研究论文摘要英语

英语论文摘要

一篇合格的英语硕士论文不仅要按要求规范撰写，还必须是内容完整的，每一部分都不可或缺。论文摘要是英语硕士论文写作必不可少的写作环节，具有高度概括性，独立完整性，自明自含性等特点，起着重要的作用，我们必须加以重视。那么英语硕士论文摘要怎么写?有哪些写作要点?下面笔者具体来讲讲，大家继续往下看。

英语论文摘要写作内容须知

一般来说，英语论文对摘要主要包括了论文所研究的目的和范围、方法和过程、结果和结论三个方面。

就目的和范围而言，主要是简明扼要地陈述撰写论文的原因，常用名词短语前置的句型表示，把重点部分置于最显著的位置加以强调，但同时要兼顾平衡，避免头重脚轻。

就其方法和过程而言。主要源于实践性的论文摘要，能简约地叙述其基本原理、操作程序，使用了哪些新方法，采用了哪些新手段，如词汇手段、语法手段和逻辑承接语等，论文不宜繁琐、沉长。

就其结果和结论而言。是英语论文的核心和焦点，需要在摘要中清楚地表述出来，能直观地表达读者最为关注的问题，也同时反映论文所研究的价值、用途以及意义。

英语论文摘要写作文体要求

英语论文摘要与其他论文摘要在叙述方法上相同，能开门见山、直截了当，用词质朴无华，按照英语论文摘要的标准，一般在200——250个单词左右，要求用语准确，语法规范，句子完整，信息准确，文字精练，逻辑性强，通俗易懂，要避免带感情色彩或广告宣传的词语，不用口语体和非规范缩写词，语句中尽量使用动词靠近主语和重要事实开头，(不得用短语和从句开头)，要减少或取消不必要的背景信息，使之缩小摘要的篇幅。

英语硕士论文摘要写作疑问解答

1. 怎样写英文摘要?

可以按照论文的逻辑结构撰写摘要，如概述、目的、方法、结果、结论、展望的顺序。

概述(30词左右)：用最简洁的语言概括论文内容。例如：This paper is… 或 This study focuses on…

目的'(30词左右)：用To…就可以了，没有必要使用 in order to 或者 for the purpose of 等较长的表述。

方法(50词左右)：尽可能具体地说明操作的步骤，其中注意时态的使用。常用的词汇有：test, study, investigate, examine, analyze, measure, application 等。

结果(50词左右)：直入主题地摆出结果，如 This paper shows… 或 The results are…

结论(60词左右)：删去类似于“The result of the study showed that…” 的赘语，逐条罗列出结论。

展望(20词左右)：指出研究对未来的意义，如 This paper is of great significance in… 或指出不足。

2. 英文摘要有多长?

一般情况下用一段的篇幅完成英文摘要，特殊情况可以分成两到三段，但最好不要超过三段。长度一般为200字到300字之间。

3. 英文摘要用什么语态和人称?

规范的学术文章通常采用被动语态，突出信息。但由于主动语态的表述更为清楚，现在有些地方也要求采用主动语态。

4. 英文摘要用什么人称?

最好不要出现I，we等第一人称代词，而是使用第三人称，如the author等。

5. 英文摘要用什么时态?

摘要的时态以一般现在时为主，表示一种存在于自然界的客观规律。在特殊的情况下可以使用一般过去时或现在完成时，用来表明一定范围内的结论或是某一过程的延续性。描述具体的动作时通常用一般过去时，总结主要的结果时通常用一般现在时。

注意：用paper 做主语来描述论文概况时后面常用一般现在时：This paper aims to focus on… 而采用study 来描述相同的内容时则常用一般过去时：This study investigated…

英语论文摘要写作六大要点

1.要善于运用自己的语言来撰写。摘要是从论文中提炼而成，是一篇论文的骨干和核心，所以又高于论文，这是运用论文的新境界，让读者能一目了然地领会作者对问题的认识和见解，所以，不能在原文词语的基础上简单堆砌和重新编排，需要重新运用语言来写，形成文字上的再创造。

2.要遵循论文的写作顺序来写。对于摘要的撰写要结构严谨，表达简明，语义确切，先写什么，后写什么，应按照逻辑顺序来安排，句子之间上下连贯，互相呼应。只要不是特殊情况，比如倒序，就不得随意更改论文的内容顺序，这样更能体现论文条理清晰。

3.要突出撰写的全面性。一篇摘要应保证内容的完整，作者要慎重恰当地处理，合理加以吸收、集中做到没有大的遗漏，能让读者直观地获取信息。摘要不同于引言，引言往往可以是文章内容的一个方面。

4.要注重撰写的高度概括。摘要是论文的“眼睛”，具有画龙点睛的效果，所以要用全面的、理性的、辩证的分析提炼和升华总结出带有总概括性的观点，学会压缩文字，英语论文就要学会压缩词组词汇，只取要点，删去细枝末节，省去例子，简化描述，避免重复，慎用长句，努力压缩一些繁沉的句子，力争把短语改成字词。如下面的例子：

(1)将His courage; in battle might withoutexaggeration be called lion-like压缩为：

He Was very brave in battle.

(2)将They acted in a manner that rendered them liable toprosecution .压缩为：

They acted illegally.

(3)将John fell into the river and，beforehelp could reach him，he sank.压缩为：

John was drowned in the river.

(4)习惯用but，then，thus，yet，for等最简短的过渡词语，禁止用at，the，Same，time，on the other hand等。

5.要慎重摘要的架构选词。一方面，在针对同一个汉语词对应的英语单词可能会有几个的情况下，要选择专业领域的常用词汇，凸显论文的专业度，同时，对词汇的选择要与句型、语法对应;另一方面，在选择句型上，在不曲解汉语摘要的愿意的前提下，尽量使用复合句，这样，更符合母语使用的阅读习惯。

6.摘要需要反复修改。要对照论文再次疏理，在时态运用上也以简练为佳，常用一般现在时，一般过去时，少用现在完成时，过去完成时，进行时态和其他复合时态基本不用，做到该压缩的压缩，该删减的删减，该充实的充实，该补失的补失，使之形成一篇完整的短文。

综上所述，英语硕士论文摘要对于整篇论文起着不可替代的重要作用，可以毫不夸张的说，它就是论文的精华所在。因此，我们要认真对待该部分的撰写，笔者以上分享了英语硕士论文摘要的写作的相关内容和要点细节，希望对大家有所指导作用。

导语：这里要讨论的主要是中文科技论文所附的英文摘要，其内容包含题名、摘要及关键词。GB 7713—87规定，为了国际交流，科学技术报告、学位论文和学术论文应附有外文(多用英文)摘要。原则上讲，以上中文摘要编写的注意事项都适用于英文摘要，但英语有其自己的表达方式、语言习惯，在撰写英文摘要时应特别注意。

英文题名

1) 题名的结构

英文题名以短语为主要形式，尤以名词短语(noun phrase)最常见，即题名基本上由1个或几个名词加上其前置和(或)后置定语构成。例如： The Frequent Bryophytes in the Mountain Helanshan(贺兰山习见苔藓植物);Thermodynamic Characteristics of Water Absorption of Heattreated Wood(热处理木材的水分吸着热力学特性)。短语型题名要确定好中心词，再进行前后修饰。各个词的顺序很重要，词序不当，会导致表达不准。题名一般不应是陈述句，因为题名主要起标示作用，而陈述句容易使题名具有判断式的语义;况且陈述句不够精练和醒目，重点也不易突出。少数情况(评述性、综述性和驳斥性)下可以用疑问句做题名，因为疑问句可有探讨性语气，易引起读者兴趣。例如：Can Agricultural Mechanization be Realized Without Petroleum?(农业机械化能离开石油吗?)。

2) 题名的字数

题名不应过长。国外科技期刊一般对题名字数有所限制。例如，美国医学会规定题名不超过2行，每行不超过42个印刷符号和空格;美国国立癌症研究所杂志J NatCancer Inst要求题名不超过14个词;英国数学会要求题名不超过12个词。这些规定可供我们参考。总的原则是，题名应确切、简练、醒目，在能准确反映论文特定内容的前提下，题名词数越少越好。

3) 中英文题名的一致性

同一篇论文，其英文题名与中文题名内容上应一致，但不等于说词语要一一对应。在许多情况下，个别非实质性的词可以省略或变动。例如：工业湿蒸汽的直接热量计算，The Direct Measurement of Heat Transmitted Wet Steam。英文题名的直译中译文是“由湿蒸汽所传热量的直接计量”，与中文题名相比较，二者用词虽有差别，但内容上是一致的。

4) 题名中的冠词

在早年，科技论文题名中的冠词用得较多，近些年有简化的趋势，凡可用可不用的冠词均可不用。例如：The Effect of Groundwater Quality on the Wheat Yield and Quality.其中两处的冠词the 均可不用。

5) 题名中的大小写

题名字母的大小写有以下3种格式。

全部字母大写。例如：OPTIMAL DISPOSITION OF ROLLER CHAIN DRIVE

每个词的首字母大写，但3个或4个字母以下的冠词、连词、介词全部小写。例如：The Deformation and Strength of Concrete Dams with Defects

题名第1个词的首字母大写，其余字母均小写。例如：Topographic inversion of interval velocities.

目前b.格式用得最多，而c.格式的使用有增多的趋势。

6) 题名中的`缩略词语

已得到整个科技界或本行业科技人员公认的缩略词语，才可用于题名中，否则不要轻易使用。

作者与作者单位的英译

1) 作者

中国人名按汉语拼音拼写;其他非英语国家人名按作者自己提供的罗马字母拼法拼写。

2) 单位

单位名称要写全(由小到大)，并附地址和邮政编码，确保联系方便。前段时间一些单位机构英译纷纷采取缩写，外人不知所云，结果造成混乱。FAO,WHO,MIT尽人皆知，而BFU是Beijing Forestry University,恐怕只有“圈内”人知。另外，单位英译一定要采用本单位统一的译法(即本单位标准译法)，切不可另起炉灶。

英文摘要

1) 英文摘要的时态

英文摘要时态的运用也以简练为佳，常用一般现在时、一般过去时，少用现在完成时、过去完成时，进行时态和其他复合时态基本不用。

一般现在时

用于说明研究目的、叙述研究内容、描述结果、得出结论、提出建议或讨论等。分别举例如下：This study(investigation) is (conducted, undertaken) to…The anatomy of secondary xylem(次生木质部) in stem of Davidia involucrata (珙桐) and Camptotheca acuminata (喜树) is compared. The result shows(reveals)…，It is found that…The conclusions are…The author suggests….涉及到公认事实、自然规律、永恒真理等，当然也要用一般现在时。

一般过去时

用于叙述过去某一时刻(时段)的发现、某一研究过程(实验、观察、调查、医疗等过程)。例如：The heat pulse technique was applied to study the stemstaflow (树干液流) of two main deciduous broadleaved tree species in July and August,1996.需要指出的是，用一般过去时描述的发现、现象，往往是尚不能确认为自然规律、永恒真理的，而只是当时如何如何;所描述的研究过程也明显带有过去时间的痕迹。

现在完成时和过去完成时

完成时少用，但不是不用。现在完成时把过去发生的或过去已完成的事情与现在联系起来，而过去完成时可用来表示过去某一时间以前已经完成的事情，或在一个过去事情完成之前就已完成的另一过去行为。例如：Concrete has been studied for many years. Man has not yet learned to store the solar energy.?

2) 英文摘要的语态

采用何种语态，既要考虑摘要的特点，又要满足表达的需要。一篇摘要很短，尽量不要随便混用，更不要在一个句子里混用。

主动语态

现在主张摘要中谓语动词尽量采用主动语态的越来越多，因其有助于文字清晰、简洁及表达有力。The author systematically introduces the history and development of the tissue culture of poplar 比 The history and development of the tissue culture of poplar are introduced systematically语感要强。必要时，The author systematically都可以去掉，而直接以Introduces开头。

被动语态

以前强调多用被动语态，理由是科技论文主要是说明事实经过，至于那件事是谁做的，无须一一证明。事实上，在指示性摘要中，为强调动作承受者，还是采用被动语态为好。即使在报道性摘要中，有些情况下被动者无关紧要，也必须用强调的事物做主语。例如：In this case, a greater accuracy in measuring distance might be obtained.?3) 英文摘要的人称。原来摘要的首句多用第三人称This paper…等开头，现在倾向于采用更简洁的被动语态或原形动词开头。例如：To describe…， To study…， To investigate…， To assess…，To determine…，The torrent classification model and the hazard zone mapping model are developed based on the geography information system.行文时最好不用第一人称，以方便文摘刊物的编辑刊用。

4) 注意事项。应避免一些常见的错误

冠词

主要是定冠词the易被漏用。the用于表示整个群体、分类、时间、地名以外的独一无二的事物、形容词最高级等较易掌握，用于特指时常被漏用。这里有个原则，即当我们用the时，听者或读者已经确知我们所指的是什么。例如：The author designed a new machine is operated with solar energy.?由于现在缩略语越来越多，要注意区分a和an，如an X ray.

数词

避免用阿拉伯数字作首词，如：Three hundred Dendrolimus tabulaeformis larvae are collected…中的 Three hundred?不要写成300.?

单复数

一些名词单复数形式不易辨认，从而造成谓语形式出错。

尽量使用短句

因为，长句容易造成语义不清;但要避免单调和重复。科技期刊涉及专业多，英文更是不易掌握，各行各业甚至表达方式、遣词造句都有区别。如果有机会，要多与英语国家同行接触，多请他们改一些国人所撰写的摘要或论文，积累经验，摸索规律。如果缺少这样的机会，多看英文文献，也会有助于我们英文写作及水平的提高。

商务英语研究生的论文摘要

随着全球经济一体化趋势日益加快，国际商务活动日益频繁。这些商务活动的许多领域，如技术引进、对外贸易、招商引资等，所使用的英语统称为商务英语。下面是我带来的关于商务英语毕业论文摘要的内容，欢迎阅读参考!商务英语毕业论文摘要(一) 商务英语特点浅析 [摘要]商务英语是外贸人员同世界各地开展进出口贸易时用于洽谈交易、联系业务的一种应用语言。由于英汉两种截然不同语言的差异及其特定的社会功能和题材内容决定了商务英语自身与众不同的写作特点。本文拟从跨文化交际学的角度对商务英语的特点作一番探析，从而事倍功半地达到成功交际的目的。 [关键词]商务英语跨文化交际合作原则礼貌原则关联原则商务英语毕业论文摘要(二) 商务英语翻译浅析 [摘要]商务英语翻译在国际贸易中起着越来越重要的作用。本文从商务英语的内涵、特点、翻译策略等方面，对商务英语的翻译进行了浅要的分析。 [关键词]商务英语翻译策略商务英语毕业论文摘要(三) 浅谈英语商务谈判技巧 [摘要] 随着经济全球化的发展。中国的国际贸易也越来越发达。要想和外国人做好每一笔生意，你必须了解世界各国的文化。国际贸易中跨国的商务谈判在所难免，所以你也必须懂得把全界各国商人的谈判风格研究从文化的角度来探讨国际商务谈判，分析国际商务谈判过程、世界各国商人的谈判风格，增强中国商人在国际贸易中的竞争力。 [关键词] 语言技巧谈判风格谈判技巧以下是我带来的关于商务英语的论文，希望能帮到您! 浅谈商务英语教学摘要：随着中国在世界经济中的日益活跃，大学中的商务英语需求也随之增多，这是因为商务英语专业培养的是有着扎实的英语基础同时具备外贸专业知识的复合型人才;同时，教师如何讲好这门课也日益受到关注。所以，本文就以商务英语教学为话题进行浅谈，企在与同行有所交流并最终相互促进与提高，使学生和教师双赢。关键词：大学;商务英语;教学随着中国在国际经济活动中的日益活跃以及自身发展的迫切需要，商务英语专业也日益成为了大学热门专业之一。商务英语专业培养的是有着扎实的英语基础同时又具备外贸专业知识的复合型人才，因此，对于商务英语的教学既要考虑到英语知识的授予，又要注重英语能力的提高。如同一般英语一样，阅读也是商务英语语言运用中的一项重要活动，通过阅读既可以让学生掌握相关阅读技巧，从而提高阅读速度和语言能力;同时又可以培养学生接触商务知识和熟悉商务运作流程的实用能力。所以，本文就以商务英语中教学方面进行浅谈，企在与同行有所交流和相互促进与提高。一般来说，商务英语教学应该涵盖语言学习和商务知识两方面内容，是集语言理论、商务理论及商务实践于一体的综合性教学。所以，教师的教学要结合所用教材，灵活运用教学方法，并且在教学活动中要注意活跃课堂气氛，让学生在轻松愉悦的氛围里进行知识的学习，最重要的是提高学生实际应用语言并进行交流的能力。对于该课程的教学，笔者根据多年的相关教学经验，总结出了如下的教学建议：第一，基本词汇是商务英语的基础，以此为基础，扩充词汇的学习，这是进行相关商务英语阅读的基础。可以通过将生词与已知词汇进行相关联系来实现对生词的记忆和掌握，当然，将生词放在阅读文章中进行学习也是一个很好的方法，或者将二者联系起来回更好。下面举例说明。 confirm一词在普通英语中作动词时的意思是“确认，证实”，如： ● His guilty expression confirmed my suspicions. (他内疚的表情证实了我的猜疑。) 而在商务英语中，confirm应该译为“保兑信用证”，即指一家银行所开的由另一家银行保证兑付的一种银行信用证。如下句： ● Payment will be made by 100% confirmed， irrevocable Letter of Credit available by sight draft。(付款方式为100% 即期，保兑，不可撤消信用证。) 那么，教师再阅读短文中就可以先将需要讲解的词汇标出，让学生说出在一般英语中的其意义;然后，在进行商务英语中所表示出的意义的讲解;最后，让学生思考并练习这些“商务意义”，注意一定要在句中，然后是整篇文章中进行理解和熟悉。第二，具备一定商务英语词汇后就要以篇章为单位来进行训练，目的是进一步巩固所学新意(商务英语中该词汇的意义)。此阶段，最好选取一些有实用价值的英语阅读材料，在真实的商务场景中进行语言知识和商务知识的双方面习得。如：阅读文章中摘出的两句话： ● You may get a 5% discount if your order is on a regular basis. ● If a seller extends credit to a time draft， they have made a trade acceptance. The seller can request that the bank finance the transaction by buying the draft. The bank is said to discount the draft. 通过加深巩固练习，学生可以跟深刻地理解discount一词。下一步，以对话或是篇章进行知识的延伸。如下面关于产品介绍的对话： ● A： These are our new models. B： What are their strong points? A： There's a lot to be said for them. In the first place， they are more durable than any similar ones on the market. B： Why does it take longer to wear out than the others? A： The yarn is carefully selected for quality and woven very tightly in this fabric. B： Can you leave these samples with us? A： How long do you want to keep them? B： About three days. ● A： That's all right 此时，引导学生进行整体把握，即：“为什么在这种语境会这么说?”为下一步中西方差异做铺垫。并且可以考虑在这个阶段的学习后增加一些课堂对话练习的活动，激发学生使用的欲望，增添真实的语境。第三，在商务英语的教学中一定要注重商务礼节的介绍，并且还要特别之处中西方商务礼节或习惯方面的差异，以免在今后的实际运用中造成跨文化差异而带来的不必要的困扰。如：在中国，对于对方的赞美或是夸奖，为了表现出礼貌，通常受赞美或是夸奖的一方一定会说“哪里哪里”等拒绝性的答复;但是，西方人一般会去高兴地接受，往往是Thank you. / Thank you very much. 等，因为他们认为拒绝是极为不礼貌的。又如，在商务谈判时，中国人喜欢委婉而谦和地表达自己的观点;而西方人一般会开门见山，直奔主题。因此，在平时的教学中必须指出诸如此类的文化差异，一方面解答而来学生对于一些商务英语文章背景的不理解问题，另一方面也提高了学生的学习兴趣和求知的欲望，充满了好奇感和探究感。总之，在课堂教学中一定要同时兼顾英语的基础知识而后专业知识的储备，以及英语技能和相关商务知识的积累这两方面的内容。但是，这些不是孤立的，而是相互关联和相互渗透的，可以说，一环扣一环，环环相关，某一个方面出现问题，就会影响其它方面的学习和提高。因此，我们在日常的教学中应该多角度、多方面进行指导，同时，也要求我们教师也要多学习、多更新自己的知识，这样才能满足学生的需求和自身的提高。参考文献 [1] 蔡芸。培养复合型人才的有效方式--商务英语专业课程评价[J]。外语与外语教学，2001(4)。 [2] 陈建平。案例教学法与商务英语教学[J]。宁波大学学报( 教育科学版)， 2004(5)。 [3] 刘江凤。论本科院校商务英语专业学生职业技能的培养[J]。考试周刊，2011(5)。 [4] 莫再树，张小勇，张云。基于语言经济学的商务英语教育研究[A].。湖南大学学报(社会科学版)，2006(4)。 [5] 叶兴国。新形势下的商务英语教学与研究[C]。上海：上海外语教育出版社。2008年10月。猜你喜欢： 1. 商务英语专业毕业论文范文 2. 商务英语毕业论文范本 3. 关于商务英语毕业论文范文 4. 商务英语专业论文范文 5. 商务英语相关毕业论文范文

浅析违反方式原则在商务英语中的运用*摘要:由于商务英语的特殊运用场合和特殊用途,其句法结构有其自身鲜明的特点。美国哲学家Grice提出的会话准则之一的方式准则,即用结构严谨,简练的语言来表达,但是在商务英语中却存在有一些看似违反这一准则的用语的使用。本文便是从这两点看似矛盾的地方着手考虑违反方式原则在商务英语中的语用分析。关键词:商务英语;方式原则;模糊化;语用功能引言随着国际贸易的飞速发展,国际商务活动已经成为各国商务经济的主体内容。作为国际商务交际中的语言载体,商务英语的使用变得越来越广泛,表达的正确与否在商务交际中起着举足轻重的作用,而语言表达质量也逐渐显得重要。商务英语被运用到商务活动的各个领域当中,从经济贸易活动到商务函件等文本书写,商务英语用语要求精准、严谨。很多传统语言学家指出在语言交际活动中要求说话人语言清楚准确,但是从商务英语交际实例中笔者总结发现在很多商务活动中,某一方为了达到目的,语言的表达却使用得含蓄模糊。从表面上看这与传统语用原则存在着矛盾。本文将从Grice提出的会话准则之一的方式准则出发,探讨这看似矛盾的二者在商务英语中的具体体现。一、方式原则美国哲学家保罗·格赖斯(Grice)在20世纪60年代后期提出了会话合作原则(Cooperative Principle),旨在解释会话含义。他提出自然语言有其独特的逻辑关系。会话的最高原则是合作,称为合作原则。该原则由四条准则组成———数量准则、质量准则、关联准则、方式准则(LogicandConversation 1975)。格赖斯认为在所有的语言交际活动中,说话人和听话人之间存在一种默契,一种双方都应遵守的原则。具体说就是每个参加交谈者在整个交谈过程中所说的话符合这一次交谈的目标或方向。方式准则要求说话人应避免晦涩的词语,避免歧义,说话要简要(避免赘述) ,要有条理。虽然会话参与者几乎总是遵守合作原则的,但并非严格遵守。由于种种原因,这些原则经常被违反,而对合作原则的违反则导致产生格赖斯所说的“会话含义”。也就是说,对任何一种合作原则的违反,都会使语言变得间接。当说话人公然不遵循某一条准则,即说话人知道自己违反了一条准则,同时还想让听话人知道他违反了一条准则,这时就会产生会话含义。而在商务英语中,由于商务活动具有较强的交际目的以及特定的交际对象,商务用语中往往会出现一些看似模糊,表意并不是很清楚的语言表达。表面上看这些语言表达违反了方式准则,但是却恰恰符合商务英语的一般特征。二、商务英语的一般特征英语作为商务交际,包括口头和书面表达的基本介质,从其表达方式上看它既具备英语表达的一般特征,也具备其自身的特点:用语专业准确化,用语得体简洁化,用语礼貌化。1.用语专业准确化商务英语相对于普通英语来说,在词汇上有其最大特点,即要求专业词汇的准确使用。而这些极具商业意义的词汇不论从意义还是用法上都与普通英语有着很大的区别。例如:一些缩略词EXW=ExWorks(工厂交货价), 4P代表produc,tprice, place, promotion,FAQ= FairAverage Quality (中等品、大陆货)。又如“duplicate/photocopy of original certificate oChina originGSP fromA issued by competentauthority.”(有官方机构出具的GSP产地证正本一式两份或正本影印件)中,常会有一些企业会将“duplicate”和“copy”的意思混为一谈,都认为表示副本。而在此时“duplicate”并不能简单理解为“copy”。“duplicate”译为复制的或两份(可为一正一副),但其本身并不等于“copy”(副本)。2.用语得体简洁化商务英语作为一种有特定使用场合的交际语言,使用者要求这些语言具有高效性,能在尽量简短的话语中表达所需要的信息。对于商务人员来说,时间是宝贵的资源。针对这样的特殊使用人群,语言表意需要清楚明晰,因此语言简洁避免冗繁和矫饰使之成为商务英语的一个重要特点。同时交易语言得体还可以为会话双方留下良好印象而打下基础,这对商务人员来说也是极其重要的。同时,商务用语的得体简洁化还体现在用语的朴实上,尽量避免使用陈旧过时的商业术语和套话。任何事情都需要适可而止,用语使用过分礼貌,显得做作。并且对于大多数将英语作为第二语言使用的人来说,过于陈旧的语言在一定程度上还影响了对会话意思的理解。例如,We are inreceipt of…(兹收到)→We have received…We beg (have) to acknowledge (兹收到)→Thank you for…Adverting to your favour (感谢贵方的来函)→Thankyou for your be advised that…(兹通知贵方)→(omitted)Expressmy heartfelt gratitude to you for (衷心感谢)→Thank you for…试比较下列两句:(1)Please be advised thatwe have received yourL/C.兹通知贵方,信用证已收到。(2)Your invoiceNo. 248 has been received.贵方信用证已收到。比较这两个句子,很明显, (1)句使用陈旧的商业术语,句子显得做作复杂,相对而言(2)句简洁明了,直抒主题,适合用于商业这样的特定场合。3.用语礼貌化礼貌是人类文明的标志,是人类活动的一条重要准绳。作为一种社会活动,语言活动也同样受到这条准绳的约束。礼貌是建立良好的人际关系和合作关系的前提。特别是商务活动只有建立在良好的关系基础之上才可能达成合作。如果在商务交际中缺乏稳定和谐的人际关系和合作关系,商务活动将很难进行。因此,在商务活动中,注意用语礼貌是商务活动顺利进行的重要保证。三、违反方式准则在用语礼貌化中的语用分析根据上述商务英语的一般特征,特别针对用语礼貌化的特点,对商务英语中所出现的违反方式准则的表达进行语用及功能分析并举例。1.词语的模糊化与不确定化由于客观事物本身就具有不确定性,有时候使用一些模糊词汇或表达反而更准确。特别是在商务谈判中,针对一些不能提供确定信息,但必须使合作达成的情况下,会经常使用一些模糊语言。虽然这样违反了会话方式原则中的要求避免使用晦涩语言,但却恰好提高了商务英语的客观准确性,保证了信息表达的真实性。例如:The sample is the nearest in size to the goods you need.形容词最高级在语义上更加模糊化。这里的“the nea-rest”并未指出具体有多么相似,但将理解和想象的空间交给顾客,既保证了自己在介绍产品时并未夸大其词,也更好地鼓动和吸引了顾客的购买欲。2.人称所指的不明确化人们在交际时,需要注意用语礼貌,让会话在和谐的气氛下进行,从而实现交际目的。但在国际交际中,当遇到一些对方存在明显错误而又不好直接指出时,通常都会采取一些表达,有意地让人称所指弱化,从而避免对方听到责怪的语言而让双方关系破裂的情况。例如:(1) If you had thought aboutyourneeds beforehand, thisproblem would never have arisen.(2) Problem of this type do notnormally occur if custom-ers’needs are sufficiently clear.试比较以上两个句子,虽然两句话表示同一个意思,但是在(1)中明显带有指责对方的含义,而(2)句使用“cus-tomers”,弱化人称所指,这样会让对方觉得这只是对方在说明一种普遍存在的情况,而并不是在对自己进行指责。3.否定内容的含蓄表达化悲观消极的语言表达常常会让人产生消极的心态。因此在商务活动中,我们要尽量避免这种消极现象的出现。而作为商务活动的语言支撑更是要注意到这点。即使在交际中出现悲观消极的情况,也总能找到一些含蓄的表达,甚至积极乐观的因素进行替换,保证整个商务交际能在一种积极、乐观的氛围中进行。例如:(1)Your orderwill be delayed for twoweeks. (Negative)(2) Your orderwill be shipped in twoweeks. (Positive)试比较上述两句, (1)句“delayed”一词带有否定,消极色彩。相对而言, (2)句中“shipped”在此则属于积极词汇。两个不同感情色彩的使用直接影响到听话者的心态,并对对方的办事效率产生不同的理解。4.所指内容的抽象化由于某些商业活动具有极强的目的性,它要求在交际过程中既要注意重要内容的保密性但又要达到商业目的。这时使用不确定的词汇和表达将具体内容抽象化则成为达到这一语用功能的最佳办法。例如:In order to start a concrete transaction between us, wetake pleasure inmaking you a special offer.一些关于价格的询盘,买方常会根据具体情况报虚盘。在上述句子中,采用“a special offer”而避免使用具体的数字。这样做既可以对价值较高的商业信息做到保密,又可以达到期望的商业目的。结语在世界经济迅速全球一体化的今天,国际商务活动对专业人才有了大量的需求。这些经贸人员不仅要掌握普通英语,更要对商务英语的特殊性有所掌握。熟悉这些特征及其语用功能对经贸人员准确有效地使用、翻译、交际以及促进国际贸易的发展起着很好的指导作用。参考文献:[1]Grice, PaulH. Logic and conversation[A]. Cole, P; eds. Syntax and Semantics 3: Speechacts[C].New York: AcademicPress, 1975.[2] Carston and Utterances: The Prag-matics ofExplicitCommunication[M] .Malden: BlackwellPublish-ing, 2002.[3]程迎春.商务英语词汇特点和学法探究[J].商场现代化, 2007, (4).[4]陈春燕,缪东玲.国际贸易实务[M].北京:电子工业出版社, 2007.[5]冯庆华.实用翻译教程[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社, 2002.[6]廖瑛.实用外贸英语电函[M].武汉:华中科技大学出版社, 2005.[7]梅桂能.当代外贸信函英语的礼貌原则[J].中国科技翻译, 2004, (2).

论文摘要英语

英语中的SUMMARY撰写的具体格式步骤如下：1、写之前，需要认真仔细地读几遍原文材料，让理解更深刻。2、遵循原文的逻辑顺序，对重要部分的主题、标题、细节进行概括，全面清晰地表明原文信息。3、给摘要起一个好标题，比如：可以采用文中的主题句。4、尽量使用自己的话完成，不要引用原文的句子，篇幅控制在原文的三分之一或四分之一长。5、写摘要时可以采用下列几种小技巧：（1）筛选1-2个例子。（2）避免重复，删除细节，只保留主要观点。（3）把长段描述压缩变成短小精悍的句子。如下例： “His courage in battle might without exaggeration be called lion-like.” 可以概括为：”He was very brave in battle.”（5）你还可以使用词组代替整句或者从句。（6）使用概括性的名词代替具体的词，比如： “She brought home several Chinese and English novels, a few copies of Time and Newsweek and some textbooks. She intended to read all of them during the winter vocation.” 可以概括为：”She brought home a lot of books to read during the vocation.”（7）使用最短的连接词。比如，可以使用可以使用but, then, thus, yet, though,不能使用at the same time, in the first place, because of these, on the other hand等较长的连接词。（8）把文章中的第一人称转换成第三人称，把对白简化。

英语研究方向的论文摘要怎么写

英语论文摘要

英语论文摘要写作内容须知

一般来说，英语论文对摘要主要包括了论文所研究的目的和范围、方法和过程、结果和结论三个方面。

英语论文摘要写作文体要求

英语硕士论文摘要写作疑问解答

1. 怎样写英文摘要?

可以按照论文的逻辑结构撰写摘要，如概述、目的、方法、结果、结论、展望的顺序。

概述(30词左右)：用最简洁的语言概括论文内容。例如：This paper is… 或 This study focuses on…

目的'(30词左右)：用To…就可以了，没有必要使用 in order to 或者 for the purpose of 等较长的表述。

方法(50词左右)：尽可能具体地说明操作的步骤，其中注意时态的使用。常用的词汇有：test, study, investigate, examine, analyze, measure, application 等。

结果(50词左右)：直入主题地摆出结果，如 This paper shows… 或 The results are…

结论(60词左右)：删去类似于“The result of the study showed that…” 的赘语，逐条罗列出结论。

展望(20词左右)：指出研究对未来的意义，如 This paper is of great significance in… 或指出不足。

2. 英文摘要有多长?

一般情况下用一段的篇幅完成英文摘要，特殊情况可以分成两到三段，但最好不要超过三段。长度一般为200字到300字之间。

3. 英文摘要用什么语态和人称?

规范的学术文章通常采用被动语态，突出信息。但由于主动语态的表述更为清楚，现在有些地方也要求采用主动语态。

4. 英文摘要用什么人称?

最好不要出现I，we等第一人称代词，而是使用第三人称，如the author等。

5. 英文摘要用什么时态?

英语论文摘要写作六大要点

(1)将His courage; in battle might withoutexaggeration be called lion-like压缩为：

He Was very brave in battle.

(2)将They acted in a manner that rendered them liable toprosecution .压缩为：

They acted illegally.

(3)将John fell into the river and，beforehelp could reach him，he sank.压缩为：

John was drowned in the river.

(4)习惯用but，then，thus，yet，for等最简短的过渡词语，禁止用at，the，Same，time，on the other hand等。

论文摘要范文英语

英语论文摘要

英语论文摘要写作内容须知

一般来说，英语论文对摘要主要包括了论文所研究的目的和范围、方法和过程、结果和结论三个方面。

英语论文摘要写作文体要求

英语硕士论文摘要写作疑问解答

1. 怎样写英文摘要?

可以按照论文的逻辑结构撰写摘要，如概述、目的、方法、结果、结论、展望的顺序。

概述(30词左右)：用最简洁的语言概括论文内容。例如：This paper is… 或 This study focuses on…

目的'(30词左右)：用To…就可以了，没有必要使用 in order to 或者 for the purpose of 等较长的表述。

方法(50词左右)：尽可能具体地说明操作的步骤，其中注意时态的使用。常用的词汇有：test, study, investigate, examine, analyze, measure, application 等。

结果(50词左右)：直入主题地摆出结果，如 This paper shows… 或 The results are…

结论(60词左右)：删去类似于“The result of the study showed that…” 的赘语，逐条罗列出结论。

展望(20词左右)：指出研究对未来的意义，如 This paper is of great significance in… 或指出不足。

2. 英文摘要有多长?

一般情况下用一段的篇幅完成英文摘要，特殊情况可以分成两到三段，但最好不要超过三段。长度一般为200字到300字之间。

3. 英文摘要用什么语态和人称?

规范的学术文章通常采用被动语态，突出信息。但由于主动语态的表述更为清楚，现在有些地方也要求采用主动语态。

4. 英文摘要用什么人称?

最好不要出现I，we等第一人称代词，而是使用第三人称，如the author等。

5. 英文摘要用什么时态?

英语论文摘要写作六大要点

(1)将His courage; in battle might withoutexaggeration be called lion-like压缩为：

He Was very brave in battle.

(2)将They acted in a manner that rendered them liable toprosecution .压缩为：

They acted illegally.

(3)将John fell into the river and，beforehelp could reach him，he sank.压缩为：

John was drowned in the river.

(4)习惯用but，then，thus，yet，for等最简短的过渡词语，禁止用at，the，Same，time，on the other hand等。

下面是关于学术论文英文摘要模板，希望对你们有帮助。

Abstract

Since Dewey developed the concept of “critical thinking”, many scholars abroadhave carried out a series of studies about improving students' critical thinking skills ineducation field. In the 1980s,critical thinking became the target of higher educationprograms in such foreign countries as the US and Canada. It has gained its widespreadattention in China only in recent years. But there are only few studies about it ineducation field. Our traditional English teaching method pays much attention to thetraining of students' linguistic knowledge and language skills but ignores thecultivation of students' critical thinking abilities. In the process of skill practice,teachers often stress the importance of memorizing vocabulary and imitating skillsrigidly,but neglect the students' abilities in analyzing problems and putting forwardinnovative solutions. Therefore, English writing teaching is affected by this andmerely attaches emphasis to train students' reading and writing skills. There are fewstudies which aim at systematically cultivating students' analysis, synthesis, summary,comparison and reasoning skills while they are writing. Therefore,this study aims atdesigning some writings tasks and teaching strategies which can be used to fostercollege students' critical thinking awareness and promote students' all-rounddevelopment.

According to six critical thinking skills,this study was carried out by requiringstudents to hand in an argumentation. All participants in this study are non-Englishmajor college freshmen from a 211 key university. The revised version of Rubric forQualitative Critical Thinking Skills Instrument was used in this study. Withquantitative and qualitative analysis,writing experiment is conducted within a wholesemester to collect data concerning students' learning behavior. Reading-to-write isused in experimental class while traditional method is adopted in control class. Thewriting scores by the experimental and control class were statistically processed bysoftware SPSS . And also the interview was launched in some of students inexperimental class to assess students' critical thinking abilities reflected in theirwritings-The final analysis indicated that EGAP writing model exerted a significantlypositive influence in improving students' critical thinking skills, especially in arousingstudents' writing enthusiasm and critical thinking awareness. Compared with controlclass, students in experimental class made big progress in writing competence. Inaddition, this study put forward some reform proposals to the teaching of Englishwriting. The study is of great value to instruct students to employ critical thinkingskills in their writing.

Abstract

A large body of research has been conducted on the effects of technology-enhancedEnglish vocabulary learning since the 1960s (Marty, 1981)。 However, no consensus hasbeen reached yet (Choo, Lin, & Pandian,2012; Mohsen & Balakumarohsen, 2011)。

Despite the fact that some narrative reviews have evaluated and explored thesecontradictory results, this study aims at quantifying the overall effectiveness oftechnology-enhanced English vocabulary learning with a different approach to review:meta-analysis and performing in-depth moderator analyses of learning method and testtype further.

Totally, twenty effect sizes from thirteen pieces of primary research are obtainedafter collecting related literature published or unpublished in recent ten years via fourchannels and selecting through three filters. Later, all the primary research is coded anddata are computed in random-effects model with software ComprehensiveMeta-Analysis.

Results show that: (1) Technology has a positively large effect on Englishvocabulary learning according to Cohen's standards as proposed in 1992 (g = 95% confidential interval of [, ])。 (2) Learning methods (intentional learning,incidental learning, and integrated learning) have impacts on the overall effectiveness.

Heterogeneity exists in the three learning methods (g = = 0,01 < )，Effectiveness of intentional learning, incidental learning and integrated learning is ^ =, g 二 , g = respectively. Incidental learning under technology-enhancedenvironment yields the largest effectiveness on English vocabulary learning. (3) Testtypes (recognition tests, recall tests,recognition + recall tests) also have impacts on theoverall effectiveness. The three test types are heterogeneous as well {Q = , p = < )。 Recognition tests, recall tests, and recognition + recall tests have effectsizes of and respectively. Technology-enhanced English vocabularylearning achieves the largest effectiveness in recognition tests.

Abstract

The present study, which is based on the Competing Values Framework (. CVF:a framework to identify the organizational effectiveness and to define organizationalculture)， aims to investigate English teachers, teaching motivation at universities, theirperception of the organizational culture in the target university,their professionalaspiration and how they affect each other. The research questions to be addressed are asfollows: (1) How do the English teachers perceive the organizational culture at theirworkplace? (2) How much effort will the teachers pay for their professionalengagement and aspiration? (3) What kinds of motivation do the English teachers in thetarget university appear to have? (4) How will the organizational culture and theprevious experience affect teachers' motivation?

This study employed four different questionnaires as the research instruments,including one demographic questionnaire and three research questionnaires, . thedemographic questionnaire, the Organizational Culture Assessment Instrument (. theOCAI) (Cameron & Quinn, 1999)，the Professional Engagement and CareerDevelopment Aspiration-scale (. the PECDA-scale) (Watt & Richardson, 2008b)，andthe Work Tasks Motivation Scale for Teachers Teaching (. the WTMST) (Fernet et al.,2008)，to investigate the above mentioned research questions. The whole investigationtook roughly 12 weeks and involved three stages: the preparation stage,the pilot study,and the main study.

The findings of the present study show that most of the teachers are intrinsicallymotivated and with identified regulation influenced by the performance culture and theclan culture which are the dominant culture types of the target research site. Results alsoindicate that the overseas experience and length of teaching experience affect teachers'perception of tixe organizational culture and motivation. The participants who haveoverseas experience tend to be more with the sense of professionalism, moreintrinsically motivated and be more confident with their competence in the academicarea; and the ones who have longer years of teaching experience are with moreidentified regulation and introjected motivation and are more committed and moreassured of staying in the education field. The participants in the target universitybasically belong to the highly engaged persisters,and the male teachers expect to be theleadership.

Abstract

Owing to the economic, social and academic needs as well as the advantages of EGAP(General Academic Purpose in Chinese College English) itself, there exist 这 great deal ofnecessity and feasibility for applying English for EGAP class. It is our understanding thatwriting plays an extremely important role in the course of EGAP and genre is a quiteinfluential factor in improving students5 writing competency. However,the investigation ofstudents' current writing situation shows that being deeply influenced by traditional writingteaching methods which emphasize grammar and vocabulary; the students have littleknowledge about genre approach theoretically or systematically and lack the awareness ofgenre. Because of this,it becomes necessary to put forward an English writing teachingapproach which is effective as well as applicable to the situation in China so as to enhancetheir writing competence.

This paper firstly gives a brief introduction to the developing trend of EGAP bydiscussing its necessity and applicability in China and the main views of two schools of genretheory, the tiieoretical foundation and genre-based approaches of three main schools of genrestudy and practice. And also,their characteristics are compared and the adaptability inChinese College EGAP class is analyzed, based on which it puts forward a modifiedGenre-based approach in EGAP writing class in order to enhance students' genre awarenessand improve their writing skills.

To achieve this, two non-English major classes of freshmen in East China University ofScience and Technology (ECUST) have been selected as the experimental class andcontrolled class, and the research lasts one semester. The Genre-based approach is applied inthe experimental class following a modified Genre-based approach. And a comparison hasbeen made on the same subject at the beginning and the end of the semester and thecomparison and contrast between the experimental class and controlled class have also beenmade. Owing to various factors,such as learning motivation, different students show variedextent of acceptance to certain teaching approaches. Therefore, emphasis has not only beenput on the overall changes,but also on the individual differences.

There are three hypotheses:

1. Can Genre-based approach enhance students' genre awareness? 2. Can “genreawareness” really improve students' writing ability in EGAP? If the students can get overallimprovement, is there any difference in gender and the students with diverse learningaptitudes because of the individual difference? If some students fail to improve, what's thepossible reason behind it? 3. Will Chinese students accept and adapt to Genre-basedApproach?

Three sets of data from six writing assignments, writing in final-term examination andquestionnaires are collected and analyzed with the help of the software SPSS . And thestudy indicates that: (1) Genre-based approach has a significant effect in sensitizing students'genre awareness, improving holistic writing competence; (2) during the whole experimentalprocess, girls have a stable superiority over boys, however, boys' improvement fluctuation iscomparatively obvious; (3) students of medium efficiency have the greatest potential to makebig improvement; (4) Unavoidably, in this research there are some students who fail to gainimprovement in terms of writing ability or get changed in terms of writing notions, andthrough analysis it has been found that the main objective reasons are: the difficulty ofwriting itself,the differences of culture and ways of thinking between east and west,thelimited teaching period, etc.; and subjective reasons mainly come from: the limitedcompetence of students themselves, the lack of interest in English writing, etc(5) aoverwhelming majority of students are liable to accept this approach and able to adapt to itpretty well, yet acceptation is not absolutely accompanied by adaptation; (6) feedback is adispensable part in English writing teaching, and more specific feedback will bring strongermotivation in students' self-correcting and developing;In the end,the author presents some limitations in her research and hopes that this cangive some hints and tips to further research in EFL writing classes.

Abstract

In college English listening & speaking classrooms, language and other semioticsystems cooperate together to help students construct meaning. It can be reflected inthe design of textbooks and the use of audios, videos and images, etc. Thus, in thisthesis, the theoretical foundation is the theory of multimodal discourse analysis (MDA)derived from Systemic Functional Linguistics and Social Semiotics. The essence ofMDA is that other semiotic resources such as: images, audios, etc. are as important aslanguage in the meaning-making system. Visual Grammar, Acoustical Grammar andthe integrated frameworks of MDA are the main analysis approaches in this thesis.

Meanwhile, the results of the teaching investigation and the MDA for textbooksare the practical foundation for the multimodal teaching design, providing feasibleand effective suggestions in this thesis. According to the results, it can be concludedthat students have more or less realized multimodality in this course and argue thatmultimodality should be used in moderation; multimodal classroom activities, socialcontent, etc. should be brought into the class; teachers should remind students to payattention to images, fonts change and other multimodal factors in textbooks.

Therefore, when conducting the multimodal teaching design, attention should bepaid to: (1) Modalities influence each other with clear priorities in this course. (2)Words modality and acoustical modality are the primary modalities, while othermodalities are just used as tools to provide supplementary information and to improveteaching efficiency. (3) The chosen modalities should provide supplementaryinformation to make the learning material more easily understood and help studentsconcentrate. Then, on the basis of the above principles and the writer's teachingexperience, a sample teaching design has been worked out, then its' feasibility andeffectiveness have been verified by an empirical study with the method of interview.

Abstract

Degree adverbs play a crucial role in daily language communication. However,owing to their wide varieties and similar meanings, it is hard for language learners toreally master their meanings and usages.

With the aid of AntConc and based on the corpora of FROWN (TheFreiburg-Brown Corpus of American English)，FLOB (The Freiburg-LOB Corpus ofBritish English) and CLEC (Chinese Learner English Corpus)， the study aims tocompare the actual use of common English degree adverbs in terms of semanticprosody between Chinese EFL learners and native English speakers. The researchprocedures consist of two steps. First, AntConc is launched to extractconcordance lines of the target node words in each corpus and the semantic featuresof the node words' collocates are analyzed; then, the semantic prosodies of these nodewords are summarized and comparisons are made between the two corpora.

The results indicate that there are differences as well as similarities betweennative English speakers and Chinese learners in their use of semantic prosody.

Chinese EFL learners tend to underuse the negative semantic prosodies of fairly,highly, and totally?,overuse the negative semantic prosodies of extremely; and misusethe semantic prosody of terribly. The results also show that some problems exist inChinese learners' use of semantic prosodies of degree adverbs, and the reasons mayinclude their first language transfer, intralingual transfer, and the lack of informationabout the semantic prosody in dictionaries and textbooks.