fundamentally flawed started to emerge. The slogan at the time, “Trade not Aid”, gained international recognition in 1968 when it was adopted by the UNCTAD (United Nations Conference on Trade and Development) to put the emphasis on the establishment of fair trade relations with the developing world. The year 1965 saw the creation of the first Alternative Trading Organization (ATO): that year, British NGO Oxfam launched "Helping-by-Selling", a program which sold imported handicrafts in Oxfam stores in the UK and from mail-order catalogues. In 1969, the first Worldshop opened its doors in the Netherlands. The initiative aimed at bringing the principles of fair trade to the retail sector by selling almost exclusively goods produced under fair trade terms in “underdeveloped regions”. The first shop was run by volunteers and was so successful that dozens of similar shops soon went into business in the Benelux countries, Germany, and in other Western European the 1960s and 1970s, important segments of the fair trade movement worked to find markets for products from countries that were excluded from the mainstream trading channels for political reasons. Thousands of volunteers sold coffee from Angola and Nicaragua in Worldshops, in the back of churches, from their homes, and from stands in public places, using the products as a vehicle to deliver their message: give disadvantaged producers in developing countries a fair chance on the world’s market, and support their self-determined sustainable development. The alternative trade movement blossomed, if not in sales, then at least in terms of dozens of ATOs being established on both sides of the Atlantic, of scores of Worldshops being set up, and of well-organized actions and campaigns attacking exploitation and foreign domination, and promoting the ideals of Nelson Mandela, Julius Nyerere, and the Nicaraguan Sandinistas: the right to independence and self-determination, to equitable access to the world’s markets and consumers. 团结贸易现今公平贸易运动形塑于1960年代的欧洲，公平贸易于这时期通常被视为一种反抗新帝国主义的政治姿态，基进的学生运动开始关注跨国公司，并出现了一种认为传统商业模式基本上是有缺陷的共识，那时的口号“贸易，而非援助”(Trade not Aid)，被1968年所召开的联合国贸易及发展会议（United Nations Conference on Trade and Development，简称UNCTAD）所采用，并得到国际认同，会议中强调与发展中世界建立公平的贸易关系。1965年诞生了第一个另类贸易组织（Alternative Trading Organization，简称ATD）：那年，英国的非政府组织乐施会(Oxfam)发起了”以销售来帮忙”(Helping-by-Selling)的活动，一个以邮购及在乐施会商店销售进口手工艺品的计划。1969年，第一个“世界商店”在荷兰开张，这个开创性的构想，是以销售符合公平贸易规则的“发展中区域”的产品，将公平贸易的法则带入零售部门，第一个商店由志工营运，非常成功，之后数十个类似的商店开始在比利时、荷兰、卢森堡及德国等其他西欧国家开始营业。在1960和1970年代，公平贸易运动里很重要的部份是，为那些因为政治因素而被排斥于主流贸易管道的国家，协助他们的产品寻找市场。数千名志工在教会后面和世界商店销售来自安哥拉及尼加拉瓜的咖啡豆，以这些产品从家里和公共场所的摊位传达一个讯息：给那些来自发展中国家的弱势生产者一个公平的机会，就是支持他们自主的永续发展。另类贸易活动的盛行，若不从贸易量来说，至少以在数量上，有数十个另类贸易组织（ATO）在大西洋两岸成立，同时随着世界商店的扩张，有许多计划性的行动与专案，抨击国际间的剥削与支配的现象，宣扬著曼德拉、朱利叶斯•尼雷尔及尼加拉瓜桑定政权的理念：自主及独立的权利，与接触全球市场及消费者的公平管道。
Elder-brother Spring is a pure yemer, real man with ironblood. He's people's good brother and father's best 's steel industry was the largest anti-dumping investigations industry. Minmetals Import and Export Chamber of Commerce statistics, last year, China's steel anti-dumping involving a total of 15 cases, involving billion yuan, iron and steel industry and color, clothing, footwear, like anti-dumping investigations, one of the key industries. Prior to this, our country there is a lot of steel products export tax rebates, some countries believe that China steel product of government subsidies, in the international market, China's large market share of steel products, export prices low and the dumping of steel products in China suspected heard. The first half of 2008, involving China's iron and steel industry, a new anti-dumping investigation all-time high, which has a new investigation of 9 cases with final decisions have been made to 7, the anti-dumping cases last year than the total number of more , the European Union, the United States, Canada, Mexico, Indonesia and other countries have taken place in China's iron and steel products for the anti-dumping cases. Taking a panoramic view of the iron and steel industry products, and more anti-dumping cases, the existence of the following three salient features, the following key to the Canadian oil and gas to China seamless pipe brief analysis of anti-dumping as an example: 1. The existence of anti-dumping cases that the problem of non-uniform standards. Standard anti-dumping cases that the crux of the problem is the fact of dumping and dumping margin found, for dumping the fact that the WTO is by comparing the export price and normal price found that the export price is lower than the normal price dumping, "normal price" is The fact that the existence of dumping of the decisive factors, but the "normal price" of that caliber because of the different statistics, the results are very different. WTO rules, the normal price is often used to describe conditions in the general trade export of similar products in domestic comparable sales prices, such as the product of the domestic prices under control, often to third-country export prices of similar products to confirm the normal price. As part of the US-led Western countries not to recognize China's market economy status, the fact that the dumping and the dumping margin found on third-party countries often need to export prices, while the third-party countries to the fact that the dumping, how to determine the normal price There are also the standard problem of non-uniform. Such as: Canada Border Trade Department (CBSA) on February 7, 2008 China's exports to Canada of seamless oil casing anti-dumping, countervailing case the final decision to determine China's Tianjin Pipe Group Co., Ltd. and other enterprises involved in the case of six dumping margin of 37% ~ 45%; subsidy of 2% to 7%, other non-respondent enterprises dumping margin was 91%; subsidies for 38 percent; China's steel association that the CBSA in the absence of data to support a third country, to use in February 2008 magazine published a K55, N80 price of normal price, project L80, P110 casing of high-grade steel prices, as a basis for unilateral presumed the existence of dumping and dumping margin calculation is not right. 2. Anti-dumping and countervailing cases together, the specific implementation of double taxation. Statistics show that took place in 2008 involving the 9 iron and steel industry in anti-dumping investigations, 5 the issue of anti-subsidy cases involving anti-dumping and countervailing cases have been closely together. International Iron and Steel of China's iron and steel industry to accept the challenge of government subsidies. January 8, the League of the United States research group released a report that a large number of government energy subsidies in China become the world's largest producer and exporter of steel. Reported that in 2007, the Chinese steel industry is about billion . dollars of subsidies since 2000, an increase of 3800%. In addition, the CBSA in the casing of our seamless final anti-dumping identified Tianjin Pipe Group Co., Ltd. China, such as the existence of six enterprises involved in the case of 2% ~ 7% subsidy acts. In the specific implementation of anti-dumping measures, the widespread dumping of international double taxation and subsidies. In today's world trade, anti-dumping anti-subsidy has become the main means of trade, therefore, for most countries to protect their own industry in violation of WTO provisions, the standard of double taxation. Such as: in the above-mentioned case, in Canada on a double standard there is the issue of double taxation, CBSA to determine China's Tianjin Pipe Group Co., Ltd. and other enterprises involved in the case of six-dumping rate of 37% ~ 45%; subsidy of 2% ~ 7 %, and other enterprises involved in the case of non-dumping margin was 91%; 38 percent subsidy. This should cause our government departments and relevant enterprises attach great importance to timely respond to the development of programs, organizations related enterprises to actively appeal and, when necessary, can be brought to WTO Dispute Settlement Body arbitration. 3. Anti-dumping cases is a complicated one, both sides involved in the case of information asymmetry, and lasted for a long time, huge amounts of money involved, covering a wide range of individual enterprises is difficult to take countermeasures, the need for government services, trade associations, guidance, steel enterprises to take measures jointly. The existing framework of WTO, only governments, anti-dumping measures can be taken. Therefore, a country's trade or industry to pass the Government to initiate anti-dumping procedures. Usually a country's products if it finds that the existence of dumping practices, would be adopted by the Government to start anti-dumping investigations. If the export product under investigation to investigate a member of a member of dissatisfaction with the actions taken to bring the matter before the WTO can be resolved at this time, exporters must pass the national government would be able to take such action. In addition, the United States, the EU anti-dumping investigation procedures usually last for one year to 15 months, lasted for a long time, and the anti-dumping often involves a number of industry enterprises, the amount of up to several hundred million dollars. Since 2008, China's steel industry experienced a number of anti-dumping investigations, of which, the United States, European Union, Canada, represented by the western countries on China's steel exports a wide range of anti-dumping investigations launched to reduce the domestic steel exports to China has caused great economic losses. While in the "General Agreement on Tariffs and" the issue of anti-dumping made it clear that countries in their own way but still the anti-dumping as a trade war with one of the main instruments of trade protectionism as the rise in the world, iron and steel anti-dumping cases have become worse.钢铁行业是我国被反倾销调查最多的行业。五矿进出口商会统计，去年，我国涉及钢材的反倾销案件共15起，涉案金额亿元，钢铁行业与彩电、服装、鞋业一样是反倾销调查的重点行业之一。此前，我国很多钢材产品存在着出口退税，部分国家认为中国钢材产品存在政府补贴，在国际市场上，我国钢材产品市场占有率高，出口价格低，对中国钢铁产品低价倾销的怀疑不绝于耳。2008年上半年，涉及我国钢铁业的反倾销调查再创新历史新高，其中已经新立案调查的有9起，加上已经做出终裁决定的7起，反倾销案件比去年一年的总数量还多，欧盟、美国、加拿大、墨西哥、印尼等多个国家都发生了针对中国钢铁产品的反倾销事件。纵观钢铁业产品的多起反倾销案件，存在以下三个突出特点，下面重点以加拿大对中国无缝油气管反倾销为例简要剖析：1.反倾销案件存在认定标准不统一的问题。反倾销案件认定标准问题的关键是倾销事实和倾销幅度的认定，对于倾销事实的认定世贸组织规定是通过对比出口价格与正常价格来认定，出口价格低于正常价格就是倾销，“正常价格”是认定倾销事实是否存在的起决定性因素，但“正常价格”的认定因为统计口径不同，结果有很大差异。世贸组织规定，正常价格通常是指在一般贸易条件下出口国国内同类产品的可比销售价格，如该产品的国内价格受到控制，往往以第三国同类产品出口价格来确认正常价格。由于以美国为首的部分西方国家不承认中国的市场经济地位，在倾销事实和倾销幅度的认定上，常需要第三方国出口价格，而以那个第三方国家来认定倾销事实，如何确定正常价格上也存在标准不统一的问题。如：加拿大边境贸易服务署（CBSA）于2008年2月7日对中国出口到加拿大的无缝石油套管反倾销、反补贴案最终裁决，判定中国天津钢管集团股份有限公司等六家应诉企业倾销幅度为37%~45%；补贴为2%~7%，其他非应诉企业倾销幅度为91%；补贴为38%；中国钢管协会认为CBSA在没有第三国数据支持，引用2008年2月某一杂志刊载的K55、N80的价格计算正常价格，推算L80、P110等高钢级套管的价格，单方面以此为依据推定存在倾销和计算倾销幅度是不妥当的。2.反倾销案件与反补贴案件结合在一起，具体执行过程中存在双重征税的问题。统计显示，在2008年发生的9起涉及钢铁行业反倾销调查中，有5起涉及反补贴问题，反倾销案件已经和反补贴密切结合在一起。国际钢铁业存在对中国钢铁接受政府补贴的质疑。1月8日，美国制造联盟调查研究小组发布的一份报告称，大量的政府能源补贴使中国成为世界上最大的钢材生产和出口国。报告称，2007年，中国钢铁业补贴约为157亿美元，自2000年以来增长了3800%。此外，在CBSA在对我国无缝石油套管反倾销终裁中认定中国天津钢管集团股份有限公司等六家应诉企业的存在2％~7％补贴行为。在反倾销措施具体实施过程中，国际上广泛存在倾销和补贴双重计算征税。当今世界贸易中，反倾销反补贴已经成为贸易战的主要手段之一，因此，为保护本国产业多数国家违反WTO的规定，采取双重计算标准征税。如：在上述案件中，加拿大就存在着双重计算标准双重征税的问题，CBSA判定中国天津钢管集团股份有限公司等六家应诉企业倾销幅度为37%~45%；补贴为2%~7%，其他非应诉企业倾销幅度为91%；补贴为38%。此举应引起我国政府有关部门及相关企业的高度重视，及时制定应对方案，组织相关企业积极上诉，必要时，可以提交WTO争端解决机构仲裁解决。3.反倾销案件程序复杂，涉案双方信息不对称，且持续时间长，涉案金额巨大、涉及面广，单个企业很难采取对策，需要政府服务、行业协会指导、钢企联合采取措施。现行世贸组织框架中，只有政府，才能采取反倾销措施。因此，一国的贸易商或产业界必须通过政府来启动反倾销程序。通常一国要是认定它国产品存在倾销行为，会通过政府启动反倾销调查。若出口产品受到调查的成员不满展开调查的成员所采取的行动，可以将问题提交世贸组织解决，此时，出口商必须通过本国政府才能采取这样的行动。此外，美国、欧盟的反倾销调查程序通常持续一年至15个月，持续时间长，且反倾销常涉及行业内多个企业，金额高达数亿元。2008年以来，我国钢铁业遭遇了多起反倾销调查，其中，美国、欧盟、加拿大为代表的西方国家对我国出口的多种钢材展开了反倾销调查，缩减了国内钢材的出口，给我国造成了巨大的经济损失。虽然在《关税及贸易总协定》中对反倾销问题做了明确规定，但实际上各国各行其是，仍把反倾销做为贸易战的主要手段之一，随着贸易保护主义在世界范围内的抬头，钢铁反倾销案有愈演愈烈之势。