文化研究英文论文
隐喻的中西方文化差异Abstract: Metaphor is not only a linguistic phenomenon but also a way of thinking, which is one of the basic methods for human survival and cognition. It is rooted in language, thought and culture. Through the analysis and comparison of the use and concept of metaphor in different countries, we find that its universality and commonality of the metaphor as a basic human cognitive activities. However, metaphor in different languages reflects a different way of thinking and behavior and different cultural patterns. Owing to the different two modes of thinking and culture, there are some differences in understanding and formation that can not be ignored. Therefore, this paper will discuss the questions : metaphor, cross-cultural differences, translation. 1. Preamble Metaphor is a common phenomenon, a large number of people use metaphor to express his feelings and ideas. British scientists rhetoric Richards (IARichards) once said, "We have day-to-day in almost every conversation in three sentences may be a metaphor." According to statistics, life around the use of 4,700,000 new metaphor, 2,140,000 stereotypes of metaphor. Research in recent years, there is a great metaphor. This article introduced in the definition of metaphor on the basis of summing up the similarities and differences between Chinese and Western metaphor, and that its culture, precisely because of the prevalence of metaphor, how to translate metaphor has become a very important issue in the latter part of the article is aimed at The translation of metaphor put forward a translation of the three strategies. This paper studies aimed at trying to comparative analysis of English and Chinese in a large number of day-to-day language of metaphor to express, find out the differences and similarities, in order to be able to accurately translate the article in good metaphor to explore a little. This article is about the metaphor from the point of view to explore the differences in the way Thinking allows us to a deeper understanding of language, culture, the relationship between thinking and can more clearly understand the different ethnic language, culture, way of thinking, and so on On the nature of translation. 2. Metaphors in Chinese and Western studies In 1980, Lakoff & Johnson (George Lakoff & Mark Johnson) made a "living metaphor" (Metaphors We Live By) of the book, a modern metaphor to open a new chapter in the school. Domestic academia on the "metaphor" This is also a review of the system, such as Lin Wu's book "Study abroad metaphor Looking at the" beam-setting "metaphor research," Li of China and India "The main subjects Metaphor" and so on. However, the Chinese metaphor for the academic study of rare. "Chinese scholars on the study of metaphor, I am afraid the real contribution should be through the metaphor of the Chinese characteristics of research and study, through the metaphor of the Chinese and other languages in the comparative study of metaphor, metaphor for the establishment of a more general theory of the strong, and even unique The basis. "Lin Wu in the book" metaphor of the basic research the status quo, and the focus of the trend "in the main text, put forward a model of cultural metaphors with the relationship:" The language of metaphor is the emergence of expression into the system, which not only reflects the psychological Structure, but also reflect the different cultural models also play a role. " metaphor in the relationship between Chinese and Western cultures relationship Correspond to (corresponding) refers to the relationship between the two languages, English and Chinese in the meaning and metaphor in the use of the same meaning in the culture and image, and so on and-one mapping. This is because the survival of mankind itself, as well as all the external conditions, including the geographical environment, climate change, and the whole of human society and cultural background are certain there is a common, which formed a common humanity of their own and the outside world on many issues. In the "angry" mood, the English are angry that physiological responses, such as: grind one's teeth. (Teeth), bare one's teeth. (Ziyaliezui) an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth. (an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth), reflecting the Chinese culture on the basis of common experience. non-correspondence English-Chinese metaphor, after all, rooted in two different languages on the soil, resulting in very different cultural backgrounds, fully corresponds to the few metaphors, the vast majority do not have common cultural identity in order to form the corresponding non-(non-corresponding ) Relations. Non-relationship metaphor can be roughly divided into three categories: Vehicle counterpart, Yu Yi does not correspond to English and Chinese in some cases there is the same as a metaphor, but in their own language and culture in the meaning of the metaphor means is different, even different. Peacock in the Chinese culture is auspicious, a symbol of beauty, especially the Dai people to express jumped Pavaner desire to better their own. If the Chinese people will be likened to a peacock, it means that beautiful light. However, in English, peacock (Peacock) is a symbol of pride, often interpreted as arrogance, love to show off. For example, They were eager to take the young peacock down a peg. (They want to pressure a pressure that the arrogant young guy's momentum). counterpart Yu Yi, the vehicle does not correspond to English-Chinese two nations due to their differences, from different angles to look at things the same, it will be a different analogy. As a result both English and Chinese language there is a different vehicle, but Yu was referring to was basically the same as the meaning of the case, that is the same kind of non-correspondence. Such as: a person described as the hearts of anxious, restless, Chinese is "ants on the hot pan" and English is "a cat on the bricks". There are similar: To kick down the ladder. Guohechaiqiao. Yu Yu Yi and do not correspond to Some of the metaphors Yu-Yu has a meaning and it refers to the language and culture are closely related, in another culture often can not find corresponding Yu and Yu Yi, which resulted in a culture known as the default Phenomenon. For example: in English "my rib" I am referring to Yu's wife, it comes from the "Bible" story, that is, Adam (Adam)'s wife Eve (Eve) God is with a piece of Adam's rib made. The Chinese did not, "the Bible" cultural background, and there was no analogy with rib habit, so the formation of a corresponding gap. Similarly, "ugly duckling" (Ugly Duckling) refers to the metaphor will get ahead of Little, "early bird" refers to the diligent Yu, in the words into Chinese language, culture, as a result of the default, can not find a corresponding relationship between metaphor . Chinese and Western cultures in the common metaphor Metaphor and culture to a large extent, human beings have a common understanding, rooted in the people's own day-to-day experience. In this connection, often between different ethnic groups are the same. Both English and Chinese language in a lot of abstract thinking that the metaphorical expression is the same. For example: the human child in the period to form a position on the concept of input in that direction in the form of many of them easily understood, including the position expressed by metaphor, which has become a fixed pattern of thinking. For example: The term direction (up, down) to describe people's social status, physical, emotional, and other abstract concepts to the case when the good is up; Sad is down. We Chinese are also not difficult to find a similar sentence: "Gas Prices "," enhance the social status "and" vision "and" depressed. " Since the objective laws of nature with the relative unity of different cultures to understand the nature of the course is similar to the cognitive experience. in the metaphor of the difference between Chinese and Western cultures As the English-Chinese geographical and cultural differences, living in two different cultures in practice there are a lot of differences, and different life experiences and let people understand the objective world, a different language carries different nationalities Cultural characteristics and cultural information. Understanding of metaphor is not out of socio-cultural backgrounds. For example, social and cultural impact of the color words is deep-rooted, some color words in different cultures in an entirely different meaning, has a distinctive feature of our national culture. Such as: English, said in green "inexperienced" and "shallow knowledge", such as: "a green hand", "I was very green when I started working there." The Chinese like to express the meaning of the word is "yellow" Such as: "Huangmaoyatou" and "flower girl". Cultural background knowledge is the metaphor to create a rich source of thinking, as the Eastern and Western cultures are different, metaphors in English and Chinese applications there are also significant differences. The metaphor of the cross-cultural differences between Chinese and Western influence Language is a cultural change in the development of the complex, subject to political, economic, historical, environmental and other factors. Chinese and Western styles are different, but in many ways to infiltrate interaction and integration, language differences and cultural metaphor for the inevitable impact is complex and diverse. metaphorical expression of cultural conflict Different nationalities in the world to observe a different perspective and ideas, different cultures there are a lot of conflict or inconsistency metaphor. If the animal metaphors, in English Long (dragon) is a kind of evil, will belch out smoke monster. "Bible", the dragon is the devil, is a symbol of evil and terror, there is a terrible vicious meaning. The Chinese dragon is in power, the auspicious symbol of Chinese traditional culture, the Chinese have "Wangzichenglong", "descendants of the Dragon." The same analogy in different cultures, different meaning, of two cultures "Dragon" to give a different connotation. differences in living conditions caused by differences in metaphor In English is a lot of metaphor and marine-related, such as: all at sea (at a loss what to do); drink like a fish (drinking cow); fish in the air (Shuizhonglaoyue); give up the ship (give up). In Chinese, there are a lot of the horse or cattle pose a metaphor, such as: "a willing ox" (a willing horse) Gan means to serve the community; "old ox" (a working horse) refers to the hard work; "bragging "(Talk horse), and so on. This is due to different geographical location and natural environment caused by different cultural metaphor. Britain is an island, ultimately, dependent on the sea, and China is a large agricultural country, farming culture deeply feudal society. different religious and cultural differences arising from the metaphor Religious culture of human culture is an important part of it by referring to the nation's religious beliefs, such as the formation of the sense of culture, "the Bible" in the story, with its language and meaning has become a feature of daily life in the West in terms of . For example, power of the keys (the keys to the kingdom of heaven; the rights of the Pope), in the right church, but in the wrong pew (in general is right, but not the details), and so on. Chinese culture and Buddhism, Taoism and more affected by the impact of Confucianism, the Chinese, there are a lot of related argot. "Jiehuaxianfo"; "临时抱佛脚"; "做一天和尚撞一天钟" and so on. It is due to the diversity of culture, resulting in the differences between English and Chinese metaphor. This difference to the cross-cultural communication has brought the impact. As a foreign language students, do not understand the difference between metaphor and language will make mistakes, sometimes mistakenly made good as pleasant, caused by either one or both of the conversation unpleasant; also sometimes mocked as a praise. When a native language other operators do not understand the language contained in the cultural differences, it is often difficult for such language to accurately convey the meaning of the understanding, difficulty to the cross-cultural exchange. 3. Metaphor of the three methods of translation The translation of metaphor not only accurately and effectively convey the original language, but also loyal, accessible, complete reproduction of the original language and cultural connotation and significance. But in the West because of cultural differences and different, so the translation of metaphor in English on the need to consider not only its literal sense, and so on, but also in the West should pay attention to their cultural differences. American Eugene Nida said: "Translation is the exchange between the two cultures. The real success of the translation, even more familiar with the two cultures is more important to master two languages. Because only in terms of its role in the culture In the background will only be meaningful. "Therefore, the translation of metaphor to combining Chinese and Western cultures, and cultural backgrounds to leave the translation, can not be achieved between the two languages of the real exchange. Literal Translation The so-called "literal" is asked in the language when conditions permit, in the translation to maintain the original content, but also to maintain the original form, in particular, to maintain the original metaphor, the image of the nation, and other local color. In the literal translation method to maintain the original expression of the culture and at the same time, target enriched the vocabulary and expression, such as: "a Pandora's box" (Pandora's Box); "chain reaction" (chain reaction). In the original text and asked the information contained in the same culture, we should adopt the literal translation method. (1) You are my sunshine, my only sunshine. : You are my sun, my only sunshine. In Chinese and English, the sun is warm, beautiful, in both languages, they disseminate information on culture are the same. As a rule, and asked in the original text in the form of grammatical structure, similar to the style or color on basically the same, the law should adopt the literal translation. (1) He is another Shylock. : He is also a Shylock. (Note: Shakespeare's Shylock is "The Merchant of Venice" in a very harsh mean business People. ) (2) To carry coals to Newcastle. : Coal to Newcastle. (Note: "Newcastle" is a British coal, coal is superfluous here.) 4. Conclusion Metaphor as a way to figures of speech or skills, a unique feature of grammar, which features make the sentence more flexible and constructive, but the United States. Is a metaphor to express more complex ideas and things, a powerful tool. Wherever and whenever people in their daily lives are often used metaphor. As Mr. Lin Zhuang said: "The metaphor is no longer expanding his knowledge and understanding of a passive process. To help us in the form of new knowledge, the metaphor has played an active role so that we can better a better understanding of the objective world." In English and Chinese Metaphorical significance of the difference is due to cultural differences between East and West, that mode of thinking, moral values and sense of difference. However, different cultural impact of what is the concept of metaphor, it is still a need to examine and address the problem. At the same time, in the metaphor of the process of translation must pay special attention to cultural differences. The best translation is to be able to accurately reflect the true meaning of the author, as well as its cultural and stylistic characteristics of the translation, that is, the translation of metaphor to make as much as possible the original language and to achieve the target language culture, and so on.
Chinese and Western cultural differences in the performance of every aspect of daily life from the greeting 、 term diet and cultural differences in the way of thinking in the abstract, such as differences everywhere, from the West focus on the following colors to express the difference between Chinese and Western cultural differences in areas such as a wedding set. First, in the West to express the color difference Different colors in different languages is not expressed in the same way. The representative of China in a sense, the West has a meaning that even the "color" to understand the meaning of the contrary. (A) red (red) Whether in China or in the English-speaking countries, often in red and festive celebrations or day-related. Calendar, red font used these days, therefore, red letter day: refers to the "Day" or "happy occasion." It also refers to the red "liabilities" or "loss" because people are always negative in red to register. So there are these phrases: red figure deficit in the red loss In common with the Chinese "red" words, translated into English, may not necessarily use the "red" for example: brown sugar brown sugar red wine red wine (B) yellow Yellow in English and Chinese in the extended meaning of the differences are considerable. In English, yellow can be said that the "timid, cowardly, despicable," meaning, for example: a yellow dog despicable, cowardly people a yellow livered coward Chinese yellow symbol of the term is sometimes vulgar, vulgar and obscene, indecent indecency means, such as yellow film, erotica, yellow CD, and so on. These in the name of "yellow" in English and "yellow" has nothing to do. However, in another English word blue is the color used to indicate the kind of meaning in Chinese, such as the blue jokes (dirty joke), blue films (yellow film). Second, the cultural differences in Western wedding First of all, in Western wedding culture and the first in the West in thinking about the differences: the Chinese people more conservative, like excitement, more old-fashioned thinking, so in the history of China for thousands of years the entire wedding customs did not change much. The thinking in the West is more open to the requirements of the wedding will be lower, they will be the climax of the wedding in the church: the sacred as the "wedding march" into the red carpet, Jiao Mei's father, the bride linked hands Rose walked slowly to the groom, the bride's father, daughter to the groom's hand on hand, her daughter's life will be entrusted to the groom, all eyes followed the couple, filled with well-being in their face. Second, the result of cultural differences wedding in the West because the West in a different religion. China is mainly Buddhist, but the West is mainly Christian. Therefore, the Western wedding is to be held in the church and the priest is Zhuhun Ren. China's traditional customs of the most important part of the Bai Tiandi is, the worship heaven and earth even after the ceremony has become.中西方文化差异表现在方方面面，从日常生活的打招呼用语、饮食文化等差异到思维方式等抽象方面的差异无所不在，下面着重从中西方颜色表达的差异，中西方婚礼文化差异等方面阐述。 一、中西方颜色表达的差异 不同颜色在不同语言中表达的方式并不一样。在中国代表一种意义，在西方又表示一种涵义，甚至对“颜色”的涵义理解恰恰相反。（一）red（红色）无论是在英语国家还是在中国，红色往往与庆祝活动或喜庆日子有关。日历中，这些日子常用红色字体，因此，red letter day：指的是“纪念日”或“喜庆的日子”。红色还指“负债”或“亏损”，因为人们总是用红笔登记负数。于是就有了这些词组：red figure赤字 in the red亏损汉语中常用的带“红”字的词语，翻译成英语，可不一定用“red”例如：红糖brown sugar 红酒red wine （二） yellow黄色在英语和汉语中的引申含义差别比较大。英语中，yellow可以表示“胆小、卑怯、卑鄙”的意思，例如：a yellow dog 可鄙的人，卑鄙的人a yellow livered 胆小鬼汉语中黄色一词有时象征低级趣味、色情庸俗、下流猥亵的意思，如黄色电影、黄色书刊、黄色光碟等等。这些名称中的“黄”与英语中的“yellow”无关。然而，英语中另一个颜色词blue却常用来表示汉语中这类意思，如blue jokes（下流的玩笑）， blue films（黄色电影）等。 二、中西方婚礼文化差异 首先，中西方婚礼文化差异首先和中西方人在思维方面的差异有关：中国人比较保守，喜欢热闹，思维较古板，所以在中国历史几千年的时间里整个婚礼的习俗并没有多大的变化。而西方人的思想则比较开放，对于婚礼的要求也比较低，他们婚礼的高潮则是在教堂中：随着神圣的《婚礼进行曲》步入鲜红的地毯，娇美的新娘挽着父亲手捧玫瑰慢慢向新郎走去，新娘的父亲将女儿的手放在新郎的手上，将女儿的一生托付给新郎，所有人的目光注视着这对新人，幸福洋溢在他们的脸上。其次，造成中西方婚礼文化差异的原因是中西方不同的宗教。中国是以佛教为主，而西方则是基督教为主的。所以西方的婚礼是在教堂中举行而主婚人则是神甫。中方的传统婚俗中的最重要环节就是拜天地，拜了天地以后就算是礼成了。
2012年02月13日 09时56分，《英语:英语论文：关于文化视域下的翻译研究[1]》由英语我整理. 之后，佐哈尔的学生吉迪恩?图里(GideonToury)又在多系统论的基础上提出了描述翻译学。他引进了“常规”norms)概念，即社会文化对翻译的约束力。他认为常规是解释社会活动的最根本的概念，是社会秩序赖以建立的基础，也是解释文化、翻译活动的关键。译语文化中的社会规范(socialnomrs)和文学惯例(1iteraryconventions)制约着译者的审美趋向并影响译者所做出的具体选择。图里的描述性翻译研究主张接受并承认所有既成的翻译结果，探索影响其形成过程的所有社会历史因素，以及翻译作品在目标语文学系统中所处的地位和产生的作用，并对此进行全面的历时性描述和分析。在图里看来，语言学和美学在翻译中并不是发挥着举足轻重的作用，而是文化意识形态直接影响着翻译作品的抉择。描述性翻译研究可以有效地避免由于审美不同带来的干扰，客观地描述所有译作的特点和价值。这种理论为对多年以前产生的翻译文学或者是不同历史条件下产生的同一文学作品的不同译本进行研究提供了一种很好的研究方法。 论文论文参考网1990年，巴斯奈特(Bassnett)和勒弗维尔(Lefevere)在其合编的《翻译、历史与文化》一书中，正式提出了翻译的“文化转向”(CulturalTum)的口号。他俩的研究超越了语言，着眼于翻译和文化的互动，关注文化影响和限制翻译的方式，研究有关语境、历史和习俗的问题。他们认为，翻译研究和文化研究不应割裂孤立，而应相辅相成，在文化平等原则基础上，尽可能保留源语的文化内涵，从而达到文化共享。根茨勒(Gentzler)认为“文化转向”的提出是“翻译研究领域的一项真正具有突破性意义的成果”，1]1它标志着翻译理论研究时代的来临。谢莉?西蒙也指出：“80年代以来，翻译研究中最激动人心的一些进展属于被称为‘文化转向’的一部分。转向文化意味着翻译研究增添了一个重要的维度。不是去问那个一直困扰着翻译理论家的传统问题——‘我们应该怎样去翻译?什么是正确的翻译?’——而是把重点放在了一种描述性的方法上：‘译本在做什么?它们怎样在世上流通并引起反响?’……这种转向使我们理解到翻译与其他交流方式之间存在着有机的联系，并视翻译为协作实践，贯穿所有文化表现的种种张力尽在其中。”20世纪的90年代，文化研究从三个方面影响着翻译研究：1．翻译作为一种改写，这是系统理论的一种发展；2．翻译和性别；3．翻译和后殖民主义。把目光投向文化层面之后，翻译研究迎来了一系列的转变：“从原文中心到译文中心，从规定性到描写性，从翻译过程到翻译产品，从语言研究到文化研究。” 四、翻译实践中的文化意识的培养 不同的国家，不同的民族，都有着各具特色的民族文化，彼此相互渗透和影响，“文化进化的主要趋势是趋同，即随着文化的发展各种文化越来越趋向于统一”。[61但在文化趋同的过程中，不同民族的思维方式、信仰、价值和态度不仅会造成跨文化交际的失误或误解，而且也会成为翻译理论家和翻译工作者的难题，给语言的翻译带来种种障碍和困难。因此，许多译界学者提出应在翻译实践领域加强文化意识，应将文化而不是文本作为翻译的单位，把文化研究纳入到译论研究中来。． 那么什么是文化意识呢?文化意识就是译者认识到翻译是跨越语言文字、跨越文化的信息交流，而文化的差异跟语言文字的差异一样，可能成为交流的障碍，他在进行语言文字的转换的同时，还要注意克服文化差异造成的障碍，以保证信息交流的顺利实现。为此，译者不仅要精通译出和译人语言，还要了解研究诸多语言背后的文化，并且要在正确翻译观的指导下知道在每一具体情况下如何处理文化差异、文化障碍。著名翻译理论家尤金?奈达(EugeneA．Nida)曾指出：“对于真正成功的翻译而言，熟悉两种文化甚至比掌握两种语言更为重要，因为词语只有在其作用的文化背景中才有意义。”所以，在翻译实践中，我们应该注意到翻译不仅仅传达语言信息，语言表象下也蕴涵着丰富的文化内涵，源语中特有的文化因子可以通过解构和移植加入目的语中。缺乏文化意识的译者，可能只顾到字面上的转换而忽略背后的文化问题。 五、小结 翻译必定受到源语文化和目的语文化的制约。所以，译者在翻译实践中除了要提高自己的理解和使用语言文字的功底，还应注意培养文化意识，加强对中西文化差异的对比、分析和归纳，从而达到源语和目的语契合，真正实现两种文化的互动和移植。
毕业论文又是高校人才培养的重要教学环节,其中论文选题又是毕业论文成败的关键。下面是我带来的关于英语文化类论文选题的内容，欢迎阅读参考!
1 从《远离尘嚣》看偶然与巧合
2 从亨伯特看纳博科夫的流亡观
3 透过餐具看中西方饮食文化
4 从女性主义角度解读《太阳照常升起》中的女主角——勃莱特
5 从文化视角探讨隐喻的翻译
6 从生态批评角度看威廉·福克纳的《熊》中人与自然的关系
7 从功能对等角度分析常用英语修辞格汉译
8 任务型语言教学法的优势
9 自我身份的探寻—评拉尔夫·埃里森《看不见的人》
10 浅析英文报纸中体育新闻用语的模糊修辞
11 从电影《肖申克的救赎》和《当幸福来敲门》中探究美国人的个人主义
12 中美恭维言语行为跨文化比较研究
13 表现主义技巧在《推销员之死》中的运用
14 中国非英语专业学生在英语学习中使用元认知策略的情况调研
15 浅析英语中六种基本颜色词的英美文化内涵
16 浅析广告翻译中的文化顺应处理
17 从文化角度分析中美房地产广告的差异
18 浅析动画《加菲猫》和《加菲猫之双猫记》中的享乐主义和利己主义
19 圣经原型解读《弗洛斯河上的磨坊》
20 论《卡斯特桥市长》中哈代的进化向善论思想
1. 成人的童话——《爱丽丝漫游奇境记》中象征主义的体现
2. 简析网络时代英语全球化
3. 《查泰莱夫人的情人》的生态女性主义解读
4. 从社会文化价值方面比较中美情景喜剧差异
5. 论《喧哗与骚动》中昆丁的宿命
6. 《蝇王》的启示：理性的呼唤
7. 中文旅游文本英译中的歧义现象分析
8. 从中美婚宴差异看集体主义和个人主义
9. 影响非英语专业大一新生口语输出的因素
10. 《走出非洲》：走出迪内森的矛盾态度
11. 旅游宣传资料中的误译与解决方法
12. 从女性主义角度解读华顿《纯真年代》中的埃伦
13. 电子词典与英语学习
14. 英语习语与基督教
15. 《伤心咖啡馆之歌》中爱米利亚性别身份分析
1. 英专和非英专学生英语作文中错误的对比研究
2. 武汉方言对英语语音的影响及其对教学的启示
3. 中西行星命名的文化探源
4. 英语新闻中的新词
5. 中国古典诗歌英译中对“三美”理论的探索
6. 从电影《七宗罪》浅析原罪
7. 浅论体态语的社会功能
8. 中西思维方式差异对中英语篇的影响
9. 中国和西方国家婚俗的比较
10. 浅析合作原则的违背在广告语言中的运用
11. 浅析电影《推手》中中美家庭的文化冲突
12. 从广告语言看中美文化价值观差异
13. 用言语行为理论浅析英语广告中的双关语
14. 论新闻英语汉译中的归化与异化策略
15. 以Of Study(《论读书》)的两个中译本为例浅析译者主体性
16. 美国二十世纪六十年代反战文化研究
17. 中国英语热的真相——文化帝国主义
18. 中美恭维语对比研究
19. 论民族中心主义与美国媒体近年来涉华报道
20. 从弗大枪击案看美国的枪支问题
文化研究英文论文题目
论文题目不能超过15个字，题目必须范围小而且有东西可以写；必须有充足的材料可供查询。
毕业 论文是高校大学生毕业前必须完成的教学任务,但论文选题工作则是毕业论文管理中的首要环节。下面是我带来的关于英语专业毕业论文选题 文化 的内容，欢迎阅读参考! 英语专业毕业论文选题文化(一) 1. 从拉康的镜像理论看杨克的悲剧根源 2. 从正负值面子理论简析中美面子差异 3. 中国菜名翻译中的文化翻译策略 4. 从旧南方到新南方——斯佳丽·奥哈拉在内战前后的成长历程 5. 探究家乐福公司的 企业文化 :基于其网站内容的文本分析 6. 汉语对 英语写作 词汇的负迁移作用 7. 《美国悲剧》的消费文化分析 8. 从二语习得角度对比分析英语习语学习中的翻译导向模式与文化导向模式 9. 礼貌原则在英文商务信函中的应用 10. 南方哥特式小说特征在《心是孤独的猎手》中的体现 11. 城市公示语的汉译英探索 12. 归化与异化理论在汉语 歇后语 翻译中的应用 13. 《婚礼的成员》中弗兰淇·亚当斯双性同体现象的研究 14. 论《喜福会》中的文化冲突与共存 15. 广告 语言模糊性的语用研究 16. 利用美剧进行 英语听力 自主学习 英语专业毕业论文选题文化(二) 1. 大学生 英语口语 学习动机研究 2. 从文化视角看中国白酒广告 3. 从功能翻译看《围城》英译本中文化信息的传递 4. 对《达罗卫夫人》中克莱丽莎和塞普提默斯形象的研究 5. 公示语汉译英错误及对策探析 6. 探究美国安利公司的企业文化：基于其网站内容的文本分析 7. 运用写长法促进英语写作能力的提高 8. 中美“面子文化”对比分析 9. 英汉恭维语和告别语的对比分析 10. 英汉爱情隐喻的对比研究 11. 新闻英语汉译的翻译技巧浅析 12. 中美家庭文化比较 13. 从文化的角度浅析中美企业 人力资源管理 的差异 14. 华中农业大学英语专业学生高级 英语学习 状况调查 15. 跨文化交际中中西方馈赠礼仪刍议 16. 解读《双城记》中的人道主义思想 17. 论《了不起的盖茨比》中的消费主义 18. 从戴姆勒克莱斯勒事件看文化因素对跨国企业合并的影响 19. 对中美离岸外包过程中跨文化交际案例的分析 英语专业毕业论文选题文化(三) 1. 广告双关语的作用 2. 中美交流思维模式的差异 3. 浅析《灶神之妻》中的多元文化主义 4. 合作原则在英语商务信函中的应用 5. 透过“超女现象” 反思 美国大众文化对中国传统精英文化的影响 6. 浅析《飘》中女主角——斯佳丽女性主义发展的三个阶段 7. 从《绝望主妇》第一、二季看美国社会的平等观 8. 论《名利场》中萨克雷讽刺艺术的运用 9. 《喧哗与骚动》象征意象的分析 10. 当代美国个人主义价值观及其在美剧《超能英雄》中的反映 11. 中世纪西方__文化的繁荣 12. 从译者主体性角度比较Moment in Peking的两中文译本 13. 分析《远大前程》中郝维香小姐悲剧的成因 14. 论英语广告语中面子威胁行为的礼貌补救策略 15. 浅析中英茶文化差异 16. 合作原则的违反在网络聊天语言中的体现 17. 中英文文学作品中传统婚姻观念的对比
1、浅析不同文化背景下中美高等教育体制差异
2、从清明节和万圣节的对比看中西方人的性格差异
3、中美家庭教育的差异--以《士兵突击》和《阿甘正传》为例
4、墓志铭中的中美价值观差异——以中美作家墓志铭为例
5、跨文化视角下中美大学毕业典礼校长演讲的比较研究
6、从重大突发事件的媒体报道看中美文化差异——以马航MH370坠机事件为例 7、基于双十一和网络星期一的中美网络购物节文化对比分析
8、中美旅行网站的功能对比——以去哪儿网与为例
9、中英教育督导制度比较研究——以BBC纪录片《中国老师在英国》为例
10、从“互联网+”营销策略看中美文化差异——以滴滴出行和优步为例
文化对比研究英文论文
Chinese and Western Culture Comparison What are the major differences between chinese and western culture? I'll list down a few differences: West: 1. Western culture is based on individualism rather than on mass (collectivism). For instance, in the US, you always talk about individual rights, instead of placing the whole society above your own self. This is clearly different in China where a country, society or family are placed above your own self. 2. Western culture is adventurous and exploration based. Westerners like to discover new things, invention and expand outwards. For instance, bungee jumping is considered adventurous and common in western culture, but you will probably find no-one doing such a thing in China. 3. Western culture is based on science, which attempts to resolve people and nature's relationship. 4. West uses law to resolve people and people's relationship. You can never find 'law' well-established in China. For 2000 years, China is a land that's based on human relationship rather than law. 5. West uses 'god' and religion to resolve human and spiritualism relationship. In case of problems with your own self, you just pray to god. 6. A culture that expands and develop outwards. Chinese Culture: 1. A culture based on masses (collectivism). People placed country and family above your own self. 2. A culture that is based on humanism and people 3. To resolve the relationship betwen man and nature, the chinese attempts to fuse the human and 'heaven' as one. (天人和一) 4. To resolve people and people's relationship, chinese uses ethics and tolerance (中恕之道) 5. To resolve human and spiritualism, chinese emphasizes internal cultivation (修身养性) 6. A focus on balance and mean. By 'mean', it means 'middle way'. You don't go into extremism. Peace is always honoured.
隐喻的中西方文化差异Abstract: Metaphor is not only a linguistic phenomenon but also a way of thinking, which is one of the basic methods for human survival and cognition. It is rooted in language, thought and culture. Through the analysis and comparison of the use and concept of metaphor in different countries, we find that its universality and commonality of the metaphor as a basic human cognitive activities. However, metaphor in different languages reflects a different way of thinking and behavior and different cultural patterns. Owing to the different two modes of thinking and culture, there are some differences in understanding and formation that can not be ignored. Therefore, this paper will discuss the questions : metaphor, cross-cultural differences, translation. 1. Preamble Metaphor is a common phenomenon, a large number of people use metaphor to express his feelings and ideas. British scientists rhetoric Richards (IARichards) once said, "We have day-to-day in almost every conversation in three sentences may be a metaphor." According to statistics, life around the use of 4,700,000 new metaphor, 2,140,000 stereotypes of metaphor. Research in recent years, there is a great metaphor. This article introduced in the definition of metaphor on the basis of summing up the similarities and differences between Chinese and Western metaphor, and that its culture, precisely because of the prevalence of metaphor, how to translate metaphor has become a very important issue in the latter part of the article is aimed at The translation of metaphor put forward a translation of the three strategies. This paper studies aimed at trying to comparative analysis of English and Chinese in a large number of day-to-day language of metaphor to express, find out the differences and similarities, in order to be able to accurately translate the article in good metaphor to explore a little. This article is about the metaphor from the point of view to explore the differences in the way Thinking allows us to a deeper understanding of language, culture, the relationship between thinking and can more clearly understand the different ethnic language, culture, way of thinking, and so on On the nature of translation. 2. Metaphors in Chinese and Western studies In 1980, Lakoff & Johnson (George Lakoff & Mark Johnson) made a "living metaphor" (Metaphors We Live By) of the book, a modern metaphor to open a new chapter in the school. Domestic academia on the "metaphor" This is also a review of the system, such as Lin Wu's book "Study abroad metaphor Looking at the" beam-setting "metaphor research," Li of China and India "The main subjects Metaphor" and so on. However, the Chinese metaphor for the academic study of rare. "Chinese scholars on the study of metaphor, I am afraid the real contribution should be through the metaphor of the Chinese characteristics of research and study, through the metaphor of the Chinese and other languages in the comparative study of metaphor, metaphor for the establishment of a more general theory of the strong, and even unique The basis. "Lin Wu in the book" metaphor of the basic research the status quo, and the focus of the trend "in the main text, put forward a model of cultural metaphors with the relationship:" The language of metaphor is the emergence of expression into the system, which not only reflects the psychological Structure, but also reflect the different cultural models also play a role. " metaphor in the relationship between Chinese and Western cultures relationship Correspond to (corresponding) refers to the relationship between the two languages, English and Chinese in the meaning and metaphor in the use of the same meaning in the culture and image, and so on and-one mapping. This is because the survival of mankind itself, as well as all the external conditions, including the geographical environment, climate change, and the whole of human society and cultural background are certain there is a common, which formed a common humanity of their own and the outside world on many issues. In the "angry" mood, the English are angry that physiological responses, such as: grind one's teeth. (Teeth), bare one's teeth. (Ziyaliezui) an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth. (an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth), reflecting the Chinese culture on the basis of common experience. non-correspondence English-Chinese metaphor, after all, rooted in two different languages on the soil, resulting in very different cultural backgrounds, fully corresponds to the few metaphors, the vast majority do not have common cultural identity in order to form the corresponding non-(non-corresponding ) Relations. Non-relationship metaphor can be roughly divided into three categories: Vehicle counterpart, Yu Yi does not correspond to English and Chinese in some cases there is the same as a metaphor, but in their own language and culture in the meaning of the metaphor means is different, even different. Peacock in the Chinese culture is auspicious, a symbol of beauty, especially the Dai people to express jumped Pavaner desire to better their own. If the Chinese people will be likened to a peacock, it means that beautiful light. However, in English, peacock (Peacock) is a symbol of pride, often interpreted as arrogance, love to show off. For example, They were eager to take the young peacock down a peg. (They want to pressure a pressure that the arrogant young guy's momentum). counterpart Yu Yi, the vehicle does not correspond to English-Chinese two nations due to their differences, from different angles to look at things the same, it will be a different analogy. As a result both English and Chinese language there is a different vehicle, but Yu was referring to was basically the same as the meaning of the case, that is the same kind of non-correspondence. Such as: a person described as the hearts of anxious, restless, Chinese is "ants on the hot pan" and English is "a cat on the bricks". There are similar: To kick down the ladder. Guohechaiqiao. Yu Yu Yi and do not correspond to Some of the metaphors Yu-Yu has a meaning and it refers to the language and culture are closely related, in another culture often can not find corresponding Yu and Yu Yi, which resulted in a culture known as the default Phenomenon. For example: in English "my rib" I am referring to Yu's wife, it comes from the "Bible" story, that is, Adam (Adam)'s wife Eve (Eve) God is with a piece of Adam's rib made. The Chinese did not, "the Bible" cultural background, and there was no analogy with rib habit, so the formation of a corresponding gap. Similarly, "ugly duckling" (Ugly Duckling) refers to the metaphor will get ahead of Little, "early bird" refers to the diligent Yu, in the words into Chinese language, culture, as a result of the default, can not find a corresponding relationship between metaphor . Chinese and Western cultures in the common metaphor Metaphor and culture to a large extent, human beings have a common understanding, rooted in the people's own day-to-day experience. In this connection, often between different ethnic groups are the same. Both English and Chinese language in a lot of abstract thinking that the metaphorical expression is the same. For example: the human child in the period to form a position on the concept of input in that direction in the form of many of them easily understood, including the position expressed by metaphor, which has become a fixed pattern of thinking. For example: The term direction (up, down) to describe people's social status, physical, emotional, and other abstract concepts to the case when the good is up; Sad is down. We Chinese are also not difficult to find a similar sentence: "Gas Prices "," enhance the social status "and" vision "and" depressed. " Since the objective laws of nature with the relative unity of different cultures to understand the nature of the course is similar to the cognitive experience. in the metaphor of the difference between Chinese and Western cultures As the English-Chinese geographical and cultural differences, living in two different cultures in practice there are a lot of differences, and different life experiences and let people understand the objective world, a different language carries different nationalities Cultural characteristics and cultural information. Understanding of metaphor is not out of socio-cultural backgrounds. For example, social and cultural impact of the color words is deep-rooted, some color words in different cultures in an entirely different meaning, has a distinctive feature of our national culture. Such as: English, said in green "inexperienced" and "shallow knowledge", such as: "a green hand", "I was very green when I started working there." The Chinese like to express the meaning of the word is "yellow" Such as: "Huangmaoyatou" and "flower girl". Cultural background knowledge is the metaphor to create a rich source of thinking, as the Eastern and Western cultures are different, metaphors in English and Chinese applications there are also significant differences. The metaphor of the cross-cultural differences between Chinese and Western influence Language is a cultural change in the development of the complex, subject to political, economic, historical, environmental and other factors. Chinese and Western styles are different, but in many ways to infiltrate interaction and integration, language differences and cultural metaphor for the inevitable impact is complex and diverse. metaphorical expression of cultural conflict Different nationalities in the world to observe a different perspective and ideas, different cultures there are a lot of conflict or inconsistency metaphor. If the animal metaphors, in English Long (dragon) is a kind of evil, will belch out smoke monster. "Bible", the dragon is the devil, is a symbol of evil and terror, there is a terrible vicious meaning. The Chinese dragon is in power, the auspicious symbol of Chinese traditional culture, the Chinese have "Wangzichenglong", "descendants of the Dragon." The same analogy in different cultures, different meaning, of two cultures "Dragon" to give a different connotation. differences in living conditions caused by differences in metaphor In English is a lot of metaphor and marine-related, such as: all at sea (at a loss what to do); drink like a fish (drinking cow); fish in the air (Shuizhonglaoyue); give up the ship (give up). In Chinese, there are a lot of the horse or cattle pose a metaphor, such as: "a willing ox" (a willing horse) Gan means to serve the community; "old ox" (a working horse) refers to the hard work; "bragging "(Talk horse), and so on. This is due to different geographical location and natural environment caused by different cultural metaphor. Britain is an island, ultimately, dependent on the sea, and China is a large agricultural country, farming culture deeply feudal society. different religious and cultural differences arising from the metaphor Religious culture of human culture is an important part of it by referring to the nation's religious beliefs, such as the formation of the sense of culture, "the Bible" in the story, with its language and meaning has become a feature of daily life in the West in terms of . For example, power of the keys (the keys to the kingdom of heaven; the rights of the Pope), in the right church, but in the wrong pew (in general is right, but not the details), and so on. Chinese culture and Buddhism, Taoism and more affected by the impact of Confucianism, the Chinese, there are a lot of related argot. "Jiehuaxianfo"; "临时抱佛脚"; "做一天和尚撞一天钟" and so on. It is due to the diversity of culture, resulting in the differences between English and Chinese metaphor. This difference to the cross-cultural communication has brought the impact. As a foreign language students, do not understand the difference between metaphor and language will make mistakes, sometimes mistakenly made good as pleasant, caused by either one or both of the conversation unpleasant; also sometimes mocked as a praise. When a native language other operators do not understand the language contained in the cultural differences, it is often difficult for such language to accurately convey the meaning of the understanding, difficulty to the cross-cultural exchange. 3. Metaphor of the three methods of translation The translation of metaphor not only accurately and effectively convey the original language, but also loyal, accessible, complete reproduction of the original language and cultural connotation and significance. But in the West because of cultural differences and different, so the translation of metaphor in English on the need to consider not only its literal sense, and so on, but also in the West should pay attention to their cultural differences. American Eugene Nida said: "Translation is the exchange between the two cultures. The real success of the translation, even more familiar with the two cultures is more important to master two languages. Because only in terms of its role in the culture In the background will only be meaningful. "Therefore, the translation of metaphor to combining Chinese and Western cultures, and cultural backgrounds to leave the translation, can not be achieved between the two languages of the real exchange. Literal Translation The so-called "literal" is asked in the language when conditions permit, in the translation to maintain the original content, but also to maintain the original form, in particular, to maintain the original metaphor, the image of the nation, and other local color. In the literal translation method to maintain the original expression of the culture and at the same time, target enriched the vocabulary and expression, such as: "a Pandora's box" (Pandora's Box); "chain reaction" (chain reaction). In the original text and asked the information contained in the same culture, we should adopt the literal translation method. (1) You are my sunshine, my only sunshine. : You are my sun, my only sunshine. In Chinese and English, the sun is warm, beautiful, in both languages, they disseminate information on culture are the same. As a rule, and asked in the original text in the form of grammatical structure, similar to the style or color on basically the same, the law should adopt the literal translation. (1) He is another Shylock. : He is also a Shylock. (Note: Shakespeare's Shylock is "The Merchant of Venice" in a very harsh mean business People. ) (2) To carry coals to Newcastle. : Coal to Newcastle. (Note: "Newcastle" is a British coal, coal is superfluous here.) 4. Conclusion Metaphor as a way to figures of speech or skills, a unique feature of grammar, which features make the sentence more flexible and constructive, but the United States. Is a metaphor to express more complex ideas and things, a powerful tool. Wherever and whenever people in their daily lives are often used metaphor. As Mr. Lin Zhuang said: "The metaphor is no longer expanding his knowledge and understanding of a passive process. To help us in the form of new knowledge, the metaphor has played an active role so that we can better a better understanding of the objective world." In English and Chinese Metaphorical significance of the difference is due to cultural differences between East and West, that mode of thinking, moral values and sense of difference. However, different cultural impact of what is the concept of metaphor, it is still a need to examine and address the problem. At the same time, in the metaphor of the process of translation must pay special attention to cultural differences. The best translation is to be able to accurately reflect the true meaning of the author, as well as its cultural and stylistic characteristics of the translation, that is, the translation of metaphor to make as much as possible the original language and to achieve the target language culture, and so on.
Western novels in comparison First, Western novels in the history of the development of Western novels are based on myths and legends of its origin. In ancient times, science developed, out of fear of nature, the working people out of the imagination is the key to many of the world "God", describing the personification of God is a myth; who will describe the deified, that is legend. China opened the world's Pan story, the story of San Juan Five Emperors, the West Greek mythology, Roman mythology, Norse mythology, and so on are all typical works. East and West, the original novel, is closely linked with the history, as historical records complement the event. China Pre-Qin prose in the fable, the Han dynasty in the history books, biographies, the Wei and Jin Zhi, Zhi-person novel; the West of ancient Babylon, "the United States and Ji Jia disabilities epic", in ancient Greece, "Homer's epic," "Aesop's Fables "And so on, fall into this category, fiction, novels such novels have been about the characteristics of fiction, it is still not the literary creation, directly from the private collection record, so this type of fiction plot is relatively simple, writing rough comparison. Ban Gu said, "On the Street Lane words, hearsay are made of" is a novel kind of accurate assessment of the image. China's Tang Dynasty, the novel is only from history and literature become a creativity. Tang Dynasty culture has developed, the author's ideas are more open, the legend came into being at this time, Li Zhaowei "Liu Yi Chuan", Po Chu's "Everlasting Regret," Wolf's "Everlasting Regret Chuan" And so on, are made in accordance with the creation of the legend. For the fictional story of the Tang Dynasty more emphasis on imagination and literary talent, not just the history of the nature of things, but as the history of Zhi Zhi who is also the novel did not stop. The Legend of the Song Dynasty to the novel on a gradual decline, which followed the rise of this so that after processing will become a scholar so many novel and Romance novels such as "Romance of the Three Kingdoms", "Outlaws of the Marsh", "Journey to the West." The author of such novels is the use of private creative and re-created to describe the circumstances of the touching scenes of brilliant and vivid active in shaping the character known, there are obvious story-telling style of language. Here by the redevelopment, it will become an independent literary creation rather than things to come together with the civil process, the representative of this type is the "Golden Lotus", it was an open and ordinary life on the road, the reality is that literature has come a long way The development of the latter's "A Dream of Red Mansions" in ancient China Geng Shiba realism to the novels of the summit. "54" after the novelist began to learn from China's western fiction writing practices, and gradually out a new path. Western novels, is the "Renaissance" after the rapid development of mature. The development of the Middle Ages novel near-stagnation in the West, 14, the end of the century "Renaissance" to overthrow the literature of the Church of control, 15, appeared in the western end of the century to promote freedom of thought and the liberation of personality in order to describe the reality of life and portray characters from all walks of life for the content of the Humanist novels, is to tie in with this type of novel anti-feudal Europe at the time of arising at the same time it also set the novel in the West to human describing the tone of the main things. Jiaqiu Italy's "Decameron", Spain's Cervantes "Don Quixote" is the kind of representative works of fiction. The resulting novel is a classical, elegant favor of its national language to standardize the writing of this novel in 17th century France's most well-developed. As a note on behalf of Corneille's "Cid" neoclassical story of the rise of Western novels have been a language substantially improved. The beginning of the 18th century to promote popular science knowledge, enlightenment of the public consciousness for the purpose of the Enlightenment novels, of which there are relatively well-known German Goethe's "Faust", the United Kingdom Defoe's "Robinson Crusoe" and the Swift "Gulliver's Travels" and so on, this type of novel to the emergence of the bourgeois revolution at the time to mold public opinion. In the 19th century, romantic fiction, realistic novels and critical realism novel turn to occupy the leading position in the field of fiction. Romantic novels, such as France Victor Hugo's "Notre Dame de Paris", Goethe's "juvenile Witt of trouble" and so on, imaginative, unusual ideas, language and imaginative, strong feelings. Efforts to reflect the reality of the novel is the essence of life, and depict typical life of a typical phenomenon in the United Kingdom Dickens, France and Germany are of such novels as a representative of the writer. Critical realism novels exposed the efforts of the decadent feudal system and capitalist society, the dark, in-depth criticism of the reality of evil, France Balzac and Maupassant, the United Kingdom of Charlotte, Bronte,. Russia's Tolstoy, Dostoevsky, the United States of a large number of writers such as Mark Twain's works belong to this category. Value today, the three novels in the West is still the most important of the three types of literary fiction. East-West novel on the history of the development of more or less the case. Second, the characteristics of the novel in the West In addition to the basic characteristics of the novel, the story of the West also have their own characteristics are as follows: 1, the traditional Chinese novel attention to the characters, language and the details of the description, in contradiction to the conflict to display the images, but the character of a single, small changes in the absence of the main flu. Western novels are more people pay attention to the psychological description, stressed that mining figure in the subconscious mind, good at writing full, the changes in the strong sense of the main characters. Again, "coach Lin Feng Snow Mountain Temple" in the figure is only through dialogue and action leads to contradictions and conflicts, but Anna Karenina Wogui before a series of conflicts only with his description of the psychological will be able to express their clear; for poetry in Lin In the performance of her literary talent, and Paul with his inner monologue of the ideal; Zhang Zhong-Yong has only the character, but Jane Eyre's character is the brave, strong, warm, kind-hearted, and so many of the character and rubbing and Cheng's. In short, people in the area described in the West has its own unique features. 2, China compared with Western fiction novel plot twists and turns more and more complete story. Plot twists and turns, the story is complete fiction China's unique traditional arts. The Wei and Jin Zhi Zhi people on the novel twists and turns with vivid characteristics. Tang legend in the layout of many of the famous, magnificent anomaly, rigorous and clever, dramatic plot development. The contents of the Ming and Qing Dynasties novels scattered irregular, undulating waves, Cuoluoyouzhi, careful structure, an integral whole. "A Dream of Red Mansions", everywhere She Fu, Hui turning point, the story of Jia's best writing. Western plot in respect of the outstanding works, although there are many, but it can not be compared with the Chinese novel. 3, concise and lively Chinese language novel, rich in content and rich Western novels. Chinese folk artists absorbed the novel language, at the same time inherited the fine traditions of ancient prose, often a few words will be able to outline the incident or the people. Western novels in the author includes a broad range of knowledge, involve the community in many ways, so rich in content and rich people can gain knowledge in many areas. Engels said he was in Balzac's novel about 19th century France's domestic situation than he received any reports are more. Western novels have different characteristics, and also in the West different aesthetic concepts to a certain extent related. 4, Western novels have been the rule of the feudal culture of oppression destroyed. Chinese feudal culture makes the development of the novel is extremely difficult, Ming and Qing Dynasties more people to write stories for shame, so many great writers living, creating the conditions are not covered, many of the great works of authors who do not know. Western novels in the feudal culture makes almost the whole of the Middle Ages in the development of extremely slow, and many talented writers were forced to church services, wrote some of the religious nature of the article dry hole. Third, Western novels in the future prospects for the development of End of the Qing Dynasty, China and the West have begun to understand the other side of the system, the advantages of the novel in the West have been constantly learn from each other. Of course, due to historical reasons, the Chinese side of the draw a little more. To this day, the novelist in the West efforts are still two researchers in the novel's artistic charm, although the different languages of each other's appreciation of the arts to a certain extent, but the United States are interlinked. We have every reason to believe that in the near future, the novel art in the West will ultimately learn from each other and integrate, develop and reach new artistic heights. References: "Foreign Literature" Shanghai Translation Publishing House Zhou Xu Liang "Contemporary Literature election," Zhang Zhong, such as Beijing University Publishing House "Chinese literature history of the development of" Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House Liu Jie "Literary History of Europe" People's Literature Publishing House Yangzhou Han Wu Da-yuan Zhao Rui radish "Three high school language textbook used by the five dates of the" People's Education Press仅供参考，请自借鉴。希望对您有帮助。
1、 (英语系毕业论文)中西戏剧发展快慢对比及其原因 摘 要 中西戏剧都有悠久的历史，无论是西方戏剧还是中国戏剧，都起源于民间，并与原始人祭祀神灵，欢庆节日的仪式密切联系在一起的。回顾希腊戏剧产生形成的历史，它发展快，成就高，在世界上的影响很... 类别：毕业论文 大小：95 KB 日期：2007-07-14 2、 (英语系毕业论文)从中美管理方式的不同透析中西方文化差异与整合 摘 要随着全球化的来临，中国与外界的交流越来越频繁，特别是在商界。本论文主要探讨中美在管理上的交流。如今的商界，如同一个大家庭，参与者遍布世界各地。正是由于这个原因，各国的管理模式也趋于一体化。但是... 类别：毕业论文 大小：85 KB 日期：2007-06-26 3、 (英语系毕业论文)在经济全球化下中西方文化差异与跨文化管理 摘 要伴随着世界经济的快速增长,跨国公司的飞速发展, 全球商业活动的猛烈激增，同时伴随着在文化多样化环境下的相关管理问题的出现，跨国公司的人员必须与来自不同文化背景的人打交道，这种文化差异时而会造成... 类别：毕业论文 大小：96 KB 日期：2007-06-26 4、 (英语系毕业论文)中西服饰文化差异对语言的影响 摘 要中西服饰受其各自不同哲学和文化的影响体现出不同的特征：儒家思想和大陆文明使中国服饰呈现出繁冗，宽博的特征。它不注重外表的装饰，以宽松的衣服遮掩身体的曲线，在思想上追求人格的完美，以“谦谦君... 类别：毕业论文 大小：90 KB 日期：2007-06-25 5、 (英语系毕业论文)快餐食品对中西方传统饮食文化的影响力 摘 要自古以来，中国就是一个以礼待人的礼仪之邦。而在不同的国家、不同的地区，礼仪的形式也有所不同。本文主要从礼仪的角度谈论了礼仪与中西方文化之间的联系及相互影响，目的是为了消除不同国家之间的不同... 类别：毕业论文 大小：88 KB 日期：2007-06-25 6、 (英语系毕业论文)从礼仪角度谈中西文化的差异性 摘 要自古以来，中国就是一个以礼待人的礼仪之邦。而在不同的国家、不同的地区，礼仪的形式也有所不同。本文主要从礼仪的角度谈论了礼仪与中西方文化之间的联系及相互影响，目的是为了消除不同国家之间的不同... 类别：毕业论文 大小：85 KB 日期：2007-06-23 7、 (英语系毕业论文)中西饮食文化及其差异 摘 要中国悠久历史5000年，西方世界五六百年的社会历程。中国有灿烂丰富、博大精深的饮食文化；西方国家则有精巧专维、自成体系的饮食文明。民以食为天，中国有自己独特丰富的饮食文化底蕴。然而今天除了中国... 类别：毕业论文 大小：100 KB 日期：2007-06-21 8、 (英语系毕业论文)中西酒店文化比较及探讨 摘 要在经济蓬勃发展的今天，旅游业风风火火地发展起来了，作为与旅游业相配套的酒店业也相应的完善起来，且更加趋于国际化。中国已经入世，这更给中国的酒店业带来一个新的发展契机，但世界上酒店发展规模空前，...
英美文化研究论文题目
英语专业论文专题研究有以下：
一、语言学（语言学一般理论的研究）。
二、英美文学（英美文学的文化研究、作品分析等）。
三、翻译学（翻译理论与实践探讨、译本研究以及名家名著翻译作品对比研究等）。
四、英美文化（英美加澳新等西方国家文化以及与汉文化的比较研究）。
五、教学法（英语教学法、测试学等方面的研究）。
英语专业论文参考选题
1. A Brief Analysis of the Heroine Personality in Jane Eyre 《简爱》的主人翁个性分析。
2. A Brief Comment on O’Henry Short Stories 亨利的短篇小说述评。
3. A Comment on Hardy’s Fatalism 评哈代的宿命论。
4. A Comparison between the Themes of Pilgrimage to the Wes t and Pilgrim’s Progress 《西游记》与《天路历程》主题的比较。
5. A Probe into the Feminist Idea of Jane Eyre 《简爱》男女平等思想的探索。
我才写完毕业论文，简直是折磨！我把我们系的题目给你，参考看看吧。我写的是文化类的。其实文学和文化类要比翻译和教育类好写得多，网上可以找到的参考资料也多。英美人文和历史研究：1，从跨文化的角度谈汉英思维及表达方式的差异2，论美国垮掉的一代3，美国牛仔的成功之路4，文艺复兴在英国文学史中的作用5，跨文化交际中英汉礼貌与面子6，中西方饮食文化的对比研究7，西方节日的变迁及文化内涵8，电影《喜福会》所表现的中西方文化差异（我就是这个题目）9，中美教育制度及教育理念的对比研究10，英汉称谓的差异及其文化内涵11，希腊神话对英美文化的影响12，英汉商标对英美文化的影响13，英语习语与西方文化14，浅谈英美姓氏的起源及文化内涵15，中美高等教育大众化路径的比较16，《阿甘正传》承载的美国青年文化17，《阿甘正传》美国传统价值观的呼唤与回归18，浅谈美国文化中的实用主义19，论美国宗教与政治20，《圣经》的文学性及其对中西文学的影响评述选题注意事项：1，选你自己感兴趣的题目，毕业论文是个浩大的工程，要是不能写自己想写的，相信我，在这漫长的写作时间里，你会相当痛苦的。2，题目不能太大，也不能太小，否则不好驾驭。最好是那种“从小角度看大问题”的题目。例如，我写喜福会这部电影，电影体现了中美文化差异，分别有婚姻观，家庭教育观等。但是我以一部电影为出发点，这个角度就比较小。话说中西方文化的差异实在太多了，但是我只从喜福会这部电影出发，所以范围就缩小了。再者，没什么人写这个电影，所以也不容易和别人雷同，不是被写滥了的题目。3，这个题目是好找资料的，毕竟是本科论文，不是研究生或是博士的论文，写作水平有限，平时最多写写几百字的作文忽然要写几千字，想必是非常困难的。所以内容不可能完完全全出自“自己”，于是就要大量的从网上，参考书上，图书馆搬来。所以最好就是找参考资料比较多的题目，切忌是参考，不是照搬，可以PARAPHRASE里面的内容到自己的论文。差不多就这些了，我觉得这几点是最重要的，如果你有几个拿不定主意的题目，可以找论文指导老师问问看，当时我开笔写论文前，都找老师问了，老师比较有经验，他应该可以给你很多建议。
题目可以是The Literature of the Romantic Period 可以参考英美文学浪漫主义时期的美文，比如说Henry Allan Poe和Walt Whiteman写的经典美文
学术堂整理了十五个英语专业毕业论文选题供大家参考:1.试从家庭视角探析《最蓝的眼睛》中女主人公皮克拉的悲剧 英语2.浅析《雾都孤儿》中的善及其对恶的影响 英语3.悲观与迷茫心理------浅析海明威小说《永别了武器》 英语4.探析<<远大前程>>中郝维香的悲惨命运 英语5.浅析《双城记》中的人道主义思想 英语6.简爱与苔丝性格及命运的对比研究 英语7.试论《飘》中女性主义的悲剧色彩 英语8.浅析《献给艾米丽的玫瑰》中艾米丽的悲剧 英语9.《威尼斯商人》中安东尼奥的人物特点分析 英语10.从《哈克贝利o费恩历险记》看马克o吐温的写作特色 英语11.麦琪悲剧的成因--《弗洛斯河上的磨坊》 英语12.《蝇王》的主题分析 英语13.迷失的灵魂--论奥尼尔晚期剧作《长日人夜行》 英语14.青少年的烦恼--对《麦田里的守望者》中霍尔顿的心理分析 英语15.勃朗特姐妹的爱情观解析 英语
有机化学英语研究论文
题目：合成和溶液性质高分子两性离子铵betains 摘要：季铵盐， N ， N -二烯丙基氮carboethoxymethyl氮methylammonium氯化物（ 8 ） ，已合成了良好的收益。单体8对聚合反应在水溶液中以过硫酸铵为引发给予聚电解质10 。该聚电解质10对酸性水解了两性聚电解质11日在良好的收益。该解决方案这些性能的聚合物了详细的讨论。该两性聚电解质11显示， “ antipolyelectrolyte ”的行为。 ; 共聚物12季铵盐， N ， N -二烯丙基氮carboethoxymethyl氮methylammonium chlolide （ 8 ）和二氧化硫已合成了良好的收益。该聚电解质12对酸性水解了两性聚电解质13容易在良好的收益。该解决方案性能的这些聚合物中详细讨论。该两性聚电解质13日被裁定为不溶于水，但容易溶解在在场的低分子量的共同盐。该两性聚电解质显示“ antipolyelectrolyte ”的行为;粘度的两性聚电解质增加，增加离子强度，其水溶液的解决办法。
有机化学的发展简史“有机化学”这一名词于1806年首次由贝采里乌斯提出。当时是作为“无机化学”的对立物而命名的。由于科学条件限制，有机化学研究的对象只能是从天然动植物有机体中提取的有机物。因而许多化学家都认为，在生物体内由于存在所谓“生命力”，才能产生有机化合物，而在实验室里是不能由无机化合物合成的。1824年，德国化学家维勒从氰经水解制得草酸；1828年他无意中用加热的方法又使氰酸铵转化为尿素。氰和氰酸铵都是无机化合物，而草酸和尿素都是有机化合物。维勒的实验结果给予“生命力”学说第一次冲击。此后，乙酸等有机化合物相继由碳、氢等元素合成，“生命力”学说才逐渐被人们抛弃。由于合成方法的改进和发展，越来越多的有机化合物不断地在实验室中合成出来，其中，绝大部分是在与生物体内迥然不同的条件下合成出来的。“生命力”学说渐渐被抛弃了，“有机化学”这一名词却沿用至今。从19世纪初到1858年提出价键概念之前是有机化学的萌芽时期。在这个时期，已经分离出许多有机化合物，制备了一些衍生物，并对它们作了定性描述，认识了一些有机化合物的性质。法国化学家拉瓦锡发现，有机化合物燃烧后，产生二氧化碳和水。他的研究工作为有机化合物元素定量分析奠定了基础。1830年，德国化学家李比希发展了碳、氢分析法，1833年法国化学家杜马建立了氮的分析法。这些有机定量分析法的建立使化学家能够求得一个化合物的实验式。当时在解决有机化合物分子中各原子是如何排列和结合的问题上，遇到了很大的困难。最初，有机化学用二元说来解决有机化合物的结构问题。二元说认为一个化合物的分子可分为带正电荷的部分和带负电荷的部分，二者靠静电力结合在一起。早期的化学家根据某些化学反应认为，有机化合物分子由在反应中保持不变的基团和在反应中起变化的基团按异性电荷的静电力结合。但这个学说本身有很大的矛盾。类型说由法国化学家热拉尔和洛朗建立。此说否认有机化合物是由带正电荷和带负电荷的基团组成，而认为有机化合物是由一些可以发生取代的母体化合物衍生的，因而可以按这些母体化合物来分类。类型说把众多有机化合物按不同类型分类，根据它们的类型不仅可以解释化合物的一些性质，而且能够预言一些新化合物。但类型说未能回答有机化合物的结构问题。这个问题成为困扰人们多年的谜团。从1858年价键学说的建立，到1916年价键的电子理论的引入，才解开了这个不解的谜团，这一时期是经典有机化学时期。1858年，德国化学家凯库勒和英国化学家库珀等提出价键的概念，并第一次用短划“—”表示“键”。他们认为有机化合物分子是由其组成的原子通过键结合而成的。由于在所有已知的化合物中，一个氢原子只能与一个别的元素的原子结合，氢就选作价的单位。一种元素的价数就是能够与这种元素的一个原子结合的氢原子的个数。凯库勒还提出，在一个分子中碳原子之间可以互相结合这一重要的概念。1848年巴斯德分离到两种酒石酸结晶，一种半面晶向左，一种半面晶向右。前者能使平面偏振光向左旋转，后者则使之向右旋转，角度相同。在对乳酸的研究中也遇到类似现象。为此，1874年法国化学家勒贝尔和荷兰化学家范托夫分别提出一个新的概念：同分异构体，圆满地解释了这种异构现象。他们认为：分子是个三维实体，碳的四个价键在空间是对称的，分别指向一个正四面体的四个顶点，碳原子则位于正四面体的中心。当碳原子与四个不同的原子或基团连接时，就产生一对异构体，它们互为实物和镜像，或左手和右手的手性关系，这一对化合物互为旋光异构体。勒贝尔和范托夫的学说，是有机化学中立体化学的基础。1900年第一个自由基，三苯甲基自由基被发现，这是个长寿命的自由基。不稳定自由基的存在也于1929年得到了证实。在这个时期，有机化合物在结构测定以及反应和分类方面都取得很大进展。但价键只是化学家从实践经验得出的一种概念，价键的本质尚未解决。现代有机化学时期 在物理学家发现电子，并阐明原子结构的基础上，美国物理化学家路易斯等人于1916年提出价键的电子理论。他们认为：各原子外层电子的相互作用是使各原子结合在一起的原因。相互作用的外层电子如从—个原了转移到另一个原子，则形成离子键；两个原子如果共用外层电子，则形成共价键。通过电子的转移或共用，使相互作用的原子的外层电子都获得惰性气体的电子构型。这样，价键的图象表示法中用来表示价键的短划“—”，实际上是两个原子共用的一对电子。1927年以后，海特勒和伦敦等用量子力学，处理分子结构问题，建立了价键理论，为化学键提出了一个数学模型。后来马利肯用分子轨道理论处理分子结构，其结果与价键的电子理论所得的大体一致，由于计算简便，解决了许多当时不能回答的问题。
摘要在这方面的工作，影响了microporosity和化学surfaceof聚合物吸附剂上的吸附性能苯酚wereinvestigated 。纹理参数的四种高分子树脂，即抗体- 8 ， d4006 ， nka - II和d16树脂，分别measuredby ASAP的2010年。表面化学这些高分子树脂方式确定的逆气相色谱（ IGC ）的和diffusereflectance傅里叶变换红外光谱（漂移） 。静态平衡吸附实验进行了获取theisotherms苯酚对高分子树脂。结果表明， nka - II和AB - 8树脂具有相对较高的投注额比表面积andmicropore卷，而d4006和d16树脂具有比较低的投注额比表面积和微孔卷。结果igcexperiments显示， nka - Ⅱ树脂已非同寻常高的具体组成部分，提供免费能源的吸附都极丙酮andbenzene探针，从而不平凡的强有力的表面极性相比，其他高分子树脂。也有人发现，等温线ofphenol对nka二是远高于对其他高分子树脂由于其强烈的表面极性和最大的微孔volumeamong四种树脂。这些实验观察表明，吸附苯酚对高分子树脂很大程度上依赖ontheir microporosity和表面化学。以及发达的microporosity和强烈的表面极性，改善adsorptionof苯酚对高分子树脂。 2004年Elsevier公司乙诉，保留所有权利。 关键词：高分子树脂;苯酚;孔隙度;表面化学;反相气相色谱法 阿拉伯文到英语朝鲜语到英语德语到法语德语到英语俄语到英语法语到德语法语到英语荷兰语到英语葡萄牙语到英语日语到英语西班牙语到英语希腊语到英语意大利语到英语印度文到英语英语到阿拉伯文英语到朝鲜语英语到德语英语到俄语英语到法语英语到荷兰语英语到葡萄牙语英语到日语英语到西班牙语英语到希腊语英语到意大利语英语到印度文英语到中文(繁体)英语到中文(简体)中文到英语中文(繁体到简体)中文(简体到繁体) 更好的翻译建议 感谢您为 Google 翻译提供翻译建议。我们会利用您的建议在将来更新我们的系统时提高翻译质量。 摘要
在这方面的工作，影响了microporosity和化学surfaceof聚合物吸附剂上的吸附性能苯酚wereinvestigated 。纹理参数的四种高分子树脂，即抗体- 8 ， d4006 ， nka - II和d16树脂，分别measuredby ASAP的2010年。表面化学这些高分子树脂方式确定的逆气相色谱（ IGC ）的和diffusereflectance傅里叶变换红外光谱（漂移） 。静态平衡吸附实验进行了获取theisotherms苯酚对高分子树脂。结果表明， nka - II和AB - 8树脂具有相对较高的投注额比表面积andmicropore卷，而d4006和d16树脂具有比较低的投注额比表面积和微孔卷。结果igcexperiments显示， nka - Ⅱ树脂已非同寻常高的具体组成部分，提供免费能源的吸附都极丙酮andbenzene探针，从而不平凡的强有力的表面极性相比，其他高分子树脂。也有人发现，等温线ofphenol对nka二是远高于对其他高分子树脂由于其强烈的表面极性和最大的微孔volumeamong四种树脂。这些实验观察表明，吸附苯酚对高分子树脂很大程度上依赖ontheir microporosity和表面化学。以及发达的microporosity和强烈的表面极性，改善adsorptionof苯酚对高分子树脂。 2004年Elsevier公司乙诉，保留所有权利。
关键词：高分子树脂;苯酚;孔隙度;表面化学;反相气相色谱法