英语专业毕业论文写作提纲模板
商务英语论文提纲格式
无论是在学习还是在工作中，大家都跟论文打过交道吧，通过论文写作可以培养我们的科学研究能力。相信写论文是一个让许多人都头痛的问题，以下是我精心整理的商务英语论文提纲格式，欢迎阅读，希望大家能够喜欢。
一、论文写作目的：
毕业论文是商务英语专业教学计划的最后一个环节，也是对学生2年半学期各门课程学习效果的检查.其主要目的是：
1、培养学生的英语阅读、写作能力及运用商务知识分析问题和解决问题的能力，达到学以致用的目的。
2、检查学生对所学专业理论知识和基本技能的掌握程度，并将论文成绩作为学生能否毕业的主要依据之一。
3、训练学生搜集运用资料的技能，同时培养学生理论联系实际，增强独立思考问题和解决问题的能力。
二、论文写作要求 ：
1、以英文/汉语完成论文写作。
2、字数要求不低于3000个单词或字,统一采用A4(210x297mm)页面复印纸单面打印.其中上边距，下面距,左边距，右边距，页眉页脚装订线.字间距为标准，行间距为倍行距.页眉内统一为：用5号宋体。
商务英语论文题目
商务英语谈判书面文本的批评性话语分析
真实的听力材料在中国高职院校英语课堂的使用研究
ESP理论对商务汉语的启示
从目的论角度分析英汉会计术语误译
合作原则在传递积极和消极信息英语商务信函中的应用
从功能对等理论看英语商务合同中长句的翻译
英语商务信函中模糊语的顺应性分析
高职商务英语教学中的文化教学
2009MT专业硕士案例分析及实践报告
从人际功能视角分析英文索赔信函中的情态
基于需求分析的高职商务英语专业课程设置研究
功能翻译理论视角下的商务英语翻译研究
从跨文化视角论商务口译中的文化差异及其策略
基于任务的合作学习模式在职院商务英语教学中的应用研究 韩礼德情态语系统培训与商务英语写作成绩的归因调查
交互式教学法对不同性格类型英语学习者阅读焦虑影响的研究
商务英语索赔信函的人际意义研究
合作学习模式在商务汉语教学中的尝试
商务英语论文
一、商务英语翻译的特点
1.商务英语词汇具有较强的专业性
由于商务英语涉及到各个领域，又具有不同的语言环境，使商务英语翻译需要对专业词汇进行精准的运用，在翻译工作中涉及到大量的商务英语专用词汇、具有商务英语含义的普通词汇和商务新词缩略词等。商务英语的专业词汇量较大，且都带有词义比较专一的特点。例如：free on board （离岸价格），shipment tracking（货物跟踪） 等，这就要求翻译人员要掌握大量的专业词汇和民族、地理环境、风土人情、历史习俗等方面的文化差异，要掌握和了解平时较熟悉的词语在特定商务活动中的特定含义，尽量减少在商务英语翻译工作中出现的错误。例如：代表流行的、通俗的、受欢迎的含义的popular一词，在商务英语的语言环境下，就应该翻译成“畅销”一词更为适合。
2.商务英语语句简洁得体
在国际商务贸易交流活动中是非常讲究时间和效率的，双方的合作交流活动在注重商务礼仪的前提下，商务英语翻译必须要做到简洁得体、能够熟练准确地表达人们要表达的内容，准确无误地接收到对方表达的正确意思，并简洁地用语言和文字表述出来。为了较为准确地、简洁地表述所要陈述的内容，在国际商务贸易交流活动中经常使用被动语态和祈使句、非谓语动词、情态动词等。
3.商务英语术语意义具体完整
由于世界各国存在语言、民族、地理环境、风土人情、历史习俗等方面的文化差异，在国际贸易的商务交流活动中，要求商务英语翻译要能够准确熟练地掌握和运用专业术语，最大限度地保证商务活动翻译内容的准确性，要结合不同地区的民族、地理环境、风土人情、历史习俗等方面的文化差异，要把专业术语的意义表述得具体完整，使听者能够准确无误地接受到对方所表述的完整意思，确保商务活动公平、快捷、有序的开展。
二、商务英语翻译存在的主要问题
1.受文化差异影响导致语用精确性较差
由于受各国文化差异的影响，世界上各个国家、各个民族的语言表达习惯和词汇体系都是不同的，汉语和英语在语言表达习惯和词汇体系方面存在着较大的差别。在国际贸易的商务活动中，双方交流人员在邀请、称呼、问候等环节的语言交流都存在差异。例如，当你成功地帮助了一个人或完成一项艰巨的任务，对方向你表示感谢时，中国人经常回答“不用谢”或“不客气”,但在西方的英语中却使用“you are welcome”来回答。中国作为古老的文明国家，人们受古代传统的文化影响较深，在语言交流时，经常表现出谦虚、委婉，经常使用一些模糊性词语来表达要说的意思，这就造成了在国际贸易的商务活动中由于语用精确性较差，直接影响到我们所要表达的真实意思。
2.词汇的翻译缺乏准确性
由于受东西方文化较大差异的.影响，一些英语在翻译成汉语时很难表达出英语的完整含义，而一些汉语在翻译成英语时也出现了很难表达出汉语的完整意思，造成了词汇在翻译时缺乏准确性的这一现实问题。例如，英语“desk copy”一词，原始的完整的意思是“向作者赠送样书，表示感谢”,而翻译成中文后，就直译成“赠书”,没能完全表达出该词汇的完整意思。在国际贸易的商务英语翻译中，还经常会遇到中英文都有的单词，但由于历史文化的不同，词语在表达意思上却存在较大的差别，给翻译工作造成较大的困难。例如，“龙”是中华民族精神的象征，它代表着权力、力量和吉祥，古代皇帝被称之为“真龙天子”,中华民族被称之为“炎黄子孙、龙的传人”.把“龙”译成英语就是“dragon”,而“dragon”在英语中表示恐怖的妖怪和怪物，是贬义词。
3.句式的翻译经常出现偏差和错位
中华民族是东方文化的代表，东方文化非常注重形象思维，而西方国家则比较注重抽象思维，东西方文化的差异直接造成了英语句式翻译会经常出现偏差和错位。英语句式的逻辑性较强，重视句式的完整性，使用的人称非常少，在客观事物的描述上非常重视，这就使我们在商务英语翻译时会经常看到大量的被动句式。汉语语句的特点是信息表达的完整性，讲究悟性和意会，对语法的应用较少。由于英语和汉语历史文化背景的不同，在商务英语翻译时，句式的翻译经常会出现偏差和错位，大大增加了商务英语翻译的难度。
三、商务英语翻译的有效对策
1.注重培养商务英语翻译跨文化翻译的意识
由于世界各国存在语言、民族、地理环境、风土人情、历史习俗等方面的文化差异，有些我们了解掌握，有些我们并不了解，这就造成了由于跨文化因素的影响，使我们要表达的意思在另一种文化背景下翻译出来的结果却完全不同，造成了相互的矛盾，使商业活动无法正常地开展，制约了国际贸易的发展。因此，只有正确了解和充分掌握交际双方的历史文化背景和风俗习惯，了解他们的价值观和人生观，才能把要表达的意思完整地翻译出来。只有注重培养商务英语翻译跨文化翻译的意识，才能较好地解决商务英语翻译中跨文化交际中出现的问题，实现商务英语翻译的准确性，有效地促进我国国际贸易的健康、快速发展，最终实现我国国际贸易可持续发展的良性循环。
2.加强商务英语翻译的规范和一致性
商务英语翻译大多数涉及到的都是一些文书和专业性较强的文件等，这就需要句式、语用、词汇等的忠实完整和简洁得体，必须确保翻译内容的准确性和真实性，翻译者在翻译时必须遵循忠实于原文、行文规范一致、语体相当和灵活转化等原则。加强商务英语翻译的规范和一致性，可以使翻译者在翻译过程中忠实于原文，准确地将原文的意思用译文语言简洁地表述出来，并符合商务文书的语言规范和行文规范，使读者能够准确理解原文的意思。
3.有效提升专业术语的驾驭能力
商务英语翻译的专业性强，与普通英语翻译有着较大的区别。商务英语翻译在熟练掌握常用词的基础上，必须还要熟练掌握自己涉及到的相关领域的数量可观的专业词汇，具有非常强的专业性，涉及的领域较广。为了准确地翻译各种文件，翻译者必须还要掌握相关国家、民族的历史文化背景和风俗习惯等。商务英语翻译还要熟练掌握和运用商务英语翻译的技巧和商务英语的语言特点等，避免出现专业术语普通化，失去了专业术语要表达的真实含义。因此，要想提高商务英语的翻译质量，翻译者必须具备良好的专业知识，了解和掌握世界各国的历史文化差异和民族风俗等，增强跨文化意识，才能增加翻译的准确性，才能有效提升专业术语的驾驭能力。
4.重视商务英语翻译中的跨文化元素
作为世界第二大经济体的中国，与世界经济的融合发展已经是我国经济赖以生存和发展的基石，随着我国和世界各国经济交往的增多，商务英语方面的外来词汇也越来越多，我国的词语推广到世界的需求也越来越强烈，重视商务英语翻译中的跨文化元素，可以有效地使中西文化进行很好的交流和融合。例如，我国知名品牌天津“狗不理”包子，在走向世界时选用了“Go Believe”作为英文商标，成功地在全世界进行了推广，“Go Believe”在发音上不仅和“狗不理”高度契合，并且使西方国家的民众可以产生值得信赖的感觉。又如，世界著名的服装品牌“Gold lion”打入我国市场时，巧妙地采用了译音的手法，抓住了中国人追求奢华和图吉利的心理，将其直译为“金狮”,译音成“金利来”,成功地占领了中国市场，受到广大中国消费者的喜爱。
参考文献:
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[2]刘洪武.浅谈商务英语词汇的特点及其翻译[J].中国商界,2010(10):272.
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英语毕业论文提纲的写作流程：1.提纲写作需要先拟定论文标题.2.根据论文题目写出总论点.3.结合总论点考虑全篇的整体布局.4.确定论文的整体布局后再逐步考虑总论点下面的分论点,直至确定论点句.5.结合段落部署,把相关材料组合起来,以便写作过程中的随用随取.6.进行全面的检查,对于不必要的内容进行不必要的删减.英语专业毕业论文提纲要求学位论文包括前置、主体、附录等三个部分.(一)前置1.英文封面：由论文英文题目、解释、作者、指导老师姓名和职称、时间组成.2.目录：由论文的中、英文摘要、篇、章、条、款以及参考书目、附录等序号、题名和页码组成,排在英文封面之后另页.3.中、英文内容论文摘要：摘要是论文的内容不加注释和评论的简短陈述,宜以最简洁的语言介绍论文的概要、作者的突出论点、新见解或创造性成果以及实验方法、数据或结论,是一篇完整的短文,可以独立使用,中文摘要一般在200字左右4关键词：关键词是用以表示全文主题内容信息的单词或术语.为便于文献检索,学位论文应注明三至五个具有代表意义中、外文,关键词,,这些关键词就是论文的中心词,以显著的字符另起一行,分别排在中、外文摘要的左下方.各关键词之间用,分号,隔开.外文关键词应与中文关键词相对应.(二)主体部分主题部分包括引言(introduction)、正文(body)、结论(conclusion)、参考文献(bibliography).主体部分必须由另页右页开始.1.引言：主要说明研究工作的目的、涉及范围、相关领域的前人研究成果和知识空白、研究设想、研究方法等方面的概述、理论意义和实用价值等.2.正文：论文的正文是核心部分,占主要篇幅.一般论文选题需要从几个方面来论述或论证.要求论据充分,论点明确.行文必须实事求是,客观真切,准确完备,合乎逻辑,层次分明,简练可读.正文部分要有分级标题,章、条、款、项的序号编码方法,采用阿拉伯数分级系列编号法,论文中的章、条、款、项依次排列,依次从1开始,连续编号,中间用,.,相隔,最末级编号之后不加点.3.结论：学位论文的结论是最终的、总体的结论,它是对正文部分的论述的概述,也可以在结论或讨论中提出建议、研究设想、尚待解决的问题等.毕业论文提纲的编写方法： 标题式写法用简洁的文字凝练出标题,并将这部分内容概括出来.这种写法的好处是简洁明了,一目了然,但是这种方法存在一定的缺陷,作者本人对此非常了解熟悉,但是外人乍看没有眉目,因此,在毕业论文的提纲写作中,很少使用这种方法. 句子式写法就是用表述完整通畅的句子将所要描述出来的内容进行概括,这种写法更为具体,更为明确,自己了解的同时也能让外人看得懂.因为毕业论文不是针对个人,因此在毕业论文提纲的写作中得到广泛应用.2.毕业论文提供的修改推敲毕业论文提纲写好后,需要进行推敲和修改,修改的过程中需要注意以下几点： 题目是否合适.题目是一篇文章的精华所在,其重要性不容忽视,不合适的论文题目会对接下来的论文写作带来阻碍. 结构是否合理.合理的结构需要点明主题的基础上围绕主题进行拓展延伸,划分层次和段落,提高文章的逻辑性,检查过渡是否自然,然后进行全局性的把控. 层次是否完善.提纲的层次必须完善,每个层次必须保证清晰,总论点应该重点突出,序论和结论部分应该简明扼要.本论是全文的重点,是需要集中精力写的一部分,因此,提纲应该罗列地详细一点,层层深入,体现总论和分论的巧妙融合.希望能帮到你
英语专业论文提纲模板
英语教育专业毕业论文提纲模板
所谓论文提纲，是指论文作者动笔行文前的必要准备，是论文构思谋篇的具体体现。构思谋篇是指组织设计毕业论文的篇章结构，以便论文作者可以根据论文提纲安排材料素材、对课题论文展开论证。下面我以英语教育专业毕业论文提纲为例，为大家介绍论文提纲的写法。
英语教育专业毕业论文提纲模板一
摘要 2-3
Abstract 3
引言 6-13
一、研究的背景 6-7
二、文献综述 7-11
(一) 国外研究状况 7-9
(二) 国内研究状况 9-11
三、研究方法 11-12
四、创新之处 12-13
第一章 小学高年级英语语篇整体性教学的理论思考 13-22
一、相关概念的界定 13
二、小学高年级实施英语语篇整体性教学的必要性 13-14
(一) 小学高年级学生心理发展的特点 13
(二) 小学高年级英语语篇的特点 13-14
三、小学高年级英语语篇整体性教学的理论基础 14-18
(一) 心理学中的整体性原则 14-15
(二) 心理学中的认知理论 15-16
(三) 三种阅读教学模式 16-18
四、小学高年级英语语篇整体性教学的主要类型 18-22
(一) 对话类语篇整体性教学要素 18-19
(二) 故事类语篇整体性教学要素 19-22
第二章 小学高年级英语语篇整体性教学课堂模式实施的现状调研 22-38
一、调研设计 22-23
(一) 调研对象 22
(二) 调研方法 22
(三) 调研内容 22-23
二、对小学高年级英语语篇整体性教学推进情况的调研 23-38
(一) 对语篇整体性教学实施态度的调研 23-25
(二) 对语篇整体性教学实施过程的调研 25-27
(三) 对语篇整体性教学实施效果的调研 27-34
(四)对语篇整体性教学实施困惑的调研 34-38
第三章 小学高年级英语语篇整体性教学调研的问题及原因分析 38-46
一、在实施语篇整体性教学过程中存在的问题 38-41
(一) 过于重视“整体”，完全放弃了 “局部”知识点学习 38-39
(二)为了体现“学生主体”，大胆放弃“教师主导” 39-40
(三)误解“阅读语篇”的意义，变成“反复朗读语篇” 40
(四)为了“整体情境”，拘泥于“单一情境” 40
(五)为了“立足语篇”，拒绝“适当有效拓展” 40-41
二、小学高年级英语语篇整体性教学问题产生原因的分析 41-46
第四章 优化小学高年级英语语篇整体性教学的途径 46-54
一、小学高年级英语语篇整体性教学课堂实施的原则 46-51
(一) 整体理解为主,细节理解为辅 46-48
(二) 语感训练为主,语法理解为辅 48-50
(三) 思维训练为主,知识技能掌握为辅 50-51
二、小学高年级英语语篇整体性教学的策略研究 51-54
(一) 确立明确的教学目标 51
(二) 分配合理的预习任务 51-52
(三) 关注有效的情景创设 52
(四) 把握清晰的主线设置 52
(五) 关注丰富的拓展阅读 52-54
结语 54-55
参考文献 55-59
致谢 59-60
英语教育专业毕业论文提纲模板二
Idiom Translation under the Chinese and English Cultures
Class XXX Number XXX Name XXX
Abstract: Nida, a famous translator, says, "For truly successful translation, it is much more important to familiarize two cultures than master two languages, because words are assigned meanings in its particular cultures."(Background information) This is to say, translation is closely related with not only languages but also cultures. Studies of the cultural distinction in idiom translation are still relatively weak in the field of translation in China. Exclusive research on the translation of Chinese and English idioms is still incomplete. In the last twenty years, idiom translation has mostly emphasized the level of inter-lingual communication, but cultural differences were rarely involved in it.(Identify problem) This thesis analyses the cultural differences in Chinese and English idioms, then studies English-Chinese\Chinese-English idiom translation methods(Research subject) from the angle of culture(Method) and points out some warnings concerning idiom translation: pay attention to context and choose the right version in line with the style and meaning of the original passage(Results); culture is a whole way of life, when new culture emerges, new idioms also appear, therefore idiom translation should develop with the time.(Conclusion)
Key Words: idioms; culture; translation
论英汉文化背景下的习语翻译
摘要 :著名翻译学家奈达指出:“对于真正成功的翻译而言，熟悉两种文化甚至比掌握两种语言更为重要，
因为词语只有在其作用的'文化背景下才有意义。”也就是说，翻译不仅与语言有关也和文化有关。习语翻译中对文化差异的研究在中国的翻译领域中仍然较弱，专门对中英习语翻译的研究还不很完善。近20年来，习语翻译大多强调语际的交流，而很少涉及文化差异。本文通过分析中英习语的文化差异，进而从文化角度研究中英习语翻译方法，并指出中英习语翻译要注意的问题:联系上下文，选择与原文风格，意思相符的翻译;文化是一种生活方式，文化在变化，出现新的习语，习语翻译要与时俱进。
关键词： 习语;文化;翻译
1. Introduction
Idioms universally exist in every language. An Idiom is a word or an expression
that cannot be literally translated from the source language into the target language because its idiomatic meaning cannot be understood by literally defining its component parts.(Background) In a broad sense, idioms contain set phrases, proverbs, colloquialisms, slangs, maxims, allusions, etc. (YinLi, 2007:9) In Chinese, they also include enigmatic folk similes. Newmark, a British translation theorist, in his work A Textbook of Translation, said, "I define as culture the way of life and his manifestation that are peculiar to a community that uses a peculiar language as its means of expression. "(Previous research) English Idioms derives from English cultures and daily life. In real context, idioms explain themselves: nine times out of ten they carry their own explanations. If we are unaware of these, we will find ourselves in a state of confusion since we will assign literal meaning to them. The Chinese Idioms, especially the four-character idioms, have their own unique origins which are closely correlative to the Chinese history and cultures. In view of the difficulties in understanding idioms, we should pay due attention and efforts to understand their cultures and customs. This thesis is designed to dig into the cultural differences between Chinese and English and then elaborates on the translation theories applied to idioms. (Subject + Method)
2. A Comparison Between English and Chinese Idioms
The Cultural Differences Between English and Chinese Idioms Geographical Conditions
The formation of culture is closely related with natural geographical conditions. A specific geographical environment produces a specific culture, which also leads to a particular expression.
Great Britain covers islands including the Northern one-sixth of the island of
Ireland between the North Atlantic Ocean and the North Sea, northwest of France. It has a moist climate with much rainfall. Rivers and lakes are numerous. No wonder that fishery is thriving and most important in Britain. Accordingly, idioms concerning fish and navigation constitute a great part in English idioms. (LiYuping, 2008:20)(Theory/Results of previous research)
For example, "like a fish out of water". If you feel like fish out of water, you feel awkward and uncomfortable because you are in an unusual and unfamiliar situation. Fish in the air 缘木求鱼 An odd fish 怪人 Miss the boat 错过机会
Trim the sails to the wind 顺势前进
A small leak will sink a great ship 小洞不补要沉大船 (Examples)
On the other hand, China is located in the Asian Continent and reputed as an agricultural country with a large population of peasants. It is not surprising to find many idioms relevant to farming, such as "骨瘦如柴，对牛弹琴, 众人拾柴火焰高,竹篮打水一场空......". Chinese people also have a mysterious and awe feeling for sea, so they have idioms like "海角天涯，海枯石烂，海阔天空，海底捞针，海市蜃楼......". (Analysis)
History
The Similarities Between English and Chinese Idioms
Colours
Numbers
3. Methods of Idiom Translation
Translation is far more than a science. It is also a skill, and at the ultimate analysis, fully satisfactory translation is always an art. (Nida, 1982:49) Translation is considered as the cultural bridge and media between two languages. As there are wide differences in vocabulary and syntax between English and Chinese, translation is no easy job. Therefore, in order to keep the flavor of the original as well as cater for both the Chinese and English languages, translation skills should be reasonably employed in the process of translating, such as the following translating methods:
Literal Translation
Free Translation
Translation with Notes
Replacement with Similar Idioms
The Translation of Corresponding Idioms with the Same Meaning
A Combination of Literal and Free Translation
4. Some Warnings Concerning Idiom Translation
5. Conclusion
One of the major characteristics identifying us as human is our ability to use language. Language plays a very important role in people’s daily life; it enables people communicate with each other and understand others' feelings. Language has close relations with culture. It is impossible to separate language from culture. As the essence of language, idioms also have close relations with culture. The contents of them range from society, history, psychology to customs and other various social phenomena. So, in the process of translation, translators should pay more attention to the cultural factors, in doing this, he can dig up the implicit meanings. (Conclusion of research) Only the cultural factors are concerned, translators can have a satisfactory translation. Besides, people should get acquaintances with the cultural background when using idioms to avoid embarrassment in communication. (Suggestions)
References
[*] 作者. 书名(英语的斜体). (出版地：)出版社，年份：参考内容页码 [*] 作者. 文章名(英语的斜体). 刊物名称. (出版地：)出版社，年份
[1] Li Mei. Mother tongue and translation. Shanhai: Shanhai Foreign Language Education Press,2008
[2] Li Qingming. A Comparison of the Cultures between the Chinese and English Language. Xi'an: Northwest University of technology Press, 2007
[3] Nida Eugene. The theory and Practice of Translation. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1982
[4] Nida Eugene. Language, Culture, and Translating. Shanhai: Shanhai Foreign Language Education Press, 1993
[5] Susan Bassnett, Andre Lefevere. Translation, History, Culture. Shanghai: Shanhai Foreign Language Education Press, 1987
[6] Luo Shiping. A Research on English Idioms. Shanhai: Shanhai Foreign Language Education Press, 2006
[7] Li Yuping. English Idioms and their Cultural Origin. Tianjin: Nankai University Press, 2008
[8] Yin Li. English-Chinese Idioms and Folk Culture. Beijing: Bejing university Press, 2007
[9] Zhang Yajun. A Kaleidoscope of Chinese Culture. Beijing: Sinolingua, 2008\
[10] 李云(Li Yun).《新编大学翻译教程》. 北京：世界知识出版社, 2007 [11] 马爱英(Ma Aiying).《中英文化翻译》. 北京：科学出版社, 2006
英语专业论文提纲范文
英语专业论文提纲怎么写呢?随着社会的发展，英语在人们生活中的比重逐渐加大，成为运用非常广泛的语言。下面是我分享的英语专业论文提纲的范文，欢迎阅读!
Idiom Translation under the Chinese and English Cultures
Class XXX Number XXX Name XXX
Abstract: Nida, a famous translator, says, "For truly successful translation, it is much more important to familiarize two cultures than master two languages, because words are assigned meanings in its particular cultures."(Background information) This is to say, translation is closely related with not only languages but also cultures. Studies of the cultural distinction in idiom translation are still relatively weak in the field of translation in China. Exclusive research on the translation of Chinese and English idioms is still incomplete. In the last twenty years, idiom translation has mostly emphasized the level of inter-lingual communication, but cultural differences were rarely involved in it.(Identify problem) This thesis analyses the cultural differences in Chinese and English idioms, then studies English-ChineseChinese-English idiom translation methods(Research subject) from the angle of culture(Method) and points out some warnings concerning idiom translation: pay attention to context and choose the right version in line with the style and meaning of the original passage(Results); culture is a whole way of life, when new culture emerges, new idioms also appear, therefore idiom translation should develop with the time.(Conclusion)
Key Words: idioms; culture; translation
论英汉文化背景下的习语翻译
摘要: 著名翻译学家奈达指出:“对于真正成功的翻译而言，熟悉两种文化甚至比掌握两种语言更为重要，
因为词语只有在其作用的文化背景下才有意义。”也就是说，翻译不仅与语言有关也和文化有关。习语翻译中对文化差异的研究在中国的翻译领域中仍然较弱，专门对中英习语翻译的研究还不很完善。近20年来，习语翻译大多强调语际的'交流，而很少涉及文化差异。本文通过分析中英习语的文化差异，进而从文化角度研究中英习语翻译方法，并指出中英习语翻译要注意的问题:联系上下文，选择与原文风格，意思相符的翻译;文化是一种生活方式，文化在变化，出现新的习语，习语翻译要与时俱进。
关键词：习语;文化;翻译
1. Introduction
Idioms universally exist in every language. An Idiom is a word or an expression
that cannot be literally translated from the source language into the target language because its idiomatic meaning cannot be understood by literally defining its component parts.(Background) In a broad sense, idioms contain set phrases, proverbs, colloquialisms, slangs, maxims, allusions, etc. (YinLi, 2007:9) In Chinese, they also include enigmatic folk similes. Newmark, a British translation theorist, in his work A Textbook of Translation, said, "I define as culture the way of life and his manifestation that are peculiar to a community that uses a peculiar language as its means of expression. "(Previous research) English Idioms derives from English cultures and daily life. In real context, idioms explain themselves: nine times out of ten they carry their own explanations. If we are unaware of these, we will find ourselves in a state of confusion since we will assign literal meaning to them. The Chinese Idioms, especially the four-character idioms, have their own unique origins which are closely correlative to the Chinese history and cultures. In view of the difficulties in understanding idioms, we should pay due attention and efforts to understand their cultures and customs. This thesis is designed to dig into the cultural differences between Chinese and English and then elaborates on the translation theories applied to idioms. (Subject + Method)
2. A Comparison Between English and Chinese Idioms
The Cultural Differences Between English and Chinese Idioms Geographical Conditions
The formation of culture is closely related with natural geographical conditions. A specific geographical environment produces a specific culture, which also leads to a particular expression.
Great Britain covers islands including the Northern one-sixth of the island of
Ireland between the North Atlantic Ocean and the North Sea, northwest of France. It has a moist climate with much rainfall. Rivers and lakes are numerous. No wonder that fishery is thriving and most important in Britain. Accordingly, idioms concerning fish and navigation constitute a great part in English idioms. (LiYuping, 2008:20)(Theory/Results of previous research)
For example, "like a fish out of water". If you feel like fish out of water, you feel awkward and uncomfortable because you are in an unusual and unfamiliar situation. Fish in the air 缘木求鱼 An odd fish 怪人 Miss the boat 错过机会
Trim the sails to the wind 顺势前进
A small leak will sink a great ship 小洞不补要沉大船 (Examples)
On the other hand, China is located in the Asian Continent and reputed as an agricultural country with a large population of peasants. It is not surprising to find many idioms relevant to farming, such as "骨瘦如柴，对牛弹琴, 众人拾柴火焰高,竹篮打水一场空......" Chinese people also have a mysterious and awe feeling for sea, so they have idioms like "海角天涯，海枯石烂，海阔天空，海底捞针，海市蜃楼......". (Analysis)
History
The Similarities Between English and Chinese Idioms
Colours
Numbers
3. Methods of Idiom Translation
Translation is far more than a science. It is also a skill, and at the ultimate analysis, fully satisfactory translation is always an art. (Nida, 1982:49) Translation is considered as the cultural bridge and media between two languages. As there are wide differences in vocabulary and syntax between English and Chinese, translation is no easy job. Therefore, in order to keep the flavor of the original as well as cater for both the Chinese and English languages, translation skills should be reasonably employed in the process of translating, such as the following translating methods:
Literal Translation
Free Translation
Translation with Notes
Replacement with Similar Idioms
The Translation of Corresponding Idioms with the Same Meaning
A Combination of Literal and Free Translation
4. Some Warnings Concerning Idiom Translation
5. Conclusion
One of the major characteristics identifying us as human is our ability to use language. Language plays a very important role in people’s daily life; it enables people communicate with each other and understand others feelings. Language has close relations with culture. It is impossible to separate language from culture. As the essence of language, idioms also have close relations with culture. The contents of them range from society, history, psychology to customs and other various social phenomena. So, in the process of translation, translators should pay more attention to the cultural factors, in doing this, he can dig up the implicit meanings. (Conclusion of research) Only the cultural factors are concerned, translators can have a satisfactory translation. Besides, people should get acquaintances with the cultural background when using idioms to avoid embarrassment in communication. (Suggestions)
References
[*] 作者. 书名(英语的斜体). (出版地：)出版社，年份：参考内容页码 [*] 作者. 文章名(英语的斜体). 刊物名称. (出版地：)出版社，年份
[1] Li Mei. Mother tongue and translation. Shanhai: Shanhai Foreign Language Education Press,2008
[2] Li Qingming. A Comparison of the Cultures between the Chinese and English Language. Xian: Northwest University of technology Press, 2007
[3] Nida Eugene. The theory and Practice of Translation. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1982
[4] Nida Eugene. Language, Culture, and Translating. Shanhai: Shanhai Foreign Language Education Press, 1993
[5] Susan Bassnett, Andre Lefevere. Translation, History, Culture. Shanghai: Shanhai Foreign Language Education Press, 1987
[6] Luo Shiping. A Research on English Idioms. Shanhai: Shanhai Foreign Language Education Press, 2006
[7] Li Yuping. English Idioms and their Cultural Origin. Tianjin: Nankai University Press, 2008
[8] Yin Li. English-Chinese Idioms and Folk Culture. Beijing: Bejing university Press, 2007
[9] Zhang Yajun. A Kaleidoscope of Chinese Culture. Beijing: Sinolingua, 2008
[10] 李云(Li Yun).《新编大学翻译教程》. 北京：世界知识出版社, 2007 [11] 马爱英(Ma Aiying).《中英文化翻译》. 北京：科学出版社, 2006
[12] 孙致礼(Sun Zhili).《新编英汉翻译教程》. 上海：上海外语教学出版社, 2008
[13] 王宗炎(Wang Zongyan).《英汉语文问题面面观》. 北京：北京高等教育出版社, 2006
英语专业毕业论文提纲模板范文
英语专业的论文提纲模板
导语：在毕业论文的.写作过程中，指导教师一般都要求学生编写提纲。从写作程序上讲，它是作者动笔行文前的必要准备；从提纲本身来讲，它是作者构思谋篇的具体体现。下面我整理了英语专业的论文提纲模板，欢迎参考借鉴！
Chapter One Influencing Factors of Creative Treason
Background of Gone with the Wind
Author's Life and Emotional Experience
Development of the Feminist Movement
Influence of Economic Crisis
Background of the Translator
Reader's Expectations and the Ability to Accept
Chapter Two Creative Treason and Translator Style
Selection and Use of Words
Symbolthe Usage of Idioms
Symbolthe Usage of Reduplication
Structure and Modalitythe Usage of Parallel Construction
' Logic and Combination
's Device and Style
's Transition
, Slangs and Fixed Collocations
Identity
of Narrative Style
Chapter Three The Limitation of Translator Style
Chapter Four The Sociality of Creative Treason
Significance
Significance
' Effort
Conclusion
This article conclusion
Creative treason develops a new domain for literary translation. In this thesis, thebackground of main factors was taken as the entry point. Through analyzing thebackground of tiie original, translator and readers we got the result that affected byvarious factors especially different background the creative treason in literary translationis objective and inevitable. By reason of existence of creative treason, it is possible toform the unique translation style in the translation process. Based on parsing FuDonghua's version of Gone with the Wind,this study analyzes translator style from sixaspects and has proved the existence of translator style. Retoning to the ultimate purposemotivation of translation, we should affirm that the translation work which is in theframework of the original and makes recreations for the need of target readers is thehigh-quality one.
Behind two literary works are two different languages, behind two languages are twodifferent cultures,after discussing the translator style which is based on the languageexchange we should see the most fundamental factor is the cultural differences, which isone of the social significance of creative treason. Just as Escarpit states, all thetranslations are the result of creative treason. So the social significance of translation isalso creative treason V In the process of social development the role of translation can notbe replaced and the creative treason's function should be paid more attention to. For theexistence of creative treason, we can not ignore the hard work and efforts the translatorsdo,it should be folly admitted and respected.
In addition to translation activities, in the field of other social life, we can still findthe creative treason. There are some subjective factors which are mixed into theunderstanding and judgment of object,that's why different people have differentcognitions for the same thing. Therefore, in the process of recognizing the world creativetreason always exists- This can be the new point of creative treason's socialization, enrichthe connotation of the concept and extend the social significance of creative treason.
英语毕业论文提纲模板
紧张又充实的`大学生活即将结束，毕业前要通过最后的毕业论文，毕业论文是一种有准备的检验学生学习成果的形式，毕业论文应该怎么写才好呢？以下是我整理的英语毕业论文提纲模板，希望能够帮助到大家。
Acknowledgements 4-6
Contents 6-10
List of Figures 10-12
List of Tables 12-20
Abstract 20-22
摘要 23-25
Chapter 1 Introduction 25-32
Purpose of the study and research questions 28-29
Significance of the study 29-30
Organization of the study 30-31
A note on terminology 31-32
Chapter 2 Literature review 32-51
T/TP and coherence in English writing 32-35
Defining coherence 32-33
T/TP as means to realize coherence 33-35
T/TP in EFL/ESL writing 35-42
T/TP and coherence in EFL/ESL writing 35-37
T/TP in EFL/ESL writing as compared to NS writing 37-42
T/TP in English research articles by EFL/ESL scholars 42-44
The factors that influence T/TP in EFL/ESL writing 44-47
Training in T/TP 47-49
Summary 49-51
Chapter 3 Theoretical background 51-70
Systemic Functional Grammar 51-55
Five dimensions of language as a semiotic system 51-53
Three metafunctions of language as a functional system 53-54
Three lines of meaning from metafunctions 54-55
Theme and thematic progression 55-70
Theme 56-62
Thematic progression 62-70
Chapter 4 Research Design 70-88
The participants and the educational context 70-73
Background of the participants and the participating school 70
The allocation of participants to the training 70-71
The sample sizes 71-72
The pilot study 72-73
The interventional procedures 73-74
The questionnaire 74-75
The training 75-80
Considerations behind the training 75-76
The training material 76-79
The role of the researcher as the trainer 79-80
Data analysis 80-86
Analysis of the writing 80-86
Analysis of the questionnaire 86
Ethical considerations 86-88
Informed consent 86-87
Anonymity 87
Harm 87-88
Chapter 5 Results and analysis of pre-training writing 88-115
Comparison of Themes in EEL pre-training writing and CEL pre-writing 88-102
Topical,textual and interpersonal Themes 88-91
Topical Themes:marked and unmarked Themes 91-95
Textual Themes:continuatives,conjunctions and conjunctive adjuncts 95-100
Interpersonal Themes 100-102
Comparison of thematic progression in EEL pre-training writing and CEL pre-writing 102-110
Linear,constant,summative and split progressions 102-107
Back,contextual and new Themes 107-110
Summary 110-115
Chapter 6 Results and analysis of post-training writing 115-137
Comparison of Themes in EEL post-training writing and CEL post-writing 115-129
Topical,textual and interpersonal Themes 115-117
Topical Themes:marked and unmarked Themes 117-121
Textual Themes:continuatives,conjunctions and conjunctive adjuncts 121-126
Interpersonal Themes 126-129
Comparison of thematic progression in EEL post-training writing and CEL post-writing 129-132
Linear,constant,summative and split progressions 129-131
Back,contextual and new Themes 131-132
Summary 132-137
Chapter 7 Results and analysis of pre- and post- training writing 137-155
Comparison of Themes in pre- and post- training writing 137-147
Topical,textual and interpersonal Themes 137-139
Topical Themes:marked and unmarked Themes 139-142
Textual Themes:continuatives,conjunctions and conjunctive adjuncts 142-145
Interpersonal Themes 145-147
Comparison of thematic progression in pre- and post- training writing 147-150
Linear,constant,summative and split progressions 147-149
Back,contextual and new Themes 149-150
Summary 150-155
Chapter 8 Results and analysis of the questionnaire 155-165
Findings from closed questions 155-160
EEL participants' general attitude to training on T/TP 155-157
EEL participants' perception of the usefulness of the training on T/TP 157-158
EEL participants' perception of the learnability of T/TP 158-159
EEL participants' perception of the applicability of T/TP in writing 159-160
Findings from open questions 160-164
The changes that occurred 161-162
The perceived difficulty of applying the theory of T/TP in writing 162-163
The reasons for the perceived difficulty in learning 163
EEL participants' suggestions for future training 163-164
Summary 164-165
Chapter 9 Discussion 165-195
Findings with regard to research questions 165-187
Chinese college students' use of T/TP in pre-training writing 165-172
Chinese college students' use of T/TP in post-training writing 172-181
Effects of the training on T/TP in Chinese college students' English writing 181-187
Positioning the study within the literature 187-190
T/TP in Chinese college students' English writing 187-189
Effects of training on Chinese college students' use of T/TP 189-190
Implications 190-194
Pedagogical implication 190-193
Methodological implication 193-194
Limitations 194-195
Chapter 10 Conclusion 195-200
Summary 195-197
Putting everything together 197-199
Suggestions for future work 199-200
Notes 200-202
References 202-214
Appendix 1: Plan for the interventional procedures 214-215
Appendix 2: The post-training questionnaire 215-217
Appendix 3: Training material 217-229
Appendix 4: Teachers' guide to the training 229-237
Appendix 5: Consent form for EEL group 237-238
Appendix 6: Consent form for CEL group 238-239
Appendix 7: Consent form for NS group 239
中文摘要 3-4
ABSTRACT 4
Chapter One Introduction 7-10
Motivation of the present study 7-8
Significance of this study 8
Composition of this thesis 8-10
Chapter Two Literature Review 10-19
Language production 10-14
L1 Production 10-11
L2 Production 11-12
Dimensions of language production 12-14
Theories on oral output 14-15
Skehan’s dual-model system 14
Swain’s Output Hypothesis 14-15
Task Repetition 15-17
Task 15-16
Task repetition 16-17
Relevant studies on effects of task repetition on L2 oral output 17-19
CHARPTER THREE THE CURRENT STUDY 19-25
Research justification and questions 19
Hypothesis 19-20
Methods 20-25
Participants 20-21
Material 21
Research design 21-23
Measures 23-25
Chapter Four Results and Discussion 25-41
Results and Analysis 25-34
Quantitative analysis 25-27
Qualitative analysis 27-34
Discussion 34-41
Fluency 34-36
Complexity 36-38
Accuracy 38-39
interlanguage development path of learner L 39-41
Chapter Five Conclusions 41-44
Conclusion and implication 41-43
Limitations and recommendations 43-44
Acknowledgements 44-45
References 45-49
Appendixes 49-54
A. Instructions of the experiment 49-50
B. The same-content task 50-51
C. The different-content task 51-52
D. Sample of oral pre-task 52-53
E. Sample of oral post-task 53-54
F. Sample of writing repetition task 54
Contents
Chapter 1 Introduction
Research Background
Significance of the Study
Research Goals and Questions
Data Collection and Methodology
Analysis Procedures
Organization of the Thesis
Chapter 2 Literature Review
Introduction to Appraisal Theory
Studies on Appraisal Theory
Studies on Appraisal Theory Abroad
Studies on Appraisal Theory at Home
Studies on Personal Statements
Introduction to Personal Statement
Summary
Chapter 3 Theoretical Framework
An Overview of Attitude System
Affect Resources
Judgment Resources
Social Esteem
Social Sanction
Appreciation Resources
Interactions of Affect, Judgment and Appreciation
Borders of Affect, Judgment and Appreciation
Summary
Appendix 1: Papers Published during Graduate Studies
Appendix 2: Some Samples of the Study
References
Acknowledgements
英语专业文学论文提纲模板
英语毕业论文提纲模板
紧张又充实的`大学生活即将结束，毕业前要通过最后的毕业论文，毕业论文是一种有准备的检验学生学习成果的形式，毕业论文应该怎么写才好呢？以下是我整理的英语毕业论文提纲模板，希望能够帮助到大家。
Acknowledgements 4-6
Contents 6-10
List of Figures 10-12
List of Tables 12-20
Abstract 20-22
摘要 23-25
Chapter 1 Introduction 25-32
Purpose of the study and research questions 28-29
Significance of the study 29-30
Organization of the study 30-31
A note on terminology 31-32
Chapter 2 Literature review 32-51
T/TP and coherence in English writing 32-35
Defining coherence 32-33
T/TP as means to realize coherence 33-35
T/TP in EFL/ESL writing 35-42
T/TP and coherence in EFL/ESL writing 35-37
T/TP in EFL/ESL writing as compared to NS writing 37-42
T/TP in English research articles by EFL/ESL scholars 42-44
The factors that influence T/TP in EFL/ESL writing 44-47
Training in T/TP 47-49
Summary 49-51
Chapter 3 Theoretical background 51-70
Systemic Functional Grammar 51-55
Five dimensions of language as a semiotic system 51-53
Three metafunctions of language as a functional system 53-54
Three lines of meaning from metafunctions 54-55
Theme and thematic progression 55-70
Theme 56-62
Thematic progression 62-70
Chapter 4 Research Design 70-88
The participants and the educational context 70-73
Background of the participants and the participating school 70
The allocation of participants to the training 70-71
The sample sizes 71-72
The pilot study 72-73
The interventional procedures 73-74
The questionnaire 74-75
The training 75-80
Considerations behind the training 75-76
The training material 76-79
The role of the researcher as the trainer 79-80
Data analysis 80-86
Analysis of the writing 80-86
Analysis of the questionnaire 86
Ethical considerations 86-88
Informed consent 86-87
Anonymity 87
Harm 87-88
Chapter 5 Results and analysis of pre-training writing 88-115
Comparison of Themes in EEL pre-training writing and CEL pre-writing 88-102
Topical,textual and interpersonal Themes 88-91
Topical Themes:marked and unmarked Themes 91-95
Textual Themes:continuatives,conjunctions and conjunctive adjuncts 95-100
Interpersonal Themes 100-102
Comparison of thematic progression in EEL pre-training writing and CEL pre-writing 102-110
Linear,constant,summative and split progressions 102-107
Back,contextual and new Themes 107-110
Summary 110-115
Chapter 6 Results and analysis of post-training writing 115-137
Comparison of Themes in EEL post-training writing and CEL post-writing 115-129
Topical,textual and interpersonal Themes 115-117
Topical Themes:marked and unmarked Themes 117-121
Textual Themes:continuatives,conjunctions and conjunctive adjuncts 121-126
Interpersonal Themes 126-129
Comparison of thematic progression in EEL post-training writing and CEL post-writing 129-132
Linear,constant,summative and split progressions 129-131
Back,contextual and new Themes 131-132
Summary 132-137
Chapter 7 Results and analysis of pre- and post- training writing 137-155
Comparison of Themes in pre- and post- training writing 137-147
Topical,textual and interpersonal Themes 137-139
Topical Themes:marked and unmarked Themes 139-142
Textual Themes:continuatives,conjunctions and conjunctive adjuncts 142-145
Interpersonal Themes 145-147
Comparison of thematic progression in pre- and post- training writing 147-150
Linear,constant,summative and split progressions 147-149
Back,contextual and new Themes 149-150
Summary 150-155
Chapter 8 Results and analysis of the questionnaire 155-165
Findings from closed questions 155-160
EEL participants' general attitude to training on T/TP 155-157
EEL participants' perception of the usefulness of the training on T/TP 157-158
EEL participants' perception of the learnability of T/TP 158-159
EEL participants' perception of the applicability of T/TP in writing 159-160
Findings from open questions 160-164
The changes that occurred 161-162
The perceived difficulty of applying the theory of T/TP in writing 162-163
The reasons for the perceived difficulty in learning 163
EEL participants' suggestions for future training 163-164
Summary 164-165
Chapter 9 Discussion 165-195
Findings with regard to research questions 165-187
Chinese college students' use of T/TP in pre-training writing 165-172
Chinese college students' use of T/TP in post-training writing 172-181
Effects of the training on T/TP in Chinese college students' English writing 181-187
Positioning the study within the literature 187-190
T/TP in Chinese college students' English writing 187-189
Effects of training on Chinese college students' use of T/TP 189-190
Implications 190-194
Pedagogical implication 190-193
Methodological implication 193-194
Limitations 194-195
Chapter 10 Conclusion 195-200
Summary 195-197
Putting everything together 197-199
Suggestions for future work 199-200
Notes 200-202
References 202-214
Appendix 1: Plan for the interventional procedures 214-215
Appendix 2: The post-training questionnaire 215-217
Appendix 3: Training material 217-229
Appendix 4: Teachers' guide to the training 229-237
Appendix 5: Consent form for EEL group 237-238
Appendix 6: Consent form for CEL group 238-239
Appendix 7: Consent form for NS group 239
中文摘要 3-4
ABSTRACT 4
Chapter One Introduction 7-10
Motivation of the present study 7-8
Significance of this study 8
Composition of this thesis 8-10
Chapter Two Literature Review 10-19
Language production 10-14
L1 Production 10-11
L2 Production 11-12
Dimensions of language production 12-14
Theories on oral output 14-15
Skehan’s dual-model system 14
Swain’s Output Hypothesis 14-15
Task Repetition 15-17
Task 15-16
Task repetition 16-17
Relevant studies on effects of task repetition on L2 oral output 17-19
CHARPTER THREE THE CURRENT STUDY 19-25
Research justification and questions 19
Hypothesis 19-20
Methods 20-25
Participants 20-21
Material 21
Research design 21-23
Measures 23-25
Chapter Four Results and Discussion 25-41
Results and Analysis 25-34
Quantitative analysis 25-27
Qualitative analysis 27-34
Discussion 34-41
Fluency 34-36
Complexity 36-38
Accuracy 38-39
interlanguage development path of learner L 39-41
Chapter Five Conclusions 41-44
Conclusion and implication 41-43
Limitations and recommendations 43-44
Acknowledgements 44-45
References 45-49
Appendixes 49-54
A. Instructions of the experiment 49-50
B. The same-content task 50-51
C. The different-content task 51-52
D. Sample of oral pre-task 52-53
E. Sample of oral post-task 53-54
F. Sample of writing repetition task 54
Contents
Chapter 1 Introduction
Research Background
Significance of the Study
Research Goals and Questions
Data Collection and Methodology
Analysis Procedures
Organization of the Thesis
Chapter 2 Literature Review
Introduction to Appraisal Theory
Studies on Appraisal Theory
Studies on Appraisal Theory Abroad
Studies on Appraisal Theory at Home
Studies on Personal Statements
Introduction to Personal Statement
Summary
Chapter 3 Theoretical Framework
An Overview of Attitude System
Affect Resources
Judgment Resources
Social Esteem
Social Sanction
Appreciation Resources
Interactions of Affect, Judgment and Appreciation
Borders of Affect, Judgment and Appreciation
Summary
Appendix 1: Papers Published during Graduate Studies
Appendix 2: Some Samples of the Study
References
Acknowledgements
英语专业论文提纲范文样本
下面是我整理的英语专业论文提纲范文样本，希望对大家有所帮助。
Class XXX Number XXX Name XXX
Abstract: Nida， a famous translator， says， "For truly successful translation， it is much more important to familiarize two cultures than master two languages， because words are assigned meanings in its particular cultures."(Background information) This is to say， translation is closely related with not only languages but also cultures. Studies of the cultural distinction in idiom translation are still relatively weak in the field of translation in China. Exclusive research on the translation of Chinese and English idioms is still incomplete. In the last twenty years， idiom translation has mostly emphasized the level of inter-lingual communication， but cultural differences were rarely involved in it.(Identify problem) This thesis analyses the cultural differences in Chinese and English idioms， then studies English-Chinese\Chinese-English idiom translation methods(Research subject) from the angle of culture(Method) and points out some warnings concerning idiom translation: pay attention to context and choose the right version in line with the style and meaning of the original passage(Results); culture is a whole way of life， when new culture emerges， new idioms also appear， therefore idiom translation should develop with the time.(Conclusion)
Key Words: idioms; culture; translation
论英汉文化背景下的习语翻译
摘要: 著名翻译学家奈达指出:“对于真正成功的翻译而言，熟悉两种文化甚至比掌握两种语言更为重要，
因为词语只有在其作用的文化背景下才有意义。”也就是说，翻译不仅与语言有关也和文化有关。习语翻译中对文化差异的研究在中国的翻译领域中仍然较弱，专门对中英习语翻译的研究还不很完善。近20年来，习语翻译大多强调语际的交流，而很少涉及文化差异。本文通过分析中英习语的文化差异，进而从文化角度研究中英习语翻译方法，并指出中英习语翻译要注意的问题:联系上下文，选择与原文风格，意思相符的`翻译;文化是一种生活方式，文化在变化，出现新的习语，习语翻译要与时俱进。
关键词： 习语;文化;翻译
1. Introduction
Idioms universally exist in every language. An Idiom is a word or an expression
that cannot be literally translated from the source language into the target language because its idiomatic meaning cannot be understood by literally defining its component parts.(Background) In a broad sense， idioms contain set phrases， proverbs， colloquialisms， slangs， maxims， allusions， etc. (YinLi， 2007:9) In Chinese， they also include enigmatic folk similes. Newmark， a British translation theorist， in his work A Textbook of Translation， said， "I define as culture the way of life and his manifestation that are peculiar to a community that uses a peculiar language as its means of expression. "(Previous research) English Idioms derives from English cultures and daily life. In real context， idioms explain themselves: nine times out of ten they carry their own explanations. If we are unaware of these， we will find ourselves in a state of confusion since we will assign literal meaning to them. The Chinese Idioms， especially the four-character idioms， have their own unique origins which are closely correlative to the Chinese history and cultures. In view of the difficulties in understanding idioms， we should pay due attention and efforts to understand their cultures and customs. This thesis is designed to dig into the cultural differences between Chinese and English and then elaborates on the translation theories applied to idioms. (Subject + Method)
2. A Comparison Between English and Chinese Idioms
The Cultural Differences Between English and Chinese Idioms Geographical Conditions
The formation of culture is closely related with natural geographical conditions. A specific geographical environment produces a specific culture， which also leads to a particular expression.
Great Britain covers islands including the Northern one-sixth of the island of
Ireland between the North Atlantic Ocean and the North Sea， northwest of France. It has a moist climate with much rainfall. Rivers and lakes are numerous. No wonder that fishery is thriving and most important in Britain. Accordingly， idioms concerning fish and navigation constitute a great part in English idioms. (LiYuping， 2008:20)(Theory/Results of previous research)
For example， "like a fish out of water". If you feel like fish out of water， you feel awkward and uncomfortable because you are in an unusual and unfamiliar situation. Fish in the air 缘木求鱼 An odd fish 怪人 Miss the boat 错过机会
Trim the sails to the wind 顺势前进
A small leak will sink a great ship 小洞不补要沉大船 (Examples)
On the other hand， China is located in the Asian Continent and reputed as an agricultural country with a large population of peasants. It is not surprising to find many idioms relevant to farming， such as "骨瘦如柴，对牛弹琴， 众人拾柴火焰高，竹篮打水一场空......". Chinese people also have a mysterious and awe feeling for sea， so they have idioms like "海角天涯，海枯石烂，海阔天空，海底捞针，海市蜃楼......". (Analysis)
History
The Similarities Between English and Chinese Idioms
Colours
Numbers
3. Methods of Idiom Translation
Translation is far more than a science. It is also a skill， and at the ultimate analysis， fully satisfactory translation is always an art. (Nida， 1982:49) Translation is considered as the cultural bridge and media between two languages. As there are wide differences in vocabulary and syntax between English and Chinese， translation is no easy job. Therefore， in order to keep the flavor of the original as well as cater for both the Chinese and English languages， translation skills should be reasonably employed in the process of translating， such as the following translating methods:
Literal Translation
Free Translation
Translation with Notes
Replacement with Similar Idioms
The Translation of Corresponding Idioms with the Same Meaning
A Combination of Literal and Free Translation
4. Some Warnings Concerning Idiom Translation
5. Conclusion
One of the major characteristics identifying us as human is our ability to use language. Language plays a very important role in people’s daily life; it enables people communicate with each other and understand others' feelings. Language has close relations with culture. It is impossible to separate language from culture. As the essence of language， idioms also have close relations with culture. The contents of them range from society， history， psychology to customs and other various social phenomena. So， in the process of translation， translators should pay more attention to the cultural factors， in doing this， he can dig up the implicit meanings. (Conclusion of research) Only the cultural factors are concerned， translators can have a satisfactory translation. Besides， people should get acquaintances with the cultural background when using idioms to avoid embarrassment in communication. (Suggestions)
References
[*] 作者. 书名(英语的斜体). (出版地：)出版社，年份：参考内容页码 [*] 作者. 文章名(英语的斜体). 刊物名称. (出版地：)出版社，年份
[1] Li Mei. Mother tongue and translation. Shanhai: Shanhai Foreign Language Education Press，2008
[2] Li Qingming. A Comparison of the Cultures between the Chinese and English Language. Xi'an: Northwest University of technology Press， 2007
[3] Nida Eugene. The theory and Practice of Translation. Leiden: E. J. Brill， 1982
[4] Nida Eugene. Language， Culture， and Translating. Shanhai: Shanhai Foreign Language Education Press， 1993
[5] Susan Bassnett， Andre Lefevere. Translation， History， Culture. Shanghai: Shanhai Foreign Language Education Press， 1987
[6] Luo Shiping. A Research on English Idioms. Shanhai: Shanhai Foreign Language Education Press， 2006
[7] Li Yuping. English Idioms and their Cultural Origin. Tianjin: Nankai University Press， 2008
[8] Yin Li. English-Chinese Idioms and Folk Culture. Beijing: Bejing university Press， 2007
[9] Zhang Yajun. A Kaleidoscope of Chinese Culture. Beijing: Sinolingua， 2008\
[10] 李云(Li Yun).《新编大学翻译教程》. 北京：世界知识出版社， 2007 [11] 马爱英(Ma Aiying).《中英文化翻译》. 北京：科学出版社， 2006
毕业论文提纲写作模板
题目:应简洁、明确、有概括性。关键词:从论文标题或正文中挑选3~5个最能表达主要内容的词作为关键词。摘要:(150字)要有高度的概括力，语言精练、明确，交代本文的主要内容和观点。目录:写出目录，标明页码。编写提纲的步骤:确定论文提要，再加进材料，形成全文的概要论文提要是内容提纲的雏型。一般书，教学参考书都有反映全书内容的提要，以便读者一翻提要就知道书的大概内容。我们写论文也需要先写出论文提要。在执笔前把论文的题目和大标题、小标题列出来，再把选用的材料插进去，就形成了论文内容的提要。论文提纲可分为简单提纲和详细提纲两种。简单提纲是高度概括的，只提示论文的要点，如何展开则不涉及。这种提纲虽然简单，但由于它是经过深思熟虑构成的，写作时能顺利进行。没有这种准备，边想边写很难顺利地写下去。引言(绪论)-------------------------------------(300字左右)引言是论文的开头部分，主要说明论文写作的目的、现实意义、对所研究问题的认识，并提出论文的中心论点等。
毕业论文提纲格式范本（通用6篇）
充实的大学生活即将结束，大家都知道毕业生要通过毕业论文，毕业论文是一种有准备的检验学生学习成果的形式，那么毕业论文应该怎么写才合适呢？以下是我精心整理的毕业论文提纲格式范本，希望能够帮助到大家。
(一)确定论文提要，再加进材料，形成全文的概要
论文提要是内容提纲的雏型。一般书、教学参考书都有反映全书内容的提要，以便读者一翻提要就知道书的大概内容。我们写论文也需要先写出论文提要。在执笔前把论文的题目和大标题、小标题列出来，再把选用的材料插进去，就形成了论文内容的提要。
(二)原稿纸页数的分配
写好毕业论文的提要之后，要根据论文的内容考虑篇幅的长短，文章的各个部分，大体上要写多少字。如计划写20页原稿纸(每页300字)的论文，考虑序论用1页，本论用17页，结论用1—2页。本论部分再进行分配，如本论共有四项，可以第一项3—4页，第二项用4—5页，第三项3—4页，第四项6—7页。有这样的分配，便于资料的配备和安排，写作能更有计划。毕业论文的长短一般规定为5000—6000字，因为过短，问题很难讲透，而作为毕业论文也不宜过长，这是一般大专、本科学生的理论基础、实践经验所决定的。
(三)编写提纲
论文提纲可分为简单提纲和详细提纲两种。简单提纲是高度概括的，只提示论文的要点，如何展开则不涉及。这种提纲虽然简单，但由于它是经过深思熟虑构成的，写作时能顺利进行。没有这种准备，边想边写很难顺利地写下去。以《关于培育和完善建筑劳动力市场的思考》为例，简单提纲可以写成下面这样：
一、序论
二、本论
(一)培育建筑劳动力市场的前提条件
(二)目前建筑劳动力市场的基本现状
(三)培育和完善建筑劳动力市场的对策
三、结论
详细提纲，是把论文的主要论点和展开部分较为详细地列出来。如果在写作之前准备了详细提纲，那么，执笔时就能更顺利。下面仍以《关于培育和完善建筑劳动力市场的思考》为例，介绍详细提纲的写法：一、序论
1.提出中心论题；
2，说明写作意图。
二、本论
(一)培育建筑劳动力市场的前提条件
1.市场经济体制的确立，为建筑劳动力市场的产生创造了宏观环境；
2.建筑产品市场的形成，对建筑劳动力市场的培育提出了现实的要求；
3.城乡体制改革的深化，为建筑劳动力市场的形成提供了可靠的保证；
4.建筑劳动力市场的建立，是建筑行业用工特殊性的内在要求。
一、论文题目。论文题目应能概括整个论文最重要的内容，言简意赅，引人注目，一般不宜超过20个字。毕业论文的标题一般分为总标题、副标题、分标题几种。
二、目录。既是论文的提纲，也是论文组成部分的小标题，应标注相应页码。
三、摘要。摘要是全文内容的缩影。在这里，作者以极经济的笔墨，勾画出全文的整体面目；提出主要论点、揭示论文的研究成果、简要叙述全文的框架结构。
四、关键词或主题词。关键词是从论文的题名、提要和正文中选取出来的，是对表述论文的中心内容有实质意义的词汇。关键词是用作系统标引论文内容特征的词语，便于信息系统汇集，以供读者检索。每篇论文一般选取3-8个词汇作为关键词，另起一行，排在“摘要”的左下方。主题词是经过规范化的词，在确定主题词时，要对论文进行主题，依照标引和组配规则转换成主题词表中的规范词语。
五、引言(或序言)。内容应包括本研究领域的国内外现状，本论文所要解决的问题及这项研究工作在经济建设、科技进步和社会发展等方面的理论意义与实用价值。
六、正文。正文是论文的主体，正文应包括论点、论据、论证过程和结论。主体部分包括以下内容：a.提出-论点；b.分析问题-论据和论证；c.解决问题-论证与步骤；d.结论。论文结论要求明确、精炼、完整，应阐明自己的创造性成果或新见解，以及在本领域的意义。
七、参考文献和注释。按论文中所引用文献或注释编号的顺序列在论文正文之后，参考文献之前。图表或数据必须注明来源和出处。
参考文献是期刊时，书写格式为：
[编号]、作者、文章题目、期刊名(外文可缩写)、年份、卷号、期数、页码。
参考文献是图书时，书写格式为：
[编号]、作者、书名、出版单位、年份、版次、页码。
八、附录。包括放在正文内过份冗长的公式推导，以备他人阅读方便所需的辅助性数学工具、重复性数据图表、论文使用的符号意义、单位缩写、程序全文及有关说明等。
一、毕业论文格式
一般说来，一篇毕业论文要具备相对固定的格式。这些提到的毕业论文格式仅供参考。学校有具体规定的，则按规定办。这里以文件中规定的毕业论文格式为准。
①论文题目，有的含副标题。题目之下是作者署名，署名之前或下边一行写作者的校、院、系、年级。
②摘要与关键词(或称内容提要)，一般为300字左右。位于作者署名之后，正文之前。关键词，结合标题和正文内容一般选取3至5个。
③引论。用O标示，常写作引言、引论、绪论，引言较短时可不标出O.引言类小标题。引论的内容一般是交代选题背景，主要有:课题来源，本课题在国内外的研究进展状况。已有的研究成果，存在的问题。选题的意义，讨论的问题。本文分几部分，从哪些方面进行讨论，以及指导思想、论证方法等，均可根据内容的需要写在引论中。
④正论。正论常分几部分写，分别标示一二三四等，有的加小标题，或以分论点的形式出现，以凸现论述的观点或主要内容。这部分是对研究过程及分析、归纳、概括的表达，体现出分析方法与思路，充分有力的论证。正论还要体现出明确的指导思想。
⑤结论。一般用结语小结余论等标示。也可不标示结语之类的词儿，在正论之后空一行直接写结论或总结。 在毕业论文格式中，结论是对整个研究工作的归纳、综合或概括，也可以提出进一步研究的建议。若是在正论之后，对相关联的问题还想简短论述一下，或是对较为重要的问题再说一些想法，可写成余论。
⑥毕业论文致谢。接上文另起一段。简述自己撰写毕业论文的体会，并对指导老师以及有关人员表示感谢。毕业论文致谢并非形式，也不是走过场，是一个大学生修养的表现。
⑦注释与参考资料。注释专指本文注，即作者对论文有关内容所作的解释，一般用脚注(放在本页末)(属毕业论文格式的非必备项)。参考文献专指引文注，即作者对引用他人作品的有关内容所作的说明，在引文结束处右上角用[1][2]等标示，序号与文末参考文献列表一致。同一著作或文章被多次引用时只著录一次。
⑧附录。收录和论文有直接关系的文字材料、图表、数据、试验结果等。中文方面的毕业论文 格式中作附录的情况似乎不多见(属毕业论文格式的非必备项)。
以上是一篇毕业论文格式要求，是一般撰写毕业论文必需的表达形式，其中除注释和附录可有可无外，其他部分的毕业论文格式是必备的。
2.毕业论文格式的其他要求
①毕业论文的字数要求。一般来说，文学、新闻、历史、哲学等方面的毕业论文在7000字以上，语言方面的论文在6000字左右，也有对函授学员、自考生要求在5000字左右的。我的想法是对字数不去斤斤计较，关键是在毕业论文的内容要有创见。一般说来，达到了内容的要求，相应地也会满足字数的要求。
②表述要求。毕业论文是对自己研究成果的详细表述。要求论理正确、论据确凿、逻辑性强、层次分明，表意准确、鲜明，语言通顺、流畅，用规范汉字，不写错别字。一般情况下应采用计算机打印成文，若手抄则要求书写工整。
③修改要求。论文初稿写好后，全文阅读，前后对照，检查论点论据论证和词句运用，修改好了之后，搁置几天或者一两周，再来挑毛病，经过多次修改、加工、润色，最后在老师指导下定稿。
二、论文写作格式要求解析
1.引言(前言)
是医学论文开篇的一段短文，主要介绍本文的背景、理论依据、论文的范围目的与工作的收获、结果、意义等。可根据论文的需要或长或短。要求言简意赅，点明主题。如我院内科1992年2月至1995年10月应用盐酸纳络酮治疗镇静催眠药急性中毒48例，与同期未用纳络酮治疗的42例对照比较，疗效满意，报告如下。不可言过其实，尤其是诸如国内外罕见，未见报道，无先例，属最新水平之类，必须有充分证据，否则一般不用。
2.临床资料(资料与方法)
是论著的主要内容，包括实验对象、器具、采用什么方法、多少病例(男多少、女多少)、如何分组、诊断手断、依据、治疗方法(用药)、疗效标准、观察及随访时间等等。应说明资料来源的时限、年龄、性别、职业的可比性。在此需要特别提醒注意的是说明疗效或某种方法时需设对照组，条件同等、随机分组、用药或检测采用双盲法对照。共同的是使读者具体了解该研究的具体内容，一方面便于理解和评价，另方面便于验证和仿行。任何科学成果，必须能够在方法同样条件下重复出同样结果，方能得到公认。因此，描述材料和方法以使读者能进行重复为度，过分简略固然不行，过分详尽也无必要。
资料中如数字较多可用统计图表表示。统计表应有表题和序号(一个表不用序号，列为附表)。统计表应按统计学原则制作，表格两端开口，不用纵线，只用一条纵线说明主语与谓语，表格左上角不用斜线。表格内避免繁杂，更不能与正文重复。
3.结果
医学论文的中心部分。即实验研究、临床研究、分析观察、调查的各种资料和数据，进行分析、归纳，经必要的统计学处理后所得的结果。这是决定论著质量是否严谨，数据是否准确可靠，要求高度真实和准确，实事求是的撰写。失败就是失败，成功就是成功，不要人为地夸大成功率，且要消灭统计方面的误差。
4.讨论
即将所得结论或研究结果，从理论上进一步认真分析。科学的推论和评价，证实所得结果的可靠性，阐明具有科学性、先进性的论据，从而取得大家的公认。通常讨论的问题有:阐述该文研究的原理与机制；说明该文材料与方法的特点及其得失；分析该文结果与他人的异同及优缺点；根据该文结果提出新假设、新观点；对各种不同学术观点进行比较和评价；提出今后探索的方向等等。当然，一篇文章通常只讨论其中的某些方面，不可能面面俱到。重要的是，讨论必须紧紧扣住该文的研究结果，突出自己的新发现与新认识。有的医学论文讨论部分只是重复过去的文献，甚至抄袭某些专著和教科书的内容，这就失去了讨论的意义。
讨论的深浅、正确与否，很大程度上取决于掌握文献的多少和分析能力。因此，必须了解本专业的近况及动向，才能比较客观的得出正确的结论。
5.医学论文的参考文献
只限于自己阅读过并引用的文献(必须是公开发行的刊物)，按文内引用顺序排列写在文后，文内按顺序在引用处标出右上角码，如在右上角标注[1]或[1-3]或[1，4]最好是着重引用近年的(3-5年)期刊文献。 医学论文参考文献的书写格式多采用温哥华式。
刊物:作者(两位作者可一并列上，中间加逗号；三位作者或以上，可只写第一作者，后加逗号及等)，文题列于作者后(有的刊物略去文题)，然后顺序列出刊物名称、年份、卷(期):起迄页。
例 杨亚辉.国内外胸心血管外科进展临床医学1995；15(6):36
杨亚辉，等.国内外胸心血管外科进展临床医学1995；15(6):36一38
书籍:依次顺序为作者，书名，版次，出版地:出版社，年份:起页～迄页
例 张学礼主编，怎样撰写医学论文第一版，北京:中国医药科技出版社，
外文资料西文只用姓，不用全称，其它顺序同期刊。
参考文献不宜过多，论著8条、综述20条以内为宜。引用的文献必须具有价值，引用的论点必须准确无误。取其精华，引用部分要恰到好处，宁少勿滥。
一、论文题目
从汤显祖《牡丹亭》中杜丽娘人物形象
——看“发乎情，止乎礼”的时代性
二、论文观点来源
“发乎情,止乎礼”出自《论语》，是古代形容男女关系的。发乎情，即人的情感在男女之间产生。止乎礼，就是受礼节的约束。汤显祖所说的“情”是指包括*爱之欲在内的`人生欲求。可汤显祖在《牡丹亭》中强调真情，至情的时候，他始终指向的仍是社会现实，表现出对现世的热情和对道德的关注，更重视“发乎情，止乎礼”的教育作用。
三、基本观点
《牡丹亭》中杜丽娘能突破自身的心理防线，逾越家庭与社会的层层障碍，勇敢迈过贞节观，为鬼时，以身慰情人；在死而复生之初，能婉言拒绝情人的求欢，“发乎情，止乎礼”。有人认为，这是汤显祖思想的矛盾性，它在突破传统的同时，又在墨守陈规，是一种退步。而我认为“发乎情,止乎礼”符合了那个时代的特征，而在现代，在女性贞操观念淡薄，过度追求个性解放的今天，其伦理道德意义就更为重要了。
四、论文结构
全文共分七节及结论。
第一节《牡丹亭》：介绍汤显祖及其作品《牡丹亭》中的主要人物及内容。
第二节《杜丽娘》：杜丽娘是人们心中至情与纯情的偶像，对于人物的塑造，我认为主要受汤显祖的文学思想和当时人们思想信仰的影响。
第三节《萌芽》：主要论述《牡丹亭》中杜丽娘爱情观的萌芽。她一面悲叹青春的虚度，个人才貌的被埋没；一面又执着于自由、幸福的追求，“一灵咬住”，始终不放。
第四节《冲破》：《牡丹亭》中杜丽娘死了，可是她的死不是生命的结束，而是新的斗争的开始。在摆脱了现实世界的种种约束之后，她果然找到了梦中的书生，主动地向他表示爱情，并以身慰情人，还魂之后还结为夫妇。
第五节《对抗“情，礼”》：杜丽娘与柳梦梅梦中约会，以最明确的方式宣示，爱情以及*爱，首先是年轻女子自身的需要。在超我层面上，她遵从礼教的束缚，在本我层面上，她有强烈的情欲本能。《牡丹亭》复活了*爱女神的形象，表现了*爱女神的抗争。
毕业论文的要求
1、题目：应简洁、明确、有概括性，字数不宜超过20个字。
2、摘要：要有高度的概括力，语言精练、明确，中文摘要约100-200字；
3、关键词：从论文标题或正文中挑选3～5个最能表达主要内容的词作为关键词。
4、目录：写出目录，标明页码。
5、正文：
专科毕业论文正文字数一般应在3000字以上。
毕业论文正文：包括前言、本论、结论三个部分。
前言（引言）是论文的开头部分，主要说明论文写作的目的、现实意义、对所研究问题的认识，并提出论文的中心论点等。前言要写得简明扼要，篇幅不要太长。
本论是毕业论文的主体，包括研究内容与方法、实验材料、实验结果与分析（讨论）等。在本部分要运用各方面的研究方法和实验结果，分析问题，论证观点，尽量反映出自己的科研能力和学术水平。
结论是毕业论文的收尾部分，是围绕本论所作的结束语。其基本的要点就是总结全文，加深题意。
6、谢辞：简述自己通过做毕业论文的体会，并应对指导教师和协助完成论文的有关人员表示谢意。
7、参考文献：在毕业论文末尾要列出在论文中参考过的专著、论文及其他资料，所列参考文献应按文中参考或引证的先后顺序排列。
8、注释：在论文写作过程中，有些问题需要在正文之外加以阐述和说明。
9、附录：对于一些不宜放在正文中，但有参考价值的内容，可编入附录中。
1、标题问题：应简练、明白、有归纳综合性。
2、择要：要有高度的归纳综合力，说话精炼、明白。
3、环节词：从论文成效或者注释中遴选3～5个最能表达次要形式的词作为环节词。
4、目次：写出目次，表示页码。
5、注释：毕业论文注释：包含媒介、本论、结论三个局部。
媒介（引言）是论文的开首局部，次要解释论文写作的手段、理想意义、对于所钻研成绩的看法，并提出论文的中央论点等。数据复原媒介要写得长篇大论，篇幅没有要太长。
本论是毕业论文的主体，包含钻研形式与设施、试验资料、试验成效与剖析（评论辩论）等。正在本局部要使用各方面的钻研设施和试验成效，剖析成绩，论证观念，尽可能反映出本人的科研才能和学术程度。
结论是毕业论文的开头局部，是盘绕本论所作的完毕语。数据复原其基础的要点便是总结全文，加深题意。
6、道谢辞：简述本人经由过程做毕业论文的体味，并应答指点教员和辅佐完成论文的相关职员透露表现谢意。
7、参考文献：正在毕业论文开端要列出正在论文中参考过的专著、论文及其他材料，所列参考文献应按文中参考或者引证的前后递次摆列。
毕业论文概要
毕业论文概要的基础构造由序论、本论、结论三小局部组成。序论、结论这两局部正在概要中部应比拟简单。本论则是全文的重点，是应集合文字写深写透的局部，是以正在概要上也要列得较为具体。数据复原本论局部最少要有两层规范，层层深刻，层层推理，以便表现泛论点和分论点的无机连系，把论点讲深讲透。
1、论文题目：要求准确、简练、醒目、新颖。
2、目录：目录是论文中主要段落的简表。(短篇论文不必列目录)
3、提要：是文章主要内容的摘录，要求短、精、完整。字数少可几十字，多不超过三百字为宜。
4、关键词或主题词：关键词是从论文的题名、提要和正文中选取出来的，是对表述论文的中心内容有实质意义的词汇。关键词是用作机系统标引论文内容特征的词语，便于信息系统汇集，以供读者检索。每篇论文一般选取3-8个词汇作为关键词，另起一行，排在“提要”的左下方。
主题词是经过规范化的词，在确定主题词时，要对论文进行主题，依照标引和组配规则转换成主题词表中的规范词语。
5、论文正文：
(1)引言：引言又称前言、序言和导言，用在论文的开头。引言一般要概括地写出作者意图，说明选题的目的和意义,并指出论文写作的范围。引言要短小精悍、紧扣主题。
〈2)论文正文：正文是论文的主体，正文应包括论点、论据、论证过程和结论。主体部分包括以下内容：
a、提出-论点；
b、分析问题-论据和论证；
c、解决问题-论证与步骤；
d、结论。
6、一篇论文的参考文献是将论文在和写作中可参考或引证的主要文献资料，列于论文的末尾。参考文献应另起一页，标注方式按《gb7714-87文后参考文献著录规则》进行。
中文：标题——作者——出版物信息(版地、版者、版期)：作者--标题--出版物信息
所列参考文献的要求是：
(1)所列参考文献应是正式出版物，以便读者考证。
(2)所列举的参考文献要标明序号、著作或文章的标题、作者、出版物信息。
论文提纲也可以用最简单的格式和分类，简单明了地说明论文的目的、依据和意义，甚至是两句话。这种提纲往往是用于科学论文，而且在对于各种概念有相互联系而不是孤立的出来讨论的情况下。如果总要分出1、2、3……点来写的话，往往会变成“八股文”的模式，这样的论文往往是应付式的论文，其真正的科学价值会大打折扣。
毕业论文提纲（范文）：
标题：论中学教师对新课程改革的不适应性及应对策略
［摘要］ 基础教育新课程改革缘起于社会发展与课程功能滞后、素质教育与课程运作流弊、价值转型与课程旨趣单向等方面的矛盾动因。
在这种背景下的新课程改革，给中小学教师带来了很大的不适，主要有教师的角色转换、教师的视角转换、教师的教学方式、学生的学习方式等方面所引起的心里不适，针对新课程改革中教师这些心理不适，给出教师的自身努力、学校的策略和社会支持等三种应对策略。
［关键词］基础教育；新课程改革；教师；心里不适；应对策略
［引言］：随着新课程改革的进行，也有很多的专家、教师意识到了这个问题，并对它展开了研究。但由于传统教育它的真的是根深蒂固，要想一下子改变是非常难，研究也没有太深入的进行。因为课程的改革是势在必行的，教师只有去适应它的变化，适应社会的发展，才能让自己更好的发展。
那么，跟着这个趋势，我们的研究将会越来越来剥出真相，更能掌握住新课程改革的真是目的，提高我国的教育质量和水平。本文主要就对教师的这些心理不适应进行分析，并提出一些相应的应对策略，总结其经验教训，以此给一些处在这种状况下的教师做些参考。
［正文］
一引言
基础教育新课程改革时代背景
社会发展与课程功能滞后
素质教育与课程运作流弊
价值转型与课程旨趣单向
二教师对新课程改革的不适应性
教师对由居高临下向平等融洽的角色转变的心里不适
教师对视角的转换的不适应
教师对新的教学方式的心里不适
教师对学生的新学习方式的心里不适应
教师对自我的心里不适
三应对新课程改革中教师心理不适的策略
教师的自身努力层面
教师要关注自身在新课改中的教师转换
提高教学监控能力
正视自己，提高自信，完善自我
学校策略层面
学校管理策略
学校的培训策略
学校的交流策略
社会支持层面
加快教师专业化进程
建立科学的教师评价体系
要理解和尊重教师
四结束语
附：提纲编写要求
1.合理的项目
一般在论文题目之下，编写出两个或三个层次的小项目。
2.采用有效地编写论文提纲的方法
其方法主要是：
（1)拟定标题，即自己给论文起名字。它要求标题能传内容之神，名副其实，使读者看了一眼便知。
（2)考虑构篇大小和顺序安排，既考虑全篇从哪几个方面，或按什么顺序展开、阐述基本论点，又逐个安排每个论点，再依次考虑每段的安排，把准备使用的材料按构思的顺序标上序码并排列好，以备行文时使用。
（3)全面、反复地检查提纲，作必要的增、减或调整。
3.编写内容详简适当的论文提纲
提纲分简单提纲和详细提纲两种。简单提纲的内容只包括论文题目、下位论点。而详细提纲除此之外，还包括论证下位论点的各种证据。一般说来，宜编写详细提纲。因为编写这种提纲，一则能帮助自己全面地进行谋篇布局，二则能帮助自己在写作过程中有条不紊地进行。