阅读语文论文文献
小学语文教学论文参考文献大全
教学论文是教师教学经验和教学研究成果在写作上的表现，简单的说，就是教师将平时教学中的一些经验或研究进行了总结，并综合运用综合理论知识进行分析和讨论。下面是我分享的小学语文教学论文的`参考文献，欢迎阅读!
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陈玉秋主编：《语文课程与教学论》，广西师范大学出版社2004年版。
丛立新著《课程论问题》 教育科学出版社2000年版。
庄文中著：《中学语言教学研究》广东教育出版社 1999年版
佐藤正夫著《教学原理》 教育科学出版社 2001年版。
陈玉琨等著《课程改革与课程评价》 教育科学出版社2001年版。
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黄书光等著《中国基础教育改革的文化使命》教育科学出版社2001年版。
易连云著《重建学校精神家园》教育科学出版社2003年版。
廖哲勋主编《课程新论》 教育科学出版社2003年版。
田瑞云著《语文教育行为论》 青岛海洋大学2002年版。
曹明海著《语文教育智慧论》 青岛海洋大学2001年版。
潘庆玉著《语文教育发展论》 青岛海洋大学2001年版。
备课笔记》 上海教育出版社2000年版。
《作文个例》上海教育出版社2000年版。
《语言大观》 上海教育出版社2000年版。
《教学争鸣录》 上海教育出版社2000年版。
《课堂教学艺术》 上海教育出版社2000年版。
李杏保、顾黄初著《中国现代语文教育史》四川教育出版社2000年版。
彭华生著《语文教学思维论》广西教育出版社1996年版。
韦志成著《语文教学情境论》广西教育出版社1996年版。
周庆元著《语文教学设计论》 广西教育出版社1996年版。
佟士凡著《语文学习论》 广西教育出版社1996年版 。
倪文锦著《语文考试论》 广西教育出版社1996年版。
张田若等著《中国当代汉字认读与书写》四川教育出版社2000年版。
韩雪屏著《中国当代阅读理论与阅读教学》四川教育出版社2000年版。
董菊初著《语文教育研究方法学》 语文出版社1998年版。
王尚文著《语感论》 上海教育出版社2000年版。
李维鼎著《语文言意论》 上海教育出版社2000年版。
李海林《言语教学论》 上海教育出版社2000年版。
韩雪屏著《语文教育的心理学原理》 上海教育出版社2001年版。
余昱著《走向学校语文》广东教育出版社2003年版。
裴娣娜主编《现代教学论》人民教育出版社2005年版。
1.《基础教育课程改革纲要》.教育部2001年7月颁发
2. 国家教育部. 全日制义务教育语文课程标准(实验稿).北京：人民教育出版社，2001
3. 人教版，苏教版，语社版.小学语文新课标教材
4. 巢宗祺等. 语文课程标准解读. 武汉：湖北教育出版社，2002
5.周庆元. 语文教育研究概论. 长沙：湖南人民出版社, 2005
6.倪文锦. 语文教育展望. 上海：华东师范大学出版社，2002
7.倪文锦. 小学语文新课程教学法. 北京：高等教育出版社，2003
8.江平. 小学语文课程与教学. 北京：高等教育出版社，2004
9. 语文课程标准研制组. 小学语文新课程案例与评析. 北京：高等教育出版社，2002
10. 吴忠豪. 小学语文课程与教学论. 北京：北京师范大学出版社, 2004
11. 崔峦. 小学语文教学论. 北京：人民教育出版社，2001
12.雷玲. 听名师讲课. 南宁：广西教育出版社，2004
13.吴立岗. 小学语文教学研究. 北京：中央广播电视大学出版社，2004
14.洪宗礼.当代外国语文课程教材评价.南京：江苏教育出版社，2004
15.王荣生.语文科课程学基础.上海：上海教育出版社，2003
16.叶圣陶.叶圣陶语文教育论集.北京：教育科学出版社，1980
17.张志公.张志公语文教育论集. 北京：人民教育出版社，1994
18.黎锦熙.黎锦熙语文教育论集.北京：人民教育出版社，1996
19.刘国正.刘国正语文教育论集.北京：人民教育出版社，1995
20.李杏保、顾黄初.中国现代语文教育史.成都：四川教育出版社，1997
21.于永正. 教海漫记.北京：中国矿业大学出版社，1999
22.韩雪屏.中国当代阅读理论与阅读教学.成都：四川教育出版社，2000
23.崔峦，陈先云.斯霞霍懋征袁容语文教育思想与实践.北京：人民教育出版社，2003
24.李吉林.小学语文情境教学.北京：人民教育出版社，2003
25.贾志敏.贾老师教语文.上海：上海教育出版社，2000
26.薛法根.薛法根经典课堂与创新设计.太原：山西教育出版社，2005
27.王崧舟.王崧舟经典课堂与创新设计.太原：山西教育出版社，2005
28.窦桂梅.听窦桂梅老师讲课.上海：华东师范大学出版社，2005
29.刘济远，莫崇芬.新课程小学作文导写艺术.长沙：湖南教育出版社，2005
30.刘济远，莫崇芬.小学作文导写获奖教学案例，长沙：湖南人民出版社，2006
31.王守恒. 小学语文教学研究. 北京：人民教育出版社，2006
32.王宗海. 小学语文课程与教学论. 哈尔滨：东北师范大学出版社，2006
33.吴忠豪.语文教育研究大系(小学教学卷).上海:上海教育出版社，2007
34.姚春杰. 小学语文名师同课异教实录. 上海：华东师范大学出版社，2008
35.姚春杰. 小学语文名师课堂深度解析. 上海：华东师范大学出版社，2008
[1]李国栋：《阅读教学的理论困境》，《语文教学通讯》2007年第5期[2]郝毅：《探析建构主义指导下的中学语文阅读教学》，《科教文汇》2007年第1月下[3]王忠：《建构主义理论指导下的中学语文阅读教学》，《中国科教创新导刊》 2007年总第455期[4]存少辉：《谈“朱子读书法”对中学语文阅读教学的借鉴》，《教育理论与实践》2007年第10月[5]赵年秀：《<普通高中语文标准>评析——以叶圣陶阅读课程理论为视点》，《湖南第一师范学报》2007年6月[6]冯文达：《谈谈农村中学语文阅读教学中的体验和感悟》，《经济与社会发展》2007年8月[7]王爱娣：《美国初中学生应掌握的阅读方法》，《语文教学通讯》2007年第1期[8]张金保：《遵循阅读规律，提升阅读效率》，《语文教学通讯》2007年第3期[9]张磊磊：《“前见”与中学语文阅读教学探索》，《现代语文》2007年第4期[10]亓成功：《关于阅读教学“起点”的思考》，《语文教学通讯》2007年第3期[11]孙建平：《有效阅读，本色语文的价值追寻》，《语文教学通讯》2007年第2期[12]陈艺真：《中学语文个性化阅读教学的策略》，《教学与管理》2007年5月[13]张贤英：《中学语文阅读教学中个性化施教策略浅探》，《语文学刊》2007年5月[14]武永明：《关于个性化阅读相关问题的思考》，《语文建设》2007年第7期[15]王传霖：《对中学语文阅读教学中文本意义探索》，《中国校外教育》2007年2月[16]屈伟忠：《强化阅读教学的原文意识》，《语文教学通讯》2007年第5期[17]王兆平：《阅读教学中与文本对话的“距离”美》，《中学语文教学》2007年9月[18]余映潮：《阅读教学“主问题”研究与实践笔谈》，《中学语文教学》2007年9月[19]陈晓文：《语文阅读教学中的问题设计》，《新语文学习》2007年第3期[20]任新明：《语文阅读教学中的主问题设计》，《中学语文教学》2007年8月[21]李志清：《阅读教学中的课堂活动设计策略》，《语文建设》2007年第7期[22]秦昌利 周永红：《运用线索 牵动全文——例谈阅读教学设计的几种手法》，《新语文学习》2007年第1期[23]韩克勤：《在语文阅读教学中实施互动教学初探》，《考试》2007年第2期[24]余贻贻：《技能训练：阅读课的主题》，《中学语文教学》2007年10月[25]张正君：《阅读教学语言特点论析》，《语文建设》2007年第3期[26]周秀芳：《例说阅读教学中的语言品位》，《语文教学通讯》2007年第4期[27]廖贤枢：《如何在阅读教学中进行语言品位》，《中学语文教学》2007年9月[28]王永红：《浅谈中学语文阅读教学》，《网络科技时代》2007年第6期[29]孔爱玲：《读书会：一种行之有效的阅读教学模式》，《语文建设》2007年第1期[30]朱从国：《把考材当教材用——高三现代文阅读教学的一点做法》，《新语文学习》2007年第1期[31]沈坚：《如何引导学生进行沉浸式课堂阅读》，《新语文学习》2007年第3期[32]汪卫兵：《文言文信息化阅读教学的优势》，《中学语文教学》2007年5月[33]桂谦：《中学语文批注式阅读教学的思考》，《科技资讯》2007年第9期[34]高兴春：《中学语文阅读教学发散思维训练方法初探》，《考试》2007年第8期[35]贝学问：《阅读教学，蕴含生命的教学——从散文《绿》的课堂教学说开去》，《新语文学习》2007年第2期[36] 余映潮等：《系列主题单元阅读教学设计专题讲座》，《语文教学通讯》2007年[37] 余映潮：《例谈阅读教学设计的诗意手法》，《语文教学通讯》2007年[38]李英杰：《阅读教学实效性不高的原因及对策》，《语文建设》2007年第9期[39]苗歌：《阅读教学的误区》，《中小学图书情报世界》，2007年第5期[40]褚兴中：《新课改背景下阅读教学现状反思》，《语文教学通讯》2007年第2期[41]林亚大 朱于新：《高中阅读教学深刻性摭谈》，《中学语文教学》2007年3月[42]刘帅：《令人担忧的阅读公式化》，《语文教学通讯》2007年第1期[43]何建英：《阅读课，读耶，说耶？》，《新语文学习》2007年第2期
阅读文章英语
英语阅读精选文章
学习英语需要每天积累，除了积累单词之外，还有就是文章了。以下是网我整理的关于英语阅读的精选文章，供同学们阅读。
篇一：读书之乐
Reading is a pleasure of the mind, which means that it is a little like a sport: your eagerness and knowledge and quickness make you a good reader. Reading is fun, not because the writer is telling you something, but because it makes your mind work. Your own imagination works along with the author's or even goes beyond his. Your experience, compared with his, brings you to the same or different conclusions, and your ideas develop as you understand his.
Every book stands by itself, like a one-family house, but books in a library are like houses in a city. Although they are separate, together they all add up to something; they are connected with each other and with other cities. The same ideas, or related ones, turn up in different places; the human problems that repeat themselves in life repeat themselves in literature, but with different solutions according to different writings at different times.
Reading can only be fun if you expect it to be. If you concentrate on books somebody tells you "ought" to read, you probably won't have fun. But if you put down a book you don't like and try another till you find one that means something to you, and then relax with it, you will almost certainly have a good time--and if you become as a result of reading, better, wiser, kinder, or more gentle, you won't have suffered during the process.
读书是愉悦心智之事。在这一点上它与运动颇为相似:一个优秀的读者必须要有热情、有知识、有速度。读书之乐并非在于作者要告诉你什么，而在于它促使你思考。你跟随作者一起想像，有时你的想象甚至会超越作者的。把自己的体验与作者的相互比较，你会得出相同或者不同的结论。在理解作者想法的同时，也形成了自己的观点。
每一本书都自成体系，就像一家一户的住宅，而图书馆里的藏书好比城市里千家万户的居所。尽管它们都相互独立，但只有相互结合才有意义。家家户户彼此相连，城市与城市彼此相依。相同或相似的思想在不同地方涌现。人类生活中反复的问题也在文学中不断重现，但因时代与作品的`差异，答案也各不相同。
如果你希望的话，读书也能充满乐趣。倘若你只读那些别人告诉你该读之书，那么你不太可能有乐趣可言。但如果你放下你不喜欢的书，试着阅读另外一本，直到你找到自己中意的，然后轻轻松松的读下去，差不多一定会乐在其中。而且，当你通过阅读变得更加优秀，更加善良，更加文雅时，阅读便不再是一种折磨。
篇二：任教印象
The main impression growing out of twelve years on the faculty of a medical school is that the health problem in the . today, even more than AIDS or cancer, is that Americans don’t know how to think about health and illness. Our reactions are formed on the terror level.
We fear the worst, expect the worst, thus invite the worst. The result is that we are becoming a nation of weaklings and hypochondriacs, a self-medicating society incapable of
distinguishing between casual, everyday symptoms and those that require professional attention.
Early in life, too, we become seized with the bizarre idea that we are constantly assaulted by invisible monsters called germs, and that we have to be on constant alert to protect ourselves against their fury. Equal emphasis, however, is not given to the presiding fact that our bodies are superbly equipped to deal with the little demons and the best way of forestalling an attack is to maintain a sensible life-style.
在医学院任教十二年来，我获得的主要印象是，当今美国头号健康问题——一个比艾滋病或癌症更为严重的问题——是美国人不知道如何去认识健康与疾病。我们的反应是惊恐万状。我们怕最坏的事，想着最坏的事，而恰恰就召来了最坏的事。结果 ，我们变成了一个孱弱不堪，总疑心自己有病的民族，一个分不清哪些是日常偶发症状，哪些是需要治疗的症状，而自己擅自用药的社会。
我们年轻的时候还染上了一种奇怪的观念：一种肉眼看不见的叫做细菌的小妖怪在不断向我们进攻，我们必须长备不懈地保护自己不受其伤害。然而，对另一个重要事实，我们却未能给予同样的重视，那就是，我们的身体装备精良，足以对付这些小妖怪，而且防止妖怪进攻的最佳途径就是保持合理的生活方式。
英语阅读：The Language of Music
A painter hangs his or her finished pictures on a wall, and everyone can see it. A composer writes a work, but no one can hear it until it is performed. Professional singers and players have great responsibilities, for the composer is utterly dependent on them. A student of music needs as long and as arduous a training to become a performer as a medical student needs to become a doctor. Most training is concerned with technique, for musicians have to have the muscular proficiency of an athlete or a ballet dancer. Singers practice breathing every day, as their vocal chords would be inadequate without controlled muscular support. String players practice moving the fingers of the left hand up and down, while drawing the bow to and fro with the right arm-two entirely different movements.
Singers and instruments have to be able to get every note perfectly in tune. Pianists are spared this particular anxiety, for the notes are already there, waiting for them, and it is the piano tuner’s responsibility to tune the instrument for them. But they have their own difficulties; the hammers that hit the string have to be coaxed not to sound like percussion, and each overlapping tone has to sound clear.
This problem of getting clear texture is one that confronts student conductors: they have to learn to know every note of the music and how it should sound, and they have to aim at controlling these sound with fanatical but selfless authority.
Technique is of no use unless it is combined with musical knowledge and understanding. Great artists are those who are so thoroughly at home in the language of music that they can enjoy performing works written in any century.
英语阅读：An Empty Box
Once upon a time, a man punished his 5-year-old daughter for using up the family's only roll of expensive gold wrapping paper. Money was tight, and he became even more upset when on Christmas Eve, he saw that the child had pasted the gold paper so as to decorate a shoebox to put under the Christmas tree.
Nevertheless, the next morning the little girl, filled with excitement, brought the gift box to her father and said, "This is for you, Daddy!"
As he opened the box, the father was embarrassed by his earlier overreaction.
But when he opened it, he found it was empty and again his anger flared. "Don't you know, young lady, " he said harshly, "when you give someone a present there's supposed to be something inside the package!"
The little girl looked up at him with tears rolling from her eyes and said: "Daddy, it's not empty. I blew kisses into it until it was all full."
The father was crushed. He fell on his knees and put his arms around his precious little girl. He begged her to forgive him for his unnecessary anger.
An accident took the life of the child only a short time later. It is told that the father kept that little gold box by his bed for all the years of his life. Whenever he was discouraged or faced difficult problems he would open the box, take out an imaginary kiss, and remember the love of this beautiful child who had put it there.
In a very real sense, each of us as human beings have been given an invisible golden box filled with unconditional love and kisses from our children, family, friends and God.
There is no more precious possession anyone could hold.
英语阅读：Happiness Equates with Fun?
I live in Hollywood. You may think people in such a glamorous, fun-filled place are happier than others. If so, you have some mistaken ideas about the nature of happiness.
Many intelligent people still equate happiness with fun. The truth is that fun and happiness have little or nothing in common. Fun is what we experience during an act. Happiness is what we experience after an act. It is a deeper, more abiding emotion.
Going to an amusement park or ball game, watching a movie or television, are fun activities that help us relax, temporarily forget our problems and maybe even laugh. But they do not bring happiness, because their positive effects end when the fun ends.
I have often thought that if Hollywood stars have a role to play, it is to teach us that happiness has nothing to do with fun. These rich, beautiful inpiduals have constant access to glamorous parties, fancy cars, expensive homes, everything that spells "happiness".
But in memoir after memoir, celebrities reveal the unhappiness hidden beneath all their fun: depression, alcoholism, drug addiction, broken marriages, troubled children, profound loneliness.
The way people cling to the belief that a fun-filled, pain-free life equates happiness actually diminishes their chances of ever attaining real happiness. If fun and pleasure are equated with happiness, then pain must be equated with unhappiness. But, in fact, the opposite is true: More times than not, things that lead to happiness involve some pain.
As a result, many people avoid the very endeavors that are the source of true happiness. They fear the pain inevitably brought by such things as marriage, raising children, professional achievement, religious commitment, civic or charitable work, and self-improvement.
英语阅读：Today is a Gift
Two men, both seriously ill, occupied the same hospital room. One man was allowed to sit up in his bed for an hour each afternoon to help drain the fluid from his lungs. His bed was next to the room‘s only window. The other man had to spend all his time flat on his back. The men talked for hours on end.
They spoke of their wives and families, their homes, their jobs, their involvement in the military service, where they had been on vacation. And every afternoon when the man in the bed by the window could sit up, he would pass the time by describing to his roommate all the things he could see outside the window. The man in the other bed began to live for those one-hour periods where his world would be broadened and enlivened by all the activity and color of the world outside.
The window overlooked a park with a lovely lake. Ducks and swans played on the water while children sailed their model boats. Young lovers walked arm in arm amidst flowers of every color of the rainbow. Grand old trees graced the landscape, and a fine view of the city skyline could be seen in the distance. As the man by the window described all this in exquisite detail, the man on the other side of the room would close his eyes and imagine the picturesque scene.
One warm afternoon the man by the window described a parade passing by. Although the other man couldn‘t hear the band - he could see it in his mind‘s eye as the gentleman by the window portrayed it with descriptive words.
Days and weeks passed. One morning, the day nurse arrived to bring water for their baths only to find the lifeless body of the man by the window, who had died peacefully in his sleep. She was saddened and called the hospital attendants to take the body away.
As soon as it seemed appropriate, the other man asked if he could be moved next to the window. The nurse was happy to make the switch, and after making sure he was comfortable, she left him alone. Slowly and painfully, he propped himself up on one elbow to take his first look at the world outside. Finally, he would have the joy of seeing it for himself. He strained to slowly turn to look out the window beside the bed. It faced a blank wall.
The man asked the nurse what could have compelled his deceased roommate who had described such wonderful things outside this window. The nurse responded that the man was blind and could not even see the wall. She said, "Perhaps he just wanted to encourage you."
英语阅读：Is Packing Important to You?
A young man was getting ready to graduate from college. For many months he had admired a beautiful sports car in a dealer's showroom, and knowing his father could well afford it, he told him that was all he wanted.
As Graduation Day approached, the young man awaited signs that his father had purchased the car. Finally, on the morning of his graduation, his father called him into his private study. His father told him how proud he was to have such a fine son, and told him how much he loved him. He handed his son a beautiful wrapped gift box. Curious, but somewhat disappointed, the young man opened the box and found a lovely, leather-bound Bible, with the young man's name embossed in gold.
Angrily, he raised his voice to his father and said, "With all your money you give me a Bible?" He then stormed out of the house, leaving the Bible.
Many years passed and the young man was very successful in business. He had a beautiful home and a wonderful family, but realizing his father was very old, he thought perhaps he should go to see him. He had not seen him since that graduation day. Before he could make the arrangements, he received a telegram telling him his father had passed away, and willed all of his possessions to his son. He needed to come home immediately and take care of things.
When he arrived at his father's house, sudden sadness and regret filled his heart. He began to search through his father's important papers and saw the still new Bible, just as he had left it years ago.
With tears, he opened the Bible and began to turn the pages. As he was reading, a car key dropped from the back of the Bible. It had a tag with the dealer's name, the same dealer who had the sports car he had desired. On the tag was the date of his graduation, and the words… "PAID IN FULL".
How many times do we miss blessings because they are not packaged as we expected? I trust you enjoyed this. Do not spoil what you have by desiring what you have not; but remember that what you now have was once among the things you only hoped for. Sometimes we don't realize the good fortune we have or we could have because we expect "the packaging" to be different. What may appear as bad fortune may in fact be the door that is just waiting to be opened.
英语阅读：The Baby Eagle
Once upon a time there was a baby eagle living in a nest perched on a cliff overlooking a beautiful valley with waterfalls and streams, trees and lots of little animals, scurrying about enjoying their lives.
The baby eagle liked the nest. It was the only world he had ever known. It was warm and comfortable, had a great view, and even better, he had all the food and love and attention that a great mother eagle could provide. Many times each day the mother would swoop down from the sky and land in the nest and feed the baby eagle delicious morsels of food. She was like a god to him, he had no idea where she came from or how she worked her magic.
The baby eagle was hungry all the time, but the mother eagle would always come just in time with the food and love and attention he craved. The baby eagle grew strong. His vision grew very sharp. He felt good all the time.
Until one day, the mother stopped coming to the nest.
The baby eagle was hungry. "I'm sure to die," said the baby eagle, all the time.
"Very soon, death is coming," he cried, with tears streaming down his face. Over and over. But there was no one there to hear him.
Then one day the mother eagle appeared at the top of the mountain cliff, with a big bowl of delicious food and she looked down at her baby. The baby looked up at the mother and cried "Why did you abandon me? I'm going to die any minute. How could you do this to me?"
The mother said, "Here is some very tasty and nourishing food, all you have to do is come get it."
"Come get it!" said the baby, with much anger. "How?"
The mother flew away.
The baby cried and cried and cried.
A few days later, "I'm going to end it all," he said. "I give up. It is time for me to die."
He didn't know his mother was nearby. She swooped down to the nest with his last meal.
"Eat this, it's your last meal," she said.
The baby cried, but he ate and whined and whined about what a bad mother she was.
"You're a terrible mother," he said. Then she pushed him out of the nest.
He fell.
Head first.
Picked up speed.
Faster and faster.
He screamed. "I'm dying I'm dying," he cried. He picked up more speed.
He looked up at his mother. "How could you do this to me?"
He looked down.
The ground rushed closer, faster and faster. He could visualize his own death so clearly, coming so soon, and cried and whined and complained. "This isn't fair!" he screamed.
Something strange happens.
The air caught behind his arms and they snapped away from his body, with a feeling unlike anything he had ever experienced. He looked down and saw the sky. He wasn't moving towards the ground anymore, his eyes were pointed up at the sun.
"Huh?" he said. "What is going on here!"
"You're flying," his mother said.
"This is fun!" laughed the baby eagle, as he soared and ped and swooped.
"Yes it is!" said the mother.
英语文章阅读
英语 散文 的翻译,最难的不是语言的翻译,而是如何传递原文所给人的感觉和神韵。下面是我带来的关于英语优秀 文章 阅读，欢迎阅读!关于英语优秀文章阅读篇一 Alienation and the Internet (网络，你“离间”了人群?) The Internet provides an amazing forum for the free exchange of ideas. Given the relatively few restrictions governing access and usage，it is the communications modal equivalent of international It is my personal belief that the human potential can only be realized by the globalization of ideas. I developed this position2 years before the Internet came into wide spread use. And I am excited at the potential for the Internet to dramatically alter our global society for the better. However I am also troubled by the possible unintended negative consequences. There has been much talk about the“new information age.”But much less widely reported has been the notion that the Internet may be responsible for furthering the fragmentation of society by alienating its individual At first this might sound like an apparent contradiction：how can something，that is on the one hand responsible for global unification by enabling the free exchange of ideas，alienate the participants? I had a recent discussion with a friend of mine who has what he described as a“problem”with the Internet. When I questioned him further he said that he was“addicted，”4 and has“forced”himself to go off-line. He said that he felt like an alcoholic，in that moderate use of the Internet was just not possible for I have not known this fellow to be given to exaggeration，therefore when he described his internet binges，6 when he would spend over twenty-four hours on line non-stop，it gave me pause to think. He said，“the Internet isn‘t real，but I was spending all my time on line，so I just had to stop.”He went on to say that all of the time that he spent on line might have skewed7 his sense of reality，and that it made him feel lonely and depressed. The fragmentation of society has been lamented for some time now. It seems to me that it probably began in earnest after World War II when a generation returned from doing great deeds overseas. They won the war，and by God they were going to win the peace. Automobile ownership became commonplace and suburbs were created.“Progress”was their So even prior to the Internet‘s widespread popularity，folks were already becoming distanced from their extended families and neighbors. And when we fast-forward to today we see an almost cruel irony in that people can and often do develop on-line relationships with folks on the other side of the globe，without leaving their homes. But at the expense of the time that would have otherwise been available for involvement in other activities which might foster a sense of community in their villages，towns and cities. Last weekend my wife and I invited our extended family to our home to celebrate our daughter‘s birthday. During the celebration my young nephew spent the entire time on my computer playing a simulated war game. My brother-in-law and I were chatting near by and it struck us that in generations past，his son，my nephew，would have been outside playing with his friends. But now the little fellow goes on line to play his games against his friends in cyberspace. It seems to me that the Internet is a powerful tool that presents an opportunity for the advancement of the acquisition and application of knowledge. However，based on my personal experience I can understand how，as they surf the web some folks might be confronted with cognitive And I can also understand how one might have his or her sense of reality distorted in the process. Is the Internet a real place?Depending upon how a“real place”is defined it might very well be. At the very least，I believe that when we use the Internet，we are forced to ask fundamental questions about how we perceive the world about us—perhaps another unintended consequence. Some would argue that the virtual existences created by some users who debate，shop，travel and have romance on line are in fact not real. While others would argue that，since in practical terms，folks are debating，shopping，travelling and having romance，the converse is true. All of this being said，I believe that the key to realizing the potential of the Internet is in achieving balance in our lives. This would allow us to maximize its potential without losing our sense of However like most things that is easier said than done. It seems to me that we are a society that values immediate gratification above all else，and what better place to achieve it than in cyberspace，where the cyber-world is your The widespread use of the automobile forever changed our society and culture，and perhaps a similar sort of thing is occurring now. I am not at all certain where the“information superhighway”will lead us：some say to Utopia，12 while others feel it‘s the road to hell. But I do know that we all have the ability to maintain our sense of place in the world. Whether we choose to take advantage of this ability is another matter. 关于英语优秀文章阅读篇二 You! 生命掌握在你的手里——超越卓越的你 Consider…YOU. In all time before now and in all time to come，there has never been and will never be anyone just like you. You are unique in the entire history and future of the universe. Wow!Stop and think about that. You‘re better than one in a million，or a billion，or a gazillion… You are the only one like you in a sea of infinity! You‘re amazing!You’re awesome!And by the way，TAG，you‘re it. As amazing and awesome as you already are，you can be even more so. Beautiful young people are the whimsey of nature，but beautiful old people are true works of art. But you don’t become“beautiful”just by virtue of the aging process. Real beauty comes from learning，growing，and loving in the ways of life. That is the Art of Life. You can learn slowly，and sometimes painfully，by just waiting for life to happen to you. Or you can choose to accelerate your growth and intentionally devour life and all it offers. You are the artist that paints your future with the brush of today. Paint a Masterpiece. God gives every bird its food，but he doesn‘t throw it into its nest. Wherever you want to go，whatever you want to do，it’s truly up to you. 试想一下……你!一个空前绝后的你，不论是以往还是将来都不会有一个跟你一模一样的人。你在历史上和宇宙中都是独一无二的。哇!想想吧，你是万里挑一、亿里挑一、兆里挑一的。 在无穷无尽的宇宙中，你是举世无双的。 你是了不起的!你是卓越的!没错，就是你。你已经是了不起的，是卓越的，你还可以更卓越更了不起。美丽的年轻人是大自然的奇想，而美丽的老人却是艺术的杰作。但你不会因为年龄的渐长就自然而然地变得“美丽”。 真正的美丽源于生命里的学习、成长和热爱。这就是生命的艺术。你可以只听天由命，慢慢地学，有时候或许会很痛苦。又或许你可以选择加速自己的成长，故意地挥霍生活及其提供的一切。你就是手握今日之刷描绘自己未来的艺术家。 画出一幅杰作吧。 上帝给了鸟儿食物，但他没有将食物扔到它们的巢里。不管你想要去哪里，不管你想要做什么，真正做决定的还是你自己。 关于英语优秀文章阅读篇三 The Blanket (一床双人毛毯) Floyd Dell，born June 28，1887，Barry，Ill.，. died July 23，1969，Bethesda，Md. novelist and radical journalist whose fiction examined the changing mores in sex and politics among American bohemians before and after World War I. A precocious poet，Dell grew up in an impoverished family and left high school at age 16 to work in a factory. Moving to Chicago in 1908，he worked as a newspaperman and soon was a leader of the city‘s advanced literary movement. He became assistant editor of the Friday Literary Review of the Evening Post in 1909 and editor in 1911，making it one of the most noted American literary supplements. As a critic，he furthered the careers of Sherwood Anderson and Theodore Dreiser. A socialist since his youth，he moved to New York in 1914 and was associate editor of the left-wing The Masses until 1917. Dell was on the staff of The Liberator，which succeeded The Masses，from 1918 to 1924. His first and best novel，the largely autobiographical Moon-Calf，appeared in 1920，and its sequel，The Briary-Bush，in 1921. Homecoming，an autobiography taking him to his 35th year，was published in 1933. His other novels on life among the unconventional include Janet March(1923)，Runaway(1925)，and Love in Greenwich Village(1926)。His nonfiction includes Were You Ever a Child?(1919)，on child-rearing;the biography Upton Sinclair：A Study in Social Protest(1927);and Love in the Machine Age(1930)，which presented his views on sex. Little Accident，a play written with Thomas Mitchell and based on Dell’s novel An Unmarried Father(1927)，was successfully produced in 1928. Dell joined the Federal Writers Project and moved to Washington，.，in the late 1930s as an official for the project. He continued in government work after the project ended，until his retirement in 1947. Petey hadn‘t really believed that Dad would be doing It—sending Granddad away.“Away”was what they were calling until now could he believe it of his father. But here was the blanket that Dad had bought for Granddad，and in the morning he‘d be going away. This was the last evening they’d be having together. Dad was off seeing that girl he was to marry. He would not be back till late，so Petey and Granddad could sit up and talk. It was a fine September night，with a silver moon riding high. They washed up the supper dishes and then took their chairs out onto the porch.“I‘ll get my fiddle，”said the old man，“and play you some of the old tunes.” But instead of the fiddle he brought out the blanket. It was a big double blanket，red with black stripes.“Now，isn‘t that a fine blanket!”said the old man，smoothing it over his knees.“And isn’t your father a kind man to be giving the old fellow a blanket like that to go away with?It cost something，it did—look at the wool of it!There‘ll be few blankets there the equal of this one!” It was like Granddad to be saying that. He was trying to make it easier. He had pretended all along that he wanted to go away to the great brick building—the government place. There he‘d be with so many other old fellows，having the best of everything. . . . But Petey hadn’t believed Dad would really do it，not until this night when he brought home the blanket. “Oh，yes，it‘s a fine blanket，”said Petey. He got up and went into the house. He wasn’t the kind to cry and，besides，he was too old for that. He‘d just gone in to fetch Granddad’s fiddle. The blanket slid to the floor as the old man took the fiddle and stood up. He tuned up for a minute，and then said，“This is one you‘ll like to remember.” Petey sat and looked out over the gully. Dad would marry that girl. Yes，that girl who had kissed Petey and fussed over him，saying she‘d try to be a good mother to him，and all. . . . The tune stopped suddenly. Granddad said，“It‘s a fine girl your father’s going to marry. He‘ll be feeling young again with a pretty wife like that. And what would an old fellow like me be doing around their house，getting in the way?An old nuisance，what with my talks of aches and pains. It’s best that I go away，like I‘m doing. One more tune or two，and then we’ll be going to sleep. I‘ll pack up my blanket in the morning.” They didn‘t hear the two people coming down the path. Dad had one arm around the girl，whose bright face was like a doll’s. But they heard her when she laughed，right close by the porch. Dad didn‘t say anything，but the girl came forward and spoke to Granddad prettily：“I won’t be here when you leave in the morning，so I came over to say good-bye.” “It‘s kind of you，”said Granddad，with his eyes cast down. Then，seeing the blanket at his feet，he stooped to pick it up.“And will you look at this，”he said.“The fine blanket my son has given me to go away with.” “Yes，”she said.“It‘s a fine blanket.”She felt the wool and repeated in surprise，“A fine blanket—I’ll say it is!”She turned to Dad and said to him coldly，“That blanket really cost something.” Dad cleared his throat and said，“I wanted him to have the best. . . .” “It‘s double，too，”she said，as if accusing Dad. “Yes，”said Granddad，“it‘s double—a fine blanket for an old fellow to be going away with.” 17 The boy went suddenly into the house. He was looking for something. He could hear that girl scolding Dad. She realized how much of Dad‘s money—her money，really—had gone for the blanket. Dad became angry in his slow way. And now she was suddenly going away in a huff. . . . As Petey came out，she turned and called back，“All the same，he doesn‘t need a double blanket!”And she ran off up the path. Dad was looking after her as if he wasn‘t sure what he ought to do. “Oh，she‘s right，”Petey said.“Here，Dad”—and he held out a pair of scissors.“Cut the blanket in two.” Both of them stared at the boy，startled.“Cut it in two，I tell you，Dad!”he cried out.“And keep the other half.” “That‘s not a bad idea，”said Granddad gently.“I don’t need so much of a blanket.” “Yes，”the boy said harshly，“a single blanket‘s enough for an old man when he’s sent away. We‘ll save the other half，Dad. It’ll come in handy later.” “Now what do you mean by that?”asked Dad. “I mean，”said the boy slowly，“that I‘ll give it to you，Dad—when you’re old and I‘m sending you—away.” There was a silence. Then Dad went over to Granddad and stood before him，not speaking. But Granddad understood. He put out a hand and laid it on Dad‘s shoulder. And he heard Granddad whisper，“It’s all right，son. I knew you didn‘t mean it. . . .”And then Petey cried. But it didn‘t matter—because they were all crying together. Floyd Dell
教育 的进步是在改变的基础上实现的,改变的第一步就是摒弃墨守成规的教学思维,英语作为国际沟通交流的语言工具,其在全球化进程中扮演着重要的角色。下面是我带来的经典英语 文章 阅读，欢迎阅读!经典英语文章阅读篇一 十二月的玫瑰 Roses in December Coaches more times than not use their hearts instead of their heads to make tough decisions. Unfortunately, this wasn’t the case when I realized we had a baseball conference game scheduled when our seniors would be in Washington, . for the annual senior field trip. We were a team dominated by seniors, and for the first time in many years, we were in the conference race for first place. I knew we couldn’t win without our seniors, so I called the rival coach and asked to reschedule the game when everyone was available to play. “No way,” he replied. The seniors were crushed and offered to skip the much-awaited traditional trip. I assured them they needed to go on the trip as part of their educational experience, though I really wanted to accept their offer and win and go on to the conference championship. But I did not, and on that fateful Tuesday, I wished they were there to play. I had nine underclass players eager and excited that they finally had a chance to play. The most excited player was a young mentally challenged boy we will call Billy. Billy was, I believe, overage, but because he loved sports so much, an understanding principal had given him permission to be on the football and baseball teams. Billy lived and breathed sports and now he would finally get his chance to play. I think his happiness captured the imagination of the eight other substitute players. Billy was very small in size, but he had a big heart and had earned the respect of his teammates with his effort and enthusiasm. He was a left-handed hitter and had good baseball skills. His favorite pastime, except for the time he practiced sports, was to sit with the men at a local rural store talking about sports. On this day, I began to feel that a loss might even be worth Billy’s chance to play. Our opponents jumped off to a four-run lead early in the game, just as expected. Somehow we came back to within one run, and that was the situation when we went to bat in the bottom of the ninth. I was pleased with our team’s effort and the constant grin on Billy’s face. If only we could win..., I thought, but that’s asking too much. If we lose by one run, it will be a victory in itself. The weakest part of our lineup was scheduled to hit, and the opposing coach put his ace pitcher in to seal the victory. To our surprise, with two outs, a batter walked, and the tying run was on first base. Our next hitter was Billy. The crowd cheered as if this were the final inning of the conference championship, and Billy waved jubilantly. I knew he would be unable to hit this pitcher, but what a day it had been for all of us. Strike one. Strike two. A fastball. Billy hit it down the middle over the right fielder’s head for a triple to tie the score. Billy was beside himself, and the crowd went wild. Ben, our next hitter, however, hadn’t hit the ball even once in batting practice or intrasquad games. I knew there was absolutely no way for the impossible dream to continue. Besides, our opponents had the top of their lineup if we went into overtime. It was a crazy situation and one that needed reckless strategy. I called a time-out, and everyone seemed confused when I walked to third base and whispered something to Billy. As expected, Ben swung on the first two pitches, not coming close to either. When the catcher threw the ball back to the pitcher Billy broke from third base sprinting as hard as he could. The pitcher didn’t see him break, and when he did he whirled around wildly and fired the ball home. Billy dove in head first, beat the throw, and scored the winning run. This was not the World Series, but don’t tell that to anyone present that day. Tears were shed as Billy, the hero, was lifted on the shoulders of all eight team members. If you go through town today, forty-two years later, you’ll likely see Billy at that same country store relating to an admiring group the story of the day he won the game that no one expected to win. Of all the spectacular events in my sports career, this memory is the highlight. It exemplified what sports can do for people, and Billy’s great day proved that to everyone who saw the game. J. M. Barrie, the playwright, may have said it best when he wrote, “God gave us memories so that we might have roses in December.” Billy gave all of us a rose garden. 经典英语文章阅读篇二 Big Red The first time we set eyes on "Big Red," father, mother and I were trudging through the freshly fallen snow on our way to Hubble's Hardware store on Main Street in Huntsville, Ontario. We planned to enter our name in the annual Christmas drawing for a chance to win a hamper filled with fancy tinned cookies, tea, fruit and candy. As we passed the Eaton's department store's window, we stopped as usual to gaze and do a bit of dreaming. The gaily decorated window display held the best toys ever. I took an instant hankering for a huge green wagon. It was big enough to haul three armloads of firewood, two buckets of swill or a whole summer's worth of pop bottles picked from along the highway. There were skates that would make Millar's Pond well worth shovelling and dolls much too pretty to play with. And they were all nestled snugly beneath the breathtakingly flounced skirt of Big Red. Mother's eyes were glued to the massive flare of red shimmering satin, dotted with twinkling sequin-centred black velvet stars. "My goodness," she managed to say in trancelike wonder. "Would you just look at that dress!" Then, totally out of character, mother twirled one spin of a waltz on the slippery sidewalk. Beneath the heavy, wooden-buttoned, grey wool coat she had worn every winter for as long as I could remember, mother lost her balance and tumbled. Father quickly caught her. Her cheeks redder than usual, mother swatted dad for laughing. "Oh, stop that!" she ordered, shooing his fluttering hands as he swept the snow from her coat. "What a silly dress to be perched up there in the window of Eaton's!" She shook her head in disgust. "Who on earth would want such a splashy dress?" As we continued down the street, mother turned back for one more look. "My goodness! You'd think they'd display something a person could use!" Christmas was nearing, and the red dress was soon forgotten. Mother, of all people, was not one to wish for, or spend money on, items that were not practical. "There are things we need more than this," she'd always say, or, "There are things we need more than that." Father, on the other hand, liked to indulge whenever the budget allowed. Of course, he'd get a scolding for his occasional splurging, but it was all done with the best intention. Like the time he brought home the electric range. In our old Muskoka farmhouse on Oxtongue Lake, Mother was still cooking year-round on a wood stove. In the summer, the kitchen would be so hot even the houseflies wouldn't come inside. Yet, there would be Mother – roasting - right along with the pork and turnips. One day, Dad surprised her with a fancy new electric range. She protested, of course, saying that the wood stove cooked just dandy, that the electric stove was too dear and that it would cost too much hydro to run it. All the while, however, she was polishing its already shiny chrome knobs. In spite of her objections, Dad and I knew that she cherished that new stove. There were many other modern things that old farm needed, like indoor plumbing and a clothes dryer, but Mom insisted that those things would have to wait until we could afford them. Mom was forever doing chores - washing laundry by hand, tending the pigs and working in our huge garden - so she always wore mended, cotton-print housedresses and an apron to protect the front. She did have one or two "special" dresses saved for church on Sundays. And with everything else she did, she still managed to make almost all of our clothes. They weren't fancy, but they did wear well. That Christmas I bought Dad a handful of fishing lures from the Five to a Dollar store, and wrapped them individually in matchboxes so he'd have plenty of gifts to open from me. Choosing something for Mother was much harder. When Dad and I asked, she thought carefully then hinted modestly for some tea towels, face cloths or a new dishpan. On our last trip to town before Christmas, we were driving up Main Street when Mother suddenly exclaimed in surprise: "Would you just look at that!" She pointed excitedly as Dad drove past Eaton's. "That big red dress is gone," she said in disbelief. "It's actually gone." "Well . . . I'll be!" Dad chuckled. "By golly, it is!" "Who'd be fool enough to buy such a frivolous dress?" Mother questioned, shaking her head. I quickly stole a glance at Dad. His blue eyes were twinkling as he nudged me with his elbow. Mother craned her neck for another glimpse out the rear window as we rode on up the street. "It's gone . . ." she whispered. I was almost certain that I detected a trace of yearning in her voice. I'll never forget that Christmas morning. I watched as Mother peeled the tissue paper off a large box that read "Eaton's Finest Enamel Dishpan" on its lid. "Oh Frank," she praised, "just what I wanted!" Dad was sitting in his rocker, a huge grin on his face. "Only a fool wouldn't give a priceless wife like mine exactly what she wants for Christmas," he laughed. "Go ahead, open it up and make sure there are no chips." Dad winked at me, confirming his secret, and my heart filled with more love for my father than I thought it could hold! Mother opened the box to find a big white enamel dishpan - overflowing with crimson satin that spilled out across her lap. With trembling hands she touched the elegant material of Big Red. "Oh my goodness!" she managed to utter, her eyes filled with tears. "Oh Frank . . ." Her face was as bright as the star that twinkled on our tree in the corner of the small room. "You shouldn't have . . ." came her faint attempt at scolding. "Oh now, never mind that!" Dad said. "Let's see if it fits," he laughed, helping her slip the marvellous dress over her shoulders. As the shimmering red satin fell around her, it gracefully hid the patched and faded floral housedress underneath. I watched, my mouth agape, captivated by a radiance in my parents I had never noticed before. As they waltzed around the room, Big Red swirled its magic deep into my heart. "You look beautiful," my dad whispered to my mom - and she surely did! 经典英语文章阅读篇三 你才是我的幸福 She was dancing. My crippled grandmother was dancing. I stood in the living room doorway absolutely stunned. I glanced at the kitchen table and sure enough-right under a small, framed drawing on the wall-was a freshly baked peach pie. I heard her sing when I opened the door but did not want to interrupt the beautiful song by yelling I had arrived, so I just tiptoed to the living room. I looked at how her still-lean body bent beautifully, her arms greeting the sunlight that was pouring through the window. And her legs... Those legs that had stiffly walked, aided with a cane, insensible shoes as long as I could remember. Now she was wearing beautiful dancing shoes and her legs obeyed her perfectly. No limping. No stiffness. Just beautiful, fluid motion. She was the pet of the dancing world. And then she’d had her accident and it was all over. I had read that in an old newspaper clipping. She turned around in a slow pirouette and saw me standing in the doorway. Her song ended, and her beautiful movements with it, so abruptly that it felt like being shaken awake from a beautiful dream. The sudden silence rang in my ears. Grandma looked so much like a kid caught with her hand in a cookie jar that I couldn’t help myself, and a slightly nervous laughter escaped. Grandma sighed and turned towards the kitchen. I followed her, not believing my eyes. She was walking with no difficulties in her beautiful shoes. We sat down by the table and cut ourselves big pieces of her delicious peach pie. "So...” I blurted, “How did your leg heal?" "To tell you the truth—my legs have been well all my life," she said. "But I don’t understand!" I said, "Your dancing career... I mean... You pretended all these years? "Very much so," Grandmother closed her eyes and savored the peach pie, "And for a very good reason." "What reason?" "Your grandfather." "You mean he told you not to dance?" "No, this was my choice. I am sure I would have lost him if I had continued dancing. I weighed fame and love against each other and love won." She thought for a while and then continued. “We were talking about engagement when your grandfather had to go to war. It was the most horrible day of my life when he left. I was so afraid of losing him, the only way I could stay sane was to dance. I put all my energy and time into practicing—and I became very good. Critics praised me, the public loved me, but all I could feel was the ache in my heart, not knowing whether the love of my life would ever return. Then I went home and read and re-read his letters until I fell asleep. He always ended his letters with ‘You are my Joy. I love you with my life’ and after that he wrote his name. And then one day a letter came. There were only three sentences: ‘I have lost my leg. I am no longer a whole man and now give you back your freedom. It is best you forget about me.’” "I made my decision there and then. I took my leave, and traveled away from the city. When I returned I had bought myself a cane and wrapped my leg tightly with bandages. I told everyone I had been in a car crash and that my leg would never completely heal again. My dancing days were over. No one suspected the story—I had learned to limp convincingly before I returned home. And I made sure the first person to hear of my accident was a reporter I knew well. Then I traveled to the hospital. They had pushed your grandfather outside in his wheelchair. There was a cane on the ground by his wheelchair. I took a deep breath, leaned on my cane and limped to him. " By now I had forgotten about the pie and listened to grandma, mesmerized. “What happened then?” I hurried her when she took her time eating some pie. "I told him he was not the only one who had lost a leg, even if mine was still attached to me. I showed him newspaper clippings of my accident. ‘So if you think I’m going to let you feel sorry for yourself for the rest of your life, think again. There is a whole life waiting for us out there! I don’t intend to be sorry for myself. But I have enough on my plate as it is, so you’d better snap out of it too. And I am not going to carry you-you are going to walk yourself.’" Grandma giggled, a surprisingly girlish sound coming from an old lady with white hair. "I limped a few steps toward him and showed him what I’d taken out of my pocket. ‘Now show me you are still a man,’ I said, ‘I won’t ask again.’ He bent to take his cane from the ground and struggled out of that wheelchair. I could see he had not done it before, because he almost fell on his face, having only one leg. But I was not going to help. And so he managed it on his own and walked to me and never sat in a wheelchair again in his life." "What did you show him?" I had to know. Grandma looked at me and grinned. "Two engagement rings, of course. I had bought them the day after he left for the war and I was not going to waste them on any other man." I looked at the drawing on the kitchen wall, sketched by my grandfather’s hand so many years before. The picture became distorted as tears filled my eyes. “You are my Joy. I love you with my life.” I murmured quietly. The young woman in the drawing sat on her park bench and with twinkling eyes smiled broadly at me, an engagement ring carefully drawn on her finger. 看了“经典英语文章阅读”的人还看了： 1. 经典美文阅读:生命在于完整 2. 英语经典美文阅读:品味现在 3. 经典美文佳作英汉阅读 4. 励志经典英语美文阅读 5. 一生必读的英文经典美文
英语阅读论文参考英语文献
随着我国改革开放的不断深入,英语教学,作为基础教育的一部分,也日益受到人们的关注。 下文是我为大家搜集整理的关于小学英语论文参考文献的内容，欢迎大家阅读参考!小学英语论文参考文献(一) [1]朱梅. 小学英语教学中应如何培养学生的核心素养[J]. 英语广场，2016,07:161-162. [2]王静波. 互动教学在小学英语教学中的运用[J]. 中国校外教育，2016,06:1. [3]钟焕情. 小学英语课堂情境创设的探析[J]. 亚太教育，2016,13:25. [4]徐贺. 小学英语开放式课外作业的有效设计[J]. 教育实践与研究(A)，2016,03:38-39. [5]水波. 基于语用的小学英语作业设计[J]. 宁波教育学院学报，2016,02:122-124. [6]江景干. 农村小学英语教学问题与对策探讨[J]. 海外英语，2016,06:12-13. [7]李建文. 问题引导法在小学英语教学中的应用策略[J]. 西部素质教育，2016,09:168. [8]夏凌. 刍议小学英语翻转课堂教学模式[J]. 中国校外教育，2016,11:118. [9]刘珊珊. 小学英语课堂有效教学研究[J]. 中国校外教育，2016,12:107. [10]邱菲菲. 新课程改革理念下的小学英语教学[J]. 学周刊，2016,17:154-155. [11]易凤. 浅谈小学英语教学中的单词记忆方法[J]. 学周刊，2016,20:200-201. [12]李文娜，梁付民. 微信辅助小学英语教学探析[J]. 中国教育技术装备，2016,05:37-38. [13]殷景芹. 信息技术在小学英语教学中的运用[J]. 中国教育技术装备，2016,05:47-48. [14]顾诗月. 也谈构建“生活化”的小学英语有效教学课堂[J]. 读与写(教育教学刊)，2016,04:207-208. [15]林吉. 探究多媒体技术在小学英语教学中的运用[J]. 科学大众(科学教育)，2016,04:60. 小学英语论文参考文献(二) [1]李爱平. 在农村小学英语教学中做好学困生转变工作[J]. 中国教育技术装备，2016,07:79-80. [2]陈金业. 构建小学英语快乐课堂初探[J]. 学周刊，2016,21:229-230. [3]盛敏. 小学英语各板块预习模式的探究[J]. 基础教育研究，2016,08:73-74. [4]梁君玉. 小学英语语法教学的现状和对策[J]. 西部素质教育，2016,10:171. [5]王赫微. 小学英语课堂分级阅读教学应用初探[J]. 中国校外教育，2016,14:95. [6]张琪. 小学英语教学中激发阅读兴趣的探索[J]. 内蒙古教育(职教版)，2016,05:43. [7]费巧莲. 激情教学法在小学英语教学中的应用[J]. 内蒙古教育(职教版)，2016,05:72. [8]李征娅. 舞台式教学法在小学英语教学中的应用[J]. 英语教师，2016,06:78-80. [9]李莉. 夸张手法在小学英语课堂教学中的有效运用[J]. 教育现代化，2016,09:272-274. [10]李彦子. 浅谈小学英语课堂变革[J]. 亚太教育，2016,01:40. [11]何轶君. PBL模式对小学英语自我效能的影响[J]. 科教文汇(中旬刊)，2016,01:110-111. [12]王东芳. 如何让“动”成为小学英语课堂的主旋律[J]. 科学大众(科学教育)，2016,02:68. [13]韩笑. 绿色背景下的小学英语课堂教学探析[J]. 生物技术世界，2016,02:244. [14]宋丽敏. 互联网+背景下小学英语未来课堂探微[J]. 中国教育技术装备，2016,01:120-121. [15]杨进. 小学英语教师创造性使用教材策略研究[J]. 中小学教材教学，2016,01:20-23. 小学英语论文参考文献(三) [1]张海娟. 针对小学英语高段教学中两级分化现象的研究策略[J]. 学周刊，2016,05:52. [2]李艳文. 浅谈如何构建小学英语高效课堂[J]. 学周刊，2016,05:104. [3]张盼静. 小学英语教学中学生学习兴趣的培养[J]. 学周刊，2016,05:185. [4]张婷婷. 如何提高小学英语词汇教学的有效性[J]. 学周刊，2016,08:63. [5]石丽君. 浅谈如何提高农村小学英语课堂教学的有效性[J]. 学周刊，2016,08:123. [6]张琦. 小学英语有效教学途径的几点尝试与探索[J]. 学周刊，2016,08:178. [7]骆北刚，陈伟娜. 性别差异对小学英语学习成绩影响的研究[J]. 教育观察(中下旬刊)，2016,02:45-46+135. [8]陈欢. 小学英语口语教学存在的问题及建议[J]. 科教导刊(下旬)，2016,01:130-131. [9]刘顺利. 小学英语歌谣情境剧课堂教学模式的研究[J]. 英语广场，2016,04:153-154. [10]马毅新. 让情感教育成为小学英语和谐课堂的催化剂[J]. 教育观察(下半月)，2016,06:123-125. [11]彭熹. 小学英语翻转课堂教学模式应用探索[J]. 现代商贸工业，2016,09:178-179. [12]张婧. 小学英语教育理论与移动学习资源设计和应用的有效结合[J]. 电子测试，2016,07:165-166. [13]张桂莲. 小学英语教学策略探究[J]. 学周刊，2016,20:38-39. [14]张忠伟. 小学英语课堂情境教学研究[J]. 学周刊，2016,20:49-50. [15]郝晨霞. 自然拼读法在小学英语拼读教学中的应用研究[J]. 学周刊，2016,20:86-87. 猜你喜欢： 1. 英语论文的参考文献大全 2. 初中英语论文参考文献 3. 小学英语论文范文 4. 毕业论文英文参考文献 5. 小学英语论文大全
根据学术堂的了解，参考文献是英语论文的重要组成部分，也是编辑加工和重要内容。接下来就为大家介绍英语论文参考文献格式要求，欢迎阅读。I.文内引用(一)直接引用1.引用中的省略原始资料的引用：在正文中直接引用时，应给出作者、年份，并用带括号的数字标出页码。若有任何资料省略，使用英文时，应用3个省略号在句中标出(…)，中文用6个(……);若两句间的资料省略，英文应用4个省略号标出(‥‥)，中文用6个(……)。若要在直接引用插入自己的解释，应使用方括号[ ]。若在资料中有什么错误拼写、错误语法或标点错误会使读者糊涂，应在引用后立即插入[sic]，中文用[原文如此]。下面是一些示例：例一：The DSM IV defines the disorder [dysthymic] as being in a chronically depressed mood that occurs for "most of the day more days than not for at least two years (Criterion A) .... In children, the mood may be irritable rather than depressed, and the required minimum duration is only one year" (APA, 1994, p. 345).例二：Issac (1995) states that bipolar disorder "is not only uncommon but may be the most diagnostic entity in children and adolescents in similar settings .... and may be the most common diagnosis in adolescents who are court-remanded to such settings" ().2.大段落引用当中文引用超过160字时，不使用引号，而使用“块”的形式(引用起于新的一行，首行缩进4个空格，两端对齐，之后每行都缩进)。当英文引用超过40字时，不使用引号，而使用“块”的形式(引用起于新的一行，首行缩进5个空格，左对齐，之后每行都缩进)。Elkind (1978) states:In general, our findings support Piaget's view that perceptionsas well as intelligence are neither entirely inborn nor entirely innate but are rather progressively constructed through the gradual development of perceptual regulations. The chapter has also attempted to demonstrate the applicability of Piaget's theory to practical issues by summarizing some research growing out of an analysis of beginning reading. ()(二)间接引用1.基本格式同作者在同一段中重复被引用时，第一次必须写出日期，第二次以后则日期可省略。a.英文文献：In a recent study of reaction times, Walker (2000) described the method…Walker also found…。b.中文文献：李福印(2004)提出概念隐喻的重要性，…;李福印同时建议…。2. 单一作者a. 英文文献：姓氏(出版或发表年代)或(姓氏，出版或发表年代)。例如：Porter (2001)…或…(Porter, 2001)。b. 中文文献：姓名(出版或发表年代)或(姓名，出版或发表年代)。例如：杨惠中(2011)…或…(杨惠中，2011)。3.两个作者英文引用时，在圆括号内使用两名作者的姓氏，并使用“&”来连接，在正文中，使用“and”连接两名作者。中文引用时，在圆括号内使用两名作者的姓名，并用顿号“、”来连接，在正文中，使用 “和”、“与”、“及”等字连接两名作者。例如：(Smith & Jones, 1994), or Smith and Jones (1994) found....In 1994 Smith and Jones researched.... Always cite both names in text.陈国华和田兵(2008)认为…或…(陈国华、田兵，2008)4.三至五个作者英文第一次引用参考资料时，列出所有的作者的姓氏，除最后一名作者之前在正文中使用逗号加“and”、在圆括号内使用逗号加“&”连接外，之前的其他作者之间使用逗号“，”;之后引用时，英文用第一个作者的姓随之以“et al.”。中文第一次引用参考资料时，列出所有作者的姓名，除最后两名作者之间用“和”连接外，之前的其他作者之间使用顿号“、”;之后引用时，用第一名作者加“等”字。例如：Strasburger, Jorgensen, and Randles (1996) found differences.... (第一次使用).Strasburger et al. (1996) also created tests.... (在段落中第二次使用).Starsburger et al. found discrepancies.... (在同一段落中再次使用，此时省略年份).卫乃兴、李文中与濮建忠(2005)指出…或…(卫乃兴、李文中、濮建忠，2005)。(第一次使用)卫乃兴等(2005)指出…或…(卫乃兴等，2005)。(第二次使用)5.六个作者及以上使用英文时，只用第一个人的姓氏加“et al.”;使用中文时，只列出第一名作者的姓名，再加上“等”。例如：Pouliquen et al. (2003)……或……(Pouliquen et al., 2003)王洪俊等(2007)…或…(王洪俊等,2007)6.团体作者使用中文时，第一次用全称，比如，(首都师范大学教育科学学院[首师大教科院]，2001);之后可以用简称，比如，首师大教科院(2001)的调查表明……。使用英文时，第一次引用时，拼出团体，比如, (National Institute of Mental Health [NIMH], 1996);以后用团体缩写加年份表示，比如，The NIMH (1996) examined....。7.没有作者的文献当一部作品没有作者时，在文中引用参考文献目录单中的前几个字(通常是标题)和年份。比如，一项关于成年人抑郁症的调查(“Study Finds”, 1997)报告……。当某作品的作者列为“Anonymous”、中文使用“匿名”或“无名氏”时，英文引用时用“Anonymous”加逗号及年份，即(Anonymous, 1997)，中文用“匿名”加逗号及年份，即(匿名，1997)。8.英文文献作者姓氏相同英文文献作者姓氏相同时，相同姓氏之作者于论文中引用时均引用全名，以避免混淆。例如：R. D. Luce (1995) and G. E. Luce (1988)…。9.多篇文献a. 多篇文献，同一作者若一作者有多篇你想引用的文献，只需用逗号“，”来区隔作品的发表年份(最早到最晚依序排列)。若多篇文献在同一年内发表，请在年份后面加上a、b、c……等标注。(按：abc的使用需与参考文献部分有所对应，而这些文献的编排以标题名称的字母来决定。)例如：1)A recent study found a possible genetic cause of alcoholism (Pauling, 2004, 2005a, 2005b).2)Pauling (2004, 2005a, 2005b) conducted a study that discovered a possible genetic cause of alcoholismb.多篇文献，多位作者文献依姓氏字母(笔画)、出版年代等顺序排列，不同作者之间用分号“;”分开，相同作者不同年代之文献用逗号“，” 分开。例如：…(Pautler, 1992; Razik & Swanson, 1993a, 1993b)。例如：…(董伟，2010;周音，2011a，2011b)。
英语论文参考文献标准格式
在各领域中，说到论文，大家肯定都不陌生吧，通过论文写作可以培养我们独立思考和创新的能力。那么一般论文是怎么写的呢？以下是我帮大家整理的英语论文参考文献标准格式，仅供参考，大家一起来看看吧。
用Times New Roman.每一条目顶格，如某一条目超过一行，从第二行起“悬挂缩进”2字符。参考文献中所有标点与符号均在英文状态下输入，标点符号后空一格。
参考文献条目排列顺序：英文文献、中文文献、网络文献。分别按作者姓氏字母顺序排列。文献前不用序号。
1）英文参考文献：
（1）专著与编著
排列顺序为：作者姓、名、专著名、出版地、出版社、出版年。
例如：
Brinkleyork: Knopf, 1993.
专著名中如果还包含其他著作或作品名，后者用斜体。
例如：
Dunn, Richard J ed. Charlotte Bront: Jane EyreNew York: Norton, 1971.
A、两个至三个作者
第一作者的姓在前，名在后，中间用逗号隔开；其余作者名在前，姓在后，中间无逗号；每个作者之间用逗号隔开，最后一个作者的姓名前用“and”，后用句号。
例如：
B、三个以上作者
第一作者姓名（姓在前，名在后，中间加逗号）后接“et al.”，其他作者姓名省略。
例如：
University of Hawaii Press, 1997.
C、同一作者同一年出版的不同文献，参照下例：
Widdowson, Henry G1998a.
Widdowson, Henry G. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press, 1998b.
（2）论文集
参照下例：
Thompson, Pett. “Modal Verbs in Academic Writing”. In Ben Kettlemann & York: Rodopi, 2002: 305-323.
（3）百科全书等参考文献
参照下例：
Fagan, Jeffrey. “Gangs and Drugs”. ork: Macmillan, 2001.
（4）学术期刊论文
参照下例：
Murphy, Karen. “Meaningful Connections: Using Technology in Primary Classrooms”.
（5）网络文献
参照下例：
“Everything You Ever Wanted to Know About URL”.
（6）专著：
参照下例：
皮亚杰.结构主义[M] .北京:商务印书馆,1984.
（7）期刊文章：
参照下例：
杨忠,张韶杰.认知语音学中的类典型论[J].外语教学与研究,1999,(2):1-3.
（8）学位论文
参照下例：
梁佳.大学英语四、六级测试试题现状的理论分析与问题研究[D].湖南大学,2002.
（9）论文集
参照下例：
许小纯.含义和话语结构[A].李红儒.外国语言与文学研究[C].哈尔滨:黑龙江人民出版社,1999:5-7.
（10）附录
2）中文参考文献
一、参考文献的类型
参考文献(即引文出处)的类型以单字母方式标识，具体如下：
[M]--专着，着作
[C]--论文集(一般指会议发表的论文续集，及一些专题论文集，如《***大学研究生学术论文集》
[N]-- 报纸文章
[J]--期刊文章：发表在期刊上的论文，尽管有时我们看到的是从网上下载的(如知网)，但它也是发表在期刊上的，你看到的电子期刊仅是其电子版
[D]--学位论文 :不区分硕士还是博士论文
[R]--报告：一般在标题中会有“关于****的.报告”字样
[S]-- 标准
[P]--专利
[A]--文章：很少用，主要是不属于以上类型的文章
[Z]--对于不属于上述的文献类型，可用字母“Z”标识，但这种情况非常少见
常用的电子文献及载体类型标识：
[DB/OL] --联机网上数据(database online)
[DB/MT] --磁带数据库(database on magnetic tape)
[M/CD] --光盘图书(monograph on CDROM)
[CP/DK] --磁盘软件(computer program on disk)
[J/OL] --网上期刊(serial online)
[EB/OL] --网上电子公告(electronic bulletin board online)
很显然，标识的就是该资源的英文缩写，/前面表示类型，/后面表示资源的载体，如OL表示在线资源。
二、参考文献的格式及举例
1.期刊类
【格式】[序号]作者。篇名[J].刊名，出版年份，卷号(期号)起止页码。
【举例】
[1] 周融，任志国，杨尚雷，厉星星。对新形势下毕业设计管理工作的思考与实践[J].电气电子教学学报，2003(6)：107-109.
[2] 夏鲁惠。高等学校毕业设计(论文)教学情况调研报告[J].高等理科教育，2004(1)：46-52.
[3] Heider, . The structure of color space in naming and memory of two languages [J]. Foreign Language Teaching and Research, 1999, (3)： 62 67.
2.专着类
【格式】[序号]作者。书名[M].出版地：出版社，出版年份：起止页码。
【举例】
[4] 刘国钧，王连成。图书馆史研究[M].北京：高等教育出版社，1979:15-18,31.
[5] Gill, R. Mastering English Literature [M]. London: Macmillan, 1985: 42-45.
3.报纸类
【格式】[序号]作者。篇名[N].报纸名，出版日期(版次)。
【举例】
[6] 李大伦。经济全球化的重要性[N]. 光明日报，1998-12-27(3)。
[7] French, W. Between Silences: A Voice from China[N]. Atlantic Weekly, 1987-8-15(33)。
4.论文集
【格式】[序号]作者。篇名 [C].出版地：出版者，出版年份：起始页码。
【举例】
[8] 伍蠡甫。西方文论选[C]. 上海：上海译文出版社，1979:12-17.
[9] Spivak,G. “Can the Subaltern Speak?”[A]. In & L. Grossberg(eds.)。 Victory in Limbo: Imigism [C]. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1988, .
[10] Almarza, . Student foreign language teacher's knowledge growth [A]. In and (eds.)。 Teacher Learning in Language Teaching [C]. New York: Cambridge University Press. 1996. .
5.学位论文
【格式】[序号]作者。篇名[D].出版地：保存者，出版年份：起始页码。
【举例】
[11] 张筑生。微分半动力系统的不变集[D].北京：北京大学数学系数学研究所， 1983:1-7.
6.研究报告
【格式】[序号]作者。名[R].出版地：出版者，出版年份：起始页码。
【举例】
[12] 冯西桥。核反应堆压力管道与压力容器的LBB分析[R].北京：清华大学核能技术设计研究院， 1997:9-10.
7.专利
【格式】[序号]专利所有者。题名[P].国别：专利号，发布日期。
8.标准
【格式】[序号]标准编号，标准名称[S].
【举例】
[14] GB/T 16159-1996, 汉语拼音正词法基本规则 [S].
9.条例
【格式】[序号]颁布单位。条例名称。发布日期
【举例】
[15] 中华人民共和国科学技术委员会。科学技术期刊管理办法[Z].1991-06-05
10.电子文献
【格式】[序号]主要责任者。电子文献题名。电子文献出处[电子文献及载体类型标识].或可获得地址，发表或更新日期/引用日期。
【举例】
[16] 王明亮。关于中国学术期刊标准化数据库系统工程的进展[EB/OL].
[17] 万锦。中国大学学报论文文摘(1983 1993)。英文版 [DB/CD]. 北京： 中国大百科全书出版社， 1996.
11.各种未定义类型的文献
【格式】[序号] 主要责任者。文献题名[Z].出版地：出版者， 出版年。
特别说明：凡出现在“参考文献”项中的标点符号都失去了其原有意义，且其中所有标点必须是半角，如果你的输入法中有半角/全解转换，则换到半角状态就可以了，如果你的输入法中没有这一转换功能，直接关闭中文输入法，在英文输入状态下输入即可。
其实，很多输入法(如目前比较流行的搜狐输入法)都提供了四种组合：
(1)中文标点+ 全角：这时输入的标点是这样的，：【1】-(而这时，我没有找到哪个键可以输入 / 符号)也就是说，这些符号是一定不能出现在“参考文献”中的;
(2)中文标点+半角：这时输入的标点是这样的，：【1】-(这时，我还是没有找到哪个键可以输入 / 符号)也就是说，这些符号也不能出现在“参考文献”中的;
上面列出的符号，中间没有任何的空格，你能看出它们有什么区别吗?我看只是-的宽度有一点点不同，其它都一样
(3)英文标点+全角：这时输入的标点是这样的，.:[1]-/
(4)英文标点+半角：这时输入的标点是这样的，.:[1]-/
从这两项可以明显的看出，半角和全角其实最大的差别是所占的宽度不一样，这一点对于数字来说最为明显，而英文标点明显要比中文标点细小很多(也许因为英文中，标点的功能没有中文那么复杂，就是说英文中标点符号的能力没有中文那么强大)
所以，很多人在写“参考文献” 时，总是觉得用英文标点+半角很不清楚，间距也太小，其实这点完全不用担心如果你觉得真的太小不好看，就用英文标点+全角吧而在[1] 之后，一般也都有一个空格。
对于英文参考文献，还应注意以下两点：
①作者姓名采用“姓在前名在后”原则，具体格式是：姓，名字的首字母。 如： Malcolm Richard Cowley 应为：Cowley, .,如果有两位作者，第一位作者方式不变，&之后第二位作者名字的首字母放在前面，姓放在后面，如：Frank Norris 与Irving Gordon应为：Norris, F. & .
②书名、报刊名使用斜体字，如：Mastering English Literature,English Weekly.
三、注释
注释是对论文正文中某一特定内容的进一步解释或补充说明注释应置于本页页脚，前面用圈码①、②、③等标识。
英语阅读外国论文文献
英语教育类毕业论文参考文献2017
导语：随着全球化的发展，随着教育的快速发展，英语成为运用最广泛的语言。下面是我分享的英语教育类毕业论文参考文献，欢迎阅读!
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[3]江菲菲.初中英语小班化教学初探[J].读与写(下旬),2012,09(4):98-99.
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[5]丁敏.初中英语小班化教学的思路和探索[J].才智,2013,(22):108-108.
[6]焦平.浅谈分层教学法在初中英语教学中的应用[J].佳木斯教育学院学报，2013，(07):368-369.
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[12]陈儒珍.导学案在初中英语教学中的使用建议探讨[J].读写算(教研版),2014,26(17):169.
[13]谭莉莉.“导学案”教学模式在初中英语教学中的实践应用[J].才智,2014,8(21):192.
[14]张晓娟.浅谈分层教学法在初中英语教学中的应用[J].中学生英语，
[15]吕晓宏.高中英语教学中跨文化交际能力培养的必要性与可行途径[J].聊城大学学报(社会科学版)，2011，(2).
[16]王冬冬.高中英语教学与跨文化交际能力的培养[J].中中教育技术装备，2011，(25).
[17]刘天赋.高中英语教学中学生的跨文化交际能力培养[J].科教文汇(中旬刊)，2013，(11)
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[4]王红英.浅谈初中英语创新思维和实践能力的'培养[J].海外英语,2010,6.
[5]刘亚珍.初中英语教学情景教学法应用[J].课程教育研究，2014，(30):111-112.
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[7]王新华.我国初中英语教师教学设计能力现状的调查及对策[J].基础教育外语教学研究，2012(10)：63～66.
[8]李浩然.如何才能设计出一堂优秀的英语课[J].山东师范大学外国语学院学报(基础英语教育)，2014(11)：20～24.
[9]王华珍.大学生英语阅读的预习障碍及教学对策[J].长春理工大学学报，2011.
[10]林朝霞.培养学生英语阅读能力的方法[J].广西教育，2006，(35).
[11]刘阳.合作学习在初中英语口语教学中的应用研究[D].曲阜师范大学，2014.
[12]刘程智.合作学习在初中英语教学应用的实证研究[D].长江大学，2014.
[13]杨德林.对合作学习在初中英语教学中有效应用的思考[J].教育教学论坛，2011，(31):89-90.
[14]程可拉，刘津开.中学英语任务型教学理念与教学示例[M].广州:华南理工大学出版社，2003.
[15]游毓平.任务型教学在中学英语口语课上的应用[J].江西师范大学学报，2006.
[16]贾景全.论课堂教学设计在初中英语高效教学中的重要性[J].中小学英语教学与研究，2014(7):56～58.
[17]周彦波.初中英语情景教学法的应用探讨[J].科技展望，2015，(24):190-190.
[18]宋斌华.独立学院大学英语教学现状与思考[J].湖北经济学院学报(人文社会科学版).2011(12)
[19]孙琼.独立学院应用型人才培养模式下的大学英语教学改革[J].沈阳教育学院学报.2010(04)
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英语教学论文参考文献
在学习和工作中，许多人都写过论文吧，论文是描述学术研究成果进行学术交流的一种工具。写论文的注意事项有许多，你确定会写吗？以下是我帮大家整理的英语教学论文参考文献，希望能够帮助到大家。
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注重摘要摘要可以说是一个论文的窗口。多数文章看摘要，少数文章看全文。真正有用的全文并不多，过分追求全文是浪费，不可走极端。当然只看摘要也是不对的。多数文章题目、摘要简单浏览后，直接把几个Figure及Title与legend一看，一般能掌握大部分。2.通读全文读第一遍的时候一定要认真，争取明白每句的大意，能不查字典最好先不查字典。因为读论文的目的并不是学英语，而是获取信息，查了字典以后思维会非常混乱，往往读完全文不知所谓。可以在读的过程中将生字标记，待通读全文后再查找其意思。3.归纳总结较长的文章，容易遗忘。好在虽然论文的句子都长，但每段的句数并不多，可以每一段用一个词组标一个标题。4.确立句子的架构，抓住主题读英文原版文献有窍门的。我们每个单词都认识读完了却不知他在说什么，这是最大的问题。在阅读的时候一定要看到大量的关系连词，他们承上启下引领了全文。中国人喜欢罗列事实，给出一个观点然后就是大量的事实，这也是中文文献的特点，我们从小都在读这样的文章，很适应。西方人的文献注重逻辑和推理，从头到尾是非常严格的，就像GRE里面的阅读是一样的，进行的是大量重复、新旧观点的支持和反驳，有严格的提纲，尤其是好的杂志体现得越突出。读每一段落都要找到他的主题，往往是很容易的，大量的无用信息可以一带而过，节约你大量的宝贵时间和精力。5.提高阅读的效率（1）集中时间看文献：看文献的时间越分散，浪费时间越多。集中时间看更容易联系起来，形成整体印象。（2）做好记录和标记：复印或打印的文献，直接用笔标记或批注。pdf或html格式的文献，可以用编辑器标亮或改变文字颜色。这是避免时间浪费的又一重要手段。否则等于没看。（3）阅读顺序：根据阅读目的选择合适的顺序。一般先看abstract、introduction，然后看discussion，最后看result和method（结合图表）。7.文献的整理（1）下载电子版文献时（caj，pdf，html），把文章题目粘贴为文件名（文件名不能有特殊符号）；（2）不同主题存入不同文件夹。文件夹的题目要简短，如：PD，LTP,PKC，NO。（3）看过的文献归入子文件夹，最起码要把有用的和没用的分开。（4）重要文献根据重要程度在文件名前加001,002，003编号，然后按名称排列图标，最重要的文献就排在最前了。而且重要文献要注意追踪。运气好，你可以得到更多的线索；运气不好，发现别人抢先了。据此修正你的实验。