英美文学论文摘要模板

英美文学论文摘要模板

英美文学经典作品是英语语言学习中的一个非常重要的组成部分,一个良好的英语语言水平离不开英美文学作品阅读的训练。下文是我为大家整理的关于英美文学 毕业 论文优秀 范文 的内容，欢迎大家阅读参考!英美文学毕业论文优秀范文篇1 试析英美文学中的 文化 问题 摘要：语言与文学作品能够准确地反映出一个民族文化环境中的习俗、信仰和普遍价值取向，在学习英美文学的过程中，也必然会接触到作品中所含有的各种文化知识，学校开设英美文学课程的主要目的在于培养学生的阅读欣赏能力以及在英美文学阅读中的理解能力，高等学校对英美文学课程的重视对于学生提高自身的英语水平起到了很大的作用。 关键词：英美文学文化问题历史文化背景 随着经济全球化趋势的不断加快，英美文学逐渐成为高等院校非常重视的一门专业必修课程，学校开设英美文学课程的主要目的在于培养学生的阅读欣赏能力以及在英美文学阅读中的理解能力，高等学校对英美文学课程的重视对于学生提高自身的英语水平起到了很大的作用，但是随之而来产生了一些文化问题，很多学生由于对英美文学缺乏深层含义的了解而逐渐丧失英美文学阅读的兴趣，这就要求我们在阅读英美文学的过程中要将语言学知识掌握扎实，广泛了解英美文化知识，从而不断增强英美文学课程开设的积极意义。 一、文化因素在英美文学中的重要性 随着我国与世界各国之间的联系越来越密切，跨文化能力逐渐成为英语教学过程中的重要组成部分，在英美文学的教学中也逐渐显示出其强大的生命力，语言本身就是一种文化，而语言与文学作品又能够准确地反映出一个民族文化环境中的习俗、信仰和普遍价值取向，我们在学习英美文学的过程中，也必然会接触到作品中所含有的各种文化知识，在英美文学的学习过程当中，学习者的个人情感因素非常重要，而其所掌握的文化知识也是不可或缺的。 在传统的英美文学教学中，我国的大部分高校文学教师都过分注重对文本阅读的重视和对英美文学作品的研究，忽视了指导学生对英美文学创作背景的认识，这样的教学方式使得大部分学生在学习的过程中缺乏基本的文化理解能力，对于英美文学中的文化因素不能做到深入的了解，对所阅读的英美文学作品中的文化内涵缺乏认知能力，使得学生在阅读英美文学作品时只能浮于表面，无法准确揭示文学作品当中的深层文化意义。 任何一门文学课程的学习都需要学习着具备较强的文化思想，并且具备一定的理解能力，而要想不断提高自身在学习文学作品当中的理解能力，就需要学习者首先对这门文学所产生的背景文化知识有一个深入的了解，一个优秀的文学学习者在文化 经验 、认知能力、语言学知识等各个方面都应当有较强的造诣，在英美文学的学习过程当中，学习者掌握一定的语言文化知识固然很重要，但是仅仅掌握语言文化知识也远远不够的，要想真正将英美文学的内容了解透彻。 我们还应当不断加强对英美文化背景知识的认识，只有借助于英美文化背景知识的帮助，学习者才能真正深入了解英美文学中的文化内涵，对于英美文学中所展现出的生活方式、宗教习俗、思维模式、价值取向、历史发展状况等有一个基本的把握，真正理解作品中所具有的思想感情，这种对于文学作品的理解能力的培养不是一朝一夕的过程，在这一过程中，学生必须坚持不懈，文学教师也应当指导学生掌握正确的 学习 方法 ，养成科学阅读英美文学作品的良好习惯，使学生在学习中不断提高阅读英美文学作品的能力，提高自身的文学素养。 二、英美文学学习中所出现的文化问题 1、英美文学学习中的社会文化问题。 任何一种语言实际上本身就是一种文化，而且在语言的发展过程中，社会文化也能够对其产生一定的影响，语言是文学作品组成的重要元素，在不同的社会环境中所形成的语言文化是不同的，这就使得文学作品在创作过程中不可避免地要受到社会文化的影响，例如，我们现在常常说“艳照门”、“捐款门”中的这个“门”字实际上代表的是一种“丑闻”的意思，那么“门”字的这层意思是如何而来的呢，这就要联系到一定的社会背景，自此以后，人们在遇到一些社会丑闻问题时便常常联想起这一事件，“门”字也就逐渐由了另一层的文化意义，由此看来，了解一个民族的社会文化背景对于学生理解英美文学的深层含义是具有重要意义的。 2、英美文学学习中的地区文化问题。 我们所说的地区文化实际上就是一种在特定的地区环境中所逐渐产生的带有地区文化特色的文化，学生在学习英美文学的过程中如果对这些地区文化不了解，就有可能造成文学时的障碍，例如，在学习诗人雪莱的《西风颂》的时候，如果学生对于英国的气候有一个准确的了解，就有可能理解不了作者为什么会把“西风”写成一种像打着春天脚步的风的形象，因为在我国，一提到西风，大家一般会联想到“西风凛冽”这个词，在文学作品中，西风不仅代表气候的不适宜，也常常在作品中衬托一种压抑、苦闷的心情，而在地处高纬度的英国，西风具有非常温暖舒适的特点，这种地区间的文化差异，也容易造成学生在学习英美文学作品时的困惑。 3、英美文学学习中的历史文化问题。 历史文化因素在任何一种文学作品中都是非常具有影响力的，文学作品本身就是对民族历史文化的反映，是在社会历史发展的过程中逐渐产生的，如果学生在学习英美文学作品的时候对英美国家的历史文化不了解，在理解作品含义时也就不可避免的会出现一些文化障碍问题，我国在历史发展的过程中与西方历史存在着很大的不同，如果对这种历史发展进程中的差异性不能做到准确的把握，就极容易产生一些阅读障碍。 4、英美文学学习中的宗教文化问题。 世界上的很多文学作品都涉及到伊斯兰教、__、佛教等宗教文化因素，各个国家和地区所信仰的宗教文化也是不同的，宗教文化的分布不同，使得各国文化在发展的过程中也相应地受到了一些影响，并且不同国家在宗教方面的信仰能够体现这一地区的一定的文化禁忌，如果对这种文化禁忌不够了解，就很有可能造成文学作品理解中出现障碍，像我们国家，信仰较多的宗教就是佛教、道教和儒教，这些宗教对文学创作者的思想产生着极为深刻的影响，也极大的影响了我国文学作品中的文化内涵，而对于英美文学作品，它们的内在涵义自然也会受到所在地区宗教文化的影响，欧洲大多数人都信仰基督__我国的宗教文化信仰存在着很大的不同，而这些不同常常会使得中国学生在学习英美文学时存在很大的理解困难。 例如，“an after life”根据__的宗教文化就是指人死之后的时光，而如果不了解西方的宗教文化，学生是不可能将这个词语联系到“死后”的，再如，一个犹太人穿着黑袍在路上走，如果有其他的犹太人让他脱下黑袍，就说明这个人是背弃了自己的犹太信仰而被大家多唾弃的，因为黑袍在犹太心目中就是犹太教的象征，因此，我们可以看出，加强对宗教信仰差异性的认识对于理解英美文化是非常重要的。 总结 针对我国英美文学 教育 中的文化问题，文学教师在教学中一定要全面掌握文学作品创作中的历史文化知识和背景材料进行准确的阐释，引导学生加强对英美文学中的文化问题的重视，增强学生吸收英美文学作品文化知识的敏感度，使学生在学习英美文学的过程中能够掌握科学的学习方法，养成阅读英美文学作品的良好习惯，全面提高学生的文学素养。 参考文献： [1] 付美艳.英美文学教学在高校教育中的重要性[J] [2] 罗绮伦.论在英美文学教学中加强文学文本的学习[J] [3] 张辉.建构主义的英美文学教学模式探索[J] [4] 范晓红.英美文学教学与大学生和谐人格塑造[J] [5] 刘可,王永蘅.新时期网络环境下的英美文学教学思考[J] 英美文学毕业论文优秀范文篇2 论英美文学中的《圣经》现象 摘 要:英美文学深受《圣经》影响,没有一部《圣经》,英美文学史就要改写。英美文学与《圣经》有着千丝万缕的联系,本文拟从两个方面来探讨英美文学中的《圣经》现象:一是《圣经》的观念和精神深刻地影响着英美文学;二是《圣经》乃英美文学创作素材的主要来源。 关键词:英美文学 《圣经》 观念和精神 素材 作为世界文学的一个重要组成部分的英美文学有两大传统根基:古希腊、古罗马神话与《圣经》。如果离开了这两大根基,英美文学就无从谈起。自中世纪以来,《圣经》有“唯一的书”和“书中之书”的称号,作为英美社会流传最广,影响最深,发行量最大,读者最多的一本书,《圣经》的观念和精神已经深深地渗透到英美人的意识之中。英美几乎所有重要的诗人、作家都与《圣经》中的思想和意象紧密相关。这使得客观、中肯地探寻《圣经》对英美作家作品的各种影响,对于全面、准确地把握英美文学发展的脉络和规律,具有极其重要的理论意义和实践意义。 一、英美文学中体现《圣经》观念和精神 《圣经》自始至终鲜明地贯穿着仁慈、宽恕和博爱的基督精神,《圣经》中关于仁慈、宽恕和博爱的箴言和训诫比比皆是。这些箴言和训诫告诉世人,有了爱,一切过错和仇恨皆可化解,爱是把一切真,善,美和谐地联系一起的纽带。《加拉太书》(Galatians)云:“要通过爱心彼此服侍,因为全部的法律合成一句话,那就是爱人如己。”(For all the law is fulfilled in one word, even in this: ‘You shall love your neighbor as yourself.’―Chapter 5,Galatians,New Testament)许多英美作家深受这一精神的影响,其作品中更是无时不刻不透露和表达着这一中心思想。 在莎士比亚的许多作品,博爱是其主题思想。如:《罗密欧与朱丽叶》,它被世人誉为一曲永世不衰的“爱”与“美”的颂歌。通过蒙太古和凯普莱特两大家族的世仇纷争与两家儿女之间的生死恋,反映出原本美好的爱被邪恶的仇恨激起的械斗所破坏,而该剧的结局中却吐露出“和谐”的光芒,表达了向前看的积极乐观朝气昂扬的精神。 这里体现出了强烈的基督精神,即用“爱”去化解一切罪恶。而剧中的男女主人公罗密欧与朱丽叶,从这个意义上说,恰是一对年轻的殉道者,他们用自己的行动和“爱”化解了两大家族之间的刻骨仇恨。 再如:十九世纪俄国伟大的小说家――列夫•托尔斯泰,他也是一位虔诚的__徒。他一生的追求和所有著作,都与基督__仰有着千丝万缕的联系。他在代表作《复活》这部小说中宣扬宽恕和博爱,勿以暴力抗恶,提倡人性自我完善。 托尔斯泰认为男女主人公,聂赫留朵夫公爵和妓女玛丝洛娃精神上的“复活”,正是__精神的“复活”和人性的复归。聂赫留朵夫公公爵作为一个陪审官,当他在法庭上发现被告妓女玛丝洛娃正是年轻时代被他诱奸过的少女卡秋莎时,他良心发现了,并开始了一系列的忏悔赎罪活动,最后得到玛丝洛娃的宽恕,感受到爱与善的力量。这表明了《复活》这部长篇小说所宣扬的正是《圣经》所倡导的博爱精神。 英美文学中,贯穿《圣经》仁慈、宽恕和博爱__精神的作品比比皆是,英美文学对《圣经》观念的继承主要体现在:人性原罪、上帝审判、神性救赎、道德完善、神圣之爱……要更全面地理解英美文学的艺术魅力,必须要对英美文学中的《圣经》的观念有深刻的认识。 二、英美文学以《圣经》为创作素材 “《圣经》虽不是文学书,但具有很高的文学价值。”“《圣经》的意义对于每一代人都有不同的新启示”。圣经是文学作品永恒的母题,也是英美作家取之不尽、用之不竭的素材宝库。由于《圣经》在英美享有广泛的读者,可以说,《圣经》中的 故事 和人物在英美国家是家喻户晓,作家引用或化用《圣经》 典故 叙事说理,更易为读者所接受,还可以丰富作品的涵义,深化主题。因此,英美作家在文学创作中总是自觉或不自觉地以这种或那种方式引或化用《圣经》典故。 1.直接引用。 最易辨认的是作家直接引用《圣经》的词句或人名作为自己作品的标题或人物名称,以便引起作品与《圣经》相对应的联系;或者直接引用《圣经》故事,作为创作素材。如:怀特的《乘马车的人》小说题目即:出自《圣经•旧约》的《以西结书》,暗示了小说精神折磨和赎罪的主题;斯坦贝克的《伊甸园之乐》等标题取自《旧约•传道书》第一章;美国南方文学的代表作家威廉•福克纳的名著《押沙龙,押沙龙!》,从书名到故事情节都借用《圣经》中大卫王与逆子押沙龙的故事;戈尔丁的《塔顶》中的主人公牧师约塞林综合了亚当、该隐和撒当等三个圣经人物。 美国作家海明威的成名作《太阳照样升起》,其题目便是摘引《旧约全书•传道书》第一章第五节中的一句话。这表明二十世纪英美文学和《圣经》文本之间存在着明确的对应关系,在作品主题、人物等方面具有同一结构。 在二十世纪英美文学的重要作家中,自称“英国国教式的天主教徒”的T•S•艾略特较早提倡用“神话手法”来创作。而他的神话主要来源于《圣经》。艾略特在他的诗歌创作中成功的运用了“死亡与再生” 、“寻找圣杯”、“火与水”、“赎罪与救难”等《圣经》典故,挖掘现代人的内心世界,将古代与现代连接起来,使作品具有厚重的历史感,并且极大地增强了作品的象征意义,使其作品具有永恒的艺术魅力。 2.采用特殊手法化用。 有些英美作家并不直接引用《圣经》的典故,没有走完全蹈袭的道路,而是根据自己思想的表达,对《圣经》典故原型进行变形处理。英国文学史上有着最古老的作品之一美誉的长诗《贝奥武夫》中就已谈到上帝,并说妖怪格兰代尔是该隐的后裔。该隐是《旧约全书•创世记》中的人物。他是上帝造出的第一个男人亚当和第一个女人夏娃的儿子。他出于嫉妒把弟弟亚伯诱杀了,因而成为世间第一个罪人。虽然《贝奥武夫》对《创世纪》的故事进行了变形处理,但说嗜血成性的格兰代尔是该隐的胄裔是合乎《圣经》精神的。 拜伦的神秘剧《该隐》,主题也是《圣经》故事。不过同情革命的拜伦在《圣经》故事的运用方面采用了偷梁换柱的手法。按照《圣经》的传统说法,该隐出于嫉妒,杀死弟弟亚伯,因而上帝罚他到处流浪,成了丧家之犬。然而在拜伦的笔下,该隐的形象却迥然不同。该隐对上帝的善表示怀疑,对父母和弟弟卑躬屈膝地趋奉上帝的态度和做法非常鄙夷。拜伦把魔鬼撒旦作为不畏强暴、渴求自由的化身,并加以着意刻画,让他开导和激励该隐去反抗贪得无厌、暴戾恣睢的上帝。 英美作家化用《圣经》典故的另一种方法是:通过比喻、隐喻或象征等手法,作家把《圣经》故事的寓意融汇到作品的情节或人物的性格里,使这些故事发挥有力的陪衬和烘托作用。 不了解《圣经》故事背景的人,在理解这类文学作品时,便难免流于表面和肤浅。《威尼斯商人》第四幕第一场里,女扮男装的鲍西娅在法庭上以律师的身份出现,佯装驳斥巴萨尼奥提出变通法律的要求,让残忍的夏洛克在一片敌视的气氛中感到欣慰异常。 他情不自禁地欢呼道:“一个但尼尔来做法官了!真的是但尼尔再世!聪明的青年法官啊,我真佩服你!”这里莎士比亚就化用了一个《圣经》典故,《旧约全书•但尼尔记》说,但尼尔才智过人,判案如神。在法庭上孤立无援的夏洛克,在绝望中突然听到同情的声音,欣喜中称年轻的律师为但尼尔是很自然的。如果不理解莎士比亚的化用《圣经》的手法,对这一幕戏就很难理解通透。 总结 圣经》不仅是一部宗教典籍,它更是一种思维、情感方式,它的观念和精神深远地影响了英美人对历史社会、人类命运、个体生命等问题的看法,使罪与罚、道德与上帝、生命与永恒、仁慈、自由、博爱、平等、良心……成为了英美文学创作最基本的思想内容。浮在海洋上的冰山,露出水面的尖端只是整个冰山的一小部分而已。恰似《圣经》之于英美文学,就是冰山的基础同山巅的关系,英美文学作品中有时一行诗,一句话,甚至一个语词,后面都有丰富的《圣经》故事做支撑。 参考文献: [1] Norton Anthology of American Literature. Ronald Gotlesmanet. al (ed.), New York, 1979. [2] The Student Bible, New International Version. Zondervan Publishing House, Grand Rapid, Michigan, 1996. [3]Boss Murfin & Supryia M. ray(ed.)The Bedford Gl-ossary of Critical and Literary Terns. Bedford Books, New York, 1998. [4]钱 青等:《美国文学名著精选》,商务印书馆,1994。 [5]朱维之:《__文化》,上海书店,1992。 [6]郭海博、李 山:《圣经语典与妙用》,江西人民出版社,1995。 [7]叶舒宪:《神话――原型批评》,西安:陕西师范大学出版社,1987。 [8]艾略特:《__与文化》,四川人民出版社,1989。 [9]王佐良、何其莘:《英国文艺复兴时期的文学史》,外语教学与研究出版社,。 [10]张中载:《当代英国文学论文集》,外语教学与研究出版社,.

英美文学作为世界文学史上重要的组成部分,对于它的学习是必不可少的。下文是我为大家整理的关于英美文学硕士 毕业 论文 范文 的内容，欢迎大家阅读参考! 英美文学硕士毕业论文范文篇1 浅谈英美女性主义文学批评 【摘要】英美派女性主义文学批评是当代西方女性主义文学批评的一个重要学派，它关注文学的社会 文化 语境，强调从女性的视角重新审视传统的文学史，批判男性中心主义的文学标准，并要求研究妇女作品的特殊性、谱写妇女作家的传统。本文着重从女性主义文学批评以及解构男性中心文学的框架与建立女性主义诗学这几个方面进行论述，指出英美派女性主义批评在女权主义运动中富有的实践指导意义。 【关键词】英美文学;女性主义;男性中心文学 女性主义文学批评是20世纪60年代随着女权运动而兴起的西方文艺批评新军。它以女性主义思想为理论基础，以性别和社会性别为基本出发点，以从边缘走向中心为行动纲领，其显著的特点在于具有很强的政治性和个人色彩。之所以把英美文学合在一起，是因为二者不约而同地对女性问题中的社会历史因素给予格外关注。另外，同为英语国家，女性主义批评者致力找寻的文学传统和艺术形象都集中在相仿的经典之中。 一、英美派女性主义文学批评的深层背景和原因 以往所谓的文学传统一律以男性为中心，文学史和文学批评也都被父权主义意识所统治。面对这种情况，女性主义批评家认为，文学批评要具备普遍意义和有效性，无论如何都应该将女性意识包括在内，坚决动摇和解构以男性为中心的文学传统框架，对现存的文化和制度进行总批判，整理提供掀起一场女权主义的文化革命。英美女性主义文学批评首先是从解构男性中心的文学传统框架而开始的。 这主要是通过考察、分析、审视男性文学中那些陈旧的女性形象。在男性本位创造的 神话 故事 中，女性总是以虚幻、美化或扭曲的形象出现的。她们是象牙女郎、安德洛美达、夏娃、潘多拉，是为男人享用而创造出来的尤物，是一种被动、缺乏自主能力的次等客体。在《性别政治》一书中，米勒特对D?H?劳伦斯、亨利?米勒、诺曼?梅勒和让?热奈特等男性作家的思想意识作了尖锐有力的批评和分析，指出这些作家的小说中有很多细节描写都把女性给非人化了。小说中描写的场景和过程全都是从男主人公的角度出发的，女性人物自始至终都处于被控制的地位，男性人物则是绝对的操纵者。 米勒特的分析说明，男作家正是通过这种夸张的描写，把男女之间的性关系表现为正常的政治关系，让女人处于屈从、附属的地位。桑德拉?吉尔伯特和苏珊?格巴在《阁楼上的疯女人》一书中指出，19世纪(乃至今日)占统治地位的父权主义意识形态把艺术创造力当成男性的一种根本优质，由于创造力被界定为男性，其结果必然是，占统治地位的女性文学形象也必然是男人幻想的产物，女作家们被剥夺了创造自我形象的权利，而必须努力遵照父权制强加在她们身上的标准。 吉尔伯特和格巴条分缕述地论证了19世纪的《不朽女性》是怎样被男人想象为虚无飘缈、温柔美丽的天使形象，认为从但丁的贝雅特里齐、歌德的葛雷特和玛甘泪一直到考文垂?帕特莫尔的《屋内天使》，理想的女性始终被视为逆来顺受、俯首帖耳和最富有自我牺牲精神的一种创造物。她们还指出，在天使形象的背后隐藏着妖妇的形象，男人把女性理想化的对应面就是对女性的恐惧。她既给男人带来满足，又会使他产生厌恶。 女性主义者认为，男性中心的文学把性别推向边缘，让妇女成为文化的接受者，批评的功能在于揭露隐藏在作品中的男性沙文主义的真正面目。因此，女性主义者的首要任务是用批判的眼光审视男性创造的女性神话，作一种对抗性阅读，把根植于女性心中的男性意识根除。文学批评一旦揭开了这些形象的政治含义和文本的性歧视，就能帮助读者摆脱意识形态的控制，从而动摇父权制的根基，达到改造世界的目的。 二、建立女性主义诗学女性主义批评家的一些实践 女性主义批评家们试图通过对男作家笔下诸多女性形象的考察、剖析和审视来解构男性中心的文学传统框架，但她们并不只满足于此，她们努力扩大批评的范围，拓展新的批评领域，确立女性主义批评原则，建造一座她们自己的文学宫殿，发掘被男人和社会所忽视的妇女文学传统，将批评的焦点对准女作家及其作品。她们要求拓宽妇女生活题材，创造一种崭新的、富有生命力的、迥然有别于男性文学的妇女文学;她们系统阐述女性主义批评原则以此肯定妇女的文学 经验 和社会经验;建构女性主义诗学，以此对传统的文学作品进行新的评价，重新书写文学史;此外，她们还对男女作家在文学传统方面的差异进行开创性的探索，对女作家的创作经验、想象及其创作手法等方面显示出来的不同倾向进行初步研究，对既存的批评观念和文学的道德性质进行深刻的 反思 和审视。 具体做法就是寻觅女性文学的传统，挖掘被埋没的女作家及作品。美国女性主义批评家丽娜?蓓姆指出，如果从已出版的文学史或文集来看，美国几乎没有一个女性大作家，而主要的小说很容易发现，早在移民时期，女作家就开始活跃了。到了19世纪中叶，在销售和品种方面，女作家已在美国文学史上占了重要位置，连霍桑那样的名作家都免不了担心自己的读者会被女作家吸引过去。然而，这些女作家在文学史上却名不见经传，因为文学史对她们不屑一顾，认为女人不能算是作家，其作品也够不上载入史册的标准。 正是这种以男性为中心的文学批评标准将女性作家长期摒弃于文学史外。因此，女性主义批评家的任务之一便是从女性的视角重新审视整个文学史，发掘被埋没或受冷漠的女作家的作品，纠正男性传统对之的错误理解，寻觅女性文学的传统，重铸文学批评的 方法 。伍尔夫在《一间自己的屋子》中承认一个女性文学的传统存在，但它时时被迫中断，妇女文学的发展呈间歇状态，直到19世纪以后才能较清楚地看到文学创作的具有历史延续性的女性文学传统。 相对于世界文学的发展，这一女性文学的传统无疑是十分短暂的，并且以阿弗拉?贝恩为代表的19世纪初期的妇女创作又被男性的文学批评排斥在文学范围之外，故导致妇女文学传统的难以发现。尽管有着种种困难，但妇女文学传统的存在是无疑的。伍尔夫认为她自己的创作也是沿着这条女性先辈开拓出的道路而进行的，这条道路是许多年以前开辟出来的，动手的有芬尼?伯尔尼、阿弗拉?本、哈利?马提诺、简?奥斯汀、乔治?艾略特。许多著名的女人，以及许多无名的和被忘记的女人，曾在我之前修缮着这条路以使之平坦光滑，并且调整着我的步伐。 所以，当我写作时，我的前面只有极少一些物质障碍。伊莱恩?肖瓦尔特是当代西方女性主义文学批评理论家中最为活跃、影响较大者之一，她倡导建构独立的妇女文学史和女性文学经典。 三、对女性主义批评理论的反思 女性主义文学批评灵活地吸收了西方流行的各种批评方法，容纳了生理学、人类学、现代心理学和美学等领域的知识和理论，呈现出一个多元开放的体系。女性主义批评不为单一的方法所左右，从语言、心理、文化等多角度解构男性中心的意识形态，达到建立女性自身的价值标准与独特文化的目的。 然而，玛丽?朴维在其文《女性主义与解构批评》里声称：“‘女性’仅仅是社会的产物，不具有自然的基础，即‘女性’是一个术语，对这个术语的界定取决于它所被讨论的语境，而不取决于某些性器官或社会经验”，“‘女性’反映不了完整的自我，因为特征是有所联系的，‘女性’仅仅是同‘男性’相对照时获得的临时定义的一个位置。”如果性别角色完全取决于话语，这一话语又时刻处于变化和解构之中，两性的意义缺乏稳定性，那么女权主义批评家和理论家就失去了存在的支点。如果放弃了对社会性别的界定，要求女性正当权益的斗争就失去了理论基石。 她因此呼吁，女性主义不能忽视女性受歧视的社会现实，不应该消解主体，反倒更应该加强对现实的斗争策略的研究。 综上所述，女性主义文学批评是20世纪6O年代末兴起于欧美的新女性主义话语的一部分。它在当代西方文学理论与实践中扮演重要的角色。不仅对父权制文化给予了尖锐的批判;而且还突破了理论话语惯有的表述方式，使历经沧桑的女权思想终于在20世纪下半叶得以理论化，并进入了理论话语的中心，使女性主义文学批评摆脱异端与边缘的地位，转而成为当代理论话语的重要一维，促进了西方理论话语的转型。当然，对这一领域的研究、探讨还需要我们做进一步深入的发掘。 参考文献： [1]英美派女性主义文学批评论莫文斌，罗艳《求索》2005(02). [2]试论20世纪英美女权主义文学批评理论的流变及其影响《北方民族大学学报》2002(02). [3]女性主义文学批评的本土化历程及其问题[J].魏天无外国文学研究，2011(06). 英美文学硕士毕业论文范文篇2 论英语教学中的英美文学 摘要：随着社会的飞速发展，要适应新世纪英美文学教学的发展，满足21世纪外语人才的需要，高校必须改变传统的英美文学教学模式，不断加强英美文学教学改革，构成合理的学科梯队。本文从英美文学在英语教学中的重要作用、英语专业英美文学教学现状和英美文学的 教学方法 三个方面进行了探讨。 关键词：英美文学;英语教学 一、英美文学在英语教学中的重要作用 (一)有效提高学生对所学英语知识的实际应用能力 文学作品是语言的艺术表现形式，是源于生活而又高于生活的文字语言形式。语言文字经过大师们的加工酝酿，便具有了鲜活形象的生命力，成为社会生活中的经典和宝贵的精神文化财富。因为文学作品中饱含生活气息，使人们更加易于接受，所以成为教学的典范和人们争相模仿的对象。在英语教学中适当引入英美文学作品赏析，可以进一步提高学生对英语语言背景的了解和对英语语言艺术的浓厚兴趣。在英语教学过程中充分利用这些经典的英美文学作品，结合其中的优美的语句段落让学生们在具体的语境中去感悟单词和语法的实际应用，能够收到良好的教学效果。 (二)可以提升学生的个人修养和综合素质 在英美文学作品的熏陶下，学生们不仅学到了基本的英语常识，还通过对作品内容的了解进一步开拓了自己的文化视野，了解到在不同文化背景下的文学作品所表现出的不同的社会生活场景，从而使自己的个人修养和文化情操得到进一步提升，对不同文化的欣赏、学习能力进一步增强。通过学习优秀的英美文学作品，在不同程度上了解英美国家的发展历程，感受英美人民的生活现实，可以让学生的 思维方式 和修养水平得到不同程度的提升。 (三)能够培养学生的思辨能力 文学作品是作者优秀思想的结晶。通过阅读作品，我们可以和作者进行跨越时空的精神交流。优秀的文学作品，其内容寄托于文字之中但精神无限延展。在欣赏文学作品的过程中，我们展开丰富的想象能力，对作者表达出的中心思想从不同角度加以揣摩，从而丰富了我们的情感体验、滋润了我们的心灵，是我们的眼界进一步拓宽。在英语教学上，通过阅读英美文学作品，对作品内容进行赏析，可以增强学生的创造性思维能力，提高他们对英语语言的理解能力。 对于同一篇作品，学生们可能会有不同的理解，教师可以引导学生对作品展开讨论，抒发自己的见解，在探讨过程中教师引领学生进入一个潜藏着未知答案的文本空间，由于没有标准答案，学生能够自己理解自认为正确的看法，主动去通过作品对作者进行评判。他们主动对话作者、质疑作者甚至否定作者，在对作品进行深入细致的分析、探讨中，逐步养成敏锐的感知能力，掌握严谨的分析方法，形成准确的表达方式。在英语教学中引入英美文学作品赏析的真正意义也正在这里。 二、英语专业英美文学教学现状 在我国的英语专业教学中，英美文学教学还保持着传统的泛读化教学方式。文本资料以教材上的为主要对象，在英语课堂上教师重点讲解教材，把重点在黑板上罗列出来，学生阅读仍然是次要的。英语教师往往背负着较重的教学目标，对教材的讲解也只是一遍而过，而教材对于英美文学的选取也受篇幅所限往往节选某一段落，对于英美文学的分类和评价往往比较混乱。 在英美文学课程中，由于教材教学内容信息量大，历史年限跨度长，文学流派和创作风格不一，英语文学作品的完整性和作品中心思想无法得到全面展现。这使得学生们的阅读效果大打折扣，教师在讲解过程中也无法全面展现作品中蕴涵的宝贵精神财富，只能针对几个关键的词汇和语言点重点讲解。 所以，现实中英美文学与课往往就是教师在讲台上漫无目的讲，学生在下面机械地听，麻木地记词汇。随着民间国际交往的不断扩大，英语专业教学中通过英美文学阅读引导学生提高 英语学习 效果，提升英美文学作品的阅读欣赏能力已经成为当下学术界的共识。 目前的英美文学教学模式还存在很大的问题。首先体现在教师的授课方式上，在课堂上，教师对于教材中的英美文学理论部分的讲述过于冗长，使学生们对学习毫无兴趣可言。学生们对这一部分的课堂内容只是被动地接受，自己不会动脑去思考有关作品的问题。教材选取的作品与文史理论也不利于课堂教学有效进行。其次，英美文学课由于教材篇幅有限，无法完整摘录某一文学作品，只能有选择地节选作品中的关键段落，而对作品的完整性造成破坏，作品的发生背景、人物介绍也变得残缺不全，学生初次接触作品很难深入阅读下去，教学效果可见一斑。 三、英美文学的科学教学方法 (一)循序渐进 英美文学课是需要一定的英语基础的，因此在课程安排上要遵循循序渐进的教学规律，贯穿于整个英语教学过程的始终。在具体的授课方式上，要考虑到学生们对英语的掌握情况，结合学生的词汇量和阅读水平逐步提高讲课层次。例如，在学生刚入学可以选择一些简单的英语读本培养他们的 英语阅读 习惯，等他们有了良好的阅读习惯，阅读水准达到一定的水平后，再给他们安排英语作品的原著阅读赏析。只有阅读英美文学原著作品，才可以看做是真正意义上的英美文学 教育 。学生有了一定的原著阅读经验，可以在课堂上适量增加阅读量，逐步提升学生们的英语阅读水平。 (二)通读原著 开设英美文学阅读课的目的是全面掌握英美文学作品的中心思想和作者的写作特色。只有将英语原著通读下来，才能充分体会到作品的语言特色、思想脉络和其中蕴含的深刻道理。目前我国英美文学教材只是节选作品的某一章节，断章取义，不利于学生整体理解作品。因此教师要创造条件，使学生尽量通读原著全文，全面体会作品思想内核，有条件的也可以横向扩展，多读一些相关作品，从更广阔的角度试着去理解作品，一定能收到意料之外阅读效果。因此，教师要向学生强调通读整本书的重要性，并布置写 读后感 ，督促学生完成任务。 (三)向学生推荐作品 英语教师在教授英美文学课时，除了教材上节选的内容外，还要积极拓展学生们的知识面，向他们推荐一些通俗易懂、可读性强的英美文学作品。例如英语典籍《圣经》、英国史诗文学《贝奥武夫》、经典小说《鲁滨逊漂流记》等等，都是一些优秀的英语文学作品，读来让人兴趣盎然，学生们课余饭后可以认真的深入进去进行精读。 (四)要求学生写读后感 英美文学作品阅读不能仅仅当做消遣，教师要要求学生每读完一篇作品都要写出心得。只有这样学生们在阅读过程中才会加强体验，在写读后感时重温对作品的个人理解，从而加深了最作品的认识。教师可以从学生的读后感中看出学生对作品的掌握是否充分?认识角度是否恰当?指出他们的不足，引导学生重读作品相关章节，纠正错误认识，进一步提高学生的英语阅读分析能力。此外，英美文学课程的考核可以采取写论文的方式，来促进学生通读作品，加深认识。 (五)让学生积极参与课程设计 课堂教学中教师可以反串角色，让学生主导课堂教学，扮演老师的角色在讲台上为大家讲解分析教材。这样可以活跃课堂气氛，调动学生们的学习积极性，使学生参与到课程设计中来，在学习中变被动为主动，加强对学习过程的记忆。从而避免了其被动接受知识养成的惰性。这样做一方面强化了课堂教学的学习氛围，另一方面使学生主动去对作品内容进行学习、记忆，对作品的印象进一步加深，促使他们在课外通过各种途径去对作品本身或作者相关资料进行搜集、检索，将之作为教科书的有益补充，学生们的自主学习能力得到有效提升。 四、结语 随着教育改革的不断深入，英语教学模式和教学理念面临着全新的挑战，在英美文学课程的教学上，只有转变教育理念，创新教学模式，改革教学内容，改进教学方法，在教育实践中探索有效的英美文学教学方法，合理的利用现代化的教学手段，以一颗火热赤诚的心投入到教育事业中，才能真正地帮助学生提高英语学习能力，满足新时期对外语人才的需要。 参考文献： [1]胡恒.基于网络环境的英语文学课程教学设计[J].英语广场(学术研究)，2012，(5). [2]董梅.英语教学中导入经典文学阅读的创新型教学研究[J].前沿，2012，(10). [3]张春开.浅谈英美文学在高中英语教学中的渗透[J].英语教师，2012，(4). [4]章洁帆.论文学性在综合英语课堂上的体现[J].宁波教育学院学报，2012，(2).

论文摘要模板英文

1、英文摘要是应用符合英文语法的文字语言，提供论文内容梗概为目的的短文。（内容基本与中文摘要相同，但不用完全逐句对应）。

2、英文题目、摘要、关键词自成一页（1页即可），放在中文摘要页之后。

3、英文字体与行间距：统一使用“西文字体”中的“Times New Roman”。

4、英文题目：使用三号字加粗。

5、英文摘要：“Absract”顶格，使用四号字，并加粗。

6、英文关键词：“KeyWords”顶格，使用四号字并加粗。

组成部分：

摘要应具有独立性和自明性，并且拥有与文献同等量的主要信息，即不阅读全文，就能获得必要的信息。对一篇完整的论文都要求写随文摘要，摘要的主要功能有：

（1）让读者尽快了解论文的主要内容，以补充题名的不足。现代科技文献信息浩如烟海，读者检索到论文题名后是否会阅读全文，主要就是通过阅读摘要来判断；所以，摘要担负着吸引读者和将文章的主要内容介绍给读者的任务。

（2）为科技情报文献检索数据库的建设和维护提供方便。论文发表后，文摘杂志或各种数据库对摘要可以不作修改或稍作修改而直接利用，从而避免他人编写摘要可能产生的误解、欠缺甚至错误。所以论文摘要的质量高低，直接影响着论文的被检索率和被引频次。

英文摘要格式如下：

1、英文摘要是应用符合英文语法的文字语言，提供论文内容梗概为目的的短文（内容基本与中文摘要相同，但不用完全逐句对应）。

2、英文题目、摘要、关键词自成一页（1页即可），放在中文摘要页之后。

3、英文字体与行间距：统一使用“西文字体”中的“Times New Roman”，倍行间距。

4、英文题目：使用三号字加粗。

5、英文摘要：“Absract”顶格，使用四号字，并加粗。英文摘要具体内容使用四号字。

6、英文关键词：“Key Words”顶格，使用四号字并加粗。每个关键词使用四号字。

论文摘要应包含以下内容：

（1）从事这一研究的目的和重要性。

（2）研究的主要内容，指明完成了哪些工作。

（3）获得的基本结论和研究成果，突出论文的新见解。

（4）结论或结果的意义。

以上内容参考：百度百科-摘要

以上内容参考：百度百科-论文摘要

关键词:Title of Thesis:Name of Institute: Pages:Graduation Time:(MM/YY)Degree Conferred:Student Name: Advisor Name:Abstract:Key words:

那是因为你的单词在一行没有写完跳到第二行了，这个不影响的，如果你实在不想这样，就把你第一行的最后那个单词拆开写到第二行一部分，但记住要把用一个连接符号“-”，不然别人会以为你那是2个单词了哦，这个符号写在第一行最后单词的拆开处。

论文摘要英文模板

英文摘要格式

①首行居中打印论文英文标题(TimesNewRoman四号加粗)。

②下空一行居中打印英文单词“Abstract”(TimesNewRoman小四号加粗)。

③下空一行打印摘要内容(TimesNewRoman小四，倍行距，两端对齐)。

④摘要内容后下空一行打印“KeyWords”(TimesNewRoman小四号加粗)，其后接着打印关键词(3-7个关键词，TimesNewRoman小四号)。除了专有名词外，其他单词的首字母不大写。各关键词之间用分号隔开，最后一个关键词后不打标点符号。

⑤摘要正文各自然段首行空5个字符。

中文摘要：

①首行居中打印论文中文标题(宋体四号加粗)。

②下空一行居中打印“摘要”二字(宋体小四号加粗)，字间空一字符。

③“摘要”二字下空一行打印摘要内容(宋体小四号)。

④摘要内容后下空一行打印“关键词”三字(宋体小四号加粗)，其后接着打印关键词(3-7个，宋体小四号)，各关键词之间用逗号隔开，最后一个关键词后不打标点符号。

把握好内容的一致性

关于学术期刊论文中英文摘要的一致性，两"规范"都明确规定：英文题名应与中文题名含义一致，英文摘要的内容应与中文摘要相对应，中、英文关键词应一一对应。

可见，中英文摘要的一致性主要是指含义、内容、数量和顺序的一致性。英文摘要应忠实、准确地反映中文摘要的内容，不能随意更改或删去中文摘要的重点内容或重要信息，不能随意增补中文摘要中未提及的内容。

但这并不意味着英文摘要是中文摘要的硬性对译，如果受汉语思维的影响生硬地按照中文字面意思直译或进行句对句、词对词的一一对译，一个词也不改动，这不仅会导致在表达上出现中式英语的现象，而且会使英文摘要用词重复累赘、句子繁杂冗长、语义不流畅。

期刊论文英文摘要格式

你发表过期刊论文吗?期刊论文英文摘要格式大家知道怎么写吗?下面是我为大家收集的关于期刊论文英文摘要格式，希望能够帮到大家!

Your Paper's Title Starts Here: Please Center use Helvetica (Arial) 14 FULL First Author1, a, FULL Second Author2,b and Last Author3,c 1Full address of first author, including country 2 Full address of second author, including country 3 List all distinct addresses in the same way a email, bemail, cemail

Keywords: List the keywords covered in your paper. These keywords will also be used by the publisher to produce a keyword index.

For the rest of the paper, please use Times Roman (Times New Roman) 12 Abstract. This template explains and demonstrates how to prepare your camera-ready paper for Trans Tech Publications. The best is to read these instructions and follow the outline of this text. Please make the page settings of your word processor to A4 format (21 x 29,7 cm or 8 x 11 inches); with the margins: bottom cm ( in) and top cm ( in)， right/left margins must be 2 cm ( in)。

(We shall be able to publish your paper in electronic form on our web page

, if the paper format and the margins are correct. If not, we will have to scan your paper which, when compared with an electronic version, results in very poor quality) Your manuscript will be reduced by approximately 20% by the publisher. Please keep this in mind when designing your figures and tables etc. Introduction All manuscripts must be in English, also the table and figure texts, otherwise we cannot publish your paper.

Please keep a second copy of your manuscript in your office. When receiving the paper, we assume that the corresponding authors grant us the copyright to use the paper for the book or journal in question. Should authors use tables or figures from other Publications, they must ask the corresponding publishers to grant them the right to publish this material in their paper.

Use italic for emphasizing a word or phrase. Do not use boldface typing or capital letters except for section headings (cf. remarks on section headings, below)。

Organization of the Text Section Headings. The section headings are in boldface capital and lowercase letters. Second level headings are typed as part of the succeeding paragraph (like the subsection heading of this paragraph)。 Page Numbers. Do not number your paper: Tables. Tables (refer with: Table 1, Table 2, …) should be presented as part of the text, but in such a way as to avoid confusion with the text. A descriptive title should be placed above each table.

Units in tables should be given in square brackets [meV]. If square brackets are not available, use curly {meV} or standard brackets (meV)。

Special Signs. for example , α{1120} should always be written in with the fonts Times New Roman or Arial, especially also in the figures and tables. Macros. Do not use any macros for the figures and tables. (We will not be able to convert such papers into our system)

Language. All text, figures and tables must be in English.

论文摘要模板英语

标题摘要关键词正文

英文摘要的主要的编写方式就是以一些书面语去进行编写，就是需要用一种高级的语法格式去进行编写，然后按照自己主题围绕去写一些摘要。在摘要里面主要还就是填写项目内容相关的一些背景，还有就是这个项目内容里面的一些简单化的概括，以及一些小的总结等等。

然后在英文摘要里面就可以这样子去进行编写，然后英文摘要如果是运用到论文里面的话，在论文里面的英文摘要就是需要去按照自己开题或者是自己其他一些文章的内容去进行编写，就是浓缩概括以后，然后写到英文摘要里面。

如果自己的英语是不过关的话，可以先写一个中文版的，然后利用翻译软件去进行翻译，就可以得到英文版的摘要。英文版的摘要主要就是要以自己的文章作为主题所需进行编写，在编写的时候需要加进许多的内容。

高考时期，遇到概要的英语写作，我们有什么技巧可以解决? 高考英语概要写作范文 Getting rid of dirt, in the opinion of most people, is a good thing. However, there is nothing fixed about attitudes to dirt. In the early 16th century, people thought that dirt on the skin was a means to block out disease, as medical opinion had it that washing off dirt with hot water could open up the skin and let ills in. A particular danger was though to lie in public baths. By 1538, the French king had closed the bath houses in his kingdom. So did the king of England in 1546. Thus began a long time when the rich and the poor in Europe lived with dirt in a friendly way. Henry IV, King of France, was famously dirty. Upon learning that a nobleman had taken a bath, the king ordered that, to avoid the attack of disease, the nobleman should not go out. Though the belief in the merit (好处) of dirt was long-lived, dirt has no longer been regarded as a nice neighbor ever since the 18 century. Scientifically speaking, cleaning away dirt is good to health. Clean water supply and hand washing are practical means of preventing disease. Yet, it seems that standards of cleanliness have moved beyond science since World War II. Advertisements repeatedly sell the idea: clothes need to be whiter than white, cloths ever softer, surfaces to shine. Has the hate for dirt, however, gone too far? Attitudes to dirt still differ hugely nowadays. Many first-time parents nervously try to warn their children off touching dirt, which might be responsible for the spread of disease. On the contrary, Mary Ruebush, an American immunologist (免疫学家), encourages children to play in the dirt to build up a strong immune system. And the latter (后者) position is gaining some ground. 高考英语概要写作方法 Part I. 什么是摘要? A summary is a short account giving the main points of something longer or detailed. 概括部分包含几种能力。第一要看清楚文章的结构，设法反映出原文中作者的观点。第二要具有意义筛选的能力，学会区分事实和观点、重要和次要、普遍与特殊、相关与不相关、原因和结果等复杂的逻辑关系。第三要有用英文解释英文的能力，用自己简单的语言解释比较复杂的语言文字，不能抄袭原文。 对于成绩较差的同学来说，可能对概括感到无从下手。 读写任务的写作内容一般分为两个部分，即写作内容1为概括短文要点，还有写作内容2 则是就某个主题发表看法。然而，绝大部分的考生会忽略了写作内容2对写作内容1的导航作用，而一头扎进了阅读材料直接去阅读文章得出要点。事实上， 所谓读写任务其实是读和写的有机结合，读的材料是为了后面的写提供情景，同样， 写也是对读的材料的思考和延伸。故希望大家在概括文章时，可考虑命题人提供的写作内容2的导航作用，因为它能够帮助大家更快地提高捕捉文章要点的速度与准确性。 一、概括的标准：抛弃次要，瞄准写作目的。 标准的概括采用浮凸式的表达方式，第一句话是主题句，清楚明白地告诉了读者文章的写作目的，这句话的质量决定了概括的成败。后面的句子对主题句进行解释和支撑，凡是意义在主题之外的要毫不吝啬地予以删除。 二、概括的写作步骤： 1. 确定主题句。确定阅读文章的主题句，一般在段首。没有主题句的需要自己组合。 2. 寻找关键词。分析主题句意义，确定关键词，关键词一般体现为名词、形容词，关键词的数目决定了概括的信息浓度。 3. 重构主题句。概括的主题句逻辑上要统摄后面所有的支撑句。可以从作者的写作目的逆推，反映写作目的主题句是高度抽象的，它基本决定了概括的质量。 4. 重组支撑句。支撑句的意义在逻辑上受制于主题句，可以是补充过程或者提供证据。 口诀：简括为：缩长见短，省却细腻。(括：概括性。见：间接引语。短：短的连词。细腻：细节和例子) 三、概括的形式：主题句+支撑句 即主题+主题的什么。 附：2007年广东高考概括部分评分细则： 1.完全糊涂地照抄原文，连人称都不改的，得0分; 2.机械死板地照抄原文，只改人称的，得1分; 3.稍微灵活地抄原文，改主语，宾语、原文词序的，得2分; 4.创造性地抄，改主语，宾语、原文词序还有句子结构的，最多得3分。 5.结构、用词，词性变化比较好的4至5分。 高考英语概要写作技巧 Part II. 写概括的具体方法 Ⅰ.The Steps of Writing a Summary A.定时态：如果阅读材料是过去时，那么基本时态用过去时;如果是现在的，那么基本时态用现在时;不过，模板的开头语一般为现在时如The passage tells us that----- - --. B.定人称：一般情况下采用第三人称来写作。(特殊如书信的，可能会使用第一、二人称;) C.定技巧：结合相关技巧，重新组句。 1)Use words of similar meanings同义替换法 I didn’t catch any fish owing to the fact that I was not patient. I didn’t catch any fish_________ I was not patient. 2)Adopt the opposite way when saying a sentence正话反说法 You will fail. = You will ____________. 3)Change the part of speech词性转换法 Patience is very important. Patience is of _____________________ . 4)Change the structure of a sentence句式变化法 语态变换：Parents should give children more praise. →Children should ________ more praise. 简单句变复合句： Children should be encouraged more. This will help them learn faster. Children should be encouraged more, _______ will help them learn faster.. 5)Use the shortest possible transitions连词衔接法 注意使用一些短而精的连词，如but, and, so, while, however, then, yet, for, therefore, thus, including, instead of 等。 We should encourage children. We should not scold them. We should encourage children__________ scolding them. 6) Change the order of the words.词序改变法 D. 下列是常规的实用技巧。 Skill1: Omit (省略) the details Skill2: Omit the repetitions Skill3: Omit the examples Skill4: Use general(概括性) words instead of specific(具体的) words ) Skill5: Put the main points of a dialogue in indirect speech 写摘要时可以采用下列几种小技巧： 1) 删除细节。只保留主要观点。 2) 避免重复。在原文中，为了强调某个主题，可能会重复论证说明。但是这在摘要中是不能使用的。应该删除那些突出强调的重述句。 3) 删除具体例子。不过，阅读材料本身是由几个具体例子构成的，如阅读材料是谈西方种种节日的，如删除具体例子，则概括很难达到30个词，那就选择一至两个例子(即一两个主要节日)。注：原文中可能包括5个或更多的例子，你只需从中筛选一至二个例子。 4) 使用概括性的名词代替具体的词，比如： She brought home several Chinese and English novels, a few copies of Time and Newsweek and some textbooks. She intended to read all of them during the winter vocation. 可以概括为：She brought home a lot of books to read during the vocation. 5) 把文章的对话或直接引语(的要点)改成间接引语叙述。 6) 把长段的描述变成短小、简单的句子。如果材料中描述某人或某事用了十个句子，那么你只要把它们变成一两句即可。 7) 压缩长的句子。如下列两例： His courage in battle might without exaggeration be called lion-like. 可以概括为： He was very brave in battle. He was hard up for money and was being pressed by his creditor. 可以概括为：He was in financial difficulties. 8) 你还可以使用词组代替整句或者从句。 II.练习篇---- 学以致用。(Task1: Please follow the example to choose the proper skill from the above ones.) 1,Then, you can think of a way to make both sides happy. Here are some tips 1)Make time to talk. You could talk about your school life and your plans for the future. 2)..Keep a diary. It can help you understand more about yourself and your feelings. 3). Show your parents you are growing up. Wash your own clothes and help around the house. Which skill: ___________________________________________________ Summary:___________________________________________________________ 2. Sometimes, kids don’t think their parents are fair to them. When you want to dress in a modern way, your mum doesn’t like you to wear a mini-skirt. When you are making phone calls to friends, they ask whether you’re speaking to a boy or a girl. Which skill: ___________________________________________________ Summary: ______________________________________________________________ 3. Kate looked at Paul disapprovingly, You use too much salt on your food, Paul. It’s not at all good for you! Paul put down his knife and frowned, Why on earth not! If you didn’t have salt on your food it would taste awfullike eating wood or sandjust imagine bread without salt in it! Which skill:___________________________________________________ Summary:______________________________________________________ 4. She brought home several Chinese and English novels, a few copies of Time and Newsweek, and some textbooks. She intended to read all of them during the winter vacation. Which skill: _____________________________________________________ Summary: _____________________________________________________________ Ⅲ.Task2: find out how to summarize the whole passage 段意合并法 (说明文、应用文) 第一步, 通读全文, 领略大意; 第二步,小结每一段的大意; 第三步, 根据每一段的大意以及作者的侧重点, 综合归纳全文的大意. 对于说明性或描述性短文，可以用概括性文字说明某一现象。比如，可以概括如下 This article points out the common phenomenon 要素串联法(记叙文) 记叙文主要是记叙所发生的事情和经历。常见的形式有：故事、日记、新闻报道、游记等。记叙文通常要交待清楚五要素的内容，即where, when, what, who, how, 给读者一个内容完整、细节清晰的故事。事情的叙述通常按时间的顺序叙述，让读者易于把握所叙述内容之间的内在关联，我们必须抓住记叙文的写作特点或思路，从而更好地理解文章主题，概括出比较中肯的短文中心大意。 主题概括法(议论文) 第一、找出关键词和全文或段落的主题句。任何一篇文章都是围绕某个主题展开的，因此，许多文章中最明显的特点之一是有一个反复出现的中心词，即高频词，也叫做主题词。抓住了它，便容易抓住文章的中心。一般地说，主题词通常是名词、动词或形容词。 第二、根据原文的词句(一般指关键词和全文或段落的主题句), 进行改写: 或用相应的同义词，或进行句型转换(如主动句改为被动句等等). 千万不要原封不动地抄写原文的词句. 第三、用连词连接各部分，使它连贯; 第四、整合中心要点，使用形容词、介词短语、非谓语动词短语合并、简化句子，使之符合概括短文内容要点的词数(30个词左右)。 议论文通常用来讲明道理、议论是非、提出观点和看法。作者先正面或反面提出论点，然后用事实论证论点，最后以重申论点或提出建议的方式得出结论。议论文的主题句通常在首段或尾段，或者在各段的首句或尾句。 尽可能客观简要地转述阅读材料的观点。可以采用如下方法概括：The writer of this article thinks that 或者你认为本材料的观点代表了一些人的思想，就可以说Some people think 还可以从中立的角度或用无人称的方式来说The article gives the view that Exercise: Match the main idea with the proper skill. 5. It must have been about two in the morning when I returned home. I tried to wake up my wife by ringing the doorbell, but she was fast asleep, so I got a ladder from the shed in the garden, put it against the wall, and began climbing towards the bedroom window. I was almost there when a sarcastic voice below said, I don’t think the windows need cleaning at this time of the night. I looked down and nearly fell off the ladder when I saw a policeman. I immediately regretted answering in the way I did, but I said, I enjoy cleaning windows at night. So do I, answered the policeman in the same tone. Excuse my interrupting you. I hate to interrupt a man when he’s busy working, but would you mind coming with me to the station? Well, I’d prefer to stay here, I said. You see, I’ve forgotten my key. Your what? he called. My key, I shouted. Fortunately, the shouting woke up my wife who opened the window just as the policeman had started to climb towards me Which skill: ____________________________ 点拨： 这是一篇记叙文，请从原文中划出时间、地点、人物、事情的经过和结果。 填充下面所给的summary, 注意如何借用词法，语法简化句子。 Summary: On arriving home __________ in the morning, the writer failed to wake up __________ by ringing the doorbell. He tried to _______________, but was found by _____________. Soon his shouting woke his wife. 6. Advertising can be a service to customers. This is true when advertisements give reliable information about the goods advertised. Such information is needed if the customer is to make a sensible choice when he buys something. It is useful in that it lets him know of the kinds of goods in the shops. Printed advertisements do this job best. Customers can collect them and compare them. They can be taken along to the shops and their statements can be checked against and actual goods in the shops. Some advertisements are not very useful to the customers. Instead of helping the customer to satisfy his real needs, they set out to make him want things. They set out to make us believe that what they advertise will make us cleverer, prettier, more handsome, if only we use it. The voice on TV says, Getaway people use XYZ petrol. The screen shows a picture of petrol pump for a fast expensive car owned by a boy with a pretty girlfriend. They drive off to the wonderful country or a lovely beach. Some people may feel that clever, successful people use XYZ petrol. Some might choose that petrol every time they fill up their cars. Skill: _______________________ Summary: 7..Students should think now about what extracurricular (课外的) activities they'd like to participate in. Participating in extracurricular activities may help you deepen your physical, creative, social, political, and career interests by bringing you into communication with other like-minded people you didn’t previously know. You can join groups as a way to get support from other students. A club or group can also be a great way to meet people who are different from you. Lots of youth programs bring people together with those who are different as a way to break down the barriers between people. Participating in extracurricular activities helps you in other ways, too. It looks good on college and job applications and shows admissions officers and employers you're well-rounded and responsible. Specific activities help with specific goals. The most basic reason for joining a club or team is that it gives you something better to do than staring at the wall, wandering the hall, or sleeping all afternoon. People who are participating are less likely to pick up bad habits, like smoking or drinking. Skill: ______________________________________ Summary: Ⅳ.积累模板Some Summary Models for You 要注意归纳和积累summary中常用的句式或模板。 A.如议论文的概要通常可以如此开头： The essay/passage/author highlights the importance of encouragement for students. The essay/passage/author argues in support of , stating that The essay/passage/author argues that we must not only value those who come first or are the best in any field but the others whose effort push them to success. The essay/passage/author discusses the impact of email. The essay/passage/author compares friendship with the comfort of home. The essay/passage/author outlines the harmful effects of smoking. B.而记叙文的概要则可以从以下模板中选择： The passage/story is about a misunderstanding between a student and a teacher. The author tells us a story about a ________. The passage is a story about ________. According to the passage, the hero in the story ________. C.通用型模板： According to the passage, we know This article is mainly about The writer states that As can be learn this passage, - - - The passage says that In this passage, the writer mainly tells us his experience of 另外，更具体一点： (1) 记叙文概要模板 a.点明写作目的类： The writer tells us(主题)by showing us an example of, who/which(故事情节). b.作者经历类： In the passage, the writer mainly tells us his experience of doing sth, which c. 他人经历类： This passage is mainly about sb’s experience of doing sth.. (2) 议论文概要模板 The article gives the view that should/shouldn’t(主题). ..(补充论据). The passage highlights(强调) the importance of sth.. The author argues that (3) 说明文概要模板 a. 现象揭示类： This article points out the common phenomenon ----(主题), which.(补充解释). b. 利弊对比类： The article compares the disadvantages/ benefits of A and B. Awhile B The passage discusses the impact(影响)of sth. On the positive side, but it may also. c. 研究显示类： The study reveals(揭露) that The purpose of the report is to show that 附：练习参考答案： I. 定技巧：结合相关技巧，重新组句。练习 1) because 2) not succeed 3) of great importance 4) be given; which 5) instead of II. 练习篇---- 学以致用。 : Omit the details There are some tips for children to follow so that they can get on well with their parents. 2. Skill2: Omit the examples. It is quite natural that we children look at the same problem differently from our parents. 3. Skill4: Put the main points of a dialogue in indirect speech. Kate suggested that Paul should eat less salt. But Paul disagreed. He said that food without salt would be tasteless. 4. Skill3: Use general(概括性) words instead of specific (具体的) words. She brought home a lot of books and magazines to read during the vacation. 5. Summary: On arriving home at about two in the morning, the writer failed to wake up his wife by the doorbell. He tried to climb towards the bedroom window, but was found by a policeman. Soon his shouting woke his wife.(40 words) 6. Skill: ①段意合并法 (topic sentences or key words，if no topic sentences) Summary: Advertising can be useful when it provides customers with reliable information，while some advertisements are not the case as they are produced only to persuade customers to buy what they don’t need.(31 words) 7. 主题概括法(适合于议论文) Summary: The author (The passage) discussed the benefit of extracurricular activities including being a way to improve students’ health, widen their social circle and introduce them to new ideas and people. (30 words)

下面是关于学术论文英文摘要模板，希望对你们有帮助。

Abstract

Since Dewey developed the concept of “critical thinking”, many scholars abroadhave carried out a series of studies about improving students' critical thinking skills ineducation field. In the 1980s,critical thinking became the target of higher educationprograms in such foreign countries as the US and Canada. It has gained its widespreadattention in China only in recent years. But there are only few studies about it ineducation field. Our traditional English teaching method pays much attention to thetraining of students' linguistic knowledge and language skills but ignores thecultivation of students' critical thinking abilities. In the process of skill practice,teachers often stress the importance of memorizing vocabulary and imitating skillsrigidly,but neglect the students' abilities in analyzing problems and putting forwardinnovative solutions. Therefore, English writing teaching is affected by this andmerely attaches emphasis to train students' reading and writing skills. There are fewstudies which aim at systematically cultivating students' analysis, synthesis, summary,comparison and reasoning skills while they are writing. Therefore,this study aims atdesigning some writings tasks and teaching strategies which can be used to fostercollege students' critical thinking awareness and promote students' all-rounddevelopment.

According to six critical thinking skills,this study was carried out by requiringstudents to hand in an argumentation. All participants in this study are non-Englishmajor college freshmen from a 211 key university. The revised version of Rubric forQualitative Critical Thinking Skills Instrument was used in this study. Withquantitative and qualitative analysis,writing experiment is conducted within a wholesemester to collect data concerning students' learning behavior. Reading-to-write isused in experimental class while traditional method is adopted in control class. Thewriting scores by the experimental and control class were statistically processed bysoftware SPSS . And also the interview was launched in some of students inexperimental class to assess students' critical thinking abilities reflected in theirwritings-The final analysis indicated that EGAP writing model exerted a significantlypositive influence in improving students' critical thinking skills, especially in arousingstudents' writing enthusiasm and critical thinking awareness. Compared with controlclass, students in experimental class made big progress in writing competence. Inaddition, this study put forward some reform proposals to the teaching of Englishwriting. The study is of great value to instruct students to employ critical thinkingskills in their writing.

Abstract

A large body of research has been conducted on the effects of technology-enhancedEnglish vocabulary learning since the 1960s (Marty, 1981)。 However, no consensus hasbeen reached yet (Choo, Lin, & Pandian,2012; Mohsen & Balakumarohsen, 2011)。

Despite the fact that some narrative reviews have evaluated and explored thesecontradictory results, this study aims at quantifying the overall effectiveness oftechnology-enhanced English vocabulary learning with a different approach to review:meta-analysis and performing in-depth moderator analyses of learning method and testtype further.

Totally, twenty effect sizes from thirteen pieces of primary research are obtainedafter collecting related literature published or unpublished in recent ten years via fourchannels and selecting through three filters. Later, all the primary research is coded anddata are computed in random-effects model with software ComprehensiveMeta-Analysis.

Results show that: (1) Technology has a positively large effect on Englishvocabulary learning according to Cohen's standards as proposed in 1992 (g = 95% confidential interval of [, ])。 (2) Learning methods (intentional learning,incidental learning, and integrated learning) have impacts on the overall effectiveness.

Heterogeneity exists in the three learning methods (g = = 0,01 < )，Effectiveness of intentional learning, incidental learning and integrated learning is ^ =, g 二 , g = respectively. Incidental learning under technology-enhancedenvironment yields the largest effectiveness on English vocabulary learning. (3) Testtypes (recognition tests, recall tests,recognition + recall tests) also have impacts on theoverall effectiveness. The three test types are heterogeneous as well {Q = , p = < )。 Recognition tests, recall tests, and recognition + recall tests have effectsizes of and respectively. Technology-enhanced English vocabularylearning achieves the largest effectiveness in recognition tests.

Abstract

The present study, which is based on the Competing Values Framework (. CVF:a framework to identify the organizational effectiveness and to define organizationalculture)， aims to investigate English teachers, teaching motivation at universities, theirperception of the organizational culture in the target university,their professionalaspiration and how they affect each other. The research questions to be addressed are asfollows: (1) How do the English teachers perceive the organizational culture at theirworkplace? (2) How much effort will the teachers pay for their professionalengagement and aspiration? (3) What kinds of motivation do the English teachers in thetarget university appear to have? (4) How will the organizational culture and theprevious experience affect teachers' motivation?

This study employed four different questionnaires as the research instruments,including one demographic questionnaire and three research questionnaires, . thedemographic questionnaire, the Organizational Culture Assessment Instrument (. theOCAI) (Cameron & Quinn, 1999)，the Professional Engagement and CareerDevelopment Aspiration-scale (. the PECDA-scale) (Watt & Richardson, 2008b)，andthe Work Tasks Motivation Scale for Teachers Teaching (. the WTMST) (Fernet et al.,2008)，to investigate the above mentioned research questions. The whole investigationtook roughly 12 weeks and involved three stages: the preparation stage,the pilot study,and the main study.

The findings of the present study show that most of the teachers are intrinsicallymotivated and with identified regulation influenced by the performance culture and theclan culture which are the dominant culture types of the target research site. Results alsoindicate that the overseas experience and length of teaching experience affect teachers'perception of tixe organizational culture and motivation. The participants who haveoverseas experience tend to be more with the sense of professionalism, moreintrinsically motivated and be more confident with their competence in the academicarea; and the ones who have longer years of teaching experience are with moreidentified regulation and introjected motivation and are more committed and moreassured of staying in the education field. The participants in the target universitybasically belong to the highly engaged persisters,and the male teachers expect to be theleadership.

Abstract

Owing to the economic, social and academic needs as well as the advantages of EGAP(General Academic Purpose in Chinese College English) itself, there exist 这 great deal ofnecessity and feasibility for applying English for EGAP class. It is our understanding thatwriting plays an extremely important role in the course of EGAP and genre is a quiteinfluential factor in improving students5 writing competency. However,the investigation ofstudents' current writing situation shows that being deeply influenced by traditional writingteaching methods which emphasize grammar and vocabulary; the students have littleknowledge about genre approach theoretically or systematically and lack the awareness ofgenre. Because of this,it becomes necessary to put forward an English writing teachingapproach which is effective as well as applicable to the situation in China so as to enhancetheir writing competence.

This paper firstly gives a brief introduction to the developing trend of EGAP bydiscussing its necessity and applicability in China and the main views of two schools of genretheory, the tiieoretical foundation and genre-based approaches of three main schools of genrestudy and practice. And also,their characteristics are compared and the adaptability inChinese College EGAP class is analyzed, based on which it puts forward a modifiedGenre-based approach in EGAP writing class in order to enhance students' genre awarenessand improve their writing skills.

To achieve this, two non-English major classes of freshmen in East China University ofScience and Technology (ECUST) have been selected as the experimental class andcontrolled class, and the research lasts one semester. The Genre-based approach is applied inthe experimental class following a modified Genre-based approach. And a comparison hasbeen made on the same subject at the beginning and the end of the semester and thecomparison and contrast between the experimental class and controlled class have also beenmade. Owing to various factors,such as learning motivation, different students show variedextent of acceptance to certain teaching approaches. Therefore, emphasis has not only beenput on the overall changes,but also on the individual differences.

There are three hypotheses:

1. Can Genre-based approach enhance students' genre awareness? 2. Can “genreawareness” really improve students' writing ability in EGAP? If the students can get overallimprovement, is there any difference in gender and the students with diverse learningaptitudes because of the individual difference? If some students fail to improve, what's thepossible reason behind it? 3. Will Chinese students accept and adapt to Genre-basedApproach?

Three sets of data from six writing assignments, writing in final-term examination andquestionnaires are collected and analyzed with the help of the software SPSS . And thestudy indicates that: (1) Genre-based approach has a significant effect in sensitizing students'genre awareness, improving holistic writing competence; (2) during the whole experimentalprocess, girls have a stable superiority over boys, however, boys' improvement fluctuation iscomparatively obvious; (3) students of medium efficiency have the greatest potential to makebig improvement; (4) Unavoidably, in this research there are some students who fail to gainimprovement in terms of writing ability or get changed in terms of writing notions, andthrough analysis it has been found that the main objective reasons are: the difficulty ofwriting itself,the differences of culture and ways of thinking between east and west,thelimited teaching period, etc.; and subjective reasons mainly come from: the limitedcompetence of students themselves, the lack of interest in English writing, etc(5) aoverwhelming majority of students are liable to accept this approach and able to adapt to itpretty well, yet acceptation is not absolutely accompanied by adaptation; (6) feedback is adispensable part in English writing teaching, and more specific feedback will bring strongermotivation in students' self-correcting and developing;In the end,the author presents some limitations in her research and hopes that this cangive some hints and tips to further research in EFL writing classes.

Abstract

In college English listening & speaking classrooms, language and other semioticsystems cooperate together to help students construct meaning. It can be reflected inthe design of textbooks and the use of audios, videos and images, etc. Thus, in thisthesis, the theoretical foundation is the theory of multimodal discourse analysis (MDA)derived from Systemic Functional Linguistics and Social Semiotics. The essence ofMDA is that other semiotic resources such as: images, audios, etc. are as important aslanguage in the meaning-making system. Visual Grammar, Acoustical Grammar andthe integrated frameworks of MDA are the main analysis approaches in this thesis.

Meanwhile, the results of the teaching investigation and the MDA for textbooksare the practical foundation for the multimodal teaching design, providing feasibleand effective suggestions in this thesis. According to the results, it can be concludedthat students have more or less realized multimodality in this course and argue thatmultimodality should be used in moderation; multimodal classroom activities, socialcontent, etc. should be brought into the class; teachers should remind students to payattention to images, fonts change and other multimodal factors in textbooks.

Therefore, when conducting the multimodal teaching design, attention should bepaid to: (1) Modalities influence each other with clear priorities in this course. (2)Words modality and acoustical modality are the primary modalities, while othermodalities are just used as tools to provide supplementary information and to improveteaching efficiency. (3) The chosen modalities should provide supplementaryinformation to make the learning material more easily understood and help studentsconcentrate. Then, on the basis of the above principles and the writer's teachingexperience, a sample teaching design has been worked out, then its' feasibility andeffectiveness have been verified by an empirical study with the method of interview.

Abstract

Degree adverbs play a crucial role in daily language communication. However,owing to their wide varieties and similar meanings, it is hard for language learners toreally master their meanings and usages.

With the aid of AntConc and based on the corpora of FROWN (TheFreiburg-Brown Corpus of American English)，FLOB (The Freiburg-LOB Corpus ofBritish English) and CLEC (Chinese Learner English Corpus)， the study aims tocompare the actual use of common English degree adverbs in terms of semanticprosody between Chinese EFL learners and native English speakers. The researchprocedures consist of two steps. First, AntConc is launched to extractconcordance lines of the target node words in each corpus and the semantic featuresof the node words' collocates are analyzed; then, the semantic prosodies of these nodewords are summarized and comparisons are made between the two corpora.

The results indicate that there are differences as well as similarities betweennative English speakers and Chinese learners in their use of semantic prosody.

Chinese EFL learners tend to underuse the negative semantic prosodies of fairly,highly, and totally?,overuse the negative semantic prosodies of extremely; and misusethe semantic prosody of terribly. The results also show that some problems exist inChinese learners' use of semantic prosodies of degree adverbs, and the reasons mayinclude their first language transfer, intralingual transfer, and the lack of informationabout the semantic prosody in dictionaries and textbooks.

中英论文摘要模板

英文论文摘要模板

英文论文摘要怎么写，你会写了吗?下面是我为大家收集的关于英文论文摘要模板，希望能够帮到大家!

ABSTRACT

As an important part of Chinese academic journals, sci-tech periodicalshave great significance to the spread of knowledge of science and to thedevelopment of technology. The level of internationalization of a sci-tec journalrepresents its recognition degree in the field of international publishing,besides, it is also a key criteria of the success for launching the journals. Thereare the largest number of sci-tech periodicals launched in Beijing, which leadsto a central role that taken by this area. Therefore, result from the researchwhich focus in Beijing can, to a certain extent, reflect the international level ofChinese sci-tech periodicals.

This paper is divided into six chapters: Chapter one is a brief review of theacademic theories and description about the practice status and the currentsystem of Chinese sci-tech periodicals. Also, it summarizes the stages andcharacteristics of the development of sci-tech periodicals in Beijing. In chaptertwo, it provides the historical foundation, system condition and thedevelopment of digital technology for the following analysis. Chapter three, tofive respectively elaborates the current situation of the development of sci-techperiodicals in Beijing area by 3 aspects: content innovation, business strategyand media. In chapter six, it concluded the problems that China's sci-techperiodicals are facing during the globalization and then provides possiblecountermeasures based on the analysis in previous chapters.

Key Words: Beijing; sci-tech periodicals; internationalization; impact factor

Abstract

Within the framework of feminism and archetypal criticism, this thesis, by taking ThePassion of New Eve as its discourse, analyzes and discusses Angela Carter's application ofdemythologizing as a feminist strategy. By rewriting and subverting those female archetypes,Carter aims to break the fetters and shackles of patriarchy, exploring the way to women'sliberation as well as the reconciliation between two genders.

Believing that human society has been established on patriarchy, feminists endeavor tochange women's subordinate status and achieve gender equality. Archetypal criticism, as oneof the most influential branches in literary criticism,regards myth as the origin of literature.

Myths,especially the Bible,cover all the forms and motifs known as archetypes in literature.

As a devoted pioneer and advocator of feminism, Carter realizes that those female archetypesare usually stereotyped and dogmatic, which is actually invented by patriarchy for theoppression and exploitation of women.

Based on intensive reading and exhaustive textual analysis, this thesis illustrates Carter'sdemythologizing of three female archetypes in The Passion of New Eve, which are“Temptress,,,”Mother Goddesses“ and ”Eve“ respectively. Firstly, the sufferings that Leilahencounter in the novel reveal that ”Temptresses“ are in fact victims of patriarchy instead oforigins of disloyalty and disasters. While seen by men as objects of their sexual desires, theyalso risk self-objectification, which results in the deprivation of subjectivity as independenthuman beings. Secondly, ”Mother“ in Beulah is just an artificial myth,汪 consolatory toolfabricated by patriarchy, behind the glorification of which are patriarchal values and codes.

Thirdly, the transformative journey Eve experienced from a chauvinist to a real womandemonstrates that femininity, rather than an inherent quality, is the result of social influenceand persistent imitations.

Through the demythologizing of those female archetypes, Carter overthrows thepatriarchal hegemony as well as Utopian matriarchal dreams,offering androgyny as a potentialsolution to the current sexual conflicts. In her opinion, the real reconciliation between twogenders should be based on mutual respect and understanding, which is confirmed by theunion between the new Eve and Tristessa in The Passion of New Eve.

Keywords: female archetype; demythologizing; Angela Carter; The Passion of New Eve

Abstract

In recent years, with the development of the financial sector, more and morepeople pay attention to the financial information search. However, the traditionalkeyword search method could hardly meet the needs of financial users. Therefore,semantic search products have gained more popularity. However, the semanticparsing process is complex and diverse. During the process of the analysis oflarge-scale real text, the sentence analysis which based on word granularity is verydifficult, but after chunk analysis, the accuracy can be significantly improved andthe complexity can be clearly reduced. At present, the user input method is almostthe Pinyin input method, thus it could probably happen that the input phonetic lettersare correct, while the Chinese character is wrong. In order to achieve the purpose ofimproving the user experience, the Pinyin text proofreading appears.

The content of this paper is a pretreatment subsystem of the finance Q & Asystem, and it contains two functions, Pinyin text proofreading and chunk partition.

Text proofreading is based on Pinyin, in the first place, putting the query sequenceinto phonetic sequence. Then it uses the multiple grammars, three grammars and twogrammars to fill the Chinese characters sequence. And if there is no ambiguity whenfilling, then it uses the text proofreading, otherwise, ignores the text proofreading.

For the chunk partition, this paper uses three different methods: the method ofthe shortest path chunk partition, the method of CRF chunk partition and the methodof neural network chunk partition. The subsystem designed and implemented thethree methods. The shortest path chunk partition is similar to the dictionary wordsegmentation method. CRF chunk partition divided the problem into the annotationproblem, through getting the optimal sequence labels, to reach the purpose of chunkpartition. Chunk neural network chunk partition is based on word segmentation,changing the query sequence into a sequence of nodes. If the sequence of possibilityimproved after adding chunk tag on each node sequence, the tag position is a chunkposition.

In practical test, the shortest path chunk partition based on the dictionary,cannot process the query which is not in the dictionary of chunk. CRF chunkpartition can solve the unknown chunk query, but the mark information is too simplewhen the training corpus increased,and the error percentage of results increasedsignificantly. When using neural networks in chunk partition, the predicted timeincreases significantly, however, the query generalization is a good idea. Throughthe above research, a reasonable way to chunk partition is the CRF method, whichproperly uses the query generalization.

Finally after testing, the pretreatment subsystem has not only met the needs ofthe finance Q & A system, largely improving the financial Q & A system userexperience, but also reduces the analytical complexity, significantly improved thecorrectness and performance.

Keywords: Pretreatment system question analysis, chunk, text proofreading, CRF,neural network

下面是关于学术论文英文摘要模板，希望对你们有帮助。

Abstract

Since Dewey developed the concept of “critical thinking”, many scholars abroadhave carried out a series of studies about improving students' critical thinking skills ineducation field. In the 1980s,critical thinking became the target of higher educationprograms in such foreign countries as the US and Canada. It has gained its widespreadattention in China only in recent years. But there are only few studies about it ineducation field. Our traditional English teaching method pays much attention to thetraining of students' linguistic knowledge and language skills but ignores thecultivation of students' critical thinking abilities. In the process of skill practice,teachers often stress the importance of memorizing vocabulary and imitating skillsrigidly,but neglect the students' abilities in analyzing problems and putting forwardinnovative solutions. Therefore, English writing teaching is affected by this andmerely attaches emphasis to train students' reading and writing skills. There are fewstudies which aim at systematically cultivating students' analysis, synthesis, summary,comparison and reasoning skills while they are writing. Therefore,this study aims atdesigning some writings tasks and teaching strategies which can be used to fostercollege students' critical thinking awareness and promote students' all-rounddevelopment.

According to six critical thinking skills,this study was carried out by requiringstudents to hand in an argumentation. All participants in this study are non-Englishmajor college freshmen from a 211 key university. The revised version of Rubric forQualitative Critical Thinking Skills Instrument was used in this study. Withquantitative and qualitative analysis,writing experiment is conducted within a wholesemester to collect data concerning students' learning behavior. Reading-to-write isused in experimental class while traditional method is adopted in control class. Thewriting scores by the experimental and control class were statistically processed bysoftware SPSS . And also the interview was launched in some of students inexperimental class to assess students' critical thinking abilities reflected in theirwritings-The final analysis indicated that EGAP writing model exerted a significantlypositive influence in improving students' critical thinking skills, especially in arousingstudents' writing enthusiasm and critical thinking awareness. Compared with controlclass, students in experimental class made big progress in writing competence. Inaddition, this study put forward some reform proposals to the teaching of Englishwriting. The study is of great value to instruct students to employ critical thinkingskills in their writing.

Abstract

A large body of research has been conducted on the effects of technology-enhancedEnglish vocabulary learning since the 1960s (Marty, 1981)。 However, no consensus hasbeen reached yet (Choo, Lin, & Pandian,2012; Mohsen & Balakumarohsen, 2011)。

Despite the fact that some narrative reviews have evaluated and explored thesecontradictory results, this study aims at quantifying the overall effectiveness oftechnology-enhanced English vocabulary learning with a different approach to review:meta-analysis and performing in-depth moderator analyses of learning method and testtype further.

Totally, twenty effect sizes from thirteen pieces of primary research are obtainedafter collecting related literature published or unpublished in recent ten years via fourchannels and selecting through three filters. Later, all the primary research is coded anddata are computed in random-effects model with software ComprehensiveMeta-Analysis.

Results show that: (1) Technology has a positively large effect on Englishvocabulary learning according to Cohen's standards as proposed in 1992 (g = 95% confidential interval of [, ])。 (2) Learning methods (intentional learning,incidental learning, and integrated learning) have impacts on the overall effectiveness.

Heterogeneity exists in the three learning methods (g = = 0,01 < )，Effectiveness of intentional learning, incidental learning and integrated learning is ^ =, g 二 , g = respectively. Incidental learning under technology-enhancedenvironment yields the largest effectiveness on English vocabulary learning. (3) Testtypes (recognition tests, recall tests,recognition + recall tests) also have impacts on theoverall effectiveness. The three test types are heterogeneous as well {Q = , p = < )。 Recognition tests, recall tests, and recognition + recall tests have effectsizes of and respectively. Technology-enhanced English vocabularylearning achieves the largest effectiveness in recognition tests.

Abstract

The present study, which is based on the Competing Values Framework (. CVF:a framework to identify the organizational effectiveness and to define organizationalculture)， aims to investigate English teachers, teaching motivation at universities, theirperception of the organizational culture in the target university,their professionalaspiration and how they affect each other. The research questions to be addressed are asfollows: (1) How do the English teachers perceive the organizational culture at theirworkplace? (2) How much effort will the teachers pay for their professionalengagement and aspiration? (3) What kinds of motivation do the English teachers in thetarget university appear to have? (4) How will the organizational culture and theprevious experience affect teachers' motivation?

This study employed four different questionnaires as the research instruments,including one demographic questionnaire and three research questionnaires, . thedemographic questionnaire, the Organizational Culture Assessment Instrument (. theOCAI) (Cameron & Quinn, 1999)，the Professional Engagement and CareerDevelopment Aspiration-scale (. the PECDA-scale) (Watt & Richardson, 2008b)，andthe Work Tasks Motivation Scale for Teachers Teaching (. the WTMST) (Fernet et al.,2008)，to investigate the above mentioned research questions. The whole investigationtook roughly 12 weeks and involved three stages: the preparation stage,the pilot study,and the main study.

The findings of the present study show that most of the teachers are intrinsicallymotivated and with identified regulation influenced by the performance culture and theclan culture which are the dominant culture types of the target research site. Results alsoindicate that the overseas experience and length of teaching experience affect teachers'perception of tixe organizational culture and motivation. The participants who haveoverseas experience tend to be more with the sense of professionalism, moreintrinsically motivated and be more confident with their competence in the academicarea; and the ones who have longer years of teaching experience are with moreidentified regulation and introjected motivation and are more committed and moreassured of staying in the education field. The participants in the target universitybasically belong to the highly engaged persisters,and the male teachers expect to be theleadership.

Abstract

Owing to the economic, social and academic needs as well as the advantages of EGAP(General Academic Purpose in Chinese College English) itself, there exist 这 great deal ofnecessity and feasibility for applying English for EGAP class. It is our understanding thatwriting plays an extremely important role in the course of EGAP and genre is a quiteinfluential factor in improving students5 writing competency. However,the investigation ofstudents' current writing situation shows that being deeply influenced by traditional writingteaching methods which emphasize grammar and vocabulary; the students have littleknowledge about genre approach theoretically or systematically and lack the awareness ofgenre. Because of this,it becomes necessary to put forward an English writing teachingapproach which is effective as well as applicable to the situation in China so as to enhancetheir writing competence.

This paper firstly gives a brief introduction to the developing trend of EGAP bydiscussing its necessity and applicability in China and the main views of two schools of genretheory, the tiieoretical foundation and genre-based approaches of three main schools of genrestudy and practice. And also,their characteristics are compared and the adaptability inChinese College EGAP class is analyzed, based on which it puts forward a modifiedGenre-based approach in EGAP writing class in order to enhance students' genre awarenessand improve their writing skills.

To achieve this, two non-English major classes of freshmen in East China University ofScience and Technology (ECUST) have been selected as the experimental class andcontrolled class, and the research lasts one semester. The Genre-based approach is applied inthe experimental class following a modified Genre-based approach. And a comparison hasbeen made on the same subject at the beginning and the end of the semester and thecomparison and contrast between the experimental class and controlled class have also beenmade. Owing to various factors,such as learning motivation, different students show variedextent of acceptance to certain teaching approaches. Therefore, emphasis has not only beenput on the overall changes,but also on the individual differences.

There are three hypotheses:

1. Can Genre-based approach enhance students' genre awareness? 2. Can “genreawareness” really improve students' writing ability in EGAP? If the students can get overallimprovement, is there any difference in gender and the students with diverse learningaptitudes because of the individual difference? If some students fail to improve, what's thepossible reason behind it? 3. Will Chinese students accept and adapt to Genre-basedApproach?

Three sets of data from six writing assignments, writing in final-term examination andquestionnaires are collected and analyzed with the help of the software SPSS . And thestudy indicates that: (1) Genre-based approach has a significant effect in sensitizing students'genre awareness, improving holistic writing competence; (2) during the whole experimentalprocess, girls have a stable superiority over boys, however, boys' improvement fluctuation iscomparatively obvious; (3) students of medium efficiency have the greatest potential to makebig improvement; (4) Unavoidably, in this research there are some students who fail to gainimprovement in terms of writing ability or get changed in terms of writing notions, andthrough analysis it has been found that the main objective reasons are: the difficulty ofwriting itself,the differences of culture and ways of thinking between east and west,thelimited teaching period, etc.; and subjective reasons mainly come from: the limitedcompetence of students themselves, the lack of interest in English writing, etc(5) aoverwhelming majority of students are liable to accept this approach and able to adapt to itpretty well, yet acceptation is not absolutely accompanied by adaptation; (6) feedback is adispensable part in English writing teaching, and more specific feedback will bring strongermotivation in students' self-correcting and developing;In the end,the author presents some limitations in her research and hopes that this cangive some hints and tips to further research in EFL writing classes.

Abstract

In college English listening & speaking classrooms, language and other semioticsystems cooperate together to help students construct meaning. It can be reflected inthe design of textbooks and the use of audios, videos and images, etc. Thus, in thisthesis, the theoretical foundation is the theory of multimodal discourse analysis (MDA)derived from Systemic Functional Linguistics and Social Semiotics. The essence ofMDA is that other semiotic resources such as: images, audios, etc. are as important aslanguage in the meaning-making system. Visual Grammar, Acoustical Grammar andthe integrated frameworks of MDA are the main analysis approaches in this thesis.

Meanwhile, the results of the teaching investigation and the MDA for textbooksare the practical foundation for the multimodal teaching design, providing feasibleand effective suggestions in this thesis. According to the results, it can be concludedthat students have more or less realized multimodality in this course and argue thatmultimodality should be used in moderation; multimodal classroom activities, socialcontent, etc. should be brought into the class; teachers should remind students to payattention to images, fonts change and other multimodal factors in textbooks.

Therefore, when conducting the multimodal teaching design, attention should bepaid to: (1) Modalities influence each other with clear priorities in this course. (2)Words modality and acoustical modality are the primary modalities, while othermodalities are just used as tools to provide supplementary information and to improveteaching efficiency. (3) The chosen modalities should provide supplementaryinformation to make the learning material more easily understood and help studentsconcentrate. Then, on the basis of the above principles and the writer's teachingexperience, a sample teaching design has been worked out, then its' feasibility andeffectiveness have been verified by an empirical study with the method of interview.

Abstract

Degree adverbs play a crucial role in daily language communication. However,owing to their wide varieties and similar meanings, it is hard for language learners toreally master their meanings and usages.

With the aid of AntConc and based on the corpora of FROWN (TheFreiburg-Brown Corpus of American English)，FLOB (The Freiburg-LOB Corpus ofBritish English) and CLEC (Chinese Learner English Corpus)， the study aims tocompare the actual use of common English degree adverbs in terms of semanticprosody between Chinese EFL learners and native English speakers. The researchprocedures consist of two steps. First, AntConc is launched to extractconcordance lines of the target node words in each corpus and the semantic featuresof the node words' collocates are analyzed; then, the semantic prosodies of these nodewords are summarized and comparisons are made between the two corpora.

The results indicate that there are differences as well as similarities betweennative English speakers and Chinese learners in their use of semantic prosody.

Chinese EFL learners tend to underuse the negative semantic prosodies of fairly,highly, and totally?,overuse the negative semantic prosodies of extremely; and misusethe semantic prosody of terribly. The results also show that some problems exist inChinese learners' use of semantic prosodies of degree adverbs, and the reasons mayinclude their first language transfer, intralingual transfer, and the lack of informationabout the semantic prosody in dictionaries and textbooks.