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电动汽车毕业论文外文翻译

发布时间:2024-07-04 03:40:37

电动汽车毕业论文外文翻译

Computer aided design of an axial-field PM brushless DC motor for an electric vehicle, Concept of the “KAZ”, the Start of a New Generation in Car Design, Conceptual Design of Hybrid Electric Vehicle for Urban Use in China, Consumer Education - An Essential Element in the Acceptance of the Electric Vehicle, Control and Management Strategies for the Delphi High Power Lithium Battery, Control of a Continuously Operated Pole-Changing Induction Machine, Control of compact hybrid drive consisting of PM motor and planetary transmission CVT,Control of independent rear wheel drives for electric and hybrid vehicles using one neuro-fuzzy controller, Controller-induced parasitic torque ripples in a PM synchronous motor, Coordination of Charging Stations for Electric Vehicles, Coupled Electrochemical and Thermal Analysis of Electric-Vehicle Battery Modules, Current Activities of Standardisation in Japan, Current Status Report on . Department of Energy Electric and Hybrid Electric Vehicle Energy Storage R&D Programs, Current-mode control for sensorless BDCM drive with intelligent commutation tuning, DaimlerChrysler EPIC Minivan Powered by Lithium-Ion Batteries, Design and analysis of a new multiphase polygonal-winding permanent-magnet brushless DC machine, Design and development of the 2001 Michigan Tech FutureTruck, a power-split hybrid electric vehicle, Design and development of the 2002 Comell University hybrid electric vehicle, Design and development of the 2002 Michigan Tech FutureTruck, a parallel hybrid electric vehicle, Design and development of the 2002 Penn State University parallel hybrid electric explorer, the Wattmuncher。翻译计算机辅助设计轴向场永磁无刷直流电动机的电动车,概念的“哈萨克斯坦” ,开始了新一代车设计,概念设计的混合动力电动车在城市中使用,消费者教育-一个基本要素接受电动车,控制和管理战略,德尔福高功率锂电池,控制不断操作变极异步电机,紧凑的控制组成的混合动力驱动永磁电机和行星传动无级变速器,控制独立后轮驱动的电动和混合动力车使用一个神经模糊控制器,控制器诱导寄生转矩脉动的永磁同步电机,协调收费站的电动车,加上电化学与热分析的电动汽车电池模块,当前的活动标准化在日本,目前状况的报告对美国能源部电力和混合动力电动汽车储能研发项目,电流模式控制传感器无刷直流电动机驱动器与智能折算调整,戴姆勒克莱斯勒史诗休旅本站由锂离子电池,设计与分析新的多相多边形绕组永磁无刷直流电机,设计和发展的2001年密歇根理工FutureTruck ,权力分割混合动力电动汽车,设计和发展的2002年康奈尔大学的混合动力电动汽车,设计和开发的技术在2002年密歇根州FutureTruck ,一个平行式混合动力电动汽车,设计和发展的2002年宾夕法尼亚州立大学并联式混合动力电动Explorer时, Wattmuncher

标题:CAN BUS used in the monitoring system of the electric vehicle

CAN bus in the electric vehicle monitoring system of Abstract Now, CAN, high-performance and reliability has been recognized and was widely used in industrial automation, marine, medical equipment, industrial equipment, and so on. Field Bus is the development of automation technology One of the focuses of the area known as automated computer LAN. It is a distributed control system to achieve real-time between the nodes, reliable data communications providing strong technical support. CAN bus belonging to the scene of the areas, it is an effective support for real-time control of distributed control or serial communication network. Compared with many of the current RS-485 based on the R line Construction of the Distributed Control System, based on the CAN bus distributed control system has obvious advantages. In this paper, occupies a lot of relevant information based on the comprehensive use of various methods of the CAN bus in the electric vehicle monitoring system in the application of theory and an analysis of development issues, and some of the problems raised his own views. The full text is divided into four parts: The first part of the main topics on the background and content of the subjects studied in the context of topics to write on the CAN bus status and significance in the research described in the content of the object of measurement requirements and complete the task of this paper. The second part, write data acquisition module design, from the SJA1000 CAN-based communications port design, acquisition, the electric car design; electric car design capacity of the collection node consists of three parts. The third part, mainly to write the electric vehicle monitoring network design, the first Fieldbus awakened comparison and choice, selected after the introduction of the CAN bus, the last of the SJA1000 CAN bus controller is introduced. The fourth part is really on the reliability of the system design for discussion, data from the calibration, the anti-jamming software and hardware design of the anti-jamming design in three areas to address the reliability of the system problems. Key words :Fieldbus; CAN bus; SJA1000; nodes;

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汽车论文的外文文献翻译

With the entry of informative network times is comimg, people are not simply satisfied with Atuo as the means of walking replacement, but to expect it can be closely related life to work, just as we work in the office or at home while we take the car. Meanwhile, Auto electronic rapid developing is regarded as the revolution of Auto technology development. E-vehicle developing level is one of the key points to measure modern auto technology. Followed the rapid development of comupter, telecommunication and integrated circuit technology, the typified digital field bus of field instrument and other related instruments widely used, and the complicated live link are replaced by simple live network link, the quality of signal transmission becomes much better than before, so that Auto gradually enters internet reccent decade, customers have higher quality on comfort, security, eco-friendliness of Auto. To meet these increasing demands, many electronic equipment controlled by computer is sharpely increasing in Auto, as a result of line connection becomes more difficult in Auto, especially in cars. Besides, the quantity of electronic line point shows increasingly. Inevitably it’ll has some troubles or blocks in drving. So that many new model or high-level model auto is using network technology in the process of research to solve these problems. This essay talks about how network is used in inner and outer auto, refering to the characteristic and standard of inner network used in Auto. While the key point is to emphasise on the main features and using of controlling local area to driving performance, auto electronic products could be classified as followings: one is Auto electronic control devices, including engine, chassis and body electronic control. The other is car electronic devices, including motor vehicle information systems, navigation systems, car audio and video entertainment systems, automotive communications systems, internet equipment etc.

Main PointsAir bags save lives. Nearly all the people who have died from air bag-related injuries were either unrestrained or improperly restrained. Emergency physicians see the tragic consequences of motor vehicle crashes every day. People should always buckle their lap/shoulder safety belts. Air bags are designed to work with, not instead of, safety belts. The risks that passenger seat air bags pose to children ages 12 and younger can be entirely eliminated when they ride properly restrained in the back seat. Q. Are air bags safe?A. When used properly, air bags save lives and put few people at risk. The vast majority of Americans can retain the benefits of air bags and eliminate risks by using air bags bags have helped reduce deaths and serious injuries in automobile crashes since their introduction in the late 1980s. According to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), frontal air bags saved 13,967 lives between 1987 and 2003. As of October 1999, about 84 children have died as a result of serious fatal head or neck injuries caused by air bags, but most of the children were unrestrained or improperly restrained, which allowed them to move on top of, or extremely close to their air bags as they began to inflate (., some had slipped the shoulder strap behind them). In addition, NHTSA reports that child air bag deaths declined 96 percent between the years 1996-2001. In 1996, 26 children were killed by air bags; in 2000 9 child deaths were due to air bags. The concern about the risks that air bags may pose to children has helped focus the nation's attention on the urgent need to properly restrain children in motor vehicles. Motor vehicle crashes are the leading cause of death in children, killing more children than all diseases combined. Each day in 2004, an average of six children from infancy to 14 years of age were killed and 673 were injured in motor vehicle crashes. Q. What is the proper use of air bags?A. Always buckle your lap/shoulder safety belt. Air bags are designed to work with — not instead of — safety sure that everyone in the front seat is properly buckled up and seated as far back from the air bags as is reasonably possible. Unrestrained older children and adults sitting in the front seat can be seriously injured and even killed by a deploying air bag or by hitting the dashboard during a crash. Children under age 12 should be restrained in the back seat. Children under age 1 and weighing 20 pounds or less should be placed in a rear-facing, properly installed, child safety seat. The seat must never be placed in front of a passenger air bag, because an infant's head is too close to the air bag when it deploys. Drivers should sit at least 10 inches from the steering wheel. This allows the air bag to provide maximum protection and minimizes friction from contact with the bag as it unfolds. Maintaining this distance may also minimize head and chest injuries in cars not equipped with air bags. Drivers should position their hands at the 10 and 2 o’clock positions on the steering wheel to provide the greatest protection by allowing the air bag to deploy unobstructed. Drivers should pay close attention to the driving environment, including traffic, road conditions, speed limit and other safety laws. No restraint system can protect against all injuries. Q. Should air bag on-off switches be installed in cars?A. Air bags have helped reduce deaths and serious injuries in automobile crashes since their introduction in the late 1980s. By 2003, more than three in four (77 percent) drivers reported having an air bag in their primary driving bags must come out fast to create the instant buffer that, with safety belts, protects people from serious injuries in a frontal collision. During pre-crash braking, unrestrained drivers and passengers may be thrown against the hub of the steering wheel or dashboard, where an air bag is housed. Individuals not wearing their lap and shoulder belts and/or who are riding less than 10 inches from where the air bag is housed can receive serious or even fatal injuries from deploying air bags. The steering wheel itself is a primary cause of injury to drivers during a crash. To reduce risk of these injuries, sit back as far as possible from the steering wheel. Families who may consider installing on-off switches so children can ride in the front seat should know that children are significantly safer riding in the back seat, with or without an air bag. According to NHTSA, children are up to 27 percent safer in the back seat. If an on-off switch is installed, individuals must be diligent to turn it off when permitting a child to ride in the front seat and diligent to turn it on when an adult passenger is in the car. According to NHTSA, people who may be eligible for using on-off switches are those who must transport infants riding in rear-facing infant seats in front passenger seats, people who must transport children ages 1 to 12 in front passenger seats, drivers who cannot keep 10 inches away from the steering wheel, and people whose doctors say they have medical conditions that warrant turning off their air bags.

Society into the information network era, the requirements of the vehicle no longer be satisfied with a means of transport, but also want to live and work car is an extension of the scope, in the car like in their own office and home work and life. At the same time, the growing automotive electronics and also the rapid development of automotive technology was considered in the development process of a revolution of automotive electronics is a measure of the degree is seen as an important level of Hyundai Motor signs. With computer technology, communication technology, the rapid development of integrated circuit technology in order to figure represented Fieldbus field instrument, equipment, a large number of applications, red tape has been the scene of a single simple connection of fieldbus networks in place of, the quality of signal transmission also greatly improved, cars have begun to enter the Internet Age. In the last decade, the users of motor vehicles for the comfort, safety and environmental requirements such as performance improved. In order to meet these ever-increasing demand for computer-controlled vehicle electrical and electronic equipment increased dramatically, making vehicles (especially cars) the design of the layout of electrical circuits has become increasingly difficult. In addition, a variety of automotive electrical and electronic connector of the ensuing surge in the number of motor vehicles traveling on the course because of the failure point connector automotive electrical and electronic equipment on the issue of failure to perform its functions more and more prominent. To address these problems, many new models (especially the high-end models) the beginning of the development of the wider use of computer network technology. In this paper, computer network technology in the automotive application of the basic principles of network technology on the inside and outside the vehicle, the introduction of the internal network, introduced the characteristics of automotive and automotive standards for the internal network, focuses on the control of the main local area network CAN characteristics and their applications. Vehicle performance in accordance with the role of the impact of division of motor vehicle electronic products can be summarized as two types: one is the automotive electronic control devices, including the engine, chassis and body electronic control. One is car-car electronic devices, including motor vehicle information systems, navigation systems, car audio and video entertainment systems, automotive communications systems, Internet equipment.

Electronic brakeforce distribution or EBD or EBFD is an automobile brake technology that automatically varies the amount of force applied to each of a vehicle's brakes, based on road conditions, speed, loading, etc. Always coupled with anti-lock braking systems, EBD can apply more or less braking pressure to each wheel in order to maximize stopping power whilst maintaining vehicular control.[1][2] Typically, the front end carries the most weight and EBD distributes less braking pressure to the rear brakes so the rear brakes do not lock up and cause a skid.[3]How ABS worksUnder heavy braking, vehicle wheels may lock-up. The anti-lock braking system (ABS) monitors wheel speeds and releases pressure on individual wheel brake lines, rapidly pulsing individual brakes to prevent lock-up. During heavy braking, preventing wheel lock-up helps the driver maintain steering control. Modern ABS has four individual brake lines for each wheel, enabling different braking pressure on different road surfaces. For example, less braking pressure is needed to lock a wheel on ice than a wheel which on bare asphalt. If the left wheels are on asphalt and the right wheels are on ice, during an emergency stop, ABS detects the right wheels about to lock and reduces braking force on the right wheels, helping to avoid lock-up and loss of vehicle EBD worksAs per SAE technical paper #920646 - Buschmann et al. "The job of the EBD as a subsystem of the ABS system is to control the effective adhesion utilization by the rear wheels. The pressure of the rear wheels is approximated to the ideal brake force distribution in a partial braking operation. To do so, the conventional brake design is modified in the direction of rear axle overbraking, and the components of the ABS are used. EBD reduces the strain on the hydraulic brake force proportioning valve in the vehicle. EBD optimizes the brake design with regard to: adhesion utilization; driving stability; wear; temperature stress; and pedal force."EBD may work in conjunction with ABS and Electronic Stability Control ("ESC") to minimize yaw accelerations during turns. ESC compares steering wheel angle to vehicle turning rate using a yaw rate sensor. "Yaw" is the vehicle's rotation around its vertical center of gravity (turning left or right). If the yaw sensor detects more/less yaw than the steering wheel angle should create, the car is understeering or oversteering and ESC activates one of the front or rear brakes to rotate the car back into its intended course. For example, if a car is making a left turn and begins to understeer (the car plows forward to the outside of the turn) ESC activates the left rear brake, which will help turn the car left. The sensors are so sensitive, and the actuation is so quick that the system may correct direction before the driver reacts. ABS helps prevent wheel lock-up and EBD helps apply appropriate brake force to make ESC work effectively.

汽车毕业论文翻译资料

很高兴你向我求助提问这个题,我之前帮别人找过的关于发动机的许多英文文献,我发给你,十来篇吧,也不是很多,主要关键词为mobile engine,不过没有英语翻译,一般而言由于这些论文都是高质量的都是没有现成翻译的,因为毕业论文,自己翻译下也好,这样出来的论文也更有说服力些。已经发到你邮箱,注意查收下。如果觉得好,不要忘记了采纳哦。

Society into the information network era, the requirements of the vehicle no longer be satisfied with a means of transport, but also want to live and work car is an extension of the scope, in the car like in their own office and home work and life. At the same time, the growing automotive electronics and also the rapid development of automotive technology was considered in the development process of a revolution of automotive electronics is a measure of the degree is seen as an important level of Hyundai Motor signs. With computer technology, communication technology, the rapid development of integrated circuit technology in order to figure represented Fieldbus field instrument, equipment, a large number of applications, red tape has been the scene of a single simple connection of fieldbus networks in place of, the quality of signal transmission also greatly improved, cars have begun to enter the Internet Age. In the last decade, the users of motor vehicles for the comfort, safety and environmental requirements such as performance improved. In order to meet these ever-increasing demand for computer-controlled vehicle electrical and electronic equipment increased dramatically, making vehicles (especially cars) the design of the layout of electrical circuits has become increasingly difficult. In addition, a variety of automotive electrical and electronic connector of the ensuing surge in the number of motor vehicles traveling on the course because of the failure point connector automotive electrical and electronic equipment on the issue of failure to perform its functions more and more prominent. To address these problems, many new models (especially the high-end models) the beginning of the development of the wider use of computer network technology. In this paper, computer network technology in the automotive application of the basic principles of network technology on the inside and outside the vehicle, the introduction of the internal network, introduced the characteristics of automotive and automotive standards for the internal network, focuses on the control of the main local area network CAN characteristics and their applications. Vehicle performance in accordance with the role of the impact of division of motor vehicle electronic products can be summarized as two types: one is the automotive electronic control devices, including the engine, chassis and body electronic control. One is car-car electronic devices, including motor vehicle information systems, navigation systems, car audio and video entertainment systems, automotive communications systems, Internet equipment.

Motorvehicle suspension on the vehicle suspension system is a very important only does it affect the comfort of the car (ride), but also to otherproperties such as the adoption, as well as the stability of the attachmenthave a significant impact on performance, each of the suspension by the elasticcomponents (buffers), body-oriented (from Chuan And stabilizing role), as wellas shock absorbers (from the role of shock absorption). However, not all of thesuspension must have three components. As long as we can play to the role ofthe three. Vehiclemaintenance for the conservation network 1, flying the classification suspension: on both sides of the wheel mounted on atotal-vehicle-bridge, the train-bridge to fly through the frame and suspension structure is simple and reliable power-but by two rounds ofshock and vibration affecting each other. But also because of the quality offlying non-serious suspension of the poor performance of the buffer, the vibrationof a moving car, the greater the impact. The suspension generally used fortrucks, buses and a number of other ordinary vehicles. (2) independentsuspension: each individual through a set of wheels mounted on the body orsuspension of vehicular bridge, the use of off-Axle, in the middle of a fixedframe or body; such wheel on both sides of the suspension by the shockHubuyingxiang, but due to non-flying than by the quality; buffer with a strongshock absorption capacity, ride comfort. The indicators are better thannon-independent suspension, but the complex structure of the suspension, but italso drive axle, steering system has become complicated. The use of suchsuspension of the following two categories of vehicles. Cars, buses andpassenger vehicles. Can be improved ride comfort, and high speed when drivingthe car to improve stability. Off-road vehicles, military vehicles andmining vehicles. In a bad way and have no say under the circumstances, we canmake sure all the wheels on the ground and contacts to enhance stability anddriving the car attached, to play a speed of the car. for the type of (1) of the leaf spring: the long-range multi-chip andcurvature ranging from the composite plate. After installed at both ends of thenatural upward curve. In addition to the leaf spring with a buffer, there is acertain degree of shock absorption, vertical layout also has a force-oriented,non-independent suspension using most of the leaf spring so flexiblecomponents, save-oriented devices and shock absorbers, simple structure . (2)of the coil spring: only a cushion for the multi-car independent suspension. Inthe absence of damping force and mass functions must also be equipped withspecial shock absorbers and device-oriented. (3) oil and gas spring: a flexiblemedium as a gas, liquid as a medium-power, which not only has a good buffercapacity, also has a role in shock absorption and at the same time frame of ahigh degree of regulation may also be applicable to the use of heavy vehicles andbuses. (4), torsion bar springs; will be made under the torsion bar springsfixed at one end of the frame, on the other side through the arm and connectedto the wheels, and beat at wheel torsion bar the use of reverse deformationplayed the role of buffer, is suitable for independent The use of suspension. use of shock absorber tube shock absorbers, the use of oil in the smallrole to cut energy consumption vibration. Shock absorber and the upper bodyframe or connected with the lower end of the train-bridge connected. Most ofthe trip can be done and the compression of the dual role of the role of flexibility in the independent suspension components, most of them can onlytransfer the vertical loads and can not transmit vertical and horizontal, mustbe a separate device-oriented. As noted, under the arm and vertical, horizontalstabilizer, and so on. suspension: before and after the truckswere non-independentsuspension bridge, some vehicles such as buses and cars and so on, after thebridge is also a non-independent suspension. Each car of the sedan chair byhoisting two independent non-vertical arrangement of the composition of theleaf spring. Leaf spring fixed in the middle of the train-bridge, with thefront end hinged frame or body, the back-end with the frame or body through theear hanging hinged or connected to use of skateboards. Top of the frame with ashock absorber then, with the lower end of the next school Axle. The truck rearaxle and more without shock types of independent suspension, coil spring as the use of flexiblecomponents. Torsion bar springs for the independent suspension is also dividedinto vertical and horizontal torsion torque Cup two-under. Although many of theadvantages of an independent suspension, but the car would turn the system, theDepartment of driving and driving more complicated structure of the of the engine engine performance merits of a direct impact on theperformance of motor vehicles. First, the use of fuel by the differentcategories according to engine fuel, gasoline engine and the engine is dividedinto two major categories of diesel Motor conservation maintenance, gasoline engine small size, lightweight, low prices; good start, when the maximum power of high-speed;work in asmall vibration and noise; suitable for small and medium-sized car inparticular, the use of high-speed deflagration due to the restrictionscan not be too high compression ratio, thermal efficiency and economy are not,such as diesel. Gasoline is a mixture of the main gas pipeline in the form overinto the cylinder, compressed by the end of close to the spark plugs fire. Thedriver to speed up the adoption of the control pedal into the cylinder of thegas mixture to control the load on the engine, known as the volume ofregulation. Gasoline engine’s fuel supply system and ignition system is a gasoline enginefailure on the part of a higher proportion. Gasoline engine emissions ofharmful material composition of carbon monoxide, carbon compounds and nitrogenoxides than diesel, and so on, but with the current electronically controlledfuel injection system and other exhaust gas purification devices, which havegreatly improved. In addition, the gasoline engine’storque characteristics are very suitable for automotive use, can significantlyreduce the labor intensity of the and gasoline engine, diesel engine size, weight, high prices, poor start(especially when the low temperature); work more vibration and noise; easy tooverload when the black smoke. Diesel is characterized by: 1)the absence of the deflagration, as well as restrictions on the needs of thespontaneous combustion of diesel, diesel engine compression ratio high. Thermalefficiency and economy must be better than the gasoline engine. 2)the same power, the diesel engine’s torque, maximum power at the time of low speed, suitable for theuse of the truck. 3)is a mixture of diesel engine cylinder internal form, no inlet throttle, theintake of small resistance. The driver to speed up the adoption of fuelinjection control board, to change the engine load, known as the regulation ofquality, as there is no problem of hypoxia, emissions of hydrocarbons andcarbon monoxide content of less than )In the absence of the ignition system, as well as fuel supply device failurerate low. Therefore, failure to less than diesel gasoline engine. 5)diesel engine torque characteristics are not suitable for car driving cycleneeds, moving the stalls to use frequently, an increase of pilot laborintensity. The main diesel engine for use in medium and heavy vehicles. Second, the number of engine cylinder andarrangement of the engine cylinder displacement equal to the volume of workand. Increasein the number of cylinder engine will not only increase capacity, improve theengine output power, but also to enable the smooth operation of the engine toreduce noise and vibration. Hyundai Motor have adopted multi-cylinder for more than 3-cylinder engine, small trucks, passenger cars andmedium-sized following for more than 4-cylinder engine; medium-sized trucks,large cars and buses for more than 6-cylinder engine; Heavy-Duty Truck Generalof 6-8 cylinder. 6-cylinder engine under a single row multi-cylinder in-linemode; 8-cylinder V-type engines for alignment; some of the cars in order toreduce engine height, length shortened, using V6, V8-type arrangement. Mini-caruse of 3-cylinder engine, most oblique way. In-line engine structure is simpleand cheap. The disadvantage is that a high degree of the engine higher more a way. V-type engines with low height, short length, but thestructure of the complex, more expensive price, suitable for large-scaleengine. Water-cooled engine block using the whole cast. Small engines usedaluminum alloy materials, large-scale multi-engine for the cast iron. Cylinderhead bolts used in a fixed block on the plane, in addition to constitute aclosed cylinder combustion room, into the exhaust, valves are installed, andspark plug valve, and so on. Third,the gasoline engine’sfuel supply 1, the fuel-supply system carburetor gasoline engine fuel supplyline into carburetor and fuel-injection two major categories of carburetor mainoil installations operating principle is: the work of the engine when the outside air Inthe cylinder under the suction air filter to filter through into the the air flow through the pipe section due to the smaller increase in thevelocity and pressure led to the decline in a certain vacuum. Float on theinterior of gasoline in the vacuum from the role of the main inlet into thespray nozzle, the gas emitted by high-speed air currents disperse into mist,known as fogging. And then to oil and oil-film evaporation space in the form ofevaporation, and the airway had mixed into the air mixture into the order to achieve the economy, the main oil loading also uses the air main nozzle at the indoor air, and along with a few scheduled to openaround the through-hole and air the same room. When the throttle openinggradually increases, the air hole gradually connected with the air. Not onlyreduces the vacuum so that the mixture-thinning, the main air nozzle is alsobeneficial to the atomization of gasoline. 2. electronically controlled fuelinjection fuel-supply system carburetor fuel-supply device structure is simple,reliable, cheap, easy maintenance. But the biggest drawback is that it can notbe precisely controlled mixture of concentration, resulting in incompletecombustion, emissions of harmful ingredients, do not meet the stringentrequirements of environmental protection today. In addition, due to theexistence of the pipe so that the air resistance increases. There is also thecylinder uneven distribution of gasoline and easy to produce and Qizu ice andso on. In order to solve these problems, 80 electronically controlled fuelinjection system in the car engine on a wide range of applications more fuel injection system advantages: electronically controlled fuelinjection system (referred to as English EFI) has the following advantages: matter under what conditions and in what conditions the engine canaccurately control the mixture of concentration, To make gasoline burncompletely full. This greatly reduces the emission of harmful components ofcontent, also has an excellent combustion engine of the economy. supply, ignition temperature, such as centralized control, so that the workof the engine performance, increased engine power output, lower fuelconsumption. engine can always operate in a stable condition in a variety of conditionsso that all car drivers in accordance with the requirements of normal traffic. 4. In the absence of pipes, a small airresistance. At the same time, difficult to produce Qizu, to the distribution ofgas cylinder uniform, and so on. The shortcomings of the fuel injection systemis the high cost structure of the complex and difficult to repair, and so on. electronicallycontrolled fuel injection system of classification: 1) by way of testing the air quality into theway traffic density and speed of the way the two categories. 2) by way of fuel injection, the following twocategories. According to the location of the jet, into intake manifold junction(SPI) and the jet intake manifold Department (MPI) are two jet, respectively,also known as single-point and multi-point injection jet. MPI iscurrently widely used in the is currently widely used in theway. Department of gasoline ignition gasoline engine ignition system aregenerally three categories: contact-type ignition system, electronic ignitionsystem, computer-controlled ignition system.车辆悬架系统中的机动车辆悬架系统是一种非常重要的系统。它不仅对乘坐汽车的舒适度有影响,而且对附件的稳定性等其他性能有着显著的影响。每个悬挂的弹性元件(弹簧),是车架(起稳定作用), 以及减振器的角色(减震)组成然而,并非所有的悬架必须有三个组成部分。只要我们能发挥三个作用。汽车的维护,悬架分类:一 非独立悬架:两侧车轮安装在一根整体式车桥上,车轮连同车桥一起通过框架与车身相连。但这种悬架结构简单,可靠,制造方便,而是由两个轮冲击和振动轮互相影响。在载重汽车上被广泛应用。 但减震器的表现不佳,汽车行进中的震动越大,影响越严重,所以这种悬挂通常被用在卡车、客车和其他的普通车辆。 独立悬架:每个元件通过两侧车轮安装或悬挂在车架上,并且采用断开式车桥。安装了这种减震系统的车轮不易失重飞起,具有强大减震能力的缓冲器更是提供了舒适的乘驾感受。若一侧车轮相对于车架(或车身)的位置发生变化时,另一侧车轮不受影响。这种悬架结构复杂,且车身的平稳性和高速行驶的稳定性较好,因此在轿车和小客车上得到普遍采用。以上指标均优于非独立悬架,但是悬架的结构越复杂,驱动桥和转向系统也就越复杂。使用这种悬架的交通工有以下两种:1汽车和客车等客运车辆:可以提高乘驾舒适度,并且当高速驾驶时能提高稳定性。mining vehicles.越野车,军用车和采矿车。在路况不佳时,可以确保所有的车轮接触地面并提高稳定性,避免汽车起伏,发挥出汽车的速度。二.弹性元件类型:1 钢板弹簧:它是由若干片长方形的钢板组合成的复合板,呈弯曲形。安装在自然向上的曲线两端。此外,钢板弹簧通过减震器起到某种程度的减震、传递垂直载荷的作用。在非独立悬架和导向机构中,也使用钢板弹簧这种弹性元件和减震器这样简单的结构。2螺旋弹簧;只为多汽车独立悬架缓冲,在缺少阻尼力和质量职能的情况下,还必须具备特殊的减震器和导向装置。 3油气弹簧: 使用油液和高压气体作为弹性材料,不仅有很好的减震能力,可以吸收冲击。在同样情况下能够提供更好的调节作用,适用于重型车辆和客车。4扭杆弹簧:汽车车架与车轮用扭杆弹簧,其一端固定在车架上而另一端与车轮连接,车轮上下跳动时扭杆产生扭转变形,靠扭转弹力来吸收振动能量适合独立悬架系统。三.减震器减震筒的使用,油的使用可以切断震动造成的能里损耗。减震器上端与车底架相连,下端与车桥相连。减震器在大部分的行程可以起到压缩的双重作用四.导向机构:独立悬架的弹性元件,大多数只能传递垂直载荷,并不能传递水平载荷,必须是分离的导向机构。如上所述,在力臂和垂直和水平稳定器等。五.非独立悬架:非独立悬架位于卡车的前部和后部,像客车,汽车等一些车辆的后桥也是非独立悬架。每个轿车均由两个独立的非垂直的钢板弹簧构成。钢板弹簧固定在车桥中间,其前后端车架或车身通过耳朵悬铰链或使用滑板连接的。上面的框架用减振器的下端连接轴。车后桥一般无减震器。六 .螺旋弹簧作为弹性元件被用在多种类型的独立悬架。 扭杆弹簧torque Cup two-under.为独立悬架分成纵向和横向扭力矩杯两杆。 虽然独立悬架具有许多优点,但汽车将会通过更复杂的桥结构改进系统,驱动和驾驶。 关键词:发动机的结构发动机的性能对机动车辆的性能有着直接的影响。首先,燃料使用不同类别根据发动机的燃料,分为汽油发动机和柴油发动机。1网络汽车养护维修,汽油发动机体积小,重量轻,价格低;当最大速度运行是,启动好;运行时震动小,噪音小,适合小型和中型汽车,尤其是高速车。由于爆燃的限制,汽油机不可以有过高的压缩比,热效率,而且不如柴油经济。汽油是一种进入气缸中的主要气体管道的混合物,在压缩到接近底部的火花塞时点火。驾驶者加速踩油门时混合气体进入气缸来控制发动机的负载,这是常规。汽油发动机的燃料供给系统和点火系统是发生汽油发动机故障的比例较高的一部分。虽然汽油发动机比柴油排放更多的一氧化碳,碳化合物和氮氧化物等有害物质成分,但是,现在的电控燃油喷射系统和其他废气净化装置却有了很大的改善。但与目前的电控燃油喷射系统和其他尾气净化装置,极大地改善。此外,汽油发动机的扭矩特性非常适用于汽车,可以大大降低司机的劳动强度。2柴油发动机和汽油发动机,柴油发动机的大小,重量,价格高,启动差(尤其是低温时),运行时震动和噪音大; 有黑烟,容易超负荷。柴油发动机机的特点是:1)没有爆燃的限制,但柴油需要自燃,所以柴油发动机压缩比很高。 .热效率和经济性比汽油发动机更好。2)柴油发动机适用于卡车,因为同样的功率,扭矩大,最大功率也大。3)柴油发动机汽缸内的内部是的混合物,没有进油门,小阻力的进气管。 司机.司机加快采用燃油喷射控制板,通过改变发动机负荷,作为规管的质量,因为不存在缺氧问题,碳氢化合物和一氧化碳的排放量低于汽油。4)由于没有点火系统,燃料供应设备故障率低。 因此,不低于汽油发动机。5)柴油发动机扭矩特性并不适用于汽车驾驶循环的需求,移动的摊位,经常使用,是适合飞行员劳动强度的增加。主要适用于中型和重型车辆。第二,发动机缸体及发动机缸体位移量相等的工作。因此,增加汽缸发动机的数量,不仅能增加容量,提高发动机输出功率,而且能够使发动机顺利运作,以减少噪音和振动。现代汽车公司已采用多缸发动机。微型车超过3缸发动机,小卡车,客车和中型以下超过4缸发动机;中型卡车,大型轿车和客车超过6缸发动机;重型卡车一般6-8缸。6缸下单列多缸模式下,8缸V型直列发动机,有些的汽车,为减少发动机的高度,将长度缩短,安装使用V6发动机,V8发动机类型。微型汽车使用3缸发动机,大多是倾斜的。 .在直列发动机结构简单,便宜。 .缺点是,发动机的高度更高,长度更长。更是一个方式。.V型发动机高度低,长度短,但其结构复杂,价格更昂贵,适用于大型发动机。.水冷式发动机缸体采用整体铸造。小型发动机采用铝合金材料,而大型发动机多采用铸铁材料。 and so on.气缸盖螺栓是用在飞机上的固定块,除了构成一个封闭的汽缸燃烧室,进入排气管,阀门和火花塞等。第三,汽油发动机的燃料供应1,燃料供应系统汽化器汽油发动机燃料进入汽化器和燃油喷射器两种主要设备工作原理:发动机工作时,外界空气被吸入空气过滤器,通过过滤器进入气缸。当空气流过管道部分由于较小的增长速度及压力的减少导致了真空。

With the entry of informative network times is comimg, people are not simply satisfied with Atuo as the means of walking replacement, but to expect it can be closely related life to work, just as we work in the office or at home while we take the car. Meanwhile, Auto electronic rapid developing is regarded as the revolution of Auto technology development. E-vehicle developing level is one of the key points to measure modern auto technology. Followed the rapid development of comupter, telecommunication and integrated circuit technology, the typified digital field bus of field instrument and other related instruments widely used, and the complicated live link are replaced by simple live network link, the quality of signal transmission becomes much better than before, so that Auto gradually enters internet reccent decade, customers have higher quality on comfort, security, eco-friendliness of Auto. To meet these increasing demands, many electronic equipment controlled by computer is sharpely increasing in Auto, as a result of line connection becomes more difficult in Auto, especially in cars. Besides, the quantity of electronic line point shows increasingly. Inevitably it’ll has some troubles or blocks in drving. So that many new model or high-level model auto is using network technology in the process of research to solve these problems. This essay talks about how network is used in inner and outer auto, refering to the characteristic and standard of inner network used in Auto. While the key point is to emphasise on the main features and using of controlling local area to driving performance, auto electronic products could be classified as followings: one is Auto electronic control devices, including engine, chassis and body electronic control. The other is car electronic devices, including motor vehicle information systems, navigation systems, car audio and video entertainment systems, automotive communications systems, internet equipment etc.

毕业论文电动汽车

“辛巴”提车也有十几天了,陆陆续续跑了900多公里了,要说有什么新的体验,我想这点里程数还完全不够,在这个帖子里就跟大家分享一下目前从选购,到大定,再到提车,用车,上保险,上牌等一系列体验和感受吧。这里特别感谢下我的京蔚军北京车友会,群里各位大佬真的很耐心,一直陪着我解答我的各种疑问,微信消息都是很快且必回的,这里要点N个赞!也感谢下我的FL,也是能够及时并准确的解答各种疑问,及时组建各种群可以为我提供各类型的服务,感谢感谢!

车是星空蓝色,首次在蔚来超充站充电留念。

1.初识在灯火阑珊 首先说明下情况,家里是有一部汽油车的,每天看着电动车各种正面的、负面的新闻,心里总是有一股强烈的感受就是电动车一定会在未来取代传统燃油车,毕竟从摆脱石油控制上来看,电动车绝对是一个主流的趋势和方向。至于为什么,就因为那怎么也调不下去的油价和怎么也结束不了的摇号。家里的燃油车也有些年头了,把我扔在路上也有几次了,这就让我强烈的有一种换车的欲望。换车吧,反正现在经济条件也比以前好一些了,换个车早已在心中开始萌芽,慢慢的已经长成原始森林了,快将自己的脑袋撑破了。找吧,选个什么车呢?看了看曾经心目中的神车,卡迪拉克SRX,什么?已经国产了?现在叫XT5了?还有个XT6和XT4?去看看吧,嗯,怎么找不到当初的感觉了呢?貌似也还是很不错的车,但是心里已经没有那么爱了(偷笑)。再去看看雷克萨斯吧,价格合适的不够大,够大的价格承受不起,再看看吧。奔驰和奥迪是真受不了那个新车味道(高端车型除外),特斯拉?M3?这个内饰我只看一眼,就被完全否定了,买个电动自行车也至少有几个仪表盘吧?陆陆续续又看了几个品牌,总有点不满意的地方,毕竟买一次车要开一段时间的,能省心,够舒适,空间大才是我选购的重点,选不出来了,暂时搁置选购计划吧。看看新闻,看看帖子,慢慢来吧。 一个蔚来车队的新闻,让我知道了现在我们国家做出了能够在世界赛场上立足的赛车,深挖一下,蔚来是要向电动汽车领域进军的,默默关注一下吧。时间跳到2019年底,没什么事情,我带着妻子来到了北京王府井的蔚来中心,FL很热情的接待了我们,这次体验让我知道了蔚来真的已经来了,这车不就是我一直在苦苦寻觅的车吗?没什么明显的短板,强悍的性能、极致的空间、炫酷的外形、豪华的内饰、真材实料的做工,心里基本确定,就是你了。妻子也非常赞同我的选择,毕竟这车真是不错。就是这个电动指标,我的看看自己的排队情况,一看吓一跳,竟然还要好几年才能排到,想买没指标,暂时忍忍吧。然后每天没事就会想起来,我该换车了。。。

辛巴在交付中心等我回家。

等待回家已经急不可耐了。

整装待发,回家~

2.蓦然回首,我叫“辛巴” 时间一晃,疫情来了,购车事宜似乎无限搁置了,几个月后疫情已经明显好转,一次闲聊中正好有个同事,说她的指标在搁置中。嘿嘿,这不正中下怀吗,马上小串撸起来,什么?一顿不够?那就两顿呗。。。嗯,指标搞定了!蔚来,我来了。 收拾好口罩,一个阳光明媚的4月周六,我来到了中关村蔚来中心,这次本来想着再好好了解一下,结果就没有想象中那么顺利了,直接下了大定,“辛巴”就是你了。 整个订车过程长达5个小时左右,下午2点多到的,大概7点多才心满意足的离开。这里我主要说一下我在这5个小时中主要跟FL问的问题吧。 1)免费换电政策,那我新车换了个旧电池,我是不是吃亏了? 因为中关村蔚来中心正好也是个换电站,整整一个下午,我看到至少3辆没有上牌的蔚来(请原谅我此时还分不清楚6和8)过来换电,用FL的话说,很多人就根本不在乎是不是新电池,如果你不满意,那就再来换一个呗。新车用的宁德时代的三元锂电池,工作电压380V。可以经过数千次充放电循环,10年20万公里使用后的电池容量衰减小于20%,(蔚来车2018年开卖,目前还有没有10年的电池,以上数据是模拟测试出来结论,来自蔚来APP)每次换电后都会对换下来的电池进行全面检测,保证每位车主换上的电池都是可以放心使用的。 再说说电池,蔚来使用的是三元锂电池,循环次数是1500次,那么什么叫循环次数呢?举个例子,我自己每次低于50%就充电,充到90%,这样就使用了个单位的循环次数,如果从0%充到100%那就使用了1个单位的循环次数。我们国家对电池的要求标准还是很高的,一般要求是500次循环衰减在10%以内,1000次循环衰减控制在20%以内,据说(APP内某个帖子)蔚来的电池经过测试1500个循环后衰减依然低于20%,而衰减高于20%的电池是不会出现在换电站的备换电池里面的。再换一种更清楚的方式说一下,按照100公里耗电25度计算,电池总容量是70度x1500次循环=105000度,105000÷25=4200个百公里, 4200x100公里=42万公里,也就是说,42万公里以后电池衰减还可以控制在20%以内,不知道现在是否有蔚来开到了42万公里,我觉得这个成绩可不容易哈。 2)新车交付时间要多久? 我第一台车活生生等了3个月,发誓以后再也不能这么等了!不过现在蔚来的生产能力,也只是8周之内交付。我是第7周提的车,等车的日子万分难熬,车架号出来后1周就提到车了。 3)新车保险大概多少钱?怎么选? 汽油车在这个价位的话,新车第一年保险大概15000元左右,通过各种渠道得知在某种操作下,可以做到6000+的价格(主要包括100万三者,车损,各项不计免赔等),当然还有保险无忧和服务无忧,那么该如何选择呢?具体总结如下,看你开车是不是足够小心,如果你对自己的驾驶技术比较有信心,那就直接自己去买保险,第一年6000+的价格实在挺香的,如果不太自信,建议选择保险无忧,毕竟有了蔚来作为你身后的支持,你会更有信心一些,如果你对自己的驾驶技术完全没有信心,那还是服务无忧吧,有什么事情交给蔚来就完了,自己少操心比啥都强。我选的什么?我当然选服务无忧了,那么我是对自己不自信吗?当然也不是,我平时开车很守规矩,开了10多年车了,罚款单一共都没几张,那我为什么还选择服务无忧呢?主要是我还是想体验一下,究竟有多无忧,如果第一年不选,后面再选,还要交个2000元车辆检测费用不是?所以目前打算第一年就服务无忧了,后面再说后面的吧。 4)车的各种配置怎么选? 这个话题说起来就比较庞大了,我尽量简单点说吧。 a)颜色 这个简单,所有的颜色选择交给女王就行了,我才不管什么颜色呢,对我来说什么颜色都是一样的。什么?女王也选不出来?那就交给小朋友吧,我家小朋友直接告诉我蓝的好看,那就蓝的呗。 b)轮毂 这东西我一直就相信原配,原配的设计我相信就是最好最合适的。所以我没有选择,没有任何更改。19英寸五幅合金轮毂足够了。(每天早上都会穷醒。。。) c)内饰 肯定要选一个比较耐脏的颜色啊,天天用的东西,天天擦拭也受不了啊,棕黑的就不错了,好看又耐脏。 d)钥匙 这里要吐槽一下,为什么只给一把钥匙了?那个卡是什么鬼?怎么用?我还要去设置这个卡?这个卡放哪里?裤兜里?掏出来贴车上开锁,然后在放到充电板上启动?怎么感觉这么麻烦呢?把钥匙放到裤兜里面不是很好嘛?都不用拿出来上车就走,停车按下把手就锁,多方便啊。只好提车以后自己花了733元给自己再配一把了。 e)NOMI  如果你有小朋友,那就选吧,小孩子肯定都喜欢这个。 f)高级环绕音响系统 平时比较爱听音乐什么的,怎么能不选呢?话说也有不少人说选装这个提升并不大,我直接选的,所以并没有比较,就不多做评论了。 g)舒享套装 很多人都说这个必选,我实在没想出来必选的理由,先说方向盘及后排座椅加热,平时车都在地库放着,并不冷,等你上了车在开启这个加热也一样会被低温冻手或屁股一会儿,(可以用手机APP提前开启?这个我知道,但是原谅我永远想不起来提前打开这个功能。)再说说智能香氛,我本人不喜欢任何味道,香味臭味异味都不喜欢,香氛对我来说没有任何作用。还有迎宾灯,除了好看一点,我找不到花钱安装的理由,所以我没选。最后就是座椅通风,我怕被风吹的腰酸背痛的,所以也不是必选,综上我没有选择这个配置。(其实还是因为穷。。。) h)NP还是AP? 我觉得这东西是不问怎么选就问选不选,NP或者AP没什么可说的,要选就选NP,钱都花这么多了,还差这一点吗?自动辅助驾驶多香啊,当初看好这个车NP绝对的功不可没啊,必须NP。不过也不排除有些人不太相信软件自动的东西,尤其是驾驶安全这些,所以不选也没什么,因人而异吧。 i)增强显示套装 据说选了这个以后,前风挡玻璃跟普通的前风挡是不一样的,而且也确实挺方便的,通过试驾我大概体验了一下,感觉不错,简洁,准确就可以了(总有人说HUD内容太少,不实用,我只是傻乎乎的认为简单的就是最好的)而且还包括外后视镜自动防炫目,多开车的过程中总有人喜欢在市区开大灯吧?遇到了怎么办呢?我一般都是刹车后让大灯车先过去我前面,然后我默默地跟在后面,嘿嘿。。。我也有个灯。。。至少能帮我照亮前方的路。。。 j)签名版设计 至今没弄明白这是干嘛用的?好看?个性?我是完全不需要的。。。 5)购车能给哪些优惠? 你一定要问你的FL目前都有哪些活动,有哪些优惠,而不是看到蔚来的网络售车模式就认为所有人买车都是一个价格,每个时期是有不同的优惠政策的。 6)购车的推荐人及优惠券 这里要提醒一下各位,如果你想买车,但是你又没有优惠券,那么你一定要先找推荐人再去搞定优惠券,这个很重要,否则发给你优惠券的人会直接自动成为你的购车推荐人,这个人你认识还好,不认识的话,你提车推荐人是有12000积分能拿到的,他会不会把积分给你全看他的心情了,切记!这个世界上是存在优惠券这种东西的,大概面值是万和1万两种,怎么搞,如何搞,仁者见仁智者见智了。 7)NP究竟好用不好用? 这么说吧,由于实际使用程度还没有达到能够完全测评的资格,所以这里我只说说自己的使用感受。总体来说,NP值得信任并且在封闭道路中的表现非常不错,不管是正常行驶还是堵车路况,基本不需要多余操作,全程都不用踩刹车或者油门,车子会按照设定好的速度行驶。堵车时,就自动跟着前方车辆,他走你也走,他停你也停(如果前车停下超过5秒,就需要你轻踩电门或者按下方向盘上的加速按钮)。最方便的使用就是封闭道路的最内侧车道,因为只有你的右侧会偶尔出现莫名其妙的车辆插队,有时候车机并不能及时识别快速插入的车辆,导致两车距离很近的情况下也不进行刹车操作,主要是因为超声波雷达属于直射直返的识别,侧方向来车时无法收到反射回的声波,就会无法及时识别插入车辆。自己驾驶的时候还是不能完全放心的交给NP的,但大多数的时候是没有任何问题的。至于如何形容这个大多数,这么说,我在封闭道路的最内侧车道就没有遇到不能及时识别的情况,不能及时识别的情况只出现在堵车排队进出匝道的时候,一般这种情况下的路况也确实足够复杂。 8)全自动泊车好用吗? 看了42号车库的评测视频,在我还没有提车的情况下我基本已经放弃这个功能,完全不好用啊,但是又不甘心,所以自己进行了一下简单的测试。总的评价是能用,车位大一点的话没有问题,但是要注意,目前似乎只能识别出两个车中间的车位,对于多个连续空闲车位不能识别,至少我还没有成功过,不知道别人是否可以。软件版本。 9)新车味道会不会很大? 答案是会,就是这么大的味道。但APP上有些数据说话的帖子表示做过空气检测,空气是合格的。。。至于大到什么程度,跟我同事新提的奥迪Q5一个级别吧。说实话这里还是让我非常失望的,这么大的味道,真心失望。还好现在提车一周了,每天暴晒+车窗留缝+臭氧除味,有2天因为下雨并没有开窗,现在车里的味道已经能够让人接受了,不过对我来说这还远远不够,继续暴晒+臭氧吧。原谅我没有找专业机构对车内空气质量进行检测,主要就是因为懒。。。 10)关于续航及里程焦虑 这东西,还是数据说话吧,目前车辆行驶共554km,还有54%电量,每次充电上限设置的90%,高速路况不超速(包括城市封闭环路)不超过300km,其他全部城市路况包括堵车什么的,总共花费充电费用元,其中多数用家里楼下的公用充电桩元一度电,使用一次蔚来超级快充度,元,折合元1度。折合每公里元。根据APP统计数字,因本人家距离单位11公里,平均每次耗电度,折合每10公里度电,以此类推,70度电池设置90%充电电量为63度,留下10度缓解里程焦虑还有53度,能跑240-294公里。如果有高速并且使用NP在不超速的情况下可能会更好一些。因为家里楼下有充电桩,虽然费用不低,但是使用起来没感觉有什么里程焦虑,也就没有去换电,楼下500米就有换电站。。。有点浪费哈。 11)关于充电桩的安装 充电桩对于每台电动车都有着至关重要的作用,对于外地我就不是很清楚了,对于北京的安装这里大概说一下。蔚来充电桩安装的流程是这样的,在车辆大定以后会有一个车主任务,车主任务的其中一项就是申请安装充电桩,大多数比较新的小区,只要你有固定车位(包括租用、购买)即可申请安装,申请首先要进行现场勘测,会有蔚来的工作人员去你要安装的小区进行确认,看小区是否具备安装条件,如果具备,就去物业开具的同意安装证明,然后就可以去国家电网APP申请一个专用的充电桩用电表,这里还需要一些必备的材料,例如购车合同,车位证明、身份证等,申请充电桩用电表是免费的,再填写用电合同、业务受理单等文件,等个几天网家电网工作人员就会上门安装,完成电表安装后,可以在APP里面申请安装充电桩,约好时间坐等安装就行了。

全自动泊车,在较小车位中的表现1

全自动泊车,在较小车位中的表现2

全自动泊车,在较小车位中的表现3

3.绿色身份证-牌照 由于目前还是属于疫情期间,新车提车后如果找790的蔚来办理车牌,需要等待3天的预约期,然后去检测场上牌,看APP上的一些帖子,用时大概至少要半天的时间。优点是等待时间比较短,比较省心,蔚来工作人员全程代办。由于我的车我并不是指标人,所以上牌的时候需要指标人的身份证原件,然后在委托确认环节需要指标人跟工作人员进行视频确认委托某人办理上牌业务。然后就是各种流程上的东西。因为蔚来是国产车,北京有10几家4S店可以直接上牌,费用是130元(目前由于车辆上牌太多,某些店已经涨价了),所以我选择了后者(用省下来的钱给“辛巴”配了第二把车钥匙),这种上牌的缺点就是预约的时间比较长,具体等待时间根据每家店不同。到了约定好的时间带着身份证(办理人、指标人)原件、车辆合格证、购车发票、保险单、指标复印件、环保清单、一致性证书、购置税证明、拓号条、及健康宝等材料去办理即可。这里再说一下这个购置税证明,首先这个证明可以在网上办理,但是必须是指标人在实名认证后进行办理,填一堆表格,然后提交即可。还有一种办法就是现场办理,我用的后者,在交付中心出来以后直接开车1公里就有国家税务总局北京经济技术开发区税务局第三税务所可以办理,全程办理时间大概2分钟,院里有大量的停车位,也没什么人办理业务,我就是进去提交材料,工作人员把需要的材料挑出来,留下一部分然后告诉你可以走了,办完了,我一脸蒙圈的问不给我个回执什么的东西吗?工作人员很耐心的告诉我,现在都是网络办理了,都是在网上备案的,你上牌直接去就行了,什么都不用。我怕翻车,又致电了约好的4S店进行询问,得到的答复是只要去办理过就可以,不是必须要什么回执,否则是不能上牌的(有不少人去办理车牌,但是没有办税,上不了牌子,尽管免税,但也要办理一下才好)。全程下来只有我一个人在办理,我问工作人员为什么人这么少,答复是都是预约的安排,耗时大约1小时完成所有上牌工作。

4.说在最后 磨磨唧唧写了6000字,这个文章肯定不算短了,里面夹杂了大量个人看法及一些各种渠道查来的数据,各位即将买车或者已经买车的朋友可以随便看看,如有不足或不对的地方欢迎指正,也欢迎各种砖头来拍我。此致! 最后在为大家献上一些外观和内饰的照片吧。

这是夕阳下的颜色

这是太阳完全落山前的颜色

长长的影子映射出靓丽的蓝

前侧视角

主驾

不留指纹的中控按钮

二排座椅

第三排座椅

女王副驾

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学术堂整理了一份汽车系毕业论文范文,供大家进行参考:范文题目《浅谈混合动力汽车的检测与维修》摘要:目前已研制成功并投入使用的混合动力电动汽车主要是内燃机与蓄电池混合的混合动力电动汽车,它被称为油电混合动力汽车。首先,随着汽车电控化程度的提高,特别是未来混合动力汽车、纯电动汽车以及燃料电池汽车的发展,汽车的主要故障将出现在电路方面,面对复杂、纷乱的汽车电路时,只有具备了过硬的理论知识后才有可能将它们理清楚、弄明白,才有可能进一步的形成正确的诊断思路,找到正确的维修方法。我们知道不同的混合动力系统其结构和工作原理各不相同,这就使得不同的混合动力汽车其检测与维修的方法也会有很大的差异。关键词:混合动力汽车,检测,维修混合动力电动汽车的英文是“Hybrid Electric Vehicle”,简称“HEV”。根据国际机电委员会下属的电力机动车技术委员会的建议,混合动力电动汽车是指有两种或两种以上的储能器、能源或转换器作驱动能源,至少有一种能提供电能的车辆称为混合动力电动汽车。目前已研制成功并投入使用的混合动力电动汽车主要是内燃机与蓄电池混合的混合动力电动汽车,它被称为油电混合动力汽车。本论文所述的混合动力汽车也只局限于这类油电混合动力汽车。所谓油电混合动力电动汽车(以下简称混合动力汽车),是指采用传统的内燃机和电动机(电池) 做为动力源,通过使用热能和电力两套系统驱动汽车。混合动力汽车采用的内燃机既可是汽油机也可以是柴油机,而使用的电动系统包括高效强化的电动机、发电机和蓄电池。两套系统的联合使用使得内燃机、电动机都可在高效区经济内运行,输出功率相对稳定。燃油提供了车辆运行所需的大部分能量来源,而辅助动力单元即动力电池通过电机使车辆具有更好的动力性和经济性。一、混合动力汽车的检测与维修概述汽车维修工作主要分为保养、机械维修、电器及电控系统维修、钣金和喷漆这几个部分。对于混合动力汽车来说,它与传统的内燃机汽车的主要差别在于增加了一套电驱动系统,这套系统的增加使得原本就复杂的电控系统变得更加复杂,电器及电控系统的维修难度之大不言而喻。由于增加了一套电驱动系统并对原有内燃机汽车的结构作了相应的改造,这决定了混合动力汽车必将产生出新的特有的故障类型,原本适用于传统内燃机汽车的一些维修经验、诊断思路和检测方法在混合动力汽车上可能将不再适用,所以,作为一名维修人员如果墨守成规、依赖经验,不注重理论知识的学习和诊断思维的培养,将很快被淘汰。那么我们应该如何来面对接下来的挑战呢?首先,随着汽车电控化程度的提高,特别是未来混合动力汽车、纯电动汽车以及燃料电池汽车的发展,汽车的主要故障将出现在电路方面,面对复杂、纷乱的汽车电路时,只有具备了过硬的理论知识后才有可能将它们理清楚、弄明白,才有可能进一步的形成正确的诊断思路,找到正确的维修方法。其次,多观察、多比较。在掌握相关理论知识的基础上要回到实践当中来,多观察、多比较。仔细观察汽车的结构,认真的比较它与传统的内燃机汽车的异同点,将理论与实践紧密的连接起来。再次,勤总结。混合动力汽车必然会出现不同于现有传统内燃机汽车的特有的故障类型,应该在维修实践中将其详细的记录下来并认真的分析和总结,日积月累便能形成一套适合于混合动力汽车的行之有效的维修方法。二、混合动力汽车的检测与维修我们知道不同的混合动力系统其结构和工作原理各不相同,这就使得不同的混合动力汽车其检测与维修的方法也会有很大的差异。本文以丰田普锐斯混合动力汽车为例简单的介绍一下与混合动力汽车的检测与维修相关的问题。1、普锐斯混合动力汽车检测与维修注意事项普锐斯采用的是高压电路,动力电池组的额定电压为,发电机和电动机发出(或使用)的电压为500V。在普锐斯的电路系统中,高压电路的线束和连接器都为橙色,而且蓄电池等高压零件都贴有“高压”的警示标志,注意!不要触碰这些配线。论文格式。在检修过程中一定要严格按照正确的操作步骤操作。在检修过程中(如安装或拆卸零部件、对车辆进行检查等)必须注意以下几点:(1)对高压系统进行操作时首先应将车辆电源开关关闭;(2)穿好绝缘手套(戴绝缘手套前一定要先检查手套,不能有破损,哪怕针眼大的也不行,不能有裂纹,不能有老化的迹象,也不能是湿的);(3)将辅助蓄电池的负极电缆断开(在此之前应先查看故障码,有必要的化将故障码保存或记录下来,因为与传统内燃机汽车一样,断开蓄电池负极电缆故障码将被清除);(4)拆下检修塞,并将检修塞放在衣袋里妥善保管,这样可以避免其他人员误将检修塞装回原处,造成意外;(5)拆下检修塞后不要操作电源开关,否则可能损坏混合动力ECU;(6)拆下检修塞后至少将车辆放置5分钟后再进行其他操作,因为至少需要5分钟的时间对变频器内的高压电容器进行放电;(7)在进行高压系统的作业时,应在醒目的地方摆放警告标志,以提醒他人注意安全;(8)不要随身携带任何金属物体或其他导电体,以免不小心掉落引起线路短路;(9)拆下任何高压配线后应立刻用绝缘交代将其包好,保证其完全绝缘;(10)一定要按规定扭矩将高压螺钉端子拧紧。扭矩过大或过小都有可能导致故障;(11)完成对高压系统的操作后,在重新安装检修赛前,应再次确认在工作平台周围没有遗留任何零件或工具,并确认高压端子已拧紧,连接器已插好。论文格式。2、普锐斯的基本检修程序(1)车辆进入车间。(2)分析各户所述的故障。(3)将智能诊断仪II连接到车辆的诊断插座上。(4)读取故障码和定格数据,并将其记录下来。如果出现与CAN通信系统有关的故障码则应首先检查并修复CAN通信。(5)清除故障码。(6)故障症状确认。若故障未出现则进行故障症状模拟;若故障出现则查看故障码及相关数据流以获取相关信息。(7)进行基本检查,查阅相关资料。(8)根据故障现象、故障码、相关数据流并结合其他的检测手段进行故障诊断,找出故障原因。(9)排除故障。(10)确认故障排除。3、普锐斯混合动力汽车混合动力控制系统的检测与维修(1)对混合动力汽车控制系统进行操作前必须弄清楚混合动力汽车控制系统的组成和工作原理并结合电路图和相关的维修资料严格按规范的操作步骤进行。(2)普锐斯混合动力系统的相关检查①检查变频器查看故障码;清除故障码;戴上绝缘手套;关闭电源开关;拆下检修塞;拆下变频器盖,断开端子A和B。将电源开关拨到IG位置,此时会产生互锁开关系统的故障码;在线束侧用电压表测电压,同时用欧姆表测电阻。②检查转换器(戴上绝缘手套操作)若混合动力系统警告灯、主警告灯和充电警告灯同时点亮,则检查故障码并进行相应的故障排除。③检查速度传感器用欧姆表测量端子间的电阻,其值应符合标准值,否则更换变速驱动桥总成。④检查温度传感器用欧姆表测量端子间的电阻,应符合标准值,否则更换变速驱动桥总成。⑤检查加速踏板位置信号将电源开关拨到IG位置;用电压表测量混合动力车辆控制ECU连接器B中相应端子的电压,应符合标准值,否则更换加速踏板连杆总成。4、普锐斯混合动力汽车电池系统的检测与维修普锐斯混合动力汽车电池系统主要由以下几部分组成:动力电池组、12V辅助电池、电池ECU、冷却系统、电流传感器、检修塞系统主继电器等组成。动力电池组:普锐斯采用的是镍-氢动力电池组,它具有高功率密度和常使用寿命的特点。该电池组由28个电池模块串联而成,每个模块由6个1V或2V的单节电池串联而成。所以整个电池组共168个单节电池,可以得到的高电压。论文格式。电池ECU:电池ECU的功能是用来检测电池组的充电状态(SOC)、温度、电压、电流以及是否漏电,并将这些信息发送到HV ECU(混合动力ECU)。电池ECU还负责控制冷却风扇的工作,确保电池组处于正常的温度范围内。电池组冷却系统:电池组冷却系统由冷却风扇,一个进气温度传感器和3个位于电池内的温度传感器以及通风管路组成。3个温度传感器和一个进气温度传感器随时检测蓄电池及进气口的进气温度,若温度升高到一定值,电池ECU将启动冷却风扇,直到温度下降到规定值,从而使电池组的温度始终保持在正常的范围内。检修塞:检修塞位于电池组第19模块和第20模块中间,在检查或维修前拆下检修塞便可以切断电池组中部的高压电路,可以保证维修期间的人员安全。系统主继电器(SMR):系统主继电器的作用是按照HV ECU的指令连接和断开到高压电路的动力。系统主继电器共由3个继电器组成,两个位于正极分别为SMR1、SMR2,一个位于负极SMR3。电路接通时,SMR1和SMR3工作,而后SMR2工作而SMR1关闭。辅助蓄电池:普锐斯采用的是12V的免维护电池,它与传统的汽车用蓄电池类似,负极也是通过车身接地的。该电池对高压很敏感,对其充电时应将它从车上拆下,用丰田专用的充电机充电,普通充电器没有专用的电压控制功能,有可能毁坏电池。参考文献[1] 陈清泉,孙逢春 编译. 混合电动车辆基础[M]. 北京:北京理工大学出版社,2001.[2] 张金柱. 混合动力汽车结构、原理与维修[M]. 北京:化学工业出版社,2008.[3] 耿新. 混合动力技术的原理和应用[J]. 汽车维修与保养,2008.[4] Jon Munson. 用于混合动力/电动汽车的可靠锂离子电池监视系统[J]. CompoTechChina,2008(10)[5] 陈宗璋,吴振军. 电动汽车动力源类型[J]. 大众英雄,2008,(3)

新能源汽车是指采用非常规的车用燃料作为动力来源(或使用常规的车用燃料、采用新型车载动力装置),综合车辆的动力控制和驱动方面的先进技术,形成的技术原理先进、具有新技术、新结构的汽车。下面是学术堂整理的关于新能源汽车的论文题目,欢迎大家阅读参考:1、对汽车新能源技术的初步探讨2、2011第九届(上海)汽车电子与汽车新能源高峰论坛圆满落幕3、现阶段我国汽车新能源技术发展战略研究4、汽车新能源及润滑油的发展研究5、宝马汽车新能源发展战略6、汽车新能源之氢动力7、21世纪汽车新能源——燃料电池8、汽车新能源领域异军突起的新秀——来自EVS25珠海银通展区的报告9、宝马集团展示汽车新能源技术的现在和未来10、未来的汽车新能源11、汽车新能源的N种可能12、FPT菲亚特动力科技杯中国汽车新能源技术金牌榜揭晓13、汽车新能源开发蕴育绿色革命的到来14、CNG车型走俏 力帆汽车新能源战略将分“两步走”15、也谈汽车新能源——形形色色的清洁汽车“食谱”

电动汽车整车毕业论文

学术堂整理了一份汽车系毕业论文范文,供大家进行参考:范文题目《浅谈混合动力汽车的检测与维修》摘要:目前已研制成功并投入使用的混合动力电动汽车主要是内燃机与蓄电池混合的混合动力电动汽车,它被称为油电混合动力汽车。首先,随着汽车电控化程度的提高,特别是未来混合动力汽车、纯电动汽车以及燃料电池汽车的发展,汽车的主要故障将出现在电路方面,面对复杂、纷乱的汽车电路时,只有具备了过硬的理论知识后才有可能将它们理清楚、弄明白,才有可能进一步的形成正确的诊断思路,找到正确的维修方法。我们知道不同的混合动力系统其结构和工作原理各不相同,这就使得不同的混合动力汽车其检测与维修的方法也会有很大的差异。关键词:混合动力汽车,检测,维修混合动力电动汽车的英文是“Hybrid Electric Vehicle”,简称“HEV”。根据国际机电委员会下属的电力机动车技术委员会的建议,混合动力电动汽车是指有两种或两种以上的储能器、能源或转换器作驱动能源,至少有一种能提供电能的车辆称为混合动力电动汽车。目前已研制成功并投入使用的混合动力电动汽车主要是内燃机与蓄电池混合的混合动力电动汽车,它被称为油电混合动力汽车。本论文所述的混合动力汽车也只局限于这类油电混合动力汽车。所谓油电混合动力电动汽车(以下简称混合动力汽车),是指采用传统的内燃机和电动机(电池) 做为动力源,通过使用热能和电力两套系统驱动汽车。混合动力汽车采用的内燃机既可是汽油机也可以是柴油机,而使用的电动系统包括高效强化的电动机、发电机和蓄电池。两套系统的联合使用使得内燃机、电动机都可在高效区经济内运行,输出功率相对稳定。燃油提供了车辆运行所需的大部分能量来源,而辅助动力单元即动力电池通过电机使车辆具有更好的动力性和经济性。一、混合动力汽车的检测与维修概述汽车维修工作主要分为保养、机械维修、电器及电控系统维修、钣金和喷漆这几个部分。对于混合动力汽车来说,它与传统的内燃机汽车的主要差别在于增加了一套电驱动系统,这套系统的增加使得原本就复杂的电控系统变得更加复杂,电器及电控系统的维修难度之大不言而喻。由于增加了一套电驱动系统并对原有内燃机汽车的结构作了相应的改造,这决定了混合动力汽车必将产生出新的特有的故障类型,原本适用于传统内燃机汽车的一些维修经验、诊断思路和检测方法在混合动力汽车上可能将不再适用,所以,作为一名维修人员如果墨守成规、依赖经验,不注重理论知识的学习和诊断思维的培养,将很快被淘汰。那么我们应该如何来面对接下来的挑战呢?首先,随着汽车电控化程度的提高,特别是未来混合动力汽车、纯电动汽车以及燃料电池汽车的发展,汽车的主要故障将出现在电路方面,面对复杂、纷乱的汽车电路时,只有具备了过硬的理论知识后才有可能将它们理清楚、弄明白,才有可能进一步的形成正确的诊断思路,找到正确的维修方法。其次,多观察、多比较。在掌握相关理论知识的基础上要回到实践当中来,多观察、多比较。仔细观察汽车的结构,认真的比较它与传统的内燃机汽车的异同点,将理论与实践紧密的连接起来。再次,勤总结。混合动力汽车必然会出现不同于现有传统内燃机汽车的特有的故障类型,应该在维修实践中将其详细的记录下来并认真的分析和总结,日积月累便能形成一套适合于混合动力汽车的行之有效的维修方法。二、混合动力汽车的检测与维修我们知道不同的混合动力系统其结构和工作原理各不相同,这就使得不同的混合动力汽车其检测与维修的方法也会有很大的差异。本文以丰田普锐斯混合动力汽车为例简单的介绍一下与混合动力汽车的检测与维修相关的问题。1、普锐斯混合动力汽车检测与维修注意事项普锐斯采用的是高压电路,动力电池组的额定电压为,发电机和电动机发出(或使用)的电压为500V。在普锐斯的电路系统中,高压电路的线束和连接器都为橙色,而且蓄电池等高压零件都贴有“高压”的警示标志,注意!不要触碰这些配线。论文格式。在检修过程中一定要严格按照正确的操作步骤操作。在检修过程中(如安装或拆卸零部件、对车辆进行检查等)必须注意以下几点:(1)对高压系统进行操作时首先应将车辆电源开关关闭;(2)穿好绝缘手套(戴绝缘手套前一定要先检查手套,不能有破损,哪怕针眼大的也不行,不能有裂纹,不能有老化的迹象,也不能是湿的);(3)将辅助蓄电池的负极电缆断开(在此之前应先查看故障码,有必要的化将故障码保存或记录下来,因为与传统内燃机汽车一样,断开蓄电池负极电缆故障码将被清除);(4)拆下检修塞,并将检修塞放在衣袋里妥善保管,这样可以避免其他人员误将检修塞装回原处,造成意外;(5)拆下检修塞后不要操作电源开关,否则可能损坏混合动力ECU;(6)拆下检修塞后至少将车辆放置5分钟后再进行其他操作,因为至少需要5分钟的时间对变频器内的高压电容器进行放电;(7)在进行高压系统的作业时,应在醒目的地方摆放警告标志,以提醒他人注意安全;(8)不要随身携带任何金属物体或其他导电体,以免不小心掉落引起线路短路;(9)拆下任何高压配线后应立刻用绝缘交代将其包好,保证其完全绝缘;(10)一定要按规定扭矩将高压螺钉端子拧紧。扭矩过大或过小都有可能导致故障;(11)完成对高压系统的操作后,在重新安装检修赛前,应再次确认在工作平台周围没有遗留任何零件或工具,并确认高压端子已拧紧,连接器已插好。论文格式。2、普锐斯的基本检修程序(1)车辆进入车间。(2)分析各户所述的故障。(3)将智能诊断仪II连接到车辆的诊断插座上。(4)读取故障码和定格数据,并将其记录下来。如果出现与CAN通信系统有关的故障码则应首先检查并修复CAN通信。(5)清除故障码。(6)故障症状确认。若故障未出现则进行故障症状模拟;若故障出现则查看故障码及相关数据流以获取相关信息。(7)进行基本检查,查阅相关资料。(8)根据故障现象、故障码、相关数据流并结合其他的检测手段进行故障诊断,找出故障原因。(9)排除故障。(10)确认故障排除。3、普锐斯混合动力汽车混合动力控制系统的检测与维修(1)对混合动力汽车控制系统进行操作前必须弄清楚混合动力汽车控制系统的组成和工作原理并结合电路图和相关的维修资料严格按规范的操作步骤进行。(2)普锐斯混合动力系统的相关检查①检查变频器查看故障码;清除故障码;戴上绝缘手套;关闭电源开关;拆下检修塞;拆下变频器盖,断开端子A和B。将电源开关拨到IG位置,此时会产生互锁开关系统的故障码;在线束侧用电压表测电压,同时用欧姆表测电阻。②检查转换器(戴上绝缘手套操作)若混合动力系统警告灯、主警告灯和充电警告灯同时点亮,则检查故障码并进行相应的故障排除。③检查速度传感器用欧姆表测量端子间的电阻,其值应符合标准值,否则更换变速驱动桥总成。④检查温度传感器用欧姆表测量端子间的电阻,应符合标准值,否则更换变速驱动桥总成。⑤检查加速踏板位置信号将电源开关拨到IG位置;用电压表测量混合动力车辆控制ECU连接器B中相应端子的电压,应符合标准值,否则更换加速踏板连杆总成。4、普锐斯混合动力汽车电池系统的检测与维修普锐斯混合动力汽车电池系统主要由以下几部分组成:动力电池组、12V辅助电池、电池ECU、冷却系统、电流传感器、检修塞系统主继电器等组成。动力电池组:普锐斯采用的是镍-氢动力电池组,它具有高功率密度和常使用寿命的特点。该电池组由28个电池模块串联而成,每个模块由6个1V或2V的单节电池串联而成。所以整个电池组共168个单节电池,可以得到的高电压。论文格式。电池ECU:电池ECU的功能是用来检测电池组的充电状态(SOC)、温度、电压、电流以及是否漏电,并将这些信息发送到HV ECU(混合动力ECU)。电池ECU还负责控制冷却风扇的工作,确保电池组处于正常的温度范围内。电池组冷却系统:电池组冷却系统由冷却风扇,一个进气温度传感器和3个位于电池内的温度传感器以及通风管路组成。3个温度传感器和一个进气温度传感器随时检测蓄电池及进气口的进气温度,若温度升高到一定值,电池ECU将启动冷却风扇,直到温度下降到规定值,从而使电池组的温度始终保持在正常的范围内。检修塞:检修塞位于电池组第19模块和第20模块中间,在检查或维修前拆下检修塞便可以切断电池组中部的高压电路,可以保证维修期间的人员安全。系统主继电器(SMR):系统主继电器的作用是按照HV ECU的指令连接和断开到高压电路的动力。系统主继电器共由3个继电器组成,两个位于正极分别为SMR1、SMR2,一个位于负极SMR3。电路接通时,SMR1和SMR3工作,而后SMR2工作而SMR1关闭。辅助蓄电池:普锐斯采用的是12V的免维护电池,它与传统的汽车用蓄电池类似,负极也是通过车身接地的。该电池对高压很敏感,对其充电时应将它从车上拆下,用丰田专用的充电机充电,普通充电器没有专用的电压控制功能,有可能毁坏电池。参考文献[1] 陈清泉,孙逢春 编译. 混合电动车辆基础[M]. 北京:北京理工大学出版社,2001.[2] 张金柱. 混合动力汽车结构、原理与维修[M]. 北京:化学工业出版社,2008.[3] 耿新. 混合动力技术的原理和应用[J]. 汽车维修与保养,2008.[4] Jon Munson. 用于混合动力/电动汽车的可靠锂离子电池监视系统[J]. CompoTechChina,2008(10)[5] 陈宗璋,吴振军. 电动汽车动力源类型[J]. 大众英雄,2008,(3)

厢式汽车底盘改装设计【摘要】根据用户需求,使厢式汽车具有各种功能,必须对其底盘进行改造。文章在分析底盘改装设计内容和要求的基础上,对车架后悬的改装,千斤顶的安装,油箱的移位等提出改造设计方案,并提出了操作注意事项。【关键词】底盘;改装设计;注意事项0引言厢式汽车是具有独立的封闭结构车厢或与驾驶室联成一体的整体式封闭结构车厢,装备有专用设施,用于载运人员、货物或承担专门作业的专用汽车厢式汽车主要由二类汽车底盘、车厢,连接装置等组成。多数情况下,生产厢式汽车的专用汽车改装厂自己不生产底盘,而是从生产汽车的主机厂购买二类汽车底盘,回厂后根据需要对底盘进行改装设计。为了满足用户提出的要求,保证厢式车具有各种各样的功能,需要对底盘进行这样那样的改装设计总结笔者多年来的工作经验,底盘改装项目主要有车架后悬的改变、加装千斤顶、油箱移位、移动横梁、移动汽液管等。改装时,总的原则是不影响、不降低原二类底盘的性能,不允许随意改变底盘轴距、轮距,保证改装后底盘的强度性能。改装设计应使原来底盘的保养部位、润滑点、注油口、蓄电池和驾驶室翻转操纵机构易于接近,便于操作,不能损坏原底盘上为用户正确使用而设置的各种标识,不应使底盘的维修及保养变得困难[1]。1车架后悬的改造后悬改装设计车架后悬的改造有两种情况,1)后悬缩短。2)后悬加长。按照GB7258《机动车运行安全技术条件》[2]要求,客车及封闭式车厢的车辆后悬不得超过轴距的65%,最大不得超过。对于特殊改装汽车,除了满足上述条件外,为了保证车辆越野性,还要满足离去角要求,GJB219B《军用通信车通用规范》[3]中规定,底盘改装后离去角不得小于26°。一般情况下,车架后端至上装车厢后端的距离不得超过400 mm。当缩短车架后悬时,要保留后横梁或直接利用后横梁附近之前的横梁,同时注意不能损坏板簧后吊耳的连接。当加长车架后悬时,后横梁至前一横梁的距离不应大于1 200mm~1 400 mm,必要时在延长的空间内纵向增加辅助横梁。不论缩短还是加长车架后悬,改制后的后横梁在车架大梁前大约50mm左右(见图1)。后悬加长设计时,为了保证车架的强度,要采用与原车架纵横梁同型号、规格的材料,材料的性能、质量应符合相应标准的规定,一般车架都选用16MnL专用材料。后悬改装操作注意事项后悬改装时要移动后横梁或增加辅助横梁,横梁与纵梁上下翼联接最好采用铆接方式。铆接具有工艺简单、抗震、耐冲击和牢固可靠等优点。如果采用螺栓联接,要注意螺栓应采用强度等级不低于级的螺栓,螺母应采用自锁螺母,整体上要保证强度和防松要求。纵梁加长一般采用焊接方式,为了确保车架加长不出现质量问题,一般企业都制定了《车辆改装车架接长专用工艺规程》,其中规定了焊接人员、设备、材料、操作方法等,每批产品改装前都要做焊缝强度试验,试验合格后,才允许按照工艺要求进行施工。试样材料与被接长的纵梁一致,一般都是16MnL,按照下图制作两件(见图2)。两件对接立焊,采用J507或J502焊条,分两次焊完,底层采用!( mm焊条,顶层采用(!4 mm焊条,电流I=110~170A。焊缝要求如下(图3)。

一、毕业论文的选题选题是论文写作的首要环节。选题的好坏直接关系到论文的学术价值和使用价值,新颖性、先进性、开创性、适用性以及写作的难易程度等。下面重点谈谈选题的原则:1.要客观需要,颇有价值。选题要根据我国经济建设的需要,具有重大的理论和实用价值。例如“企业联盟问题研究”,就是这样。正如一汽集团李启祥副总经理说,我国汽车与国外的汽车竞争,无论是技术、质量、品牌、功能、成本和规模经济等都比不过人家,只能靠一体化,战略联盟,与“大众”合资进入世界大汽车集团,靠国外发展自己。因此,关于战略联盟的研究,既满足了我国经济建设的需要,又具有重大的理论和实用价值。2.要捕捉灵感,注重创新。论文的生命在于创新。创新的含义非常广泛,是指一种新的观点,创立新说,新的论据(新材料),新的补充,新的方法,新的角度。也有人说创新指研究的内容是新的,方法是新的,内容与方法都是新的。还有人认为创新指独特见解,提出前人未曾提出过的问题,纠正前人的错误观点,对前人成果进一步深化、细化、量化和简化等。由上可见,一篇论文总要有一点创新,否则就算不上真正的论文。创新靠灵感,灵感靠积累。只有在长期的艰苦砥砺中才能偶然产生一点思想的火花,而这稍纵即逝的思想火花就可能变成学术创新的起点。

具体的范文模板链接: 提取码: ne8r

你自己按照个人情况改改!摘要:本文从新能源汽车的市场现状开始,利用营销中市场的概念和SWOT分析法,阐述和分析了海口新能源汽车的发展前景,阐明了海口新能源汽车还属于产品的导入期,并建议“先公后私”引入新能源汽车等观点。 关键词:新能源汽 SWOT 产业化 在石油能源严重紧缺、节能呼声日益高涨的背景下,新能源汽车研究项目被列入国家 “十五”期间的“863重大科技课题”,并规划了以汽油车为起点,向氢动力车目标挺进的战略。从2009年起,中国新能源汽车市场将进入产品导入期,由科技部牵头的国家节能与新能源汽车大规模推广应用工程将全面启动。新能源汽车将在我国一批中心城市全面开花,并有望形成一定规模。 各家汽车企业都希望能够占据先机,从日益膨胀的新能源汽车市场中分到更大的一块蛋糕。继北京奥运会之后,于2010年举办的上海世博会也将为新能源汽车加速发展提供了契机。而上海市作为下届世博会的主办城市,有关部门表示,为迎接世博会,明年上海将有1000辆左右的新能源汽车投入使用。那么对于中国最南端的省会城市并荣获“中国人居环境奖”的海口市,其新能源汽车的发展前景又是如何呢? 一、市场=购买规模+购买力+购买欲望 1. 海口的新能源汽车市场有没购买规模 根据数据显示:2008年底海口市常住人口180多万人,2008年12月31日,海口市机动车保有量万辆,较2007年增长。目前新车入户日均100辆,高峰期达380辆,年增长3万辆,截至目前,海口市共有机动车驾驶人40万人。随着海口市民生活质量的不断提高和改善,私家车成为机动车增长的新亮点。全市民用汽车拥有量万辆,比上年增长,其中私人汽车拥有量万辆,增长。民用轿车拥有量万辆,增长,其中私人轿车拥有量万辆。据了解,在5年的机动车增长过程中,私家车占了46%,位居全国前列。但是从其他大中型城市的保有量和人口比例来分析,海口的汽车市场前景还是非常的广阔。 2. 海口的新能源汽车市场有没购买力 《2008年海口国民经济社会发展统计公报》显示:2008年全年海口市生产总值(GDP)实现亿元(不含农垦,下同),按可比价格计算,比上年增长,已连续11年保持两位数增长,经济增长率比全国平均水平高个百分点。从三产业情况看,第一产业实现增加值亿元,增长;第二产业实现增加值亿元,增长,第三产业实现增加值亿元,增长。一、二、三产业结构为。按常住人口计算,人均生产总值达3573美元(按平均汇率),比上年增长。2008年末,全市城镇从业人员万人(不包括私营企业、乡镇企业从业人员及个体劳动者),比上年增长,其中,在岗职工人数万人,增长。全年实现新增就业人员31313人,其中下岗失业人员再就业12377人,职业技能培训11798人,其中再就业培训5730人;农村富余劳动力转移就业11290人,创业培训1149人。按照众泰2008EV公布基本型以万元的市场价格出售的新能源汽车来看,它创造了目前国内纯电动乘用车领域的最低价,但这一价格与传统汽车相比,仍高出了一大截。如果用锂电池改造一个传统动力的轿车,附加成本是15万元-16万元,而如果是公交车,就是50万元-60万元。所以从人均生产总值和就业情况来来看,海口居民购买电动车的购买力还比较弱。 3. 海口的消费者对于新能源汽车市场有没购买欲望 日前,新华信针对消费者的新能源汽车购买意向调查显示,仅有的被访者表示肯定会购买新能源汽车,超过七成以上的被访者态度不明朗,另有的被访者表示肯定不会购买。是什么原因导致消费者对新能源汽车的购买表现迟疑?此次调查显示,“车价太高”成为阻碍消费者购买新能源汽车的主要原因。其次,对新能源车“技术不信任”、“担心维修便利性”、“燃料添加不方便”等原因也是消费者不考虑购买新能源汽车的理由。新能源汽车普遍售价过高,而纯电动以及充电式混合动力汽车都需要电源等基础设施的支持,如果政府财力不能给予足够的补贴,或者无法建成完善的充电设施,相对于技术成熟稳定的传统动力车型而言,消费者对新能源汽车这一新生事物的认识还不足,所以从购买欲望来看,海口的大部分居民没有够买新能源汽车的意向。 市场=购买规模+购买力+购买欲望,从市场构成的三要素来看海口的新能源汽车市场有没购买规模,从其他大中型城市的保有量和人口比例来分析,还是非常的广阔,但是从人均生产总值和就业情况来来看,海口居民购买电动车的购买力还比较弱,由于消费者对新能源汽车“车价太高” 、“技术不信任”、“担心维修便利性”、“燃料添加不方便”等原因,使其购买欲望偏低。 二、海口市新能源汽车的发展前景的SWOT分析 1. 海口市新能源汽车的发展前景的优势(strength)分析 国家信息中心预测,我国乘用车市场的高速增长态势将至少再持续15 年,需求年均增长率大致相当于GDP 增长率的 倍左右。2009 年轿车将大量进入家庭(中等收入家庭具备购车能力)。从定性角度看,轿车市场至少还将有20 年的快速增长。如果国内GDP2020 年比2000年翻两番的话,2020 年前后我国将超过美国,汽车需求量将达到2000 万辆,成为世界第一大汽车市场。 自1988年,海南建省并成为全国最大的经济特区,海口市成为海南省省会以来海口市便获得了十佳城市、国家环境保护模范城市、全国卫生城市、中国优秀旅游城市、国家园林城市、国家历史文化名城、全国创建文明城市工作先进市、全国城市环境综合整治优秀城市、“中国人居环境奖” 等城市美誉。海南一贯的发展思路是旅游岛、环保岛、健康岛,新能源汽车便是这个城市的另一种环保和健康。 从海口市的经济发展前景和汽车市场发展规模来看,在城市的公交、出租车、公务、环卫和邮政等公共服务等领域,新能源汽车有很大的市场空间。 2. 海口市新能源汽车的发展前景的劣势(weakness)分析 (1)交通拥挤、混乱。近5年来海口机动车和驾驶员数量持续增长,给道路交通管理带来了空前的压力。据了解,海口现有城市道路859条,总长度1797公里,机动车拥有量为25万辆,且正以每日200辆的速度增长着,其中私家车占有量高达26%,以当前海口的交通网络显然是无法满足机动车行驶需求的。其次,城市中心区域道路改造速度缓慢,对原有道路改造还未形成系统工程,特殊是多颈路,断头路长年以来未得到有效改造。严重制约着其他主干道的通行及分流量能力。再次,还存在精态道路交通及建设滞后问题,如海口现有的停车场因不能容纳下过多的车辆,导致司机在一些路段两旁停车。这使得本来就不宽的道路变得更加狭窄。还有就是海口交通发展落后,市民出行方式单一,摩托车、私家车等出行成为市民首选,使道路资料利用率降低。如府城的中介路是海口摩托车与风采车泛滥最为严重的地方之一。在候车店旁,挤满了摩托车与风采车。他们占道抢客,阻碍了其他过往车辆的正常通行,轻易引起堵车。海口交通警力不足,路面管控点,盲区过多,人们的交通, 观念淡薄,公交车的线路重叠严重,站点安排不合理。有些路段的塞车严重,特别是节假日或上下班高峰时,交通是混乱不堪。 (2)车位供小于求。资料显示,目前,海口的汽车保有量已超过16万辆,并以每年2万多辆的速度递增。据了解,目前海口市平均每天有60多辆新车上路,而在一天之间增加这么多车位显然不太现实。在未来几年内,不论是小区车位还是公共车库都会更加趋于紧张。 交通混乱、堵塞、车位难求,不仅是海口汽车市场,也是海口新能源汽车市场发展的一个致命症结。 3. 海口市新能源汽车的发展前景的机会(opportunity)分析 (1)政府鼓励。今年2月5日,科技部和财政部联合出台《节能与新能源汽车示范推广财政补助资金管理暂行办法》,宣布为鼓励节能汽车发展,中央财政将对购置节能与新能源汽车给予一次性定额补助,鼓励全国13个试点城市率先在公交、出租车、公务、环卫和邮政等公共服务领域推广使用节能与新能源汽车。《办法》明确规定,中央财政对购置节能与新能源汽车将按同类传统汽车的基础价差,并适当考虑规模效应、技术进步等因素给予一次性定额补贴。其中,长度10米以上城市公交客车是此次补贴的重点,混合动力客车最高每辆补贴42万元,纯电动和燃料电池客车每辆补贴分别高达50万元和60万元。 (2)新能源汽车技术逐步成熟完善。在“十五”电动汽车重大专项和清洁汽车科技行动攻关计划的基础上,“十一五”期间,在“863”计划中又启动了“节能与新能源汽车”重大项目,继续支持节能与新能源汽车关键技术研发和产业化。 这期间,我国科技计划累计投入近20亿元,分别组织实施了“电动汽车重大科技专项”和“节能与新能源汽车重大项目”,确立了“三纵三横”的研发布局,即燃料电池汽车、混合动力汽车、纯电动汽车三种整车技术为“三纵”,多能源动力总成系统、驱动电机、动力电池三种关键技术为“三横”。目前,我国基本掌握了新能源汽车技术,建立了节能与新能源汽车的动力技术平台,形成了一个比较完整的关键零部件体系,开发出一批节能与新能源汽车的产品,实现了小批量的整车能力。在我国节能与新能源汽车的研发布局中,纯电动车和燃料电池车、混合动力车“三驾马车”并驾齐驱。 通过持续开展的技术攻关,我国的新能源汽车产品日益成熟。在混合动力汽车方面,我国在系统集成、可靠性、节油性能等方面进步显著,依据不同混合度方案,实际路况运行节油10%至40%,混合动力整车产品开始小批量进入市场。 在纯电动汽车方面,我国处于国际先进水平,使用大容量锂离子动力蓄电池的纯电动客车在奥运中心区的规模应用,代表了当代国际纯电动大客车的先进水平。纯电动轿车具有成本优势,已开始小批量出口欧美,国内市场需求也不断加大。在燃料电池汽车方面,我国的整车集成技术、动力平台的成熟性、整车的可靠性有了新的提高,无故障间隔里程与国外同步达到3000公里,燃料经济性优于国外燃料电池汽车,并取得了“新一代整车控制器”、“两挡变速器”、“氢电系统安全性碰撞”等一批原创性研究成果。 4. 海口市新能源汽车的发展前景的威胁(threat)分析 (1)技术问题。对于新能源汽车来说,电池技术是主要瓶颈。研制成本低、体积小、持续能力强,并且使用寿命长的电池是破解新能源汽车难题的关键。此外,如何保证由电机系统组成的动力总成与整车匹配,是亟待解决的技术问题。 (2)产业化问题。 我国能源汽车战略应尽快形成上下一盘棋的局面。而当前各地争相上马新能源汽车联盟和产业基地,或将导致更严重的地方保护主义,不利于新能源战略的推广。 另外,国内节能与新能源汽车生产企业并没有足够的技术实力迎接产业化的到来。在混合动力汽车关键零部件领域,国内企业的产品可靠性以及自动变速箱生产经验等方面均与国外产品存在一定差距。 从海口市新能源汽车的发展前景的SWOT分析来看,海口市的新能源汽车的发展前景有着发展公共服务等领域的优势,同时由于城市交通的混乱、堵塞、车位难求等劣势,制约着海口新能源汽车市场的发展,但由于我国政府对于新能源汽车的政策鼓励和支持,各民族自主企业的发奋图强,攻破了新能源汽车的层层技术难关,海口新能源汽车市场又面临了新的机遇。 三、发展前景建议 1. 引导消费者改变消费观念 多年来的汽车消费习惯导致人们对汽车新事物——新能源汽车的认识存在诸多偏见,例如价格太贵、性能不稳定、使用不方便和维修太贵等等。无论是政府还是汽车厂家都应该从各个方面去正确引导消费者,让他们对新能源汽车有一个正确而客观的认识,让汽车消费更加理性和科学。倡导汽车新消费=环保+诚信+车德的理念,使消费者在购买新能源汽车的时候感受到自己作出的社会贡献。 2. 解决交通混乱、车位难求的现状 海口目前总的交通状况是交通网络发展缓慢与车辆众多之间的矛盾,贯穿海口的交通。还有停车问题、占道拉客问题等一系列的问题构成海口市交通的主要问题。建议相关职能部门必须制定海口交通短期改造计划及长期建设规划和相关政策解决车位难求的现状。 3. 政府加大鼓励和指导力度 新能源汽车除了混合动力之外,纯电动车及其他代用燃料车应由国家统一标准。启动的节能与新能源汽车示范推广试点,在3至5年的补贴期内增强自主创新产品竞争力,以顺利进入产业化阶段,降低企业生产成本,使其售价满足消费者的需求。同时建立与新能源汽车相关的产业结构,如充电站、新能源汽车检测与维修中心,联合生产厂家建立和完善售后服务体系。 4. “先公后私”引如新能源汽车 海口新能源汽车还属于产品的导入期,建议先从公交、出租车、公务、环卫和邮政等公共服务领域推广使用节能与新能源汽车,逐步改变消费者,特别是私家车主的消费观念,在发展新能源汽车的私家车市场。

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