呼啸山庄英文论文参考文献

恩，，，没问题的，，我来

The Love and Hate in Wuthering HeightsShi Xueping1. IntroductionWuthering Heights, the great novel by Emily Bronte, though not inordinately long is an amalgamation of childhood fantasies, friendship, romance, and revenge. But this story is not a simple story of revenge, it has more profound implications. As Arnold Kettle, the English critic, said," Wuthering Heights is an expression in the imaginative terms of art of the stresses and tensions and conflicts, personal and spiritual, of nineteenth-century capitalist society.” The characters of Wuthering Heights embody the extreme love and extreme hate of the Introduction of the autherEmily Jane Bronte was the most solitary member of a unique, tightly knit, English provincial family. Born in 1818, she shared the parsonage of the town of Haworth, Yorkshire, with her older sister, Charlotte, her brother Branwell, her younger sister, Anne, and her father, the Reverend, Patrick Bronte. All five were poets and writers; all but Branwell would publish at least one was the Bronte children's one relief from the rigors of religion and the bleakness of life in an improverished region; they invented a series of imaginary kingdoms and constructed a whole library of journals stories, pomes, and plays around their inhabitants. Emily's special province was a kingdom she called Gondal, whose romantic heroes and exiles owed much to the poems of stays at several boarding schools were the sum of her experiences outside Haworth until 1842, when she entered a school in Brussels with her sister Charlotte. After a year of study and teaching there, they felt qualified to announce the opening of a school in their own home, but could not attract a single 1845 Charlotte Bronte came across a manuscript volumn of her sister's poems. She knew at once, she later wrote, that they were "not at all like the poetry women generally write... they had a peculiar music-wild, melancholy, and elevating." At her sister's urging, Emily's poems along with Anne's and Charlotte's, were published pseudonymously in 1846. An almost complete silence greeted this volume, but the three sisters, buoyed by the fact of publication, immediately began to write novels. Emily's effort was WUTHERING HEIGHTS; appearing in 1847, it was treated at first as a lesser work by Charlotte, whose JANE EYRE had already been published to great acclaim. Emily Bronte's name did not emerge from behind her pseudonym of Ellis Bell until the second edition of her novel appeared in the meantime, tragedy had struck the Bronte family. In Septermber of 1848 Branwell had succumbed to a life of dissipation. By December, after a brief illness, Emily too was dead; her sister Anne would die the next year. WUTHERING HEIGHTS, Emily's only novel, was just beginning to be understood as the wild and singular work of the Introduction of the storyThe beginning of the story was Mr. Lockwood’s visiting of Wuthering Heights. His amazement of Heathcliff's surliness and curiosity of beautiful Catherine's rudeness urged him to listen to a very strange and frightening love story from Nelly Dean. In the summer of 1771 Mr. Earnshaw brought home an orphan later called Heathcliff he had found in Liverpool. This waif was persecuted by young Hindley, but deeply loved by his daughter Catherine. So there was contradiction between Hindley and Heathcliff since childhood. After the death of their parents and his own marriage, Hindley treated Heathcliff as a servant, but this was relieved by the pleasant times with one of their expeditions they reached Thrushcross Grange where she stayed as the Linton’s guest for several weeks. When she returned to the Wuthering Heights, she was altered a lot: she had been deeply attracted by the dress, luxury of the Lintons, especially the handsome and gentle Edgar Linton. Although she still loved Heathcliff she could not compare Heathcliff’s snobbishness with the gentility of her new friends. Heathcliff was even more badly treated by Hindley after his wife’s death, which increased Heathcliff’s more anger. After overhearing part of Catherine’s conversation with Nelly that she would marry Edgar, Heathcliff could not bear the indignation and degradation and left Wuthering ’s conversation with Nelly was that if Heathcliff could remain, even though all else perished, she should still continue to be. She and Heathcliff belonged to the same kind. But Heathcliff didn’t hear it. So after Heathcliff’s leaving, Catherine was desperately ill and recovered by the care of Linton couple. Three years later Catherine was married to months later, Heathcliff, a different man, appeared. Catherine was so pleased at the news. But out of her surprise Heathcliff took on his two-fold revenge, first on Hindley who had treated him so badly in the past, secondly he threatened Catherine to marry Edgar’s sister Isabella fell in love with Heathcliff and Heathcliff married her out of love, but for the property of Thrush cross Grange. At the same time Catherine locked herself in the room because Edgar refused Heathcliff. The she became delirious from illness and had brain fever. Eventually she recovered but remained delicate. Edgar worried too much about Catherine’s health and Heathcliff and Catherine met again. There was a terrible scene between them. Both of them showed their anger and love to each other which worsened Catherine’s health. Then two hours after her daughter — Cathy’s birth Catherine died. When Heathcliff got the news he was desperately Catherine’s death Isabella returned to Thrushcross Grange after three months with Heathcliff. Hindley died and Heathcliff took Wuthering years later Isabella died, leaving her son Linton to Heathcliff, a weakling boy. Then Edgar Linton and young Linton died and so Heathcliff, Cathy and Hareton, an ill-assorted trio, were left at the Heights; while Thrush Grange was left to Lowood, to whom Nelly told the story ended with the death of Heathcliff and the marriage of Hareton and Cathy. This was two generations’ love story. The first generation’s love was transcendental and the second generation’s love was Introduction of social backgroundIn Viction's period, the rich are enormously proud of their success and property; the secular sense of hierarchy penetrates into the daily life of common people; money and property is nothing but everything. In literature, the smoky, threatening, miserable factory-towns were often represented in religious terms, and compared to hell. The poet William Blake, writing near the turn of the nineteenth century, speaks of England’s “dark Satanic Mills.” Therefore, under the control of this concept, the spirit of human is vehemently suppressed, and the humanity is cruelly twisted and deformed. At this time, Emily who has great rebelling spirit and strong desire of freedom, wrote WUTHERING HEIGHTS, disclosed the evilness of society. The work depicts how humanity was twisted, broken, band destroyed under the hand of violent devastation. But the great death is the steady faith of and yearns for happy life. In the world reined by Heathcliff, the bud of love, coming from Hareton and Cathy, broke through the hard soil of hatred. The betrayal of love brings the twist of humanity but pure love cures the wound, consoles the injured heart, and saves the degenerated soul. Emily shows her positive attitude to the pure love and their destructibility of Theme of the novelWuthering Heights, the creation of Emily Jane Bronte, depicts not a fantasy realm or the depths of hell. Rather, the novel focuses on two main characters' battle with the restrictions of Victorian Society. Social pressures and restrictive cultural confines exile Catherine Earnshaw and Heathcliff from the world and then from each other. Hate can't make love disappear, and love is stronger than . LoveWuthering Heights is a love novel. It has praised human’s moral excellence, has attracted the will of the people’s darkness, unfolding the human with the common custom life and pursueing the fine in the novel is manifested in many Earnshaw's love for HeathcliffForty years ago Wuthering Heights was filled with light, warmth and happiness. , a farmer, lives happily with his boisterous children Catherine and Hindley. However, being a kind and generous fellow, he can’t help rescuing a starving wretch off on the streets of Liverpool, a gypsy child named Heathcliff. In time Heathcliff becomes one member of the family, loved by all except Hindley (who nurtures the feeling of being usurped). Thus it can be concluded that Earnshaw's love for Heathcliff stems from Catherine' love for HeathcliffAs a child, her father was too ill to reprimand the free spirited child, ‘who was too mischievous and wayward for a favorite. (P46). Therefore, Catherine grew up among nature and lacked the sophistication of high society. Catherine removed herself from society and, "had ways with her such as I never saw a child take up before; she put all of us past our patience fifty times and oftener in a day; from the hour she came downstairs till the hour she went to bed, we had not a minute’s security that she wouldn’t be in mischief. Her spirits were always at high-water mark, her tongue always going--singing, laughing, and plaguing everyone who would not do the same. A wild, wicked slip she was--"(P51). Catherine further disregarded social standards and remained friends with Heathcliff despite his degradation by Hindley, her brother. ‘Miss Cathy and he [Heathcliff] were now very thick; ’(P46) and she found her sole enjoyment in his companionship. Catherine grew up beside Heathcliff, ‘They both promised to grow up as rude as savages; the young master [Hindley] being entirely negligent how they behaved, ’(P57). During her formative years Catherine’s conduct did not reflect that of a young Lady, ‘but it was one of their chief amusements to run away to the moors in the morning and remain there all day, (P57). Thus, Catherine’s behavior developed and rejected the ideals of an oppressive, over-bearing society, which in turn created isolation from the institutionalized world. Therefore, Catherine's love for Heathcliff is pure, and Heathcliff's love for Catherine is tinged with danger and Isabella's love for HeathcliffThe first time when Isabella sees Heathcliff, attracted by the charming man, she falls in love with him. No matter how Catherine persuades her, she makes her mind to get married with Heathcliff. Her love for Heathcliff is pure. While, Heathcliff just uses Catherine's sister-in-law Isabella Linton as a weapon, caring not for the poor Catherine's love for EdgarWhen Catherine and Heathcliff exist their private island unchecked until Catherine suffers an injury from the Linton's bulldog. Forced to remain at Thrushcross Grange----the Linton's home, which isolates Catherine from Heathcliff and her former world of reckless freedom. Living amongst the elegance of the Lintons transforms Catherine from a coarse youth into a delicate lady. Her transformation alienates Heathcliff, her soul mate and the love of her life. Catherine fits into society like a square peg trying to fit in a round hole. However, she feels pressure to file her rough edges and marry Edgar Linton. All in all, it is the social pressures and restrictive cultural confines that force Catherine to pretend to fall in love with Edgar. However, Edgar loves Catherine with gracious and transquility.

这网站我以前写报告一直用...里面很多东西...还有一个叫 Heights, which has long been one of the most popular and highly regarded novels in English literature, seemed to hold little promise when it was published in 1847, selling very poorly and receiving only a few mixed reviews. Victorian readers found the book shocking and inappropriate in its depiction of passionate, ungoverned love and cruelty (despite the fact that the novel portrays no sex or bloodshed), and the work was virtually ignored. Even Emily Brontë’s sister Charlotte—an author whose works contained similar motifs of Gothic love and desolate landscapes—remained ambivalent toward the unapologetic intensity of her sister’s novel. In a preface to the book, which she wrote shortly after Emily Brontë’s death, Charlotte Brontë stated, “Whether it is right or advisable to create beings like Heathcliff, I do not know. I scarcely think it is.”Emily Brontë lived an eccentric, closely guarded life. She was born in 1818, two years after Charlotte and a year and a half before her sister Anne, who also became an author. Her father worked as a church rector, and her aunt, who raised the Brontë children after their mother died, was deeply religious. Emily Brontë did not take to her aunt’s Christian fervor; the character of Joseph, a caricature of an evangelical, may have been inspired by her aunt’s religiosity. The Brontës lived in Haworth, a Yorkshire village in the midst of the moors. These wild, desolate expanses—later the setting of Wuthering Heights—made up the Brontës’ daily environment, and Emily lived among them her entire life. She died in 1848, at the age of witnessed by their extraordinary literary accomplishments, the Brontë children were a highly creative group, writing stories, plays, and poems for their own amusement. Largely left to their own devices, the children created imaginary worlds in which to play. Yet the sisters knew that the outside world would not respond favorably to their creative expression; female authors were often treated less seriously than their male counterparts in the nineteenth century. Thus the Brontë sisters thought it best to publish their adult works under assumed names. Charlotte wrote as Currer Bell, Emily as Ellis Bell, and Anne as Acton Bell. Their real identities remained secret until after Emily and Anne had died, when Charlotte at last revealed the truth of their novels’ , Wuthering Heights has a secure position in the canon of world literature, and Emily Brontë is revered as one of the finest writers—male or female—of the nineteenth century. Like Charlotte Brontë’s Jane Eyre, Wuthering Heights is based partly on the Gothic tradition of the late eighteenth century, a style of literature that featured supernatural encounters, crumbling ruins, moonless nights, and grotesque imagery, seeking to create effects of mystery and fear. But Wuthering Heights transcends its genre in its sophisticated observation and artistic subtlety. The novel has been studied, analyzed, dissected, and discussed from every imaginable critical perspective, yet it remains unexhausted. And while the novel’s symbolism, themes, structure, and language may all spark fertile exploration, the bulk of its popularity may rest on its unforgettable characters. As a shattering presentation of the doomed love affair between the fiercely passionate Catherine and Heathcliff, it remains one of the most haunting love stories in all of literature.

呼啸山庄论文参考文献

摘要：《呼啸山庄》是艾米莉·勃朗特的唯一一部小说，其内容和形式都十分独特。在呼啸山庄中极多的意象，都有着丰富的意蕴。其中，“窗子”这一意象，具有强烈的、深刻的象征意义。本文从两代人与窗子这一象征的联系之中对这部作品进行分析，探讨丰富的象征内涵，尤其是对两代主人公命运轨迹和内心情感变化的象征意义。关键词：艾米莉·勃朗特；呼啸山庄；象征；窗艾米莉·勃朗特的《呼啸山庄》被戴维·塞西尔认为是“唯一一部没有被时间的尘土遮没了的光辉的杰出作品”，其内容和形式都十分独特。小说中的象征、隐喻等手法，将一部暴风骤雨式的小说主题烘托的无比浓烈，显示出独特的魅力。韦勒克、沃伦在《文学理论》中曾经指出：“一个意象可以被转换成隐喻一次，但如果它作为呈现或再现不断重复，那么它就变成了一个象征，甚至是一个象征系统的一部分。而作为背景的意象很容易具有象征性，甚至会变成‘气氛’、‘情调’,进而会被看做是人物的转喻性或隐喻性表现，或一个人的意志的表现”。《呼啸山庄》里的各种象征，或许是主人公内心心境的外化，又或者暗示着情节的突变。在呼啸山庄中有着极多的意象，有着丰富的意蕴。其中，“窗子”这一意象，具有强烈的、深刻的象征意义，巧妙地暗示着主人公命运轨迹和内心情感的变化，对情节的发展起着重要的作用。一、第一代人与窗窗子作为一种禁锢的象征，它隔断着象征文明的画眉田庄和象征原始的呼啸山庄，窗子的打开，象征着这种禁锢的松开。在第一代人凯瑟琳和希思克利夫的爱情命运和人生轨迹中，伴随着非常多的“窗子”的象征。希思克利夫和凯瑟琳隔膜的开始，便是二人跑去画眉田庄透过窗户偷窥，凯瑟琳被窗户里那个温暖文明的世界所吸引，而希思克利夫曾表示“就是再让我活一千次，我也不要拿我在这儿的地位和埃德加在画眉田庄的地位交换”。从此，一扇大玻璃窗将“野小子”和小姐分离开来。凯瑟琳渐渐变得举止文雅而外表整洁，男女主人公第一次感到了地位上的差异。这扇窗使希凯的爱情命运发生变化，而这时候的凯瑟琳走向了与自己天性和内心相背离的文明一方。当希思克利夫回来的前夕，凯瑟琳透过画眉田庄窗户看见呼啸山庄隐藏在银白色的雾气中。银白色的雾气象征着凯瑟琳内心的彷徨和迷茫，她在文明与原始之间不知何去何从。而这扇窗子，使凯瑟琳看不见呼啸山庄，象征她无法追求自我的原始本性。凯瑟琳生病时，精神已经失常的她坚信：“只要让我一到那些小山上的石楠丛中，我马上就会恢复到我本来的样子。再把窗子打开，开大！把打开的窗子钩上！”病重的凯瑟琳竟然挣扎着下床，把窗子一把推开，然后大口大口的呼吸起从荒原刮来的凛冽的寒风。凯瑟琳此时认识到了自己的原始本性，她渴望重回呼啸山庄，挣脱文明的束缚，获得灵魂的自由。如艾米莉·勃朗特诗中所写，“我若祈祷/那唯一启动我双唇的祷文只有/请别扰乱我心/给我自由”。为凯瑟琳守灵之夜，希思克利夫通过内莉的帮助，从一扇窗子里跳进画眉田庄，去见凯瑟琳的遗容，做最后的告别。在这里，窗子不仅是一个象征或隐喻，同时还有着作为窗子本身的现实功用。窗子的敞开终于消泯了希思克利夫和凯瑟琳肉体的距离，但实际上，此时二人之间却已经又竖起一道生与死的障碍。凯瑟琳死去之后，成为孤魂野鬼，一直想进呼啸山庄而不得。小说开篇，洛克伍德夜宿山庄，暴风雪使得树枝不停敲打窗户，他打碎玻璃，想要去抓树枝，却握到了一只冰凉的小手，一个声音呜咽着说：“让我进去——让我进去吧！”二十年来，凯瑟琳一直在荒原上游荡，而她想要回到呼啸山庄，追求自由原始的渴望总是被阻隔。而在小说的结尾，希思克利夫死亡之后，窗子的意象又再次出现，“我根本没有想到他会死去,可是他的脸上,咽喉上,全都淋满雨水,床单也在滴水,他却一动不动。窗子来回摇摆,刮着了他搁在窗台上的一只手,可是刮破的皮肤上不见渗出血来。”希思克利夫在死之前，打开窗子，消除了窗子对凯瑟琳的阻隔，至此，自由与禁锢的冲突，生与死的障碍，都消失不见，凯瑟琳和希思克利夫的灵魂终于重新在一起，都回归到了自由的荒原之上。二、第二代人与窗相比较第一代人，第二代人故事的叙述中并没有太多的象征，但是，我们可以发现，窗子这个意象依旧被延续着。在小凯瑟琳被希思克利夫软禁起来之后，凯瑟琳迫切想见濒死的父亲一面，在她的苦苦哀求之下，良知未泯的小林敦将她偷偷放走。凯瑟琳溜进母亲小时候住的那个房间，悄悄从窗子钻出，回到了画眉田庄。这里的窗子同样有着象征意义与现实功用。小凯瑟琳更向往文明，而不是原始的野蛮。这是她与上一代人不同的地方。她被禁锢在呼啸山庄，凯瑟琳囿于画眉田庄，于她们，都是与内心的渴望追求相悖的。而当小说的结尾，洛克伍德最后一次访问呼啸山庄之时，山庄里门户大开，畅通无阻，空气中传来花朵的芬芳，一派文明景象。这与希思克利夫在世时的门窗紧闭的阴郁场景完全不同。窗子打开，象征着古老的呼啸山庄接纳了文明的画眉田庄，敞开了通向文明之窗。文明与原始的冲突，也随着第二代人的对文明的自觉选择而消失殆尽。自此，窗内窗外终于和谐统一，无论是活着的或者死去了的灵魂都自由无拘。参考文献：[1]艾米莉·勃朗特著.宋兆霖译.呼啸山庄[M].中国书籍出版社,2005. [2]杨静远.勃朗特姐妹研究[M].社会科学出版社,1983. [3]张静波.《呼啸山庄》中窗的意象[J].世界文化,2007. [4]张帆.窗内与窗外的世界——《呼啸山庄》中窗的意象解析[J].大家,2012.

呼啸山庄论文看参考文献

2017英美文学论文开题报告

英国文学源远流长，经历了长期、复杂的发展演变过程，慢慢的发展中，美国文学日趋成熟，成为真正意义上独立的、具有强大生命力的民族文学。

题目：回归自然论呼啸山庄中自然和文明的冲突

一、选题的背景与意义：

(一)课题研究来源

在考研过程中遇到类型相关的题目，本人很感兴趣，于是确定选择该题。

(二)课题研究的目的

本文通过对《呼啸山庄》中象征主义，来叙述《呼啸山庄》中文明与自然的冲突。(三)课题研究的意义

艾米莉勃朗特是英国维多利亚时期著名小说家和作家，是著名的勃朗特姐妹之一，也是三姐妹中最具天赋的一个。她一生只写了一部小说《呼啸山庄》，但是这部伟大的作品却使她扬名于世。通过《呼啸山庄》，艾米莉勃朗特以维多利亚时代为背景，通过写两个截然不同的家族，三代人之间的爱恨情仇，充分表现了维多利亚时期文明和自然之间的冲突以及怎样反映了艾米莉勃朗特对自然的偏爱。小说中自然和文明冲突不断，艾米莉勃朗特在小说中多次运用对比和象征来表现此冲突，例如，呼啸山庄和画眉山庄的冲突，凯瑟琳两种不同的爱情观的冲突。这种冲突正是基于艾米莉勃朗特对自然异于常人的热爱和当时现代文明盛行的背景。英国文学史上著名的三姐妹从小生活在荒原上，自然在她们心中是神圣之物，这点很像新英格兰超验主义的观点。并且英国浪漫主义时期沃兹沃斯和柯律利治等著名诗人影响，自然，情感和哥特式元素在艾米莉勃朗特的作品中都发挥着举足轻重的作用。而且，艾米莉勃朗特生活在物欲横流的维多利亚时代，当时的人们以自然之情为基础的生活受到现代文明的激烈冲击。作为维多利亚时代批判现实主义的代表人物，艾米莉勃朗特看到了现代文明带来的种种罪恶，内心更加执着于对自然的喜爱。

因此，要想真正读懂这部伟大的著作，就必须要了解小说中艾米莉勃朗特对自然和文明的观点。只有了解艾米莉勃朗特对自然和文明的态度，才能真正明白在这爱恨情仇下有着更深刻的寓意人类生活应该顺应自然和本性。通过《呼啸山庄》中自然和文明的从图矛盾，由此来叙述《呼啸山庄》中回归自然的观点。

二、国内外研究现状：

(一)国内研究现状

1.陈茂林从艾米莉勃朗特所受的自然的影响来分析，他的《回归自然返璞归真呼啸山庄的生态批评》认为《呼啸山庄》是一部自然颂歌。小说中自然有着独特的作用，它使人精神放松，包容所有人，它似乎是一个有血有肉的灵魂，分享着人的痛苦和换了。作品表达了作者对自然的深深热爱，同时也反映了自然和文明的冲突和矛盾。

叶利荣则在其《追寻自我的历程呼啸山庄主题探析》一文中提出：艾米莉勃朗特在小说中塑造的`两个富于激情和叛逆的人物形象希斯克里夫和凯瑟琳，展示了他们在迷失之后寻找自我回归的艰难历程表现了处于自我冲突中的人的内心世界。他们充满抗争的一生是生命个体追寻自我历程的真实写照。

2.王宏洁则在《自然与文明的冲击》中认为，自然和文明的冲突矛盾也就是《呼啸山庄》中的其中一个重要主题。自然，要求人们生活需要顺从内心情感和自然本性，得到自然错给予的舒适和自得。而文明，则是不同于自然的一种新的生活方式，要求人们生活遵从道德和理智。文明由此带来了物欲横流的社会以及追逐自身利益的人类，因此纯净自然之人被文明所污染。而自然不会随着文明的出现和进步消失，自然会一直存在。所以自文明诞生开始，文明和自然的冲突就不断。

(二)国外研究现状

1.英国著名女作家弗吉尼亚伍尔夫在一九一六年就写过《〈简爱〉与〈呼啸山庄〉》一文。她写道：当夏洛蒂写作时，她以雄辩、光彩和热情说我爱，我恨，我受苦。她的经验，虽然比较强烈，却是和我们自己的经验都在同一水平上。但是在《呼啸山庄》中没有我，没有家庭女教师，没有东家。有爱，却不是男女之爱。艾米莉被某些比较普遍的观念所激励，促使她创作的冲动并不是她自己的受苦或她自身受损害。她朝着一个四分五裂的世界望去，而感到她本身有力量在一本书中把它拼凑起来。那种雄心壮志可以在全部小说中感觉得到一种部分虽受到挫折，但却具有宏伟信念的挣扎，通过她的人物的口中说出的不仅仅是我爱或我恨，却是我们，全人类和你们，永存的势力这句话没有说完。

2.英国进步评论家阿诺凯特尔(ArnoldKettle)在《英国小说引论》一书中第三部分论及十九世纪的小说时，，他总结说：《呼啸山庄》以艺术的想象形式表达了十九世纪资本主义社会中的人的精神上的压迫、紧张与矛盾冲突。这是一部毫无理想主义、毫无虚假的安慰，也没有任何暗示说操纵他们的命运的力量非人类本身的斗争和行动所能及。对自然，荒野与暴风雨，星辰与季节的有力召唤是启示生活本身真正的运动的一个重要部分。《呼啸山庄》中的男男女女不是大自然的囚徒，他们生活在这个世界里，而且努力去改变它，有时顺利，却总是痛苦的，几乎不断遇到困难，不断犯错误。

三、课题研究内容及创新

(一)课题研究内容

艾米莉勃朗特在《呼啸山庄》中多次运用象征主义，例如，呼啸山庄和西斯科拉里夫与儿时的凯瑟琳代表自然，他们崇尚自由，顺应自然和暴风雨似的生活原则。。而与呼啸山庄对立存在的画眉山庄以及林顿家庭则代表文明，他们彬彬有礼，服从一切社会原则。自然和文明表面风平浪静一直到西斯克里夫和凯瑟琳偶然闯进画眉山庄，于是冲突不断。凯瑟琳的自然之情开始受到文明的真正挑战，她开始背叛自己的内心情感，越来越像淑女，最终她舍弃对西斯克里夫的真爱嫁给埃德加林顿，表面上文明占取了绝对优势。但是婚后的凯瑟琳被内心的自然之情折磨致死。而西斯克里夫也因为凯瑟琳的背叛自然性扭曲到极端，他变成了复仇的恶魔。文明的侵犯使人性扭曲，约束人的真实自然之情，造成了悲剧。尽管文明带来了进步，但是文明却扼杀了人性。最终，艾米莉勃朗特让西斯克里夫在死前打开阻碍之窗文明，让两人的游魂在荒野间游荡。种种表明艾米莉勃朗特对两人爱情的同情以及要求人顺应人性，重返自然的思想。

本选题拟从三个部分加以阐述：

1.自然和文明的定义

2.自然和文明的较量：

a.自然和文明的象征：呼啸山庄和画眉山庄;西斯克里夫和林顿及其哈的顿

b.自然和文明的斗争：凯瑟琳的爱情选择和西斯克里夫的疯狂报复导致人性的扭曲

3.结论

人应该顺从自然，归顺自然。文明的侵犯使人性扭曲以及给人带来毁灭性的灾害。

(二)课题研究创新

本文主要通过对《呼啸山庄》中象征主义的运用，来解析自然和文明的冲突。艾米莉勃朗特不仅塑造两个截然不同的庄园，分别代表自然和文明，还赋予住在两个山庄中类似他们山庄的性格，通过他们的对比以及他们交织时所产生的矛盾分歧来说明自认和文明之间的对抗。

四、课题的研究方法：

本选题拟采用多种研究手法，然后再结合定性分析研究法、综合查找法、归纳法、翻译法、文献综述法、文献检索法等多种研究方法加以详述。主要包括：

1、定性分析法：根据主观的判断和分析能力，推断出事物的性质和发展趋势的分析方法。

2、归纳法：通过许多个别的事例或分论点，然后归纳出它们所共有的特性，得出一般性的结论。

3、文献法：即历史文献法，就是搜集和分析研究各种现存的有关文献资料，从中选取信息，以达到某种调查研究目的的方法。

4、文献综述法:即针对某个研究主题,对与之相关的各种文献资料进行收集整理,对所负载的知识信息进行归纳鉴别,清理与分析,并对所研究的问题在一定时期内已取得的研究状况,取得的成果,存在的问题以及发展的趋势进行系统而全面的叙述,评论,建构与阐述.其中,确定一个研究主题,收集整理专题文献,阅读与挖掘文献内容,清理与记述专题研究状况,建构与阐明专题研究发展趋势。

五、研究计划及预期成果

(一)研究计划

4月15日4月18日：指定论文指导教师，学生选定题目;

4月19日4月25日：完成任务书部分和开题报告;

4月26日5月12日：完成论文第一稿;

5月13日5月22日：完成并上交论文第二稿;

5月23日5月31日完成论文三稿(5月31日上午11点之前上交，以便答辩老师阅读)，指导教师分组阅读论文，师生做好答辩准备;

6月1日6月9日：论文答辩(答辩后，学生对教师提出的意见要及时修改，以便装订论文终稿)。

6月10日6月12日：二次答辩及论文装订、成绩评定。

(二)预期成果

按照规定的时间和进度提交一份具有一定的理论或应用价值的，字数在5000英文单词左右、英美文学方向的的学术论文。

六、参考文献：

[1][M].ForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPress,OxfordUniversityPress,1999.

[2]Cecil,

[3]艾米莉勃朗特(EmilyBronte)著,方平译.呼啸山庄[M].上海译文出版社,2001

[4]夏洛蒂勃朗特(CharlotteBronte)著,宋兆霖译.勃朗特两姐妹全集[M].河北教育出版社,1996

[5]陈茂林.回归自然返璞归真《呼啸山庄》的生态批评[J].外语教学.2007(01):69-73

[6]栗华.野孩子的爱与恨对《呼啸山庄》意象和主题的一种阐释[J].北方论丛.2001(6):80-83

[7]裴双.人类应有的前行姿态论《呼啸山庄》对野性与文明的取舍[J].绍兴文理学院学报(哲学社会科学版).2007(04):80-85

[8]邵旭东.何以写出《呼啸山庄》也谈艾米丽勃朗特创作源泉问题[J].外国文学研究.1996(04)：77-81

1 曹召伦,李晓明;医学心理学的新发展[J];安徽农业大学学报(社会科学版);2002年04期 2 邹颉;;复仇者的同与异:希思克利夫和仇虎——《呼啸山庄》和《原野》中男主人公之比较[J];安徽农业大学学报(社会科学版);2006年06期 3 王喆;;《呼啸山庄》中窗意象的文化解读[J];安徽农业大学学报(社会科学版);2008年06期 4 张舒予;论伍尔夫与勃朗特的心灵与创作之关联[J];安徽师范大学学报(人文社会科学版);2003年03期 5 刘俊;;爱与恨的复合体——浅析希克厉这一人物形象[J];安徽文学(下半月);2006年09期 6 叶琴;刘爱花;;从阿德勒的人格理论谈心理健康与治疗[J];安徽文学(下半月);2006年09期 7 王华颖;;回归家庭——女性悲哀和幸福的双重所在——对《简爱》结局的新解读[J];安徽文学(下半月);2009年01期 8 肖晶;;心理学视角下的凯瑟琳·恩肖形象再议[J];安徽文学(下半月);2009年02期 9 唐正;;试分析艾米莉在《呼啸山庄》中的个性体现[J];安徽文学(下半月);2009年06期 10 唐正;;试分析《简·爱》中独特的女性主义声音[J];安徽文学(下半月);2009年07期

呼啸山庄论文的英文文献

它狂放不羁的浪漫主义风格源自于人物“爱”与“恨”的极端的冲突，而在希克厉和凯瑟琳这对旷世情侣身上，极度的爱中混合着极度的恨，失去凯瑟琳使希克厉成为一个复仇狂。加之，作者把故事背景放置在一个封闭的小社会——两个山庄，和开放的大自然——荒原之中，整个小说的情境就格外地“戏剧化”，阴冷而暴力，神秘怪烈又隐含着神圣的温情。其次，女作家放弃了那种从头说起，原原本本的叙事手法，19世纪的女作家，像她姐姐写《简·爱》，奥斯丁写《傲慢与偏见》，都采用的是这样一种易于为大众接受的传统手法，艾米莉则为了讲清楚发生在两代人身上的复杂故事，别出心裁地采用了当时少见的“戏剧性结构”，借用了一位闯入呼啸山庄的陌生人洛克乌先生之耳目从故事的中间切入，这时候，女主人公凯瑟琳已死去，希克厉正处于极度暴虐地惩罚两家族的第二代的时候，这就设置了一个巨大的悬念，使读者急于追索事情的前因，又时时关注着人物未来的命运。当然，对于当时读惯古典小说的人们来说，接受这种叙事系统是有些吃力的，以致于有人指责此书“七拼八凑，不成体统”。《呼啸山庄》深层次的主题是什么：现在，多数人认为是对于人性的探索，洛克乌先生到来时所做的恶梦可谓是开启故事主题的钥匙，那是人性的冻结，之后30年旧事的倒叙正说明人性的堕落的过程，而最后四章，则顺叙了人性的复苏，希克厉终于悟到了无止境的报复只会带来糟糕的结局。小说基本上在讲叙恶的过程中最终发现了善的可能。在当时的文坛，艾米莉远远地走于人们之前：直至那个世纪结束后，才有人一反前说，认为“在19世纪，《呼啸山庄》是一位女作家所能写出的最好的散文诗”；不仅如此，在本世纪，人们重新阅读与评价勃朗特三姐妹的文学作品时，开始提出：艾米莉·勃朗特是“三姐妹中最伟大的天才”，《呼啸山庄》也成为西方学者们欲琢磨个究竟的一块玉石，笼罩在它身上的百思不得其解的谜面背后那丰富的答案将渐渐被解释开来，毕竟，它是部可读性很强的天才之作，而非是云雾团里的“天书”。这部小说的独特之处：首先在于它揭示了人性的复杂与深刻，在于它所蕴含的爱与恨的激情。凯瑟琳与希思克利夫的爱情是以他们的性格和兴趣完全认为同为基础的，他们之间的爱情主要是精神上一致而非外貌上的相互吸引，是心灵的契合而非欲望上的需要，就在他们最后一次见面中那狂风暴雨般不可遏制的激情，也不夹杂有丝毫的情欲成份，这也寄托了作家对理想的、纯洁的爱情的向往。一本书看久了，感觉和感悟也就淡了：我不欣赏书中的情与恨相互交织，如果爱过，就不要有恨，如果有恨就没有真正的爱过。人是有情感的动物，只有有情感的人才是真正的至真至情至诚中人，才会更显得可爱，但这种狂热到将爱变成了恨，我不赞同，幸好最后希思克利夫终于没有了恨，也让小凯瑟琳和哈里顿这对有情人能够走到一起，也说明真情能感动所有的人。结合我自己的感情经历来说，我对爱最大的体会却是宽容，如果真正的爱，那么没有得到又有何访呢？只要他（她）是幸福的，只要他（她）曾经也真心地爱过自己，留下美好的记忆，彼此祝福，在无人的夜晚能静静的想想彼此，这就够了。读一本名著，真的是一件很累很享受的事，当我被其中的人物感情所打动时，我会流泪，更会得到启发。附：故事简介《呼啸山庄》讲的是一个爱情与复仇的故事，弃儿希思克利夫在利物浦的大街上被好心的恩肖先生捡起，抱回家收养，与恩肖的儿子辛德雷和女儿凯瑟琳在一起生活，辛德雷讨厌希思克利夫，而他的妹妹却喜欢希思克利夫，恩肖死后，辛德雷成了一家之主，把希思克利夫当仆人和佃农对待，剥夺了他受教育的权利，半百般侮辱，虐待他。与此同时，凯瑟琳和希思克利夫由于性格和爱好上的一致而成为最好的朋友并产生了朦胧的爱情。邻近的富绅之子林顿向凯瑟琳求爱，频繁登门拜访，凯瑟琳对他表示了好感并决定嫁给他，希思克利夫愤而出走。三年后凯瑟琳嫁给了林顿。希思克利夫也发财回来，同时实施报复。辛德雷因丧妻而染上了酗酒和同赌博的恶习，希思克利夫引诱他进一步堕落，轻而易举地占有了他的全部家产，并将他的儿子教唆成一个文盲和无赖。希思克利夫利用欺手段娶了林顿的妹妹伊莎贝拉为妻，婚后百般虐待她。凯瑟琳在病疼中生下女儿小凯瑟琳后去世，伊莎贝拉在认清希思克利夫的真面目后也离他而去，并生下了儿子小林顿。后来，伊莎贝拉列死去，儿子被希思克利夫夺回到自己手中，并诱使他与小凯瑟琳相爱。在林顿病重之时，他设计劫持了小凯瑟琳，强迫她与自己的儿子小林顿成亲，吞并了林顿的全部家产，完成了他的复仇计划。小林顿不久死去，小凯瑟琳与辛德雷的儿子哈里顿产生了爱情。与此同时，希思克利夫被凯瑟琳的鬼魂缠绕得坐卧不宁，不思饮食睡眠，他从哈里顿与小凯瑟琳的眼睛里看到了凯瑟琳的那双眼睛不愿再阻挠他们的爱情，在抑郁和精神错乱中死去。

"Wuthering Heights" With a love tragedy, to demonstrate the life of an abnormal screen, outlined by this abnormal human society and the resulting distortion of all the horrific events. 整个故事的情节实际上是通过四个阶段逐步铺开的： The plot of the story is actually spread through the four-phase: the第一阶段叙述了希斯克利夫与凯瑟琳朝夕相处的童年生活；一个弃儿和一个小姐在这种特殊环境中所形成的特殊感情，以及他们对辛德雷专横暴虐的反抗。 Describes the first phase of Heathcliff and Catherine's childhood in daily life; an outcast and a young woman in this particular environment, formed by special feelings, as well as their resistance to the oppressive tyranny Hindley.第二阶段着重描写凯瑟琳因为虚荣、无知和愚昧，背弃了希斯克利夫，成了画眉田庄的女主人。 Catherine describes the second phase focused on because of vanity, ignorance, and ignorance, and abandoned his Heathcliff became the hostess of Thrushcross Grange.第三阶段以大量笔墨描绘希斯克利夫如何在绝望中把满腔仇恨化为报仇雪耻的计谋和行动。 The third stage of the large number of pen and ink depicting how Heathcliff filled with hatred and despair into a revenge to avenge the-top tricks and action.最后阶段尽管只交代了希斯克利夫的死亡，却突出地揭示了当他了解哈里顿和凯蒂相爱后，思想上经历的一种崭新的变化——人性的复苏，从而使这出具有恐怖色彩的爱情悲剧透露出一束令人快慰的希望之光。 Although the final stage only dealt with the death of Heathcliff, but it highlights revealed when he understood that Hareton and Cathy fall in love, the ideological changes in a brand new experience - the recovery of human nature, so that out of a horror color love tragedy reveals a beacon of hope for a bunch of people be happy.因此，希斯克利夫的爱一恨一复仇一人性的复苏，既是小说的精髓，又是贯穿始终的一条红线。 Therefore, Heathclif f's love one hate a revenge a revival of human nature is both the essence of the novel, but also runs through a red line. 作者依此脉络，谋篇布局，把场景安排得变幻莫测，有时在阴云密布、鬼哭狼嚎的旷野，有时又是风狂雨骤、阴森惨暗的庭院，故事始终笼罩在一种神秘和恐怖的气氛之中。 By so threads Moupian layout, the scene arranged unpredictable, sometimes in dark clouds, Guikulanghao the wilderness, sometimes it is lunacy sudden rain, dark, dark courtyard tragic story has been shrouded in a mysterious and terrible atmosphere.在小说中，作者的全部心血凝聚在希斯克利夫形象的刻画上，她在这里寄托了自己的全部愤慨、同情和理想。 In the novel, the author of all efforts concentrated on the image portrayed Heathcliff, she pinned his own where all the outrage, compassion and ideals. 这个被剥夺了人间温暖的弃儿在实际生活中培养了强烈的爱与憎，辛德雷的皮鞭使他尝到了人生的残酷，也教会他懂得忍气吞声的屈服无法改变自己受辱的命运。 This has been deprived of human warmth of the outcast in real life to cultivate a strong love and hate, Hindley's whip so that he tasted the cruelty of life, but also he knows how to swallow the insult in the Church of yield can not change the destiny of their own humiliation. 他选择了反抗。 He chose resistance. 凯瑟琳曾经是他忠实的伙伴，他俩在共同的反抗中萌发了真挚的爱情。 Catherine used to be his faithful partner, They in the common resistance in the germination of sincere love. 然而，凯瑟琳最后却背叛了希斯克利夫，嫁给了她不了解、也根本不爱的埃德加·林顿。 However, Catherine Heathcliff eventually betrayed, married she did not understand, it does not love Edgar Linton. 造成这个爱情悲剧的直接原因是她的虚荣、无知和愚蠢，结果却葬送了自己的青春、爱情和生命，也毁了对她始终一往情深的希斯克利夫，还差一点坑害了下一代。 Cause of this love tragedy is the direct cause of her vanity, ignorance and stupidity, the result is ruin his own youth, love and life, but also ruined her has always been devotedly attached to Heathcliff, but also came close to harm the next generation. 艾米莉·勃朗特刻画这个人物时，有同情，也有愤慨；有惋惜，也有鞭笞；既哀其不幸，又怒其不争，心情是极其复杂的。 Emily Bronte portrayed in this figure, there are sympathetic, they are angry; are sorry, there are flogging; both sorrow for their misfortunes, but also Nuqibuzheng mood is extremely complex.凯瑟琳的背叛及其婚后悲苦的命运，是全书最重大的转折点。 Catherine's betrayal of their miserable fate of marriage is the most significant turning point in the book. 它使希斯克利夫满腔的爱化为无比的恨；凯瑟琳一死，这腔仇恨火山般迸发出来，成了疯狂的复仇动力。 It makes Heathcliff filled with immense love into hate; Catherine's death, this chamber burst out like a volcano of hatred has become a crazy revenge motivation. 希斯克利夫的目的达到了，他不仅让辛德雷和埃德加凄苦死去，独霸了两家庄园的产业，还让他们平白无辜的下一代也饱尝了苦果。 Heathcliff objective was achieved, he not only made Hindley and Edgar miserable death, to dominate the two industrial estates, but also the innocent for no reason the next generation so that they also suffered a bitter defeat. 这种疯狂的报仇泄恨，貌似悖于常理，但却淋漓尽致地表达了他非同一般的叛逆精神，这是一种特殊环境、特殊性格所决定的特殊反抗。 This crazy revenge Xiehen, seemingly perverse in common sense, but most vividly expressed his extraordinary spirit of rebellion, which is a special environment, special character, determined by the specific resistance. 希斯克利夫的爱情悲剧是社会的悲剧，也是时代的悲剧。 Heathcliff's love tragedy is a social tragedy, the tragedy of the times.《呼啸山庄》的故事是以希斯克利夫达到复仇目的而自杀告终的。 "Wuthering Heights" Heathcliff is a story of revenge to achieve the purpose of committing suicide had ended. 他的死是一种殉情，表达了他对凯瑟琳生死不渝的爱，一种生不能同衾、死也求同穴的爱的追求。 His death is a kind of sentimentalism, expressed his enduring love of life and death of Catherine, a coverlet of Health can not be dead, is also seeking the pursuit of love with the hole. 而他临死前放弃了在下一代身上报复的念头，表明他的天性本来是善良的，只是由于残酷的现实扭曲了他的天性，迫使他变得暴虐无情。 Before dying he gave up the idea of revenge in the next generation found that he had a good nature, but because of the harsh realities of his twisted nature, forcing him to become ruthless tyranny. 这种人性的复苏是一种精神上的升华，闪耀着作者人道主义的理想。 The recovery of this human nature is a kind of spiritual sublimation, shines with authors of humanitarian ideals.《呼啸山庄》出版后一直被人认为是英国文学史上一部“最奇特的小说”，是一部“奥秘莫测”的“怪书”。 "Wuthering Heights" after the publication has been considered to be in English literature in the history of a "most peculiar novel," is a "mystery" and "strange books." 原因在于它一反同时代作品普遍存在的伤感主义情调，而以强烈的爱、狂暴的恨及由之而起的无情的报复，取代了低沉的伤感和忧郁。 Because it is a contemporary work against the prevailing mood of sentimentalism, but with a strong love, hate and violent replaced by the ruthless revenge, instead of deep sorrow and melancholy. 它宛如一首奇特的抒情诗，字里行间充满着丰富的想象和狂飙般猛烈的情感，具有震撼人心的艺术力量。 It is like a strange lyrical poetry, between the lines filled with a rich imagination and hurricane-like violent emotions, with a stirring power of art.

Wuthering Heights as a Religious NovelWuthering Heights is not a religious novel in the sense that it supports a particular religion (Christianity), or a particular branch of Christianity (Protestantism), a particular Protestant denomination (Church of England). Rather, religion in this novel takes the form of the awareness of or conviction of the existence of a overwhelming sense of the presence of a larger reality moved Rudolph Otto to call Wuthering Heights a supreme example of "the daemonic" in literature. Otto was concerned with identifying the non-rational mystery behind all religion and all religious experiences; he called this basic element or mystery the numinous. The numinous grips or stirs the mind so powerfully that one of the responses it produces is numinous dread, which consists of awe or awe-fullness. Numinous dread implies three qualities of the numinous: its absolute unapproachability, its power, and. its urgency or energy. A misunderstanding of these qualities and of numinous dread by primitive people gives rise to daemonic dread, which Otto identifies as the first stage in religious development. At the same time that they feel dread, they are drawn by the fascinating power of the numinous. Otto explains, "The daemonic-divine object may appear to the mind an object of horror and dread, but at the same time it is no less something that allures with a potent charm, and the creature, who trembles before it, utterly cowed and cast down, has always at the same time the impulse to turn to it, nay even to make it somehow his own." Still, acknowledgment of the "daemonic" is a genuine religious experience, and from it arise the gods and demons of later religions. It has been suggested that Gothic fiction originated primarily as a quest for numinous dread. For Derek Traversi the motive force of Brontë's novel is "a thirst for religious experience," which is not Christian. It is this spirit which moves Catherine to exclaim, "surely you and everybody have a notion that there is, or should be, an existence of yours beyond you. What were the use of my creation if I were entirely contained here? (Ch. ix, p. 64). Out of Catherine's–and Brontë's–awareness of the finiteness of human nature comes the yearning for a higher reality, permanent, infinite, eternal; a higher reality which would enable the self to become whole and complete and would also replace the feeling of the emptiness of this world with feelings of the fullness of being (fullness of being is a phrase used by and about mystics to describe the aftermath of a direct experience of God). Brontë's religious inspiration turns a discussion of the best way to spend an idle summer's day into a dispute about the nature of heaven. Brontë's religious view encompasses both Cathy's and Linton's views of heaven and of life, for she sees a world of contending forces which are contained within her own nature. She seeks to unite them in this novel, though, Traversi admits, the emphasis on passion and death tends to overshadow the drive for unity. Even Heathcliff's approaching death, when he cries out "My soul's bliss kills my body, but does not satisfy itself" (Ch. xxxiv, p. 254), has a religious John Winnifrith also sees religious meaning in the novel: salvation is won by suffering, as an analysis of references to heaven and hell reveals. For Heathcliff, the loss of Catherine is literally hell; there is no metaphoric meaning in his claim "existence after losing her would be hell" (Ch. xiv, p. 117). In their last interview, Catherine and Heathcliff both suffer agonies at the prospect of separation, she to suffer "the same distress underground" and he to "writhe in the torments of hell" (XV, p. 124). Heathcliff is tortured by his obsession for the dead/absent Catherine. Suffering through an earthly hell leads Healthcliff finally to his heaven, which is union with Catherine as a spirit. The views of Nelly and Joseph about heaven and hell are conventional and do not represent Brontë's views, according to has endured hell. Indeed, most of this novel becomes a test of what she can endure. Helen Burns and Miss Temple teach Jane the British stiff upper lip and saintly patience. Then Jane, star pupil that she is, exemplifies the stoicism, while surviving indignity upon indignity. Jane’s soul hunkers down deep inside her body and waits for the shelling to stop. Only at Moor’s End, where she teaches and grows, does her soul come out. She stops enduring and begins living. Jane begins to become an “I” in her 19th year. In the sentence, “Reader, I married him.” Jane makes clear who is in charge of her life and her marriage; she is. That “I” stands resolutely as the subject of the sentence commanding the verb and attaching itself to the object, “him.” She is no longer passive, waiting and sitting for Rochester’s attention. Rather, she goes out and gets him. She has gone a long way from the beginning of the novel. At Gateshead, Jane tries to direct her life. Her little “I” scolds Mrs. Reed and chastises John. Like the later Jane, she knows her mind and speaks it. Unlike the later Jane, however, she does not have the wherewithal to back up her soul. She does not have the physical strength, the mental skills, nor the finances to stand on her own. As a result, she can be thrown into the Red Room to repent her sins and can be cast into Lowood. At Lowood, her pernicious saints, Helen Burns and Miss Temple, suppress the young ego under a blanket of will, religion, and self-sacrifice. Helen teaches Jane to blame herself for everything and blame others for nothing. Helen suffers depredation upon humiliation in the name of dirty fingernails and disorganized socks, all the while chanting “Thank you sir, may I have another.” Jane internalizes this, so that she blames herself for Rochester’s faults and error and even forgives the unforgivable, Mrs. Reed. For her part, Miss Temple teaches Jane to be subversive, but charming. Rebellion is seed cake and a smile. Rebellion is not keeping the students from the ten-mile forced march to church. Jane follows these dictates as well, manipulating Rochester for scraps and sops. With one withering blast, Rochester dynamites these two icons into sanctimonious rubble and sends Jane back out into the elements. Her soul, long buried or locked away in the attic, bursts forth and sends Jane for the escape pods. Out in the moors, sucking on dirt, Jane chooses to live on and rebuilds herself. First with the help of her cousins, then with the arrogantly humble Rivers St. John, Jane rediscovers who she is and discards who she isn’t. Ironically, her final self-definition comes from Rivers when he proposes. Helen Burns and Miss Temple would have knelt at the chance, but Jane lets the cup pass by. In her rejection, she sweeps the debris away and stands by herself. So, when she returns to Thornfield, she comes with her own money and her own identity. Reduced or not, Rochester can only stand with Jane, not tower over her. She comes with a skill, cash, and self-knowledge. And under her own power, she submits herself to Rochester. She allows herself to be called Janet and to refer to him as “sir.” She willingly and momentarily drops her head. But not for long. In the ultimate chapter, Jane directly addresses her “Reader.” The final chapter takes place a year or two post-fire, as the mature Jane looks back on her life. By the act of writing, Jane has defined herself and stepped away from the saint-in-training. By writing the truth, in all of its ugliness, she separates herself from the persona. The Jane in the first 38 chapters is not the final Jane that addresses the reader. That Jane has had a child, has married a man, and has made a spot in the world. The great triumph of that line comes not from the man that she has married, but from the rediscovery and reaffirmation of the voice that once told off Mrs. Reed. The girl lost her voice at Lowood has become the woman who can tell us the story. The novel itself is Jane’s final "I."

呼啸山庄哥特论文参考文献

哥特式小说是西欧文学花园中的一朵奇葩。它充满着神秘与恐怖，给人以独特的心灵震撼和审美感受。它盛极一时，许多作家都受到过它的影响，直到今天，哥特式手法都以其极强的表现力和感染力而得到作家们的青睐。哥特式小说源远流长，本文试从其起源、发展、演变及对后世的影响来揭示：在西方文学中一直有这样一股“哥特传统”的暗流，它时隐时现，与“两希”源头并存，可谓西欧文学与文化的第三条源流。关键词：哥特式，神秘，恐怖，第三源头近 20 年研究综述一. 哥特式小说的特征和文学史地位布兰丹 ·亨尼塞在《哥特式小说》一书中总结了哥特式小说的特征： “哥特式” 这个术语有三种主要含义：野蛮，好像中世纪的哥特部落；中世纪，和与之相联的城堡、带甲武士和骑士精神；超自然，和随之而来的恐怖、未知与神秘。《牛津简明英国文学史》中说：哥特式小说拒绝平淡，偏好峭壁和悬崖、折磨与恐怖、巫术、恋尸癖以及心神不定。它沉浸于鬼魅出没、突然死亡、地牢、妖术、幻觉和预言之中。这一批评式术语涵盖了大量的反常性作品，这些作品表现了自然力和超自然力的聚合与冲突。这类小说在18世纪的最后几年进入繁荣期，它的影响的余波，它的耸人听闻的手法的重要方面，从勃朗特到狄更斯时期直至当代的英语文学，可以连续的被感受到。美国评论家赖特认为：要了解近两百年来的文学，必须具备一定的哥特式小说的知识。肖明翰、刘新明等人也认为：哥特小说自 18 世纪中期从英国诞生以来，一直拥有广泛的读者，不仅在英国确定了自己的地位，而且还影响到其它一些国家，特别是德国和美国的文学创作。它吸引了各时期、各流派的作家，将哥特小说的手法大量运用于创作以安排情节，深化主题，增强作品的效果，取得了很高的艺术成就。二百多年来，在英美不仅通俗作家热衷于哥特作品的创作，而且许多第一流的诗人和作家，如英国的司各脱、柯勒律治、拜伦、雪莱、济慈、狄更斯、勃朗特姐妹、康拉德、福斯特、戈尔丁和美国的布朗、华盛顿·尔文、爱伦·坡、霍桑、马克·吐温、詹姆斯、福克纳、奥康纳、莫里森等人都要么直接创作过脍炙人口的哥特故事，要么把哥特小说的手法大量运用于创作之中，使哥特小说从通俗小说这一文学领域的“边缘地位”得以进入文学的中心和文学发展的主流，从而在英美文学中逐渐形成了十分突出的哥特传统。二、解读“哥特”一词人类学意义上：哥特是所谓的蛮族之一。古代欧洲的一个民族。他们住在日尔曼部落的最东部，占据南多瑙河盆地和黑海沿岸的土地，被第聂伯河划分成东哥特和西哥特，两个独立的部落。西哥特人善于移动，攻下罗马，最终被同化到已在西班牙建立起的罗马文化中， 8 世纪时被摩尔人征服，同伊比利亚的拉丁成分混为一体。东哥特人穿过巴尔干到意大利，公元 493 年占领了意大利，公元 555 被吸收到拜占庭帝国中。艺术风格上：出现于十二世纪晚期，主要体现在建筑与绘画上，起源于法国的巴黎附近。从来源上看，哥特式美术和建筑借鉴了罗马技术，但是把它们置于与前辈完全对立的一种革新的美学观点。哥特式风格在建筑上主要是运用了飞檐扶壁，这样可以使墙体的负担大为减轻，使在墙面上开出大幅的玻璃花窗成为可能，同时使建筑的整体具有强烈的向上的特征。这样，从视觉角度来看，建筑——主要是教堂——具有高耸入云的外观，而其内部空间则在大幅的彩色玻璃花窗透射出的迷离光线和更高的中庭的双重作用下给人强烈的升腾感，同时又优雅纤细。主要用于建造教堂和城堡。法国的巴黎圣母院和英国的圣·保罗大教堂堪称代表性建筑。这种建筑的特点是高耸的尖顶，厚重的石壁，狭窄的窗户，染色的玻璃，幽暗的内部，阴森的地道甚至还有地下藏尸所等。在那些崇尚古希腊古罗马文明的文艺复兴思想家眼里，这种建筑代表着落后、野蛮和黑暗，正好是那取代了古罗马辉煌文明的所谓“黑暗时代“（ the Dark Ages ）的绝妙象征；因此，用那个毁灭了古罗马的“野蛮”、“凶狠”、“嗜杀成性”的部落的名字来指称这种建筑风格自然就再适合不过了。这样，在文艺复兴思想家们的影响下，哥特一词逐渐被赋予了野蛮、恐怖、落后、神秘、黑暗时代、中世纪等多种含义。哥特式作为恐怖、黑暗的代名词则成为小说这种叙事艺术中的一种风格。恐怖的、黑暗的、怪诞的、野蛮的，就像“拜占庭式”意指了不必要的繁复那样，哥特式（ Gothic ）成为了一个形容词。到了 18 世纪后期，哥特一词又成了一种新的小说体裁的名称。这种小说通常以古堡、废墟或者荒野为背景，故事往往发生在过去，特别是中世纪；故事情节恐怖刺激，充斥着凶杀、暴力、复仇、强奸、乱伦，甚至常有鬼怪精灵或其它超自然现象出现；小说气氛阴森、神秘、恐怖，充满悬念。三. 哥特式小说和运用了哥特式手法的代表作家作品 1764 年，《奥特朗托堡》诞生，作者是英国的荷拉斯 · 沃尔浦尔，这是哥特式小说的开山之作。其他的代表作有：英国理查生的《克莱丽生》英国克拉拉·利弗的《年老的英国伯爵》英国安娜 · 拉德克利弗的《乌多尔弗之谜》、《意大利人》英国威廉 · 贝克福德的《瓦塞克》英国马修·刘易斯的《修道士》（ The Monk ， 1796 ）爱尔兰马图林的《漫游者梅尔莫斯》英国詹姆士 · 郝格的《一个已开释的罪者的自传和忏悔》英国司各特的《玛米思》英国玛丽 · 雪莱的《弗兰肯斯坦》德国霍夫曼的大部分作品英国 B ·斯托克的吸血鬼小说美国爱伦坡的大部分作品运用了大量哥特式手法的作品：英国狄更斯的《荒凉山庄》，《远大前程》英国勃朗特姐妹的《简·爱》和《呼啸山庄》英国哈代英国罗特特·布朗宁法梅里美的《维纳斯雕像》、《熊人洛奇》美国福克纳的《喧哗与骚动》、《去吧，摩西》、《我的弥留之际》、《圣殿》、《押沙龙！押沙龙！》、《坟墓的闯入者》、《纪念爱米莉的一朵玫瑰花》美国霍桑的《红字》美国费兰纳里·奥康纳的《妇人难寻》美国特鲁曼·卡波特的《别的声音，别的屋子》美国卡森·麦卡勒斯的《伤心咖啡馆之歌》、《金眼睛中的映像》美国查德·赖特的《土生子》、《吸血鬼访谈录》英国班布里奇的《裁缝》、《到瓶子工厂游玩》英国达夫妮 · 杜穆里埃的《蝴蝶梦》美国斯蒂文金四. 哥特式小说的心理和美学基础哥特式小说的心理基础是人与生俱来的恐惧感。在阅读哥特故事时，我们既感到强烈的恐惧，同时又确信自己的安全，我们既能在幻觉中置身险境，但又从心底知道危险不会真的降临在自己身上，这时，我们就能感到一种强烈的愉悦。哥特式小说的美学基础是和恐惧相关的壮美。 18 世纪时，英国美学家伯克（ Edmund Burke ）在讨论壮美时，就已经谈到人类最强烈的情感是恐惧，并且把壮美同恐惧联系起来。他把美分为秀美（ the beautiful ）和壮美（ the sublime ）。一般来说，秀美的事物小巧、精致、和谐，并且为人们所熟悉，它们在观赏者心中所引起的是甜蜜、温馨、热爱、安全的愉悦和激动。与之相对，当面对峻峭高山、滚滚大河、亘古荒原、莽莽林海、古老废墟或者雷鸣电闪时，我们似乎体验到一种神秘的超验力量，心中不由充满敬畏甚至恐惧。如果我们仔细研究这些场面，我们会发现，它们全都是有关光明与黑暗、善与恶之间的冲突。从基督教的观点来看，这种冲突归根结底是上帝与魔鬼之间的永恒冲突。而这种光明与黑暗、善与恶、上帝与魔鬼的冲突是哥特小说最突出、最普遍、最持久的主题，它贯穿了哥特小说发展的整个历史。五、哥特式小说的源头和它出现的原因肖明翰认为：虽然哥特小说与哥特人毫无关系，但日尔曼民族（即条顿民族）中所流传的极为丰富的民间传说，以及以这些传说为素材的中世纪浪漫故事，是哥特小说的一个重要源泉。哥特小说的另一个重要源头是英国文艺复兴时期的戏剧。这时期的英国戏剧深受古罗马剧作家塞内加的影响，充满复仇、阴谋、暴力和凶杀，甚至还有鬼魂出没，因此情节惊险刺激。特别是莎士比亚的剧作和詹姆斯一世时期的悲剧，对哥特小说的出现与发展更是产生了巨大影响。作者：雾中寻你 2007-4-28 16:44 回复此发言 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3 【资料】从哥特式小说看西欧文学中的哥特传统 (某学生毕业论文) 《圣经》和基督教传说也是哥特小说的重要源泉。《圣经》里面有许多极为恐怖的场面，而基督教传说也一直在极力渲染地狱的恐怖。这方面最突出的当数《启示录》，里面描写了天使同撒旦的战争，地上的屠杀、瘟疫、灾难和饥荒，以及其它大量关于末日审判的神秘而可怕的征兆。《启示录》因其生动的语言、奇异的想象、丰富的象征、鲜明的意象和震撼人心的气势，具有很高的文学成就，对西方文学产生了重大影响，从密尔顿的《失落园》到今天的许多恐怖电影都直接取材于《启示录》或者受到它的启示。哥特小说中的许多典型人物类型，比如魔鬼、恶棍英雄、“流浪的犹太人”等，都能在《圣经》中找到他们的原型（撒旦、该隐等）；而兄弟相残、夺人之妻、仇杀、强奸、乱伦、同性恋等等哥特小说中的通常主题，都无不在《圣经》中反复出现。至于哥特小说里最突出、最普遍、最持久的主题：善与恶之间永恒的冲突，那就更是一部《圣经》从头到尾的主线。哥特小说之所以产生和繁荣于 18 世纪，最重要的是浪漫主义对理性主义的挑战。文艺复兴运动使人文主义得到空前发展，宗教改革运动与人文主义结盟终得以摧毁罗马天主教的一统天下，然而人文主义的大发展却反过来沉重打击了教会势力，并且使以上帝为中心的传统的基督教意识形态处于解体之中。到了 18 世纪，欧洲进入理性时代，启蒙运动思想家们热情讴歌、极力弘扬人的理性，却忽视并压抑情感、想象、直觉，否认神秘和超自然现象。席卷欧美的浪漫主义运动就是对理性主义和新古典主义的逆反。哥特小说是浪漫主义文学的一个特殊流派，被评论家们称为“黑色浪漫主义”（ dark romanticism ）。它的所谓“黑”，主要表现在两个方面：在情节上，它浓墨重彩地渲染暴力与恐怖；在主题思想上，它不是像一般浪漫主义那样侧重于正面表达其理想的社会、政治和道德观念，而主要是通过揭示社会、政治、教会和道德上的邪恶，揭示人性中的阴暗面来进行深入的探索，特别是道德上的探索。肖明翰教授还提出了一个新观点，那就是，哥特小说在英美和德国这样一些国家最繁荣、成就最高，而这些国家正是最主要的新教国家，其中英美更是长期为清教主义所统治。清教主义是基督教里的原教旨主义，它是新教的一个比较极端的重要流派。清教徒信奉加尔文主义，把《圣经》里的每一个字都看成上帝的话。尽管在哥特小说兴起之时，对天主教徒和各种男女“巫”的残酷迫害已经成为过去，但其影响仍然十分明显。早期的许多哥特小说，比如前面提到的《奥特朗托城堡》、《乌多芙堡之谜》、《意大利人》、《修道士》以及爱伦·坡的名作《陷阱与钟摆》等等，都是以意大利、西班牙或者法国南部这样的天主教国度为背景，而且大都是在暴露天主教及其教士的邪恶。同样，“清巫”事件也被广泛运用于文学创作，这在美国文学中特别突出，比如 1692 年在塞勒姆发生的大规模残酷迫害所谓女巫的事件。几个世纪以来一直刺激着文学家们的艺术想象力，从约翰·尼尔、霍桑到现代剧作家亚瑟·米勒、当代作家斯蒂芬·金等许多文学家都以塞勒姆事件为素材创作出了气氛恐怖、寓意深刻的作品。六、哥特式小说的发展 18 世纪末和 19 世纪初，浪漫主义成了文学的主流，哥特小说也进入最繁荣的时期，几乎所有主要的浪漫主义诗人和作家都创作了哥特故事或者使用了哥特手法并且推动了哥特文学的进一步发展。在一定意义上讲，所有浪漫主义者都是现实的叛逆者，但主流浪漫主义文学的核心在于理想化，而哥特小说却意不在此。尽管哥特小说中也有一些理想化人物，而且也在间接表达理想的价值观念，但其重点从来就是暴露罪恶与黑暗。到了维多利亚时代，现实主义在文学中成为主导，但现实主义作家们并没有拒绝使用哥特手法。在这些作家笔下，哥特故事的背景从遥远的过去和古老的城堡搬到了现实中的工业化大都市。在维多利亚时代，哥特小说的一个重要发展就是社会化和现实化。作者：雾中寻你 2007-4-28 16:44 回复此发言 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4 【资料】从哥特式小说看西欧文学中的哥特传统 (某学生毕业论文) 虽然哥特小说在英国产生和繁荣，但 19 世纪 20 年代以后，哥特小说发展的中心移到了美国。哥特小说能在美国迅速繁荣、持续发展有着深刻的历史、文化和文学根源。来到美洲的早期移民经历了饥饿、寒冷、瘟疫和死亡，一部美国史可以说就是他们在一个陌生而危险的环境中不断探险、冲突和征服的历史；而且美国小说兴起之时正好是哥特小说在英国和欧洲其它国家最繁荣的时候；不过，最重要的原因还是美国历史上和美国文化中极为突出的清教主义传统。美国第一位有影响的作家查尔斯· B ·布朗在 18 世纪末推出的几部作品都是阴森恐怖并且充满血腥的小说，而第一个享有国际声誉的美国作家欧文在司各脱和德国作家的影响下创作出了《睡谷》等哥特故事。美国小说一开始就具有哥特色彩。七、哥特小说不会消亡人们对于这些罪恶往年视而不见，习以为常，甚至以恶为善，这在当今世界更是如此。所以，当人们问奥康纳，她为什么在作品中那样大量使用哥特手法时，她回答说：“对于那些听觉不灵的人，你得大声叫喊；而对于那些快失明者，你只能把图画得大大的。”也就是说，只有借助于哥特小说所特有的那种震撼人心的力量才能使人们认识到那些罪恶和危险。因此，只要有使人堕落或者践踏人性的罪恶存在，哥特小说就会继续发展。