音乐论文外文文献及翻译
童鞋你好！这个估计需要自己搜索了！网上基本很难找到免费给你服务的！我在这里给你点搜索国际上常用的外文数据库：---------------------------------------------------------- ⑴ISI web of knowledge Engineering Village2 ⑵Elsevier SDOL数据库 IEEE/IEE(IEL) ⑶EBSCOhost RSC英国皇家化学学会 ⑷ACM美国计算机学会 ASCE美国土木工程师学会 ⑸Springer电子期刊 WorldSciNet电子期刊全文库 ⑹Nature周刊 NetLibrary电子图书 ⑺ProQuest学位论文全文数据库 ⑻国道外文专题数据库 CALIS西文期刊目次数据库 ⑼推荐使用ISI web of knowledge Engineering Village2-----------------------------------------------------------中文翻译得自己做了，实在不成就谷歌翻译。弄完之后，自己阅读几遍弄顺了就成啦！学校以及老师都不会看这个东西的！外文翻译不是论文的主要内容！所以，很容易过去的！祝你好运！
去百度搜索，需要什么语言直接在线翻译就OK啦
你现在在学校么？建议你到学校的图书馆去查（一般每个学校都会买网站使用权，这些特定的网站才有学术型的论文或者期刊的，一般我们自己网进不去这些网站），上中国知网，你将你论文题目输入，选择相似查找，和你论文题目一样或者相似的论文就会罗列出来了，然后你根据自己需要选择就可以。
外文文献翻译成中文文献会根据文献的性质和学科属性用《中图法》来分类。A 马克思主义、列宁主义、毛泽东思想、邓小平理论 N 自然科学总论B 哲学、宗教 O 数理科学和化学C 社会科学总论 P 天文学、地球科学D 政治、法律 Q 生物科学E 军事 R 医药、卫生F 经济 S 农业科学G 文化、科学、教育、体育 T 工业技术H 语言、文字 U 交通运输I 文学 V 航空、航天J 艺术 X 环境科学、安全科学K 历史、地理 Z 综合性图书 二、简 表（到二级）A 马克思主义、列宁主义、毛泽东思想1 马克思、恩格斯著作2 列宁著作3 斯大林著作4 毛泽东著作5 马克思、恩格斯、列宁、斯大林、毛泽东著作汇编7 马克思、恩格斯、列宁、斯大林、毛泽东的生平和传纪8 马克思主义、列宁主义、毛泽东思想学习和研究B 哲学0 哲学理论1 世界哲学2 中国哲学3 亚洲哲学4 非洲哲学5 欧洲哲学6 大洋洲哲学7 美洲哲学80 思维科学81 逻辑学82 伦理学83 美学84 心理学9 无神论、宗教C 会科学总论1 社会科学现状、概况2 机关、团体、会议3 社会科学研究方法4 社会科学教育、教学5 社会科学参考工具书8 统计学91 社会学92 人口学93 管理学[94]系统论（系统学、系统工程）96 人才学D 政治、法律0 政治理论1/3 共产主义运动、共产党4 工人、农民、妇女运动与组织45 青年、学生运动与组织5/7 世界各国政治8 外交、国际关系9 法律E 军事O 军事理论1 世界各国军事2 军事史3 军事技术4 合成军5 陆军6 海军7 空军81 战略导弹部队82 公安部队、武装警察83 民兵84 其它军队F 经济0 政治经济学1 世界各国经济概况、经济史、经济地理2 经济计划与管理3 农业经济4 工业经济5 交通运输经济6 邮电经济7 贸易经济G 文化、科学、教育、体育0 文化理论1 世界各国文化事业概况2 信息与知识传播3 科学、科学研究4 教育8 体育H 语言、文字0 语言学1 汉语2 中国少数民族语言3 常用外国语4 诸语系、语言9 国际辅助语I 文学0 文学理论1 文学作品综合集2 诗歌作品3 戏剧作品4 小说作品5 报告文学作品6 散文作品69 杂著作品7 民间文学作品8 儿童文学作品9 少数民族文学99 宗教文学作品J 艺术0 艺术理论1 世界各国艺术概况2 美术3 连环图画、低幼画册4 音乐、舞蹈5 戏剧、电影、电视艺术K 历史、地理0 史学理论1 世界史2 中国史3/7各国史81 传记85 文物考古89 风俗习惯9 地理N 自然科学总论0 自然科学理论与方法论1 自然科学现状、概况2 自然科学机关、团体、会议3 自然科学研究方法4 自然科学教育、教学5 自然科学丛书、文集、连续性出版物6 自然科学参考工具书7 自然科学文献检索工具书O 数理科学和化学1 数学3 力学4 物理学6 化学8 晶体学P 天文学、地球科学1 天文学2 测绘学3 地球物理学4 气象学5 地质学7 海洋学9 自然地理学Q 生物科学1 普通生物学2 细胞学3 遗传学4 生物学5 生物化学6 分子生物学7 分子生物学81 生物工程学89 环境生物学91 古生物学93 微生物学94 植物学95 动物学96 昆虫学98 人类学R 医药、卫生1 预防医学、卫生学2 中国医学3 基础医学4 临床医学5 内科学6 外科学71 妇产科学72 儿科学73 肿瘤学74 神经病学与精神病学75 皮肤病学与性病学76 耳鼻咽喉科学77 眼科学78 口腔科学78 外国民族医学8 特种医学9 药学S 农业科学1 农业基础科学2 农业工程3 农学（农艺学）4 植物保护5 农作物6 园艺7 林业8 畜牧、兽医、狩猎、蚕、蜂9 水产、渔业T 工业技术TB 一般工业技术TD 矿业工程TE 石油、天然气工业TF 冶金工业TG 金属学、金属工艺TH 机械、仪表工业TJ 武器工业TK 动力工程TL 原子能技术TM 电工技术TN 无线电电子学、电信技术TP 自动化技术、计算技术TQ 化学工业TS 轻工业、手工业TU 建筑科学TV 水利工程U 交通运输1 综合运输2 铁路运输4 公路运输6 水路运输8 航空运输V 航空、航天1 航空、航天技术的研究与探索2 航空4 航天（宇宙航行）7 航空、航天医学X 环境科学、劳动保护科学（安全科学）1 环境科学基础理论2 环境综合研究3 环境保护管理4 灾害及其防治5 环境污染及其防治7 三废处理与综合利用8 环境质量评价与环境监测9 劳动保护科学（安全科学）Z 综合性图书1 丛书2 百科全书、类书3 辞典4 论文集、全集、选集、杂著5 年鉴、年刊6 期月、连续性出版物8 图书目录、文摘、索引
茶叶论文外文文献及翻译
什么意思？！你有没有中文阿？！有中文才能翻译哦！
提供一些绿茶论文的参考文献，供参考。 [1] 韩立新,李冉. ICP-AES法测定茶叶、茶水中的矿物质和微量元素[J]光谱学与光谱分析, 2002,(02) . [2] 陈君实,许勋仁,梁秀芳,徐长生,马建国,刘明,杨如璞. 茶叶含氟量与不同水温浸出氟的实验研究[J]环境与健康杂志, 1986,(03) . [3] 赵保路,王建潮,忻文娟,陈雨停,陈维昌. 用ESR检测过氧亚硝基氧化二甲基亚砜产生的甲基自由基[J]科学通报, 1996,(10) . [4] 赵保路. 茶多酚的抗氧化作用[J]科学通报, 2002,(16) . [5] 梁春穗,李海. 茶叶中铝的来源及溶解性研究[J]现代预防医学, 1996,(04) . [6] 高舸陶,锐成. 茶叶中微量元素Cr、Cu、Fe、Mn、Ni、Zn的溶出率及化合态研究[J]卫生研究, 2000,(04) . [7] 黄志勇,经媛元,杨妙峰,孟庆祥,王小如. ICP-MS测定茶叶中微量元素含量及其溶出特性的研究[J]厦门大学学报(自然科学版), 2003,(05) . [8] 高舸,陶锐. 茶叶中铝的卫生学实验研究[J]中国公共卫生, 2001,(03) . [9] 蒋建伟,何文珊,严玉霞,岑颖洲. 茶多酚的离体抗氧化作用[J]中国病理生理杂志, 1999,(06) . [10] 邓泽元,陶秉莹,李晓玲,何金明,陈义风,褚芳. 茶叶抗氧化功能的研究[J]营养学报, 1998,(03) . [11] 宇莉,马毛弟,黄培林. 贵州茶矿质元素含量分析与茶叶质量的关系[J]微量元素与健康研究, 1998,(02) . [12] Zhou B, Jia Z S, Chen Z H, et al. Synergic antioxidant effect of green tea polyphenols with a-tocophenol on free radical initiation of linoleic acid in micelles .J Chem Soc Perkin Trans, 2000,2, 2 :785 . [13] Inanami O, Watanabe Y, Syuto B, et al. Oral administration of (-)catechin protects against ischemia-reperfusion-induced neuronul death in the gerbil .Free Rad Res, 1998,29, 29 :359-365 . [14] Zhao B L, Li X J, Xin W J. ESR study on oxygen consumption during the respiratory burst of human polymophonuclear leukocytes .Cell Biol Intern Report, 1989,13, 13 :317-325 .采纳哦
标点符号问题或正文结果与图片结果不符合等笔误问题，这一种我们只需要在自己的文章中核实后进行改正即可；北京译顶科技做的不错，可以联系他们一下若是还有不明白可以统一去知道了解下
毕业论文外文翻译：将外文参考文献翻译成中文版本。
翻译要求：
1、选定外文文献后先给指导老师看，得到老师的确认通过后方可翻译。
2、选择外文翻译时一定选择外国作者写的文章，可从学校中知网或者外文数据库下载。
3、外文翻译字数要求3000字以上，从外文文章起始处开始翻译，不允许从文章中间部分开始翻译，翻译必须结束于文章的一个大段落。
参考文献是在学术研究过程中，对某一著作或论文的整体的参考或借鉴。征引过的文献在注释中已注明,不再出现于文后参考文献中。外文参考文献就是指论文是引用的文献原文是国外的，并非中国的。
原文就是指原作品,原件，即作者所写作品所用的语言。如莎士比亚的《罗密欧与朱丽叶》原文是英语。
译文就是翻译过来的文字，如在中国也可以找到莎士比亚《罗密欧与朱丽叶》的中文版本，这个中文版本就称为译文。
主要标准
翻译是语际交流过程中沟通不同语言的桥梁。一般来说，翻译的标准主要有两条：忠实和通顺。
忠实
是指忠实于原文所要传递的信息，也就是说，把原文的信息完整并且准确地表达出来，使译文读者得到的信息与原文读者得到的信息大致相同。
通顺
是指译文规范、明白易懂，没有文理不通、结构混乱、逻辑不清的现象。
企业财务外文文献及翻译论文
财务论文的英文参考文献大全
财务是非常有前途的一个职业,也是一个很容易规划自己发展路径的职业。下面是我为大家整理的财务论文英文参考文献，欢迎阅读。
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[1] Ball, R. and Brown, , “An Empirical Evaluation of Accounting Income Numbers”,journal of Accounting Research,Autumn, pp. 159-178
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[8]Patell , 1976, “Corporate Forecasts of Earnings Per Share and Stock Price Behavior: Empirical Tests. Journal of Accounting Research, Autumn, 246-276
2004年7月 学 术 交 流 Jul., 2004总第124期 第7期 Academic Exchange Serial ·企业改革与发展研究·中小企业会计规范化问题探讨牟远健1,丁玲玲2,王 静1(1.黑龙江省畜产公司,黑龙江哈尔滨150001;2.黑龙江省林业科学院,黑龙江哈尔滨150001)[摘 要]中小企业会计核算存在会计核算主体界限不清,企业产权与个人财产界限不清;所有者自身素质及逃避纳税心理,制约会计核算规范化;会计机构设置不符合相关规定;会计核算违规操作等问题,对此,必须采取相关措施,使会计核算规范化。[关键词]中小企业;会计规范化;会计核算[中图分类号]F270 [文献标识码]A [文章编号]1000-8284(2004)07-0049-03中小企业在完善我国市场机制、推动国民经济的发展、增加劳动就业、保持社会稳定等方面发挥着重要的作用。但在发展中也存在着许多问题,特别是会计核算的不规范,是制约中小企业进一步发展的瓶颈。 一、中小企业会计核算存在的问题1.会计核算主体界限不清,企业产权与个人财产界限不清。中小企业的经营权与所有权的分离远不如大企业那么明显,尤其中小企业中的民营企业,投资者就是经营者,企业财产与个人家庭财产经常发生相互占用的情况,给会计核算工作带来困难。2.所有者自身的素质低及逃避纳税的心理,制约着中小企业会计核算的规范化。中小企业在经营过程中,为了自身利益,往往有通过逃避纳税的方式增加财富的想法,经营状况不好时,逃避纳税的愿望就更强烈。当外部监管力度不够时,这种现象会普遍存在。3.会计机构的设置不符合相关规定。很多中小企业,特别是民营企业,为了节约核算成本,不按规定设置会计机构。有的企业即使设置了会计机构,也层次不清、分工不明。4.会计人员的业务素质低下。由于中小企业一般经营品种繁杂、行业各异,经营规模差距较大,所聘用的财务人员素质参差不齐,从而导致了会计核算的不规范。在会计人员任用上,小企业最常见的做法是用自己的亲属当出纳,外聘“高手”作兼职会计,这些人员有在税务部门工作的,有国有企业财务管理人员,有会计师事务所的人员等,一般定期来做账。有些中小企业企业管理者也愿意聘请能力强的会计人员做专职会计,但是由于其发展前景及社会上得到人们认识程度较低,再加上较差的工作保障,使得其对优秀会计人员的吸引力不强。会计从业人员资格认定及规范考核的问题也很多,会[收稿日期]2004-04-18[作者简介]牟远健(1978-),女,黑龙江庆安人,黑龙江省畜产公司会计师,从事会计理论与实践研究;丁玲玲(1973-),女,黑龙江密山人,黑龙江省林业科学院会计师,从事会计理论与实践研究;王静(1972-),女,江苏丰县人,黑龙江省林业科学院会计师,从事会计理论与实践研究。·49·计无证上岗现象严重,会计主管不具备专业技术资格的现象不胜枚举,会计人员的后续教育培养工作几乎没有进行。5.建账不规范或不依法建账,会计核算常有违规操作。中小企业有些根本不设账,以票代账;或者设账,但账目混乱。还有相当一部分中小企业设两套账或多套账,使会计信息严重失真。在会计核算方面,待摊费用、预提费用不按规定摊提,人为操纵利润,采用倒轧账的方式记账等。有些会计人员知识结构老化与专业知识较低,使得许多理论上完善的会计方法与复杂的会计技术无法实施,或在实施时大打折扣。6.内部会计监督职能没有发挥出来。内部会计监督要求会计人员对本企业内部的经济活动进行会计监督,但是中小企业的管理者常干预会计工作,会计人员受制于管理者或受利益驱使,往往按管理者的意图行事,使会计的监督职能几乎无法发挥。7.原始凭证付出成本大,或者难以获得。原始凭证的获取要付出成本,是因为企业在购买商品时要不要发票存在着不同的价格,若要发票,就要加价,价格较高;不要发票价格较低,两者的差价是税款。还有的企业发生费用后无法取得发票,只能用不合法的收据,在上级主管部门摊派的费用中支出。企业只好不做此账,或相互之间调剂票据。8.企业内部控制制度不够健全,也阻碍了中小企业会计规范化的发展。由于部分中小企业现有的人员素质和管理水平较低,无法建立健全诸如内部稽核、定额管理、计量验收、成本核算等制度,阻碍了中小企业会计规范化的进程,造成了企业资产流失、浪费严重、经营管理混乱等。 二、规范中小企业会计核算的建议1.加强相关法律法规的建设和执行,促进中小企业的全面健康发展。要解决中小企业会计规范化问题,靠一两家企业自我完善和会计人员努力是很难实现的。只有促进中小企业的健康发展,解决企业融资困难,实现科学化管理,克服自身的弱点才能从根本上解决会计规范化的问题。解决这一问题的根本办法就是执行好现有的相关法律法规,并根据经济发展的需要,适时制定、修改有关中小企业的法律法规,这样才能既促进中小企业会计规范化建设,加强中小企业的管理,又能为中小企业的全面发展保驾护航。2.建立与我国中小企业相适应的会计制度。在过去很长一段时间里,国家在制定会计规范体系的过程中,很少考虑到中小企业会计需求与大企业和上市公司的差别,随着中小企业在我国经济发展中的作用越来越重要,会计理论界对中小企业会计规范化问题日趋关注。中小企业会计制度的制订应遵循以下原则:(1)适应中小企业的特点。在会计制度设计中要考虑企业经营管理组织体系的设置,并与此保持一致。由于中小型企业业务量较少,会计核算只能采用集中核算方式,即由会计机构统一办理。部分中小企业交易类型有限,经营活动比较简单,一般只需要简单的数据,没有对数据产生深层次分析的需要,因此应允许一些企业不设会计机构。会计人员一般以2~3人为宜,并指派一人担任财务主管,在职责划分上要注意不相容职责的分离,如出纳、总账与稽核,出纳与总账、明细账的分离等。有些企业的会计工作也可由社会中介机构代理。中小企业行业涉及面广,会计科目设置上应考虑通用性,针对采用独资和合伙形式的中小企业所要承担的无限责任,应考虑对会计制度的影响;对于企业财产和个人家庭支出相互占用的情况,应设置往来账户加以核算;适当放宽凭证的认定,以解决中小企业难以获得合法凭据的问题等。总之,中小企业会计准则的制定一定要充分考虑中小企·50·业的特点。(2)重要性原则,要求提供的信息重点突出。与大型企业相比,会计信息需求者在中小企业中发生了变化。首先,税务部门的纳税管理需求成为最主要的外部需求;其次,投资者的决策需求和管理者的管理需求相统一;最后是银行贷款管理需求,但是此需求因银行提供的贷款很少而相对薄弱。会计信息需求上的变化,决定了中小企业的会计应着眼于这些企业税务上的需要和内部信息的需求。(3)成本效益原则。会计信息的提供是有成本的,企业在提供会计信息的过程中应讲求成本效益原则。(4)简便易行。由于中小企业业务量小、会计人员素质参差不齐,会计制度设计时应充分考虑到操作上的简便易行。3.加强外部监管力度。从目前我国中小企业的现状来看,靠企业自身约束来规范会计工作是不现实的,我们应该更多的借助于外部监管,帮助中小企业实现会计规范化。财政部门首先应指导督促中小企业依《会计基础工作规范》的要求建立健全账簿体系,发现不符合《会计基础工作规范》要求的,应及时严肃处理;其次,财政部门还应督促中小企业建立、健全会计内部控制制度和内部核算制度;最后,财政部门还应切实地做好财务人员的后续教育。税务部门也应改进查核方式,改进税务人员对于中小企业的态度,并建立税务代理人制度,以增加税务申报速度,减轻税务人员的工作负担,以便全心进行查核工作。我们相信,只要充分认识到我国中小企业会计规范化进程中存在的问题,并充分考虑到中小企业在经济发展中的重要性,有关方面齐抓共管、共同努力,定能把这项艰巨的工作做得更好。Probing into the Accounting Standardization of Small andMiddle-sized EnterprisesMUYuan-jian1, DING Ling-ling2, WANG Jing1( Products Corporation,HarbinHeilongjiang150001, China; ofForest Sciences, HarbinHeilongjiang150001, China)Abstract:In accounting operation of small and medium-sized enterprises, there are many prob-lems such as less clear partition toward main bodies of bookkeeping operation, blur limits betweenenterprise’s property and personal property, slow process of operation standardization restrained byowner’s quality and his tax-evasion motive, mismatched accounting institutions with relative provi-sions and disobedient operation process against regulations, etc. In view of such problems we mustadopt related measures to make accounting operation words:small and medium-sized enterprise, accounting standardization, accounting operation〔责任编辑:刘 阳〕·51·
1 the meaning of financial riskYe at "small and medium-sized financial risk assessment and control of research" that the financial risk is the possibility of corporate insolvency and shareholders, the proceeds of uncertainty, it is difficult because of enterprise funds, to adopt a different mode of financing brought about by from the analysis of financial risk on its meaning, characteristics and types of content; at this based on the causes of the financial risk to conduct in-depth analysis and detailed research, analysis concludes that the financial risks arising from internal factors and external aspects; in turn, establish a risk awareness, the establishment of an effective risk prevention mechanism; set up and improve the financial management system to meet the financial management of environmental change; set up the financial risk early warning mechanism, strengthen the financial crisis management; improve the scientific level of financial decision-making to prevent due to poor decisions arising from the financial risk; through internal systems to prevent the establishment of binding mechanisms to control and guard against financial risk in five areas of financial risk prevention measures as well as self-insurance, diversification of risk control, risk transfer, risk averse, risk reducing the five techniques. Only controlled enterprises to guard against and defuse financial risks, in order to ensure that enterprises in the fierce competition in the market in an invincible causes of the financial risks(A) external causes1, the national policy changes brought about by the financing risk. Generally speaking, small and medium-sized production and operation because of instability. A country's economy or monetary policy changes, there may be small and medium-sized production and management, market conditions and financing forms have a certain impact. Beginning in 2007, our country has increased the intensity of macroeconomic regulation and control, the central bank to raise the fourth time the deposit reserve ratio, in particular, are ready to implement the difference between a direct deposit system to make small and medium-sized service-oriented small and medium-sized commercial banks to tighten credit, SMEs First of all, the capital supply disruption, the risk of inviting a lot of financing, SMEs also in urgent need of funds can not be forced to stop production or the scale of downsizing. 2, bank financing channels for non-financial risks caused by fluid. Corporate sources of funds are nothing more than its own funds and external financing in two ways. In various modes of financing, the bank credit is also an important source of funds, but banks in the country's financial policies as well as their own sound system is not under the influence of such circumstances, the general enthusiasm for SME lending is not high, their loans more difficult to increase the the enterprise's financial risk.(B) internal factors one, blind expansion of investment scale. There is a considerable number of conditions are not ripe for the SMEs in the circumstances, only the experience of one-sided pursuit of companies to determine the expansion of the extension, ignore the company's content and core competitiveness, resulting in a major capital investment wasted. 2, the investment decision-making errors. For business, the correct selection of industries are the starting point for the survival and development strategy. However, some industrial enterprises in the selection process, the often overlooked "industry is a dynamic selection process" concept, should not a keen grasp of industry trends and direction of evolution. 3, improper selection of investment partners. Enterprises to make investment decisions, we must give full consideration to qualified partners, reputation, and should have to bear the corresponding risks. 4, less than honest. Lack of SME credit is a common situation. Therefore, small and medium-sized banks to provide loans or investments to small and medium-sized people had to step up investment on human resources in order to improve the quality of information collection and analysis. This respect has increased the investment bank or person lending and investment costs. On the other hand also give small and medium enterprises financing difficult. Ability to finance capital, to finance the number of funds, the financing of SMEs exist great uncertainties.
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论文外文文献原文及翻译怎么写
问题一：毕业论文外文翻译是什么意思？有什么要求？ 外文翻译要求：（1）选定外文文献后先给指导老师看，得到老师的确认通过后方可翻译。（2）选择外文翻译时一定选择外国作者写的文章，可从学校中知网或者外文数据库下载。（3）外文翻译字数要求3000字以上，从外文互章起始处开始翻译，不允许从文章中间部分开始翻译，翻译必须结束于文章的一个大段落。 问题二：如果参考文献是由国外的书翻译过来的，该怎么写 格式如下： 原作者.译文名[M].译者.出版地：出版者，出版年：引文页码. 问题三：大家做毕业设计的时候外文翻译怎么做的 1.确定自己的毕业课题方向； 2.了解自己学浮翻译要求，比如说字数、格式、对参考考文献是否要翻译等等； 3.找好相关的英文原文，估计一下，比如要翻5000字，则英文原文不加图要4页左右； 4.配好专业词汇软件和GOOGLE翻译，这两者会帮上大忙的，前者对一些专业词汇独到，后者可以让你对译文有个初步了解； 5.注意语句通顺，还有就是有些要意译，不然就会很别扭； 6.对于文中的公式最好用MATHTYPE编辑或者用WORD里的公式编辑器编辑，图片可以不用自己重新画，截过来在画图板里把要改的英文改成中文，其他工具也行，如果有严格要求就要用VISIO画了，对于图表，最好自己重新画； 7.因为有些图式粘过来的，所以编辑格式的时候要注意； 8.对参考文献的翻译：作者姓名可不用翻译，后面的基本都要翻译。 问题四：翻译过来的书当作参考文献应该怎么写啊? [序号] 主钉责任者．文献题名[M] ．出版地：出版者，出版年：起止页码． 例如：[1] 【英】亚当.斯密 著 王秀莉等 译 问题五：中文论文中引用英文著作的翻译版，如何写参考文献？ 按照下面的格式写： （《从混沌到有序的英文书名》by作者A，作者B，translated by Zeng Qinghong,上海译文出版社的英文名称，1987） 书名和作者等请自行查找英文名称 问题六：毕设中的英文文献翻译怎么写，是自己写一篇介绍然后自己翻译成中文吗 毕业设计的英文翻译有两类 第一种，是将毕业实际中的摘要用英文进行翻译 第二种，是自己找一篇与毕业设计相关的论文，将它翻译为英文哗翻译的时候可以用专业的翻译工具。 问题七：关于文献翻译 5分 knowledge about customer, knowledge from customer and knowledge for customer 关于顾客的知识 从顾客那儿获得的知识 对于顾客的知识 关于客户的知识、客户拥有的知识、客户需要的知识 问题八：毕业论文的外文翻译怎么写啊？ 是找一篇相关专业的英文文章再翻译，又不是让你写 麻烦采纳，谢谢! 问题九：《论文外文翻译怎么写》 英文摘要吧，一般自己根据中文摘要翻译的，不要用网上的翻译软件，错误百出，最好找个英语老师改改。 问题十：外文书籍的中文翻译版本作参考文献，格式应该是什么样的呢？ [2] （美）Bruce Eckel著． C++编程思想．刘综田等译．北京：机械工业出版社，2000 [3] （美）William Ford等著． 数据结构C++语言描述（第2版）．陈君译鸡北京：清华大学出版社，2003
外文文献翻译格式要求包括文献翻译中摘要和关键词部分采用宋体五号字体，行间距为18磅，段前段后距离为行，对齐方式选择两端对齐；正文内容的二级标题字体采用小三号，黑体，段前和段后距离设置为行，段前空间设置为行。 扩展资料 外文文献翻译格式要求如下：文献翻译中摘要和关键词部分一般采用宋体五号字体，行间距设置为18磅，段前段后距离为行，对齐方式选择两端对齐，每个关键词使用分号或逗号隔开，最后一个关键词不用加标点符号。正文内容一级标题字体一般采用小三号，黑体，用粗体显示，段前段后距离设置为行。正文内容的二级标题字体采用小三号，黑体，段前和段后距离设置为行，段前空间设置为行。第一级标题和第二级标题都采用“左对齐”的'形式。正文内容文字采用宋体，大小为四号，行间距为0行，段前和段后的距离设置为2字符，首行缩进2个字符，文本对齐格式选择“两端对齐”。
外文文献翻译格式如下：
（1）文献翻译中摘要和关键词翻译的格式要求：一般采用宋体五号字体（其中“摘要”和“关键词”需要以粗体显示），行之间的距离设置为18磅，段落前和段落后的距离设置为行，对齐选择为“两端对齐”；每个关键词用分号（；）或逗号（，）分隔，最后一个关键词不用加标点符号。
（2）正文内容的一级标题的格式要求：字体采用小三号，黑体，以粗体显示，段落前和段落后的距离设置为行，一般采用“1引言”的风格，其中1和“引言”用单独的空格隔开。
正文内容的二级标题的格式要求：字体使用小三号，黑体，段落前和段落后的距离设置为行，段落前的空间设置为行，一般采用“文本格式”的风格，其中和“文本格式”用单独的空格隔开。第一级标题和第二级标题都是采用“左对齐”形式。
（3）正文内容的基本格式要求：文字采用宋体，大小为小四号，行之间的距离设置为0行，段落前和段落后的距离设置为2字符，首行缩进2个字符，文本对齐在段落格式中选择为“两端对齐”。在文中，如果遇到带有公式的，将行（段）的行间距设置为“单倍行距”。
（4）在文章内容中插入图片：将图片设置为“浮动在文字的上方”并选中“居中”。根据文章排版缩放图片大小。图片下方的说明采用“图1”，主控制器结构”样式位于图下方”。序列和描述由空格字符分隔。图片如果需要说明的话采用宋体五号，进行居中对齐，行间距设置为“单行间距”，段落前和段落后的距离设置为行。
（5）在文章中插入相应的表格：在表格的属性中选择“居中对齐”。表格的描述将放在表格上方，表格的顺序和描述由空格字符分隔。表格的说明需采用宋体五号，居中对齐，行间距设置为“单行间距”，段落前和段落后的距离设置为行。
（6）文章中的参考文献需要注意的地方：“参考文献”格式与同一级标题格式相同。参考文献的字体为宋体五号，行间距设置为18磅，段落前和段落后的距离设置为0行，对齐方式为“左对齐”。标点符号都采用英文标点符号。
注塑模具论文外文文献以及翻译
design of plasitc molding jig(die) 日语所以叫做金型 molding注塑模具希望你能满意 增加悬赏我马上发给你，+40分吧
Precision injection molding technology of progress Abstract: The polymer precision injection molding technology, impact on precision injection molding of factors, including the precision molds, injection molding machine control accuracy, precision injection process control and other computer control technology. These factors were discussed, and give the relevant solutions, finally introduces some advanced molding technology. Key words: precision injection; injection molding machine precision injection technology; Precision Injection Mold In recent years, as electronics, telecommunications, medical, automotive, and other industries of the rapid development of the high-precision plastic products, and high-performance requirements of growing precision molding technology to continue to progress, new technologies continue to emerge. Precision injection molding products not only require high dimensional accuracy, and low warpage, to write good, but there should also be excellent optical properties. Injection molding is the most important one of the plastic molding methods, including plastics plastics, injection, packing, cooling, and some of the basic process, thus affecting the precision injection molding of many factors. 1, precision molds To produce sophisticated products, precision molds is essential. Die Die in general, the accuracy of the temperature control, mold and die design precision manufacturing, use of plastic shrinkage rate impacts. Precision Mold temperature control In general precision injection molding of parts, control mold temperature is to increase productivity. However mold temperature control for precision injection molding of great impact, it affects parts of the contraction, shape, crystallization, such as stress, hot and cold circuit design mold temperature distribution at the request reasonable, precise control accuracy, a die temperature of the best and Lengshuiji control. Mold temperature control and cooling time on the products and their impact on performance of the following factors: (1) melt plastic injection molds and a two-cycle time will be produced in the mold temperature difference fluctuations, and should therefore be to minimize the volatility differential peak. (2) the heat transfer Die Die Die heat through the concrete and die in the transfer out of the media, mold is changed, the media control is the key, the general import and export of its cooling water temperature difference is less than 1 ℃ Application of theory to calculate the average temperature, which can guarantee the stability of heat transfer. Media flow and heat transfer are interlinked, mould surface temperature can be used to control the media flow sensor to compensate for environmental temperature changes caused by mold temperature changes. (3) To enable stable Die Die by the heat absorption and dissemination of balance, the injection molding machine to melt injection to strictly maintain a stable temperature. Die surrounding temperature on the mold had a great impact on the general will be affected to die within the melt convection coefficient of change, so the best set up in the mold surface temperature sensor, die at any time observation of the surface temperature, and keep it stable. (4) changes in the efficiency of heat exchange with mold after a long time in the cooling water pipes and Youban appears in the scale, then the interface to reduce the thermal conductivity should furring timely clearance. Precision Die Design and Manufacture Die design is good or bad is to ensure the dimensional accuracy of plastic parts premise, in order to enhance the accuracy of precision injection mold, in the process of designing a computer-aided analysis is necessary, especially for gating system and the flow of heat-conditioning systems mold temperature distribution the analysis. Applications should be as much as possible the use of simulation software and close to the actual loading conditions to melt in the mold simulation analysis in the pouring, cooling, and other non-steady-state process. Die manufacturing quality assurance plastic parts Size is the key to accuracy, precision die is the main characteristic of the manufacturing and assembly operations in addition to polishing, are no manual processing. Die general machining and manual processing ratio is about 6:4 to 7:3, and the machining precision molds and manual processing ratio of 9:1. Die materials and heat treatment is the protection of precision molds in the molding process, the die temperature in the state, which even the mould parts tempered by low temperature, high temperature melt production and will repeat parts tempering而使lower hardness, Consideration should also be given retained austenite caused by the volume expansion. Therefore general tempering temperature should be at least molding processing, more than double the die temperature and low-temperature processing is carried out properly in order to eliminate residual austenite. On the high-precision products for Molding precision parts, assembly accumulated precision die in the direction of the accuracy of the sub-surface as well as the parallel degree should achieve micron level. Mold should have sufficient strength, stiffness and abrasion resistance, in the injection molding deformation under the pressure of hard wear. To achieve the above processing can be three-dimensional precision machining centers, CNC machine tool and application of CAD / CAM / CAE and other new technologies. precision molds design shrinkage rate of use Thermoplastic plastic molding shrinkage volatile, to mold design, identify and control products cavity size dimensional accuracy difficult. Therefore, in plastic mold design should understand the characteristics and contraction caused by the shape of the parts of the difference in the rate of contraction site, and then use the necessary compensation measures. On the high-precision plastic parts can be manufactured in the design before simple mold, measured molding to the various parts of the actual shrinkage rate, this can greatly enhance the dimensional accuracy of parts. , the design of precision molds gate Gate type, size, location and quantity of all affected parts dimensional accuracy. At the gate of the jet, but the effects of poor feeding, thick-walled parts do not apply. Gate position and the flow of impact melt flow distance, the longer the process of the greater contraction. Multi-gate process can be shortened, but increasing weld marks. Gate parts should be designed in accordance with the size and the choice of materials and the use of software to help finalize practical experience. 2, the best precision injection molding process parameters set Choose the best molding process parameters to reduce plastic shrinkage rate. Plastic is that the contraction of the heat shrinkable plastic, elastic recovery, plastic deformation, contraction after contraction and a comprehensive reflection of aging, usually caused by absorbent material or molecular chain rearrangement caused, the specific performance linear shrinkage rate and volume contraction rate changes in value of common contraction said. Thermoplastic plastic injection molding products shrinkage volatile, particularly for crystalline plastics injection molding products even more obvious, and not only depend on the degree of crystallinity due to the chemical structure, but also by the process of cooling parameters (cooling rate, the melt temperature, mold temperature , product thickness) the impact of the mold cavity size and design determine the size precision control products and difficulties, there is an urgent need to be aware of parameters on the injection molding of plastic shrinkage rate of the impact of the law. Part of the difference in thickness is generally believed that the two factors: First, high-pressure melt the mold cavity caused minor deformation of a die when the elastic modulus material after the expansion. Generally speaking, quality control and accuracy can be very good dimensional accuracy, and at a higher temperature, mold low melt viscosity, viscosity smaller gradient, in a certain screw back pressure, the quality of precision parts can be accurately controlled. But for liquid crystal polymer (LCP), it just needs a lower mold temperature, it is because cold LCP case will be promptly after cooling amorphous. LCP have low melting heat and orderly structure of the state, in the liquid crystalline state to change between crystalline solid, smaller changes, when fully cooling, the liquid - solid transition is almost complete in an instant. Die in the colder, when a cavity, the cavity material and the bulk of gate has been cured, it is very difficult stage compression added melt, thus parts and the size of the cavity size of the deformation is very close. Plastic amorphous than crystalline plastics low shrinkage with a mixture of contraction rate of low-polymer materials, elastomers at the same time as the increase of the content, materials shrinkage rate decrease. The enhanced or plastic filling, heat capacity decrease stiffness increased significantly reduce shrinkage and fiber filler content or higher, the smaller the rate of contraction. Crystalline precision plastic products also affected by pressure. As pressure crystallization of the role of injection pressure (P1), the packing pressure (P2) and the feeding pressure (P3) to speed up the crystallization process, crystallization of the P1, P2, P3, the increase in upward trend. For P1, the pressure to improve the crystallization of the degree of crystallinity, the contraction rate of increase rose P2 and P3, on the one hand because of the degree of crystallinity increased shrinkage rate increase, on the other hand increased to P2 more pressure to melt, the type cavity has been fully compacted plastic; P3-feed increased to increase, and effectively prevent reflux is conducive to reducing shrinkage. Therefore, the plastic parts of the shrinkage rate is the result of both, with the shrinkage of P1, P2, P3, the first increases and then decreases increased. Precision plastic parts requires not only a stable size tolerances, but also requires strict mechanical properties. These characteristics mainly depend on the cooling phase of the melt in the heat - mechanical role of the historical process. Mold temperature and cooling time on the quality of products and have a direct impact on productivity. Study found that, given the die temperature, the dimensional accuracy of products with the cooling time is not the extension has been significantly improved, and only in a certain period of time, after a prominent role. In general cooling process in such a critical point in time there are two cooling, cooling time in the first point although production products also higher accuracy, but it is not the most stable state, and the second point-in-time cooling cooling relatively long time, However, the products enable the most stable state. 3, using precision injection molding machine to replace conventional injection molding machine Precision injection molding machine generally larger injection power, in addition to such injection pressure and injection to meet the requirements in terms of speed, power itself will be on the injection products improve the accuracy of a certain role. Precision injection molding machine control systems generally have high control precision, it is requested by the products themselves. High accuracy can be guaranteed control of injection process parameters has good accuracy, precision products in order to avoid fluctuations due process parameters change. Therefore precision injection molding machine generally of the injection, injection pressure, injection rate and pressure-pressure, back-pressure and screw speed process parameters such as a multi-level feedback control. Precision Injection requirements of its modulus system has sufficient rigidity, accuracy or products will be a model for the elastic deformation decreased. Second-Die-Die of the system must be able to accurately control the size, or too large or too small a model of precision products will have an adverse impact. So in the design, it should be considered Die rigidity, stiffness, as well as a model system in order to accurately control the size of the precision products, especially flat-panel thin-wall products. When Die larger, must-oriented column deflection check. Precision injection molding machine also must be able to work in the hydraulic circuit precise temperature control, work to prevent the oil due to temperature changes caused viscosity and flow changes, further injection process parameters leading to fluctuations而使products would lose their accuracy. parts molding cycle time consistency General typical injection molding machine with three modes: manual, semi-automatic and fully automatic. As the influence of various factors, each of the previous two models molding cycle time may be different, it would affect the temperature and materials to die in the Liaodong stay, thereby affecting the accuracy of parts, in precision Molding should try to use the automatic mode. precision injection molding machine screw temperature control and the design of new Injection Molding Machine cylinder automatic thermostat on the cycle of opening and customs led to the Liaodong, melting material density and viscosity changes, thereby affecting the quality and dimensional accuracy of parts of the cyclical fluctuations in the injection molding machine nozzle close to Die Therefore, the temperature of the nozzle molded parts also have a significant impact on. Modern injection molding machine equipped with a special process control software to control temperature fluctuation, which is proportional integral differential (P ID) control. At least from the barrel temperature difference galvanic point perspective, the P ID parameter optimization can completely eliminate temperature fluctuations. To the quality and stability of the plastic parts, plastics injection molding machine unit is very important. To the plastics unit is an important standard to judge: injection volume, plastics rate, injection rate, the polymers in the plastics unit at the time. As the quality of plastic parts for the dimensional accuracy error of a very important impact, and it should be precise injection control of the injection molding machine. Improve measurement precision injection molding machine of the most effective ways is to use technology to achieve the smallest screw diameter, especially for the light parts especially. The measurement of the relative screw length and the overall length of screw smaller, in the plastics materials unit at the time also become shorter. Screw thread is similar to widening the materials can be avoided stay longer so that the screw and stable operation. Lo deep groove width than correspondingly smaller, which create a lot of engineering plastics parts of the small diameter screw particularly effective. Melt homogeneity and are not small compression ratio decreases, it is because from the very shallow groove Lo caused very strong result of the shear rate. Feeding the difficulty of the design, it must ensure that all aggregates can be fed into evenly. Considering the need to shorter cycles, plastics rate must also be big enough, in the design of the feed must be effectively resolved the contradiction between. In addition, if adopted by a two-stage injection screw to achieve precise control injection error, which requires the measurement of the melt through spherical valve detected by injection to injection molding machine in the Detroit injection molding machine. Before microprocessor controlled by the injection molding process can not be obtained through injection precision voltage comparator has been successfully resolved. Voltage comparator allows Transmitter and other sensitive came with the very precise voltage signal passed, and when the set point appears to be following the true value of a timely signal immediately transmitted to the microprocessor control of the order, by order of the cycle of operational procedures Asynchronous from time to time through a direct transfer of the signal process to eliminate, greatly improving the control accuracy. 4, precision molding technology in the mold injection-compression molding applications (ICM) technology ICM technology is the means to open a certain distance die under the conditions of the beginning injection, injection to a certain amount, the mold cavity beginning of the closure of the melt compression, injection mold completely closed at the termination, and then packing, cooling until the removal products. Through injection-compression molding of compression products to compaction, making products on the surface of uniform pressure distribution, the compaction products such size high accuracy and stability, small deformation. It is in the mould open circumstances melt into the cavity and, therefore, mobile channel, for the low pressure injection molding, and reduce or eliminate the pressure caused by the resin-molecular orientation of the stress and products, which improve products, dimensional stability. ICM technology and flexible control capability than the injection mould has greatly improved. Therefore use of this technology can produce more precision parts, especially the high-precision cylindrical-shaped parts. high-speed injection molding High-speed injection molding method of filling melts faster rate than the traditional 10 to 100 times, melt in the mold cavity to produce high shear flow, decrease viscosity, injection speed, slow down plastic surface hardening, thus improving thin Forming products wall thickness limit, inhibit excessive molding pressure, as well as because of the low-voltage mobile mode, the products reduce stress. The thin-wall precision products, we can use the injection screw at the forward from the melt energy absorption in the screw after the cessation of movement through the expansion of high-speed melt full cavity to achieve. no-pressure injection molding No-pressure injection molding technology refers to the plastic melt high-speed, high-pressure filling into the mold, and then close in the nozzle needle to melt the plastic mold cavity products automatically compensate for different parts of the contract, such products can be greatly reduced warpage. However, this method requires prior estimate packing contraction added, hence the need for the injection of a higher cavity pressure value, and we need clamping force also high. Other Intelligent Control Technology Precision injection molding processing conditions in the process of continuous monitoring and implementation of precise control is very important. With the development of computer technology, computerized injection molding has been widely used. Among them, statistical process control (SPC), P ID technology, fuzzy logic control (FCC), network control center (NNC) method and the processing model based on the reverse of the backbone network size control. 5. Conclusion On the high-precision plastic products, and high-performance requirements of the growing precision injection molding technology is the impetus for moving forward, people on the principle of precision injection molding, the constant deepening of understanding of precision injection molding technology is the basis for progress. With new materials, new processes and new equipment has emerged, particularly in the plastics processing computer is the wide application of the precision injection technology to create good conditions. As long as a reasonable use of these technologies, we will be able to produce sophisticated products.
这种塑料注射过程是重要的制造方法之一，聚合物，它提供了高维稳健的产品，低廉生产周期和成本。对最终产品质量的影响的问题之一是气体在模具灌浆期发生entrapments。一般来说，在模具残留气体通过排气疲惫，对通风系统的依赖复杂的模具设计。此外，在一定条件下，很难融入模具的排气系统。现在这个问题，可避免使用透水钢模具制造模具或插入。透水钢，模腔中气体产生，可通过微用尽孔的模具和排气系统直接是不必要的了。此外，模具的结构和设计变得简单，而排气和吸气功能得以保留。许多研究人员都被吸引了透水金属的形成，测量和应用。张，研究了制备多孔温压铁的影响，并通过高分子聚合物产生铁多孔透水。 NORMITUS，调查了部分合金和合金元素和压实对杨氏模量和泊松比烧结低合金钢不同成分prealloyedpowders压力，选择了通过改变碳酸氢铵产生多孔镍钛形状记忆合金，形成梯度孔隙率的影响碳酸氢铵的加入量。林，分析了烧结工艺参数与压实对不锈钢多孔金属过滤性能压力的影响。周，调查对孔隙率，孔隙度的形成，原因和连接压力的影响，在金属多孔材料孔隙。不过，虽然是非常透气钢制造塑料注塑模具，如何取得适当的透水钢，应用到塑料注射处理它，并保留二次加工后的渗透还没有得到很好的研究十分重要。在这项工作中，透水钢种，得到了控制压缩和烧结工艺。这些过程的详细情况载于第2条。第3演示了这种材料的实验，通过宏观，微观金相和扫描电子显微镜（SEM）照片的渗透性。由于大多数塑料二次加工注塑模具的要求，不同加工方法对多孔材料渗透率的影响，并给出在第3。在第4，模具的渗透集一起使用，使真正的塑料注塑件注射。各部分的高品质进一步验证了良好的透气性和通风透气钢这一功能。(翻译的~)