法律语言特点论文怎么写啊初中英语

中国知网也好！万方数据也好都有例子！甚至百度文库都有！==================论文写作方法===========================论文网上没有免费的，与其花人民币，还不如自己写，万一碰到骗人的，就不上算了。写作论文的简单方法，首先大概确定自己的选题，然后在网上查找几份类似的文章通读一些相关资料，对这方面的内容有个大概的了解！参照你们学校的论文的格式，列出提纲，补充内容！实在不会，把这几份论文综合一下，从每篇论文上复制一部分，组成一篇新的文章！然后把按自己的语言把每一部分换下句式或词，经过换词不换意的办法处理后，网上就查不到了！最后，到万方等地进行检测，将扫红部分进行再次修改！祝你顺利完成论文!

The theory of criminal law of shallow understanding irrtumslehreLegal irrtumslehre， namely， refers to the illegality mistake for own behavior in law， whether what crime constitutes a crime shall be punished by， or what is wrong， is to oneself the legal nature of the action of meaning or Legal irrtumslehre usually includes three conditions: (1) the actor's behavior in law does not constitute a crime， the offender and constitutes a crime for which imaginary guilty， (2) the behavior in law constitutes a crime and does not constitute a crime， the offender mistaken assumptions that innocent， (3) for his act constitutes a crime shall be convicted and punishment in light of the existing errors， misunderstanding or Due to the legal irrtumslehre， only to the behavior of the offender is not correct understanding of the legal assessment， and for their actions in fact correct understanding of the situation is still there， so its act constitutes a crime shall be investigated for criminal responsibility is and how it is not usually （1）Imaginary innocent treatment principleThe principles for imaginary innocence， whether it involves a deliberately Foreign criminal law theory basically has the following kinds:1）Should know that don't speak， just for criminal facts have Canada criminal code article 19 regulation: "the ignorance of the law excuses and crime can be ShuZui " Motto: "Roman law and legal disclaimer" somehow also expressed a principle， namely: "in the crime as subjective FanYi established condition， not request to recognize his behavior of richtswitrig"2）Should know the reason， according to two: moral responsibility theory， personality responsibility Moral responsibility theory emphasizes on the rationality of free will blame illegal conduct， is considered to be objective 3）That said， the possible illegality of responsibility for deliberately， at least to the possibility of understanding While in China mainland， the introduction of the concept of crime has another concept -- social consciousness that harm to discuss richtswitrig already Because the deliberate crime according to law condemn the illegality of the offender is not known， the law itself is not damaged， the law of the social consciousness is Social harm consciousness is the essential contents of the crime， illegal consciousness is the legal form of social Therefore， our country law more emphasis is on the rationality of essence， which is harmful to the society Just because of its social harmfulness， with a social moral evaluation colour， easier for people to grasp and Therefore， the author thinks that， in general， the person need to recognize his behavior may be the result of inevitable or harmful to the society， and has already With intentionally But in fact， the forbidden by law and mass that is harmful to the society in our country nowadays the behavior under the constitution should be consistent， in other words， know the social harmfulness also know the possibility of illegal， but know the possibility of illegal is inevitable should also realize social harmfulness， both are Therefore， it is generally thought that the law is no excuse， the reason of law does not exclude the misunderstanding in principle， but can be culpable for deliberately （2） Misunderstandings treatment PunishmentWe might as well so the essence of blame for his due: the crime in the subjective should blame or blame， for the intent or negligence If the offender because of misunderstanding that legal person feels very innocent， lack of this should blame or condemning sexual， from the fundamental measure， blame is absolutely not consider Especially in the modern society， the legal category SAN marino， legal entry in different fields and different levels of books， recognized， comprehend legal apparently endless and same， so the person of law and misunderstandings， not Now， both in theory and practice， the method not cling to forgive "seems to have in Therefore， to a certain extent， can also think admits exceptions excusable is legal misunderstanding of criminal law is an important symbol of In addition， it was not in the act of which is prohibited by the laws and regulations， especially after a circumstance， should have knowledge of richtswitrig actor， constitute the understanding of deliberate point of view， with the attitude of this understanding， of course， that is not the illegality or by the simple statement The author thinks that the only when the legal establishment of may， FangKeZu but The fact mistakeThat mistake， is to determine its subjective behavior nature and the criminal responsibility of the relevant facts wrong From the wrong reasons and phenomenon of angles， generally known that there are several mistakes:（1） Object irrtumslehreThe object is known for errors， whether there is objectively error It includes actor in the implementation of the existing criminal behavior of the hazards for the object and actually does not exist， or for criminal object and actually does not exist， or infringe a criminal object and actually invaded another crime The object of objects is usually known errors caused by mistake， but the object of different social relationship reflects Evil doer of objects and actual expected in fact not only harm object does not agree， and in the nature of law is not Therefore， the object irrtumslehre may affect the form of sin， crime accomplishment， and may even attempted to influence the For example， in view of the circumstances， not a thought before the enemy， and a party came to stick， afterwards just know the ox was A thought of damage is "people"， and the actual wounded is "cow"， do not belong to the same laws of the Similar situation and will generally be mistaken for drug trafficking items， Actor will stolen items in the theft of guns in stealing This object from the subjective errors， see， is a kind of mistake， From the objective， because the mistake crime to no avail， where the criminal attempted 1）Object mistakeObjects can be generalized mistake， including object mistake to belong to the object know mistake is inevitable object These include， is known to be wrong object of legal property of the same object mistake and legal properties of different objects， namely the object irrtumslehre In order to distinguish with the object mistake here， the cognition to the same object only mean error between the different objects， namely the misunderstanding of the evil doer expected objects and actual harm to the object， but not in fact in the legal nature of the same This object mistake again say things on purpose mistake not criminal As a reserve， killing b shall be killed as b and c， do not affect a This is the need to consider that a kill b behavior "mistake" cause others (c)， belong to an intentional crime (b) "death"， for the excess result， according to the results， which determine the ordinary mail of death was deliberately recognized for deliberately， to the death of the fault is propylene， identified as negligence， according to the intention or negligence of the general mark recognized FanYi or state of mind， not applicable rules of the 2） Behavior irrtumslehreBehavior mainly includes two kind of mistake: first， the behavior nature That actor has to its social harm nature， such as understanding not imaginary Behavior nature mistake might affect the form of sin， and may also affect Second， the behavior tools (methods) That person to use when the conduct of tool (methods)， which affects not correct understanding of harm results， behavior tools (methods) mistake can affect crime or attempted was founded， also can affect crime or belongs to the incident， a typical for murder on hazardous substances， because the drug failure and failed to kill people， can think method or tools for error doer of consciousness beyond reason not to And as actor see armour， second coming together， hence shot to play， but can't hit by the party Look， this is from the phenomenon of an object， or the final results for the mistake， but this error is based on the fact that the wrong doer identify offender is carefully identify to begin， can think recognize is accurate， errors in ChaWu The solution to this situation， "said"， its legal with qualitative and recognize wrong object is consistent， namely directly recognized as an intentional homicide The death of a person is directly intentionally to b， death is the indirect intentional， just for a to b is attempted， Additionally， if in daily life because misidentification object and damage of consequences， the crime itself is not just any criminal negligence because of 3)Causality irrtumslehreCausality mistake， is on his behavior and harmful results of actual connection between Generally include: first， not some harm result， as has happened This generally constitute a Second， has certain harm result， but not for actor or for his behavior is caused， and does not affect crime Third， really happened， the offender is aware of its behavior， but with the actual development between the harm to the process or a mistake， general to punish crime In theory， the offender is not only a crime， but continuous movement， this several continuous action is not a few crime， but a In this sense， doesn't exist on the results of the Legal irrtumslehre and facts mistake and proceduresDomestic scholars in fact know mistakes and errors between the issue legal representative views mainly include:（1）For own behavior whether in law constitutes a crime， criminal or what kind of criminal punishment shall be under the incorrect understanding is legal irrtumslehre for his behavior on the implementation of the incorrect understanding is the fact that mistake，（2）The objectivity of crime is a false understanding of crime， that mistake of objective facts have clear understanding， only to act in the evaluation of existing laws on the concept of law is not correct mistakes。（3）Actor known facts and actual fact don't agree is wrong， the person that judgment and objective law is law of illegal inconsistency These ideas basically could in theory and legal irrtumslehre fact distinguish mistakes， it is important to emphasize that：1) With the conviction that the so-called irrelevant， as this mistake to hit each other， the shooting head caused the death of heart， without vision of research into 2) Study of the theory of error， error occurs when the purpose， but whether to intentionally resistance， reduce plots affected only the wrong cognition， natural sentencing nor will it into the error theory 3) This does not constitute a crime and actor for crime， and for their behavior in the criminal law on the crimes and how to apply for criminal punishment on such specific knowledge error， conviction according to Based on this， the author thinks that， at the fact that criminal law is only to know wrong doer of elements to know the so-called objective facts constituents of mistake is the fact that the legal irrtumslehre error refers to the legal action is illegal and the evaluation of the From the theory of facts and legal irrtumslehre error， but the problem is in the law， criminal elements to the facts and law closely combined circumstances (like some administrative crimes and economic crimes)， or is in a fact itself contains certain laws of evaluation content， to distinguish with a mistake is the fact that mistake or legal wrong， is often If the property of his humanity and obscenity obscenity， administrative rules and regulations， JinYuOu， disrupt public until its precondition of the legitimacy of the public， and legal irrtumslehre facts wrong intertwined， and this is what we distinguish facts and legal irrtumslehre errors will solve the In some cases， the defendant should know that because of the lack of knowledge， and not to the behavior of social harmfulness， so that the defendant is not "knowledge they will entail harmful consequences to society， and hope or allows such results" and deliberate crime， the burden of proof is only FanYi prosecution， in addition， prosecution without proof the defendant not normal， but normal mental and spiritual normal presumption defendant directly if the defendant that his spirit is not normal， it shall provide necessary evidence by himself to Thus， the author， on legal irrtumslehre processing， can adopt the presumption of ways to Which country presumption every normal citizens are known， unless the law can put forward defense "advantage prove" above， or the evidence rebut these presumption is From the efficiency of lawsuit， said the country is impossible to prove the defendant is known of the

通常英语专业毕业从事法律工作的，一般都是做法律文件的翻译，如果同时有法律背景的，一般就是做法律文件英文版本的起草。所以，如果你没有法律教育背景，建议还是从“如何做好法律文件的翻译”的某一个题目去写。比如，法律文件翻译和一般文件翻译的不同之处什么的。。希望对你有帮助。

法律语言特点论文怎么写啊初中生

点击查看自己可裁剪、取舍。

你好，法律方面的论文大部分是按照这个思路去写的：选题，你在生活中发现存在哪些法律问题，你对这个法律问题有看法。比如：论保险代位求偿行使中的若干法律问题。选好你要写的论题后，就开始查找有关论题方面的资料，比如现行规定，学者们对这方面的定义，主流的观点，这方面的案例等。大概熟悉在你论题方面的基本知识和对问题的认识后，就可以开始着手正文了。各个学校都有对论文格式的要求，一定要严格按照学校要求的格式来完成论文。多和同学交流，不懂就问老师。跟你说说正文怎么写。本科论文可以分成三部分进行，第一部分是中文摘要，引言，相关概念特征，立法现状等；第二部分，重点是第二部分，这一部分要求你提出在存在的问题，然后针对问题给出解决的办法。第三部分就是把你的参考文献列出，再致谢就可以了。谢谢，请采纳！

多看书，不懂就要问老师。

是你们老师下的任务么？像寒假实践之类的？

法律语言特点论文怎么写初中英语作文

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据学术堂的了解，法律论文一般由内容提要、关键词、前言、正文、结语、插图和参考文献几个部分组成　　内容提要:我们生活在一个信息爆炸的时代，学术论文汗牛充栋，一个人终其一生往往无法阅读一个学科所有的论文了读者只能根据自己的需要筛选了，在筛选论文时他们首先看内容提要，以便了解以下信息:1)作者要解决什么问题;2)为什么选这个题目;3)用什么方法(或用什么资料);4)得到了什么结论;5)如果有争议，作者怎么看读者在得到这些信息后，决定要不要看全文所以研究者在撰写内容提要时，需要体现以上几项内容篇幅不能太短，短了不能写足上述要素;当然也不能太长，长了就啰嗦　　关键词:在信息爆炸的时代，我国读者一般使用知网和JSTOR这样的电子数据库搜索论文时，往往输入关键词所以，研究者在写关键词时需要斟酌，以便让读者找到自己的论文可惜的是，很多人选择关键词往往很随意，选择了一些无关紧要的词我们需要以己度人，了解读者喜欢用什么关键词检索一般来说，关键词要能体现选题的重要方面　　前言:此部分为正文的前奏，其目的就是回顾研究文献，提出新问题和研究方案这一部分的主要任务是介绍一个选题的研究史，点评前人的论着，既指出他们的成果，又剖析他们的不足实际上，这就是把文献阅读部分的工作成果收入其中在前人的遗留问题之中，挑选一个重要的，又可行的问题作为自己的选题锁定了研究对象还不够，在此部分还要提出一个研究方案来　　正文:此部分要展现论证过程选题不同论证过程也不同，需要分别对待文史方面的选题可以分解成若干子问题，然后提供证据，形成子观点;最后由子观点构成大观点科技考古方面的选题，则需要利用研究方法或技术手段，讨论辨析由此获得的数据，然后得到结论　　结语:结语的要害在于简要重复论文的主要部分，也就是新问题、研究方法、证据和结论结语不能太短，短了不能充分呈现论证过程;不宜太长，长了就有啰嗦之嫌在这个部分不能出现新资料和新观点;任何新资料和新观点(想法)只能出现在正文中，结语只是归纳复述正文的重要内容　　插图:插图样式多样，可以是照片、线图和表格，现在还可以是视频它是重要的支撑资料，一方面可以说明研究对象，一方面可以提供物证它们既可以展示比较抽象的理论、概念和研究对象，帮助读者理解它们，也可以展示物证和数据，支撑论文它们既不能太多，也不能太少，关键是能够说明论文中关键概念、对象，或者呈现数据在此部分，插图要与正文结合;也就是说正文的重要理论、概念和器物需要插图来说明，观点需要物证和数据来支撑;同时插图不能茫无目的，要为论文服务，否则就不要使用插图需要添加文字，说明插图名称、图例、比例当然，如果插图涉及知识产权，还要注明来源　　注释:研究者在写作论文时，少不了引用以往的研究成果，或者观点，或者数据(资料)，或者方法为了尊重以往成果，研究者需要做注释，以避免剽窃之嫌需要注意的是，这里所说的以往成果，既有他人的，也有作者自己的我国不少学者往往在意他人成果，而忽略了自己的成果做注释还有另外用途，就是方便读者查阅出处，检验论文是否严谨扎实因为如果研究者在做注时，没有看过所引论文，或者一知半解，容易出错实际上，注释是一个研究者的信誉晴雨表，如果在注释上不认真，读者会认为研究者是个马虎的人，靠不住的人至于注释的格式，现在各个大学发布的学位论文规范都有说明发表时，各个出版社和期刊也有自己的规定，这里就不赘述了　　文献目录:现在学位论文一般要求在论文末尾放文献目录但是文献目录一定要与脚注相一致，脚注里面出现的目录有，同时目录有的脚注也得有　　论文是一个非常复杂的工程写作一篇论文需要遵循可阅读、可检验、可追溯和可检索四条原则作者需要明白论文的结构，清楚各个要素即内容提要、关键词、前言、正文、结语、插图和参考文献的功能，写好每个要素此外，论文还要注意术语的延续性、体悟读者的需要、避免抄袭、使用平实语言和发掘论文价值

以下是学术堂整理的关于法学论文写作的一些建议，希望有所帮助　　刘南平博士说:　　简单地讲，它(命题)应该是贯穿整个博士论文的中心论点，是你试图在论文中探讨或论证的一个基本问题或基本观点　　在初步阅读文献的基础上，可以拟一个提纲，提纲可以澄清思路，也可以使作者一目了然地看出自己的思路是否前后一致;还可以列一个参考文献目录，使自己明白要看和要找的资料;与人讨论自己的论文构思，也是一个好办法　　问题是否成熟不完全在于这个主题下已经有多少篇论文了，而在于问题是否被人看到了、解决了　　如果你仅仅检索、参考和引用论文，你只能在一个狭隘的圈子里说话，而且往往还无甚新意　　如果你要梳理一个制度的来龙去脉、一个概念的生发演变，那些故纸堆里的东西可能正好是你要找的，那些变化的细节也许正是值得你关注的　　可以这么说，一手资料是金，二手资料是铜，三手资料是垃圾　　一个初入门者，可能会借助作者身份、期刊或者出版社、发表或者出版的时间版次、被引用乃至下载次数等外在因素去判断，这些不是完全没有道理:　　一个权威期刊上发表的文章，可以假定比一个三流刊物上同主题的文章要靠谱;　　一篇被频繁引用或者大量下载的文章，总比一篇没人引用的同主题文章要好一些;　　一本几次再版或者多次印刷的教科书，大体上是品质的保证;　　你所了解的一位名声在外而素来严谨的学者写的东西，永远值得重视;　　在我看来，文献质量取决于三个因素:　　一是思想的原创性或者出处的原生性;　　二是论证的严谨性或者报道的准确性;　　三是影响力;　　思想的原创性，指一个学术概念或者观点最早是谁、在哪里提出的，或者一个事件最早是谁报道的，通常只有阅读了大量文献，理清思想的脉络以后，才能作出准确的判断　　以美国为例，主流的 Law Review 差不多每个法学院都有，其中最有名的当数「哈佛法律评论」「耶鲁法律杂志」「哥伦比亚法律评论」　　互联网上的信息，必须查到它原始的出处;没有找到原始出处，都属于道听途说　　国家统计局网站提供了各种官方统计数据或者数据链接，　　内事不决问百度，外事不决问谷歌也　　查找文献有两种方法:　　一是确定范围、全面排查，即确定检索范围、检索方式和检索词，进行地毯式的检索;　　二是顺藤摸瓜、延伸阅读，即根据已有文献提供的线索做进一步检索;　　这两种方法应当交替并用，只用一种还不行　　四种比较常用的方法，即现场观察、深度访谈、问卷调查和文献分析　　描述状况的具体方法有好多种，比较常用的有举例说明、统计数据和类比说明三种方法　　要注意的是，用于类比的事物与类比对象不一定有实质上的同源性，其类比也不见得精确合理　　属性分析在教科书中是相当常见的，每讲到一个重要概念，教科书都会给出一个定义，指出它的属性　　如果大家都是从自己定义的概念或者自己奉行的教条出发，以不具有共识的观点作为论证的前提，就无法进行有意义的学术讨论;要真正解决前面所说的行政合同一类的问题，恐怕需要回到原点，把它放在现实情景中重新探讨它的属性　　理想类型则是在对纷繁芜杂的现象进行整理、提炼所得的典型;它不完全对应于经验事实，不是对现实的精确描绘，但又基于经验事实，抓住了现实的一些基本特征　　法律条文作为论据也不是所向披靡的，它作为论据的有效性取决于几个因素:　　一是法条含义的明确性;　　二是法条自身的有效性;　　三是法律条文与论证主题的相关性;　　体系解释，指根据相关条款在法律文本章、节、款、项中的位置来解释该条款的含义;这是文意解释的延伸，但仍然是在法律文本　　运用学说作为论证根据，要注意分析其内在理路，避免简单地"耍大牌"或者"数人头":你搬出梁慧星，我抬出王泽鉴;支持你观点的只有两位学者，支持我观点的有五位学者······这都不是理性讨论的态度　　标题的功能有两种:一是表明论题，二是表明命题梁慧星教授曾提出，标题"必须是动宾结构的短语，不能是句子;只确定研究对象，不表达作者观点"　　"考"，多用于事实问题的考证;"批判"，则火药味较浓，宜慎用;"论纲"，多指问题很大，现在只能说个纲要　　如果用一句话来概括，应当是:与你的研究主题相关的重要的学术文献

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英语语言学论文题目 13论国际商务谈判中的语言交际技巧 33成人世界的童话——从文体学角度解析现今童话再度流行的现象 49论文化差异与英汉商标互译 55浅谈英汉句子结构差异 59诗意的美和喜剧性幽默 62试论广告英语的语言特点 65统觉团对英语初学者词汇学习的影响 67外语学习中应该重视中介语的作用 69新闻报道中的转述动词研究 73英汉禁忌语、委婉语的对比研究 74英汉数字习语的对比研究 76英译汉中词序的变动 78英语广告的语言特征 80英语双关语汉译的可译性限度 101词义演变的原因与方式 137从汉语中英语借词的翻译看文化交流 138从价值观转换看斯佳丽的角色特征 142从礼貌准则看中英文化的异同 146从习语看英汉民族的文化差异 149从英语人名中看性别歧视 157动词过程类型的选择和话语隐性态度的表达 161对母语在英语写作中词汇负迁移现象的思考 162对严复译作中“信”的质疑 167法律英语用词特征分析 168法律语言翻译与法律文体 177副词EVER的句法环境和语义特征 180功能语法视角下的英语报纸新闻标题的功能 183广告口号语的语言特点 189国际商务文化之对比研究 204汉语中双关语的翻译 213基于概念隐喻的诗歌解读 228论广告英语中的幽默 265论广告英语的语言特点 268论汉英谚语的语言特征 280论清教理念与美国西进运动 282论莎士比亚十四行诗中的时间 300论英语广告中几种常用修辞格及其汉译 310论尤金?奥尼尔的表现主义手法 324名词化的语篇功能 330诺曼时期法语对英语词汇的影响 339浅谈英语虚拟语气的语用功能 340浅谈英语虚拟语气及其语用功能 345浅析二十世纪计算机英语词汇的构成特点

法律语言特点论文题目怎么写初中英语

从功能对等的角度论英语习语翻译法律语言特征和法律语言翻译英汉模糊语言对比研究及其翻译翻译中的语境因素分析导游词翻译中的跨文化意识涉外商函的特点及翻译习语是某一语言在使用过程中形成的独特的固定的表达方式。本文所要讨论的习语是广义的、包括成语、谚语、歇后语、典故等。英汉两种语言历史悠久，包含着大量的习语，它们或含蓄、幽默、或严肃、典雅，不仅言简意赅，而且形象生动，妙趣横和，给人一种美的享受。由于地理、历史、宗教信仰、生活习俗等方面的差异，英汉习语承载着不民的民族文化特色和文化信息，它们与文化传统紧密相连，不可分割。习语中的文化因素往往是翻译中的难点。本文试图借助语用学的理论，对英汉习语的翻译作一些探索。美车哲学教授HPGrice在他的Meaning一书中把话语的意义分为自然意义（natural meaning）和非自然意义（non-natural meaning）两种。话语的非自然意义指人们意欲表达的意义，即在特定的场合下表达出交际者意图的语用隐含意义。这就是Grice的会话含意（conversational implicature）理论的基础。那么，由于英汉两种语言的文化背景的差异，同样字面意义、形象意义的话语文章可能具有完全不同的隐含意义。隐含意义才是说话人或作者所要表达的意义。根据我们的观察，英汉习语之间的多方面差异可归为两类：一是形象意义的差异，一是隐含意义（包括褒贬义）的差异，而它们都是字面以外的意义，是文化差异的具体反映。由此出发，本文提出了英汉习语文化意义翻译的具体原则和方法。一、英汉习语中所反映的文化差异朱光潜先生在《谈翻译》一文中说：“外国文学最难了解和翻译的第一是联想的意义……”，“它带有特殊的情感氛围，甚深广而微妙，在字典中无从找出，对文学却极要紧。如果我们不熟悉一国的人情风俗和文化历史背景，对于文字的这种意义就茫然，尤其是在翻译时这种字义最不易应付。”英国文化人类学家爱德华·泰勒在《原始文化》（1871）一书中，首次把文化作为一个概念提了出来，并表述为：“文化是一种复杂，它包括知识、信仰、艺术、道德、法律、风俗以及其作社会上习得的能力与习惯。”可见文化的覆盖面很广，它是一个复要的系统。语言作为文化的一个组成部分，反映一个民族丰富多彩的方化现象。我们经过归纳总结认为，英汉习语所反是非曲直的文化差异主要表现在以下几个方面： 1、生存环境的差异习语的产生与人们的劳动和生活密切相关。英国是一个岛国，历史上航海业曾一度领先世界；而汉民族在亚洲大陆生活繁衍，人们的生活离不开土地。比喻花钱浪费，大手大脚，英语是spend money like water，而汉语是“挥金如土”。英语中有许多关于船和水的习语，在汉语中没有完全相同的对应习语，如to rest on one’s oars（暂时歇一歇），to keep one’s head above water（奋力图存），all at sea（不知所措）等等。在汉语的文化氛围中，“东风”即是“春天的风”，夏天常与酷署炎热联系在一起，“赤日炎炎似火烧”、“骄阳似火”是常被用来描述夏天的词语。而英国地处西半球，北温带，海洋性气候，报告春天消息的却是西风，英国著名诗人雪莱的《西风颂》正是对春的讴歌。英国的夏季正是温馨宜人的季节，常与 “可爱”、“温和”、“美好”相连。莎士比亚在他的一首十四行诗中把爱人比作夏天，Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?/Thou art more lovely and more temperate。 2、习俗差异英汉习俗差异是多方面的，最典型的莫过于在对狗这种动物的态度上。狗在汉语中是一种卑微的动物。汉语中与狗有关的习语大都含有贬意：“狐朋狗党”、“狗急跳墙”、“狼心狗肺”、“狗腿子”等，尽管近些年来养庞物狗的人数大大增加，狗的“地位”似乎有所改变，但狗的贬义形象却深深地留在汉语言文化中。而在西方英语国家，狗被认为是人类最忠诚的朋友。英语中有关狗的习语除了一部分因受其他语言的影响而含有贬义外，大部分都没有贬义。在英语习语中，常以狗的形象来比喻人的行为。如You are a lucky dog（你是一个幸运儿），Every dog has his day（凡人皆有得意日），Old dog will mot learn mew tricks（老人学不了新东西）等等。形容人“病得厉害”用sick as a dog，“累极了”是dog-tired。与此相反，中国人十分喜爱猫，用“馋猫”比喻人贪嘴，常有亲呢的成份，而在西方文化中，“猫”被用来比喻“包藏祸心的女人”。 3、宗教信仰方面与宗教信仰有关的习语也大量地出在在英汉语言中。佛教传入中国已有一千多年的历史，人们相信有“佛主”在左右着人世间的一切，与此有关的习语很多，如“借花献佛”、“闲时不烧香，临时抱佛脚”等。在西方许多国家，特别是在英美，人们信奉基督教，相关的习语如Good helps those who help themselves（上帝帮助自助的人），也有Go to hell（下地狱去）这样的诅咒。 4、历史典故英汉两种语言中还有大量由历史典故形成的习语，这些习语结构简单，意义深远，往往是不能单从字面意义去理解和翻译的。如“东施效颦”、“名落孙山”、“叶公好龙”等等。英语典故习语多来自《圣经》和希腊罗马神话，如Achilles’heel（唯一致命弱点）、meet one’s waterloo（一败涂地）、Penelope’s web（永远完不成的工作）、a Pandora’s box（潘多拉之盒枣灾难、麻烦、祸害的根源）等。二、英汉习语翻译的具体原则和方法关于翻译标准，中外翻译理论家们提出了不同的主张。从严复的“信、达、雅”，傅雷的“重神似不重形似”，到张培基先生提出的“忠实通顺”；从瞿秋白的“等同概念”，到美国著名的翻译理论家Eugene A·Nidar的“功能对等（functional equivalence）”或“动态对等（dynamic equivalence）”，我们可以看出，这些主张是相互影响、互为补充、不断完善的，虽然侧重点有所不同，但中心要结晶都是译文要忠实准确地表达原文的意义，保持原作的风格，忠实反是非曲直原作的面貌。所谓忠实表达原文的意义，应指忠实表达原文的字面意义、形象意义和隐含意义三个方面。但是，并不是原文的每句话、每个习语、词汇都同时具备三种意义，有的可能只有字面意义，没有形象意义；有的可能兼有字面意义和形象意义，但没有隐含意义。尤其是，任何两处语言文化都不可能完相同。

Of the thesis of translation论英语翻译Of the thesis of translation and interpretation论英语笔译与口译