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中英饮食文化差异论文的文献综述怎么写啊

发布时间:2024-07-12 14:41:26

中英饮食文化差异论文的文献综述怎么写啊

浅谈中西饮食差异 申巧锋 (山西机电职业技术学院,山西长治 046011) 摘要:常言道:民以食为天。饮食与每个人的生活密切相关。文章从饮食结构和饮食餐具两方面出发,对中西方饮食与 其历史文化背景之间的内在联系进行了简单的分析与探索。 关键词:饮食结构;饮食餐具;筷子;刀和叉 中图分类号:TS971 文献标识码:A 文章编号:1673-2014(2008)-0103-02 世界各民族由于地理环境和生活方式的不同, 从而产生了不同的文化。今日世界文化的类型可大 体上分为东西方两大类。东方文化以中华文化为 主,而西方文化以欧美文化为主。东西方文化生长 在不同的土壤中,经过历史的洗刷沉淀,张扬着迥 异的个性,从而迸发出各自独特的魅力。饮食便是 其中的一个方面。 常言道:民以食为天。“吃”与每个人都密切相 关。由于人们所属的民族、社会历史、宗教信仰、道 德传统以及文化教养的不同,从而反映在饮食上也 就有所差异。走进餐厅,你会发现,许多风格迥异, 吃法不同的中西方式,也就是所谓的“中餐”与“西 餐”。下面,我们就中西方饮食结构及使用的餐具两 方面进行分析、研究,试着探讨一下饮食与历史文 化背景之间的内在联系。 一、中西方饮食结构 我们知道,中西方饮食结构存在明显差异,中 国人的饮食以谷物为主,肉少粮多,辅以菜蔬,即饭 是主食,菜是为了下饭。而西方的饮食则是以肉、奶 为主。下面我们就看一下这种不同的饮食结构与其 历史文化背景密切联系。 中华文明源远流长,是人类文明曙光最早照耀 到的地方。在史前时期就有了高度的发展。原先的 逐水草而居的游牧生活,随着农耕时代的来临,逐 渐变成定居生活。定居后的生活主要依赖于土地, 以农作物作为主要的食物来源。而定居的稳定生活 又造成人口的大量繁衍,造成粮食紧缺,更进一步 的开垦荒地,使农业占的比例越来越多,畜牧业受 到了很大抑制。在人类的食物当中,以素食为主。当 然也有肉类食物,但受条件限制,只有社会上层的 人才能经常吃到。所以古时称有地位的人为“肉食 者”就是这个意思。大部分的人只能以素食为主,所 谓“五谷为养,五果为助,五畜为益,五菜为充”。就 是说人们生活以五谷杂粮为主要的营养提供,果类 食物也起到辅助的作用,能增加点肉类食物对身体 是有好处的,蔬菜之类的可以帮助我们补充营养。 这是我们古时候的饮食模式,这里面有主观的选 择,但更多的是客观条件的限制。 而西方社会主要由游牧民族发展而来。游牧生 活居无定所,没有固定的地方,也就很少有农作物 的播种与收获了 二、中西方饮食餐具 东方社会,以中国为代表,吃饭主要是靠筷子。 也就是两根小棒。在西方人看来,真的很神奇。就这 么两个小棒,便能以不变应万变,对付所有的食物。 小小的筷子就是中华文明的精髓了。那西方人吃饭 用的是什么?是刀和叉 由此可见,中西方的饮食在一定程度上受其历 史文化背景的影响。然而,我们应该清楚,文化无优 劣,饮食文化也无优劣,其区别只不过是不同的环 境条件下的生活方式或者饮食方式的不同罢了。但 是如何理解和分析这一区别则是非常重要的。本文 的目的基于这一点而作一些简单的分析和探索,是 否能够得到大多数读者的认可不得而知。在此意义 上,把我对于中国饮食文化的某些看法,行之于笔 端,希望得到方家的指教。

按这个题目到百度里搜索一下就有了,OnDifferencesBetweenChineseandWesternDietaryCultures

only found hope that works~American table manners[edit] Table Layout * Bread plates are to the left of the main plate, beverage glasses are to the * Salad fork, knife and soup spoon are further from the main plate than the main course knife, fork and Dessert utensils are either placed above the main plate or served with [edit] General Behavior * Chew with your mouth * Do not talk at an excessively loud * Refrain from coughing, sneezing or blowing nose at the * Never tilt back your chair while at the table, or at any other * Do not make unbecoming noises while * Do not play with food or table * Do not single out or chastise someone who has shown poor table * Do not put your elbows on the table or * Always ask the host or hostess to be excused before leaving the * Do not stare at anyone while he or she is * Never talk on your phone at the If urgent, ask host or hostess to be excused, and go Apologize when [edit] Utensils * Do not eat food with your fingers unless you are eating foods customarily eaten with fingers, such as bread, french fries, chicken wings, pizza, * The fork may be used either in the American (use the fork in your left hand while cutting; switch to right hand to pick up and eat a piece) or the Continental (fork remains in the left hand) fashion -- either is now (See Fork etiquette) * The fork is used to convey any solid food to the * The knife blade should be placed on the edge of your plate when not in The blade should always face * When you have finished eating soup, the spoon should be placed to the side of the saucer, not left in the * Keep your napkin on your At more formal occasions all diners will wait to place their napkins on their laps until the host or hostess places his or her napkin on his or her lap * When eating barbecue or some other messy foods such as cracked crab, a 'bib' napkin may be provided for and used by Usually these foods are also eaten by hand, and wet wipes or paper napkins should be used to clean the * When using paper napkins, never ball them up or allow stains to * Use your silverware from the outside moving inward toward the main (Salad fork, knife and soup spoon are further from the main plate than the main course knife, fork and Dessert utensils are either placed above the main plate or served with )[edit] Dining * A prayer or 'blessing' may be customary in some families, and the guests should join in even if they are not religious or do not follow the same Most prayers are made by the host before the meal is Instead or in addition, a 'toast' may be offered [1] * Do not start eating until (a) every person is served or (b) those who have not been served request that you begin without At more formal occasions all diners will wait to begin until the hostess or host lifts a fork or * When a dish is presented 'family style', the food is served to one's plate and then passed on to the next put the food on your left, take some and pass to the person next to * When serving, serve from the left and pick up the dish from the Beverages are both served and removed from the * Eat soup noiselessly and with the side of the * Tea or coffee should never be poured into the saucer to cool but should be sipped from the Alternatively, ice may be used to cool * Seasoning ones meal prior to tasting can be considered rude and may insult the [edit] At the end of the meal * It is acceptable in most places to not finish all of the food on your * When finished with your meal, place your knife and fork with handles at the 4 o'clock position and the tines of the fork down to signal to the server you are * Except in a public restaurant, do not ask to take some of your uneaten food away from the meal after it ends, especially when having a formal [edit] British table manners * The fork is held in your left hand and the knife is held in your * You should hold your knife with the handle in your palm and your fork in the other hand with the prongs pointing * If you’re eating a dessert, your fork (if you have one) should be held in the left hand and the spoon in the * When eating soup, you should hold your spoon in your right hand and tip the bowl away from you, scooping the soup in movements away from * It is not acceptable to use your fingers at the table to eat or push food onto your You may, however, eat some foods such as fruit, sandwiches, hamburgers, crisps, chips or pizza with your * If there are a number of knives or forks, then you should start from the outside set working your way in as each course is * Drinks should always be to the right of your plate with the bread roll to the * When eating bread rolls, break off a piece before Use your knife only to butter the bread, not to cut * You should not start eating before your host does or instructs you to do At larger meals, it is considered okay to start eating once others have been * When you’re finished, place your knife and fork together at five o’clock with your fork on the left (tines facing up) and knife on the right, with the knife blade facing This signals that you are * Your napkin should never be screwed Nor should it be folded neatly as that would suggest that your host might plan to use it again without washing it - just leave is neatly but * Never blow your nose on your Place it on your lap and use it to dab your mouth if you make a * It is considered rude to answer the telephone at the If you need to take an urgent call, excuse yourself and go * Always ask for permission from the host and excuse yourself if you need to leave the You should place your napkin on your seat until you * If you must leave the table or are resting, your fork should be at eight o’clock and your knife at four o’clock (with the blade inwards) Once an item of cutlery has been used, it should not touch the table * The food should be brought to your mouth on the fork; you should sit straight and not lean towards your * Dishes should be served from the right, and taken away from the Unless the food is placed on your plate at the table, then it should arrive from the * Drinks should be served from the * Never lean across somebody else’s If you need something to be passed, ask the person closest to If you have to pass something, only pass it if you are closest to it and pass it directly to them if you * Salt & pepper should be passed * Do not take food from a neighbour’s plate and don’t ask to do * You must not put your elbows on the * If pouring a drink for yourself, offer to pour a drink for your neighbours before serving * If extra food is on the table, ask others first if they would like it before taking it * When chewing food, close your mouth and only talk when you have swallowed * Swallow all food before eating more or having a * Do not slurp your food or eat Burping or sneezing at the table should be avoided, * Never pick food out of your teeth with your * Try to eat all the food you are * Glasses served in a wine glass or other stemmed-glass should be held at the * Always remember “regular” Remember to say "please" and "thank you"[edit] Chinese table mannersThese are mostly concerned with the use of Otherwise generally Chinese table manners are rather more informal, what would be considered rude in other cultures such as talking with the mouth full may be acceptable but better not to do * Chopsticks must always be held in the correct It should be held between the thumb and fingers of the right hand, * Chopsticks are traditionally held in the right hand only, even by the left- Although chopsticks may now be found in either hand, a few still consider left-handed chopstick use improper One explanation for the treatment of such usage as improper is that this can symbolise argument, as the chopsticks may collide between the left-handed and right-handed * When communal chopsticks are supplied with shared plates of food, it is considered impolite to use your own chopsticks to pick up the food from the shared plate or eat using the communal An exception to this rule is made in intimate family dinners where family members may not mind the use of one's own chopsticks to transfer * It is considered impolite to use the blunt end of the chopsticks to transfer food from a common dish to your own plate or Use the communal chopsticks * Never wave your chopsticks around as if they were an extension of your hand gestures, bang them like drumsticks, or use them to move bowls or * Decide what to pick up before reaching with Do not hover around or poke looking for special After you have picked up an item, do not put it back in the * When picking up a piece of food, never use the tips of your chopsticks to poke through the food as if you were using a Exceptions include tearing larger items apart such as In informal use, small, difficult to pick-up items such as cherry tomatoes or fishballs may be stabbed but this use is frowned upon by * Chopsticks can be rested horizontally on one's plate or bowl to keep them off the table A chopstick rest can also be used to keep the points off the * Never stab chopsticks into a bowl of rice, leaving them standing Any stick-like object facing upward resembles the incense sticks that some Asians use as offerings to deceased family This is considered the ultimate faux pas on the dining * Chinese traditionally eat rice from a small bowl held in the left The rice bowl is raised to the mouth and the rice pushed into the mouth using the Some Chinese find it offensive to scoop rice from the bowl using a If rice is served on a plate, as is more common in the West, it is acceptable and more practical to eat it with a fork or The thumb must always be above the edge of the * It is acceptable to transfer food to people who have a close relation with you ( parents, grandparents, children or significant others) if you notice they are having difficulty picking up the Also it is a sign of respect to pass food to the elderly first before the dinner starts (part of the Confucian tradition of respecting seniors) * Traditionally, it is polite for the youngest members of the table to address each and everyone of the elderly members of the table before a meal starts and literally tell them to "eat rice", which means "go ahead and start the meal", to show * The host should always make sure the guests drinks are sufficiently One should not pour for ones self, but should (if thirsty) offer to pour for a When your drink is being poured, you should say "thank you" and/or tap your fingers on the table to show * When people wish to clink drinks together in the form of a cheer, it is important to observe that younger members should clink the edge of their drink below the edge of an elder to show * When eating food that contains bones, it is customary that the bones be spit out onto the table to the right of the dining plate in a neat

中英饮食文化差异论文的文献综述怎么写

一,饮食观念不同,比如西方人侧重营养,中国人注重美味。二,饮食方式不同,比如西方人侧重交谊,中国人注重气氛和愉悦。三,饮食习惯不同,比如西方人习惯用刀叉,中国人习惯用筷子四,饮食环境不同,比如西方人注重精致,中国人注重排场五,饮食口味不同,比如西方人吃甜食,中国人大多以咸为主。以上只是概略性的说明,你可以展开论述。可参照:略谈中西方饮食文化差异 餐饮产品由于地域特征、气侯环境、风俗习惯等因素的影响,会出现在原料、口味、烹调方法、饮食习惯上的不同程度的差异。正是因为这些差异,餐饮产品具有了强烈的地域性。中西文化之间的差异造就了中西饮食文化的差异,而这种差异来自中西方不同的思维方式和处世哲学。中国人注重“天人合一”,西方人注重“以人为本”。 这里简要从下面三个方面谈谈中西方饮食文化的差异。 一、两种不同的饮食观念 对比注重“味”的中国饮食,西方是一种理性饮食观念。不论食物的色、香、味、形如何,而营养一定要得到保证,讲究一天要摄取多少热量、维生素、蛋白质等等。即便口味千篇一律,也一定要吃下去——因为有营养。这一饮食观念同西方整个哲学体系是相适应的。形而上学是西方哲学的主要特点。西方哲学所研究的对象为事物之理,事物之理常为形上学理,形上学理互相连贯,便结成形上哲学。这一哲学给西方文化带来生机,使之在自然科学上、心理学上、方法论上实现了突飞猛进的发展。但在另一些方面,这种哲学主张大大地起了阻碍作用,如饮食文化。在宴席上,可以讲究餐具,讲究用料,讲究服务,讲究菜之原料的形、色方面的搭配;但不管怎么豪华高档,从洛杉矶到纽约,牛排都只有一种味道,无艺术可言。作为菜肴,鸡就是鸡,牛排就是牛排,纵然有搭配,那也是在盘中进行的,一盘“法式羊排”,一边放土豆泥,旁倚羊排,另一边配煮青豆,加几片番茄便成。色彩上对比鲜明,但在滋味上各种原料互不相干、调和,各是各的味,简单明了。 中国人是很重视“吃”的,“民以食为天”这句谚语就说明我们把吃看得与天一样重要。由于我们这个民族几千年来都处于低下的生产力水平,人们总是吃不饱,所以才会有一种独特的把吃看得重于一切的饮食文化,我想,这大概是出于一种生存需要吧。如果一种文化把吃看成首要的事,那么就会出现两种现象:一方面会把这种吃的功能发挥到极致,不仅维持生存,也利用它维持健康,这也就是”药补不如食补”的文化基础;另一方面,对吃的过份重视,会使人推崇对美味的追求。 在中国的烹调术中,对美味追求几乎达到极致,以至中国人到海外谋生,都以开餐馆为业,成了我们在全世界安身立命的根本!遗憾的是,当我们把追求美味作为第一要求时,我们却忽略了食物最根本的营养价值,我们的很多传统食品都要经过热油炸和长时间的文火饨煮,使菜肴的营养成分受到破坏,许多营养成分都损失在加工过程中了。因而一说到营养问题,实际上就触及到了中国饮食文化的最大弱点。民间有句俗话:“民以食为天,食以味为先”。就是这种对美味的追求,倒使我们忽略了吃饭的真正意义。 中国人在品尝菜肴时,往往会说这盘菜“好吃”,那道菜“不好吃”;然而若要进一步问一下什么叫“好吃”,为什么“好吃”,“好吃”在哪里,恐怕就不容易说清楚了。这说明,中国人对饮食追求的是一种难以言传的“意境”,即使用人们通常所说的“色、香、味、形、器”来把这种“境界”具体化,恐怕仍然是很难涵盖得了的。 中国饮食之所以有其独特的魅力,关键就在于它的味。而美味的产生,在于调和,要使食物的本味,加热以后的熟味,加上配料和辅料的味以及调料的调和之味,交织融合协调在一起,使之互相补充,互助渗透,水乳交融,你中有我,我中有你。中国烹饪讲究的调和之美,是中国烹饪艺术的精要之处。菜点的形和色是外在的东西,而味却是内在的东西,重内在而不刻意修饰外表,重菜肴的味而不过分展露菜肴的形和色,这正是中国美性饮食观的最重要的表现。 在中国,饮食的美性追求显然压倒了理性,这种饮食观与中国传统的哲学思想也是吻合的。作为东方哲学代表的中国哲学,其显著特点是宏观、直观、模糊及不可捉摸。中国菜的制作方法是调和鼎鼐,最终是要调和出一种美好的滋味。这一讲究的就是分寸,就是整体的配合。它包含了中国哲学丰富的辩证法思想,一切以菜的味的美好、谐调为度,度以内的千变万化就决定了中国菜的丰富和富于变化,决定了中国菜菜系的特点乃至每位厨师的特点。 二、中西饮食对象的差异 西方人认为菜肴是充饥的,所以专吃大块肉、整块鸡等“硬菜”。而中国的菜肴是“吃味”的,所以中国烹调在用料上也显出极大的随意性:许多西方人视为弃物的东西,在中国都是极好的原料,外国厨师无法处理的东西,一到中国厨师手里,就可以化腐朽为神奇。足见中国饮食在用料方面的随意性之广博。 据西方的植物学者的调查,中国人吃的菜蔬有600多种,比西方多六倍。实际上,在中国人的菜肴里,素菜是平常食品,荤菜只有在节假日或生活水平较高时,才进入平常的饮食结构,所以自古便有“菜食”之说,菜食在平常的饮食结构中占主导地位。中国人的以植物为主菜,与佛教徒的鼓吹有着千缕万丝的联系。他们视动物为“生灵”,而植物则“无灵”,所以,主张素食主义。 西方人在介绍自己国家的饮食特点时,觉得比中国更重视营养的合理搭配,有较为发达的食品工业,如罐头、快餐等,虽口味千篇一律,但节省时间,且营养良好,故他们国家的人身体普遍比中国人健壮:高个、长腿、宽大的肩、发达的肌肉;而中国人则显得身材瘦小、肩窄腿短、色黄质弱。有人根据中西方饮食对象的明显差异这一特点,把中国人称为植物性格,西方人称为动物性格。 三、饮食方式的不同 中西方的饮食方式有很大不同,这种差异对民族性格也有影响。在中国,任何一个宴席,不管是什么目的,都只会有一种形式,就是大家团团围坐,共享一席。筵席要用圆桌,这就从形式上造成了一种团结、礼貌、共趣的气氛。美味佳肴放在一桌人的中心,它既是一桌人欣赏、品尝的对象,又是一桌人感情交流的媒介物。人们相互敬酒、相互让菜、劝菜,在美好的事物面前,体现了人们之间相互尊重、礼让的美德。虽然从卫生的角度看,这种饮食方式有明显的不足之处,但它符合我们民族“大团圆”的普遍心态,反映了中国古典哲学中“和”这个范畴对后代思想的影响,便于集体的情感交流,因而至今难以改革。 西式饮宴上,食品和酒尽管非常重要,但实际上那是作为陪衬。宴会的核心在于交谊,通过与邻座客人之间的交谈,达到交谊的目的。如果将宴会的交谊性与舞蹈相类比,那么可以说,中式宴席好比是集体舞,而西式宴会好比是男女的交谊舞。由此可见,中式宴会和西式宴会交谊的目的都很明显,只不过中式宴会更多地体现在全席的交谊,而西式宴会多体现于相邻宾客之间的交谊。与中国饮食方式的差异更为明显的是西方流行的自助餐。此法是:将所有食物一一陈列出来,大家各取所需,不必固定在位子上吃,走动自由,这种方式便于个人之间的情感交流,不必将所有的话摆在桌面上,也表现了西方人对个性、对自我的尊重。但各吃各的,互不相扰,缺少了一些中国人聊欢共乐的情调。 所以,归根结底还是感性与理性之间的差异。但是,这种差异似乎在随着科学的发展而变的模糊。越来越多的中国人以不再只注重菜的色、香、味,而更注重它的卫生与营养了。尤其是在经历了非典以后。还有,人们因为越来越繁忙的工作,觉得中餐做起来太麻烦,不如来个汉堡方便等。这样一来在饮食上差异也就不太分明了。

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语言差异与文化差异(一)作者:文化背景不同,操不同语言的人在交谈时,常常发生下列情况:由于文化上的不同,即使语言准确无误,也会产生误会。对于不同的人们,同一个词或同一种表达方式可以具有不同的意义。由于文化上的差异,谈一个严肃的问题时,由于一句话说得不得体,可以使听者发笑,甚至捧腹大笑;一句毫无恶意的话可以使对方不快或气愤;由于文化上的差异,在国外演讲的人经常发现听众对他讲的某个笑话毫无反应,面无表情,鸦雀无声;然而,在国内,同一个笑话会使听众笑得前仰后合。语言是文化的一部分,并对文化起着重要作用。有些社会学家认为,语言是文化的基石——没有语言,就没有文化;从另一个方面看,语言又受文化的影响,反映文化。可以说,语言反映一个民族的特征,它不仅包含着该民族的历史和文化背景,而且蕴藏着该民族对人生的看法、生活方式和思维方式。语言与文化互相影响,互相作用;理解语言必须了解文化,理解文化必须了解语言。文化是形形色色的,语言也是多种多样的。由于文化和语言上的差别。互相了解不是一件容易的事,不同文化问的交流常常遇到困难。学习一种外语不仅要掌握语音、语法、词汇和习语,而且还要知道择这种语言的人如何看待事物,如何观察世界;要了解他们如何用他们的语言来反映他们社会的思想、习惯、行为;要懂得他们的“心灵之语言”,即了解他们社会的文化。实际上,学习语言与了解语言所反映的文化是分不开的。这里我们粗略探讨一下英语国家的人(或以英语为本族语的人,以美国人为代表)与中国人之间的文化差异。这种文化上的差异是多方面的,我们只围绕语言交际这一方面进行考察。至于其他,如生活方式、衣着打扮、举止行为、饮食习性等等与语言交际无关的差异,则不赘述。即使在语言交际范围内,我们也只能探讨一些最常见的差别。比如,“知识分子”和intellectual在中美各自的文化背景中含意是大不相同的。在中国,“知识分子”一般包括大学教师、大学生以及医生、工程师、翻译人员等一切受过大学教育的人,而且中学教师也是知识分子。在中国农村有许多地方,连中学生也被认为是“知识分子”。但在美国和欧洲,intellectual只包括大学教授等有较高的学术地位的人,而不包括普通大学生,所以这个词所指的人范围要小得多。此外,还有其他区别。在美国intellectual并不总是褒义词,有时用于贬义,如同我国文化大革命中叫“臭老九”一样。这个例子说明,切不可以为双语词典上的注释都是词义完全对应的同义词,不要以为在不同的语言中总能找到对应词来表示同一事物。一般而言英语词和汉语词的语义差别有以下几种情况:1.在一种语言里有些词在另一语言里没有对应词。2.在两种语言里,某些词语表面上似乎指同一事物或概念,其实指的是两回事。3.某些事物或概念在一种语言里只有一两种表达方式,而在另一语言里则有多种表达方式,即在另一种语言里,这种事物或概念有更细微的区别。4.某些词的基本意义大致相同,但派生意义的区别可能很大。(一) 汉语和英语中有些没有对应词的例子汉语中有个谚语;“夏练三伏,冬练三九”。激励人们坚持锻炼身体。“三伏”和“三九”在英语里是什么呢?一个年轻翻泽对几个加拿大人说 three fu和 three nine。听的人当然莫名其妙。他只要说 In summer keep exercising during the hottest days; In winter do the same thing during the coldest weather就可以了。一个中国青年到附近游泳池去游泳,一会儿就回来了。和他同住一室的中国人和一个外国朋友都感到奇怪。他解释说:“游泳池里人太多,水太脏,早该换了。简直象芝麻酱煮饺子。”这个比喻很别致,很生动,和他同住一室的中国朋友笑了,而那个外国人既没有吃过“芝麻酱”也没有见过“煮饺子”,丝毫不觉得这个比喻幽默,难怪他显出一副茫然不解的神情。西方人形容某地人多、拥挤不堪,常说 It was papked like sardines(塞得象沙丁鱼罐头一样,拥挤不堪)。这种比喻有些中国人可以理解,但不一定能欣赏其妙处,因为见过打开的沙丁鱼罐头的人很少,看到过一个又小又扁的罐头盒里,紧紧塞满整整齐齐的几排手指头长的沙丁鱼的人是不多的。还可以举出很多例子说明某些事物或概念在一种文化中有,在另一种文化中则没有。例如,汉语中“干部”这个词译成英语时往往用cadre。但是英语中的 cadre与汉语中的“干部”不同。而且 cadre不是常用词,许多讲英语的人都不知道它是什么意思。即使认识它的人,在说到它时,发音也不一样——有三四种读法。因此有人建议用official(官员;行政人员;高级职员人functionary(机关工作人员;官员),administrator(行政官员)等代替cadre,但这些词没有一个与汉语中的“干部”完全相同。同样,汉语中没有表达 cowboy 和hippie(或hippy)的意思的对应词。这两个词是美国社会特有的产物。cowboy与美国早期开发西部地区有关,关于他们的传说总带有浓厚的浪漫主义和传奇色彩。在汉语中译为“牧童”或“牛仔”,反映不出这些意义。汉语中把 hippie音译成“希比士”或“希比派” 也没反映出60年代那些中国人觉得行为古怪的美国青年的特点。译成“嬉皮士”可能稍好一些,不过这个词也会造成误解,因为那批青年并不都是“嬉皮笑脸”的人,其中有不少人对待社会问题很严肃,对社会怀有某种不满情绪,尽管他们的生活方式与众不同:往往蓄长发,身穿奇装异服,甚至行为颓废,染上吸毒恶习,等等。这就要在词典上或译文中加解释性说明了。在社会活动和政治活动方面的用语中也可以举出不少例子。例如汉语中的“斗争会”这个词可以译成 struggle meeting,但这种译法说明不了这种会的内容。反过来,美国的revival meeting是什么样的活动,中国人很难猜测,除非亲自到现场看过这种宗教气氛极浓、歇斯底里般的信仰复兴集会。同样,中国人对bingo party和 bingo game往往一无所知,有些词典中bingo的汉语注释是:“一种用纸牌搭成方块的赌博”(《新英汉词典》),“排五点一种赌博性游戏」”(《英华大辞典》),读者查到此词仍然不得要领。日常生活中的用语也有类似现象。多数英美人从来投有睡过中国的“炕”(kang,a heatable bricked),没有吃过“冰糖葫芦”,(candied haws on a stick),也没有用过中国的“秤”(steelyard)。大部分中国人没有住过美国的 motel(专为开汽车的游客开设的、有停车场的旅馆),没有吃过 hamburger(牛肉饼;汉堡牛排;汉堡包),也不需要在上班时由time clock,(出勤记录钟)证明他们是否按时上班。类似这样的英语词在汉语中都找不到对应词,连词义相近的词也没有,因为根本没有这种概念。这种情况十分普遍,无需在此多说。一在表示自然现象的语言中,汉语中“节气”的概念在英语中是没有的。(应当指出,把“节气”译成 solar terms,大部分西方人仍然不懂。)如一部常用的现代《汉英词典》中,把“雨水”译成 Rain Water(2nd Solar Term),把“惊蛰”译成 Waking of Insects (3rd Solar Term),把“清明”译成,Pure and Brightness(5th Solar Term)。这些名称不另加解释就没有什么意义。但有些“节气”的名称在英语中确实有对应词:春分=Spring Equinox;夏至=Summer Solstice;秋分=Autumnal Equinox;冬至=Winter Solstice。在表示自然力和宇宙方面,汉语里有些传统的古老的词,如“阴”“阳”,在英语里没有对应词,《朗曼现代英语词典》对“阴”和“阳”的解释是:“按道教的宇宙观,‘阴’和‘阳’是两种力量,这两种力量的本质产生了宇宙,保持宇宙和谐。‘阴’表示黑暗、雌性、消极的。‘阳’表示光明、雄性、积极的。”“阴”和“阳”的概念作为中医治疗基本原理的一部分已沿用了许多世纪,然而,这些原理却很难对西方人讲清楚。中医理论里所说的“寒”、“上火”等概念,也很难用英语词表达,只能做些解释。如“上火”,就说是“内热过多”,然后再描写一下症状。在《汉英词典》中“阴”、“阳”两词只好分别注释为:(in Chinese philosophy, medicine,etc.) yin, the feminine or negative principle in nature;yang ,the masculine or positive principle In 与《朗曼现代英语词典》一致,但西方人还是不易明白。以上例证足以说明差别之大。造成这些差别原因是多方面的:或是由于环境和传统有所不同,或是由于工业和技术发展的水平有差异,或是由于政治制度和社会制度不一样,等等。(二) 有些概念在英语和汉语中都有,但它们又不是完全同义的有些懂一点英语的中国人介绍自己的爱人时用lover一词,外国人对此颇为惊讶(因为lover表示信夫或情妇的意思)。外国人不理解,一向在这类问题上谨慎小心的中国人,为何公开声明自己有 lover呢?应该记住,相当于汉语中“爱人”这个词的英语词就是:husband(丈夫)或wife(妻子);frience(未婚夫)或fiancee(未婚妻)。美国总统的夫人和州长的夫人常称为First Lady,有时译作“第一夫人”,但一些中国人看到“第一夫人”字样会发生误解,以为既然有“第一夫人”就有“第二夫人”甚至有“第三夫人”、“第四夫人”等,从而得出一种错误的印象:“白宫的主人居然搞了好几个老婆!”中国人问别人的“籍贯”时,可能指place of birth或where a person is from(本人的出生地或来自某地),也往往指where a person’s parents or ancestors came from originally(父母或祖先来自何地)。有时候两个地方是相同的,但也常常不同。在英语中没有与“籍贯”对应的词。Place of birth 只表示本人出生的地方,与祖先的任何情况无关。这种差别有时会造成混乱,填写身份证、个人履历表、护照等时尤其如此。下面再举一些英汉两种语言中“貌合神主”的词语的例子。 指“处所”、“机构”等的词语:high school ≠高等学校 high school 是美国的中学。英国的中学叫 secondary school, service station≠服务站 service station 是给汽车加油及进行简单维修的地方。Rest room ≠休息室 在美国英语中,rest room 是剧院、大商店或大建筑物中的一间房子,里面设有厕所、盥洗设备等,供顾客、雇员等使用。这是浴室、厕所的委婉说法。汉语中的“休息室”应译为英语中的lounge 或 lobby。2、指“人”的词语:busboy ≠ 公共汽车上的售票员或司机 busboy 与公共汽车没有任何关系,它指的是在餐馆中收拾的碗碟,擦桌子的杂工。(美国英语)goldbrick ≠ 金锭 goldbrick 不是用以称赞人的词,它是美国英语中的俚语,指逃避工作的人,尤其是爱偷懒的士兵、懒汉。大忙人≠ busybody 英语的busybody相当于汉语的“爱管闲事的人”。汉语中为“大忙人”可译为 a very busy person,也可以直接说: He/She is always busy. He/She is always busy with something.从词的组成看,人们会认为 goldbrick和 busybody是褒义词,其实都是贬义词。指“政治活动”、“社会活动”等的词语:political campaign≠政治运动 political campaign指英美政府职务的候选人为了树立自己的形象,争取选票而组织的活动,即竟选活动。改善生活≠improve one’s standard of living 在英语中improve one’s standard of living表示“提高生活水平”的意思,而汉语中的“改善生活”则不然;《人民日报》一则新闻中说:“我的邻居是一位六十多岁的老太太,隔三差五,到街头饭馆改善一次生活。但每次都是去一家私人饭馆。她说,原因不是别的,就是这家小饭馆服务态度好,总听到一声‘里边请’。”按中国的习惯用法,“改善生活”在一般情况下指吃一顿或几顿比常吃的伙食较好的饭菜等。3、成语,谚语,常用语法:令人发指≠to make one’s hair stand on end 前者用于看到或听到某种暴行等而十分“气愤”的场合,后者用于看到或听到某种可怕的事物而十分“害怕”的场合,相当于“令人毛骨惊然。”例如:The sight made his hair stand on end —he thought it was his dead brother's ( 这个景象使他毛骨谏然,他以为这是他哥哥[或弟弟]的鬼魂出现了.)英语中有 to bristle with anger一语,表示“气得毛发竖起来”,但多用于动物,不用干人,除非用作比喻。自食其言≠to eat one’s own words 前者指说了话不算数,答应了的事不去做。后者指收回自己说的话,一般多用于强迫别人收回所说的话,使他丢脸。例如:He told everyone he was absolutely certain that his article would be published by the Times,but when the letter of rejection came, he had to eat his own (他逢人就说《泰晤士报》必将发表他的文章。退稿之后,他只好收回自己的话。)to get a kick out of something≠被踢出去 前者是非常道地的英语成语,多用于口语,意思是“欣赏…或从…中得到极大愉快”。如:I got a kick out of watching those kids perform; their play made me realize how strange and funny we grown-ups must seem to them.(我非常欣赏孩子们的表演。他们演的戏使我意识到。在他们看来,我们这些成人多么古怪和可笑。)这与“踢”这一动作本身毫无关系。To blow one's own horn (or trumpet) ≠各吹各的号 前者是个成语,表示“自吹自擂”,一般用来形容某人炫耀自己的成就、技能、智力等。很象汉语中的“老王卖瓜,自卖自夸。”如: If he’s so successful,why does he have to keep blowing his own trumpet?(既然他干得很出色,干吗要整天自我吹嘘呢?)汉语中的“各吹各的号,各唱各的号”则表示两个或几个人各于各的事或各自坚持自己的看法,不能协调一致,与英语中的 each doing his own thing相近。

英美饮食文化差异论文的文献综述

略谈中西方饮食文化差异 内容摘要:中西文化之间的差异造就了中西饮食文化的差异,而这种差异来自中西方不同的思维方式和处世哲学。中国人注重“天人合一”,西方人注重“以人为本”。这种价值理念的差别形成了中餐以食表意、以物传情的特点,过分注重饭菜的意、色、形,基本追求色、香、味,具有粗放型思维特征的中国人在数千年的漫长岁月中却很少考虑饭菜的营养性。西方人在烹饪时自始至终坚持着饭菜的实用性基本特征。从营养角度出发、落足于食物对人的健康,他们不讲究花样、轻视了饭菜的其他功能,致使除了一些吃西餐烦琐的规矩之外,并没有给人留下太深的印象。 在中国,烹调是一种艺术;在西方,烹调则是一种劳动。 关键词:饮食文化 饮食观念 味道 营养 饮食对象 饮食方式 用餐礼仪 对于中国人,我们一出生便开始了品味中式饮食,因而或多或少会厌倦中式饮食,同时,我们正处于经济全球化的形式当中,西方饮食进入中国使我们有了新鲜感,让我们有进入西式快餐店品味与中式饮食不同的西餐或西式快餐的欲望,去吃西餐,就必须了解西餐与中餐有何区别,吃些什么,怎么吃。其次,随着中国加入WTO,中国与西方各国的交往变得越加频繁,中国人到国外去的机会也越来越多,到西方国家,入乡随俗,就免不了与西方人一起用餐,为了不让自己显得孤陋寡闻,也必须得了解西方人的用餐方式和用餐礼仪。仅从这个角度出发,简略地谈谈中西方的饮食文化差异,希望对我们中国人了解西方饮食文化有点借鉴意义。 一、两种不同的饮食观念 与注重“味”的中国饮食相比,西方则是一种理性的饮食观念。西方人注重科学饮食,讲究营养,并且以营养为最高准则。进食有如为一生物的机器添加燃料,特别讲求食物的营养成分,蛋白质、脂肪、碳水化合物、维生素及各类无机元素的含量是否搭配合宜,卡路里的供给是否恰到好处,以及这些营养成分是否能为进食者充分吸收,有无其他副作用。这些问题都是烹调中的大学问,而菜肴的色、香、味如何,则是次一等的要求。即或在西方首屈一指的饮食大国——法国,其饮食文化虽然在很多方面与我们近似,但一接触到营养问题,双方便拉开了距离。 因为过于注重营养,西方饮食几乎没有艺术可言。各种餐饮产品的科学成分一目了然。在宴席上,人们可以讲究餐具,讲究用料,讲究服务,讲究菜之原料的形、色方面的搭配,但不管怎么豪华高档,从洛杉矶到纽约,牛排都只有一种味道,毫无艺术可言,作为菜肴,鸡就是鸡,牛排就是牛排,纵然有搭配,那也只是在盘中进行的,一盘“法式牛排”,一边放土豆泥,旁倚羊排,另一边配煮青豆,加几片番茄便成,色彩上对比鲜明,但在滋味上各种原料互不相干、调和,各是各的味,简单明了。而中国就很讲究“五味调和”,即在重视烹调原料自然之味的基础上进行“五味调和”,用阴阳五行的基本规律指导这一调和,调和要合乎时序,又要注意时令,调和的最终结果要味美适口。所以中国菜几乎每个菜都要用两种以上的原料和多种调料来调和烹制。即或是家常菜,一般也是荤素搭配来调和烹制的,如韭黄炒肉 、肉片炒蒜苗、腐竹焖肉、芹菜炒豆腐干……而此等原料若西厨烹制,则奶汁肉丝外加白水煮韭黄,或炸猪排佐以清水煮蒜苗,中国食客见如此中菜西做,自然是“哭不得笑不得”。 也是基于对营养的重视,西方人多生吃蔬菜,不仅西红柿、黄瓜、生菜生吃,就是洋白菜、洋葱、绿菜花(西兰花)也都生吃。因而他们的“沙拉”有如一盘兔饲料,使我们难以接受。现代中国人也讲营养保健,也知道青菜一经加热,维生素将被破坏,因而我们主张用旺火爆炒。这虽然也使维生素的含量下降,但不会完全损失,可味道却比兔饲料好吃得多。因而中国的现代烹调术旨在追求营养与味道兼顾下的最佳平衡,这当然也是一种“中庸之道”。 而西方烹调也更讲究营养却忽视了味道,至少是不以味觉享受为首要目的。他们以冷饮佐餐,冰镇的冷酒还要再加冰块,而舌表面遍布的味觉神经一经冰镇,便大大丧失品味的灵敏度,渐至不能辨味;那带血的牛排与大白鱼、大白肉,生吃的蔬菜,白水煮豆子、煮土豆,虽有“味”入“道”,凡此种种都反映了西方人对味觉的忽视。他们拒绝使用味精,更足以证明此辈皆属不知味之人,非“知味观”之座上客也! 平心而论,谈到营养问题也触及到中国饮食的最大弱点。尽管我们讲究食疗、食补、食养,重视以饮食来养生强身,但我们的烹调术却以追求美味为第一性要求,致使许多营养成分损失于加工过程中。 我们从来都是把追求美味奉为进食的首要目的。民间有句俗话:“民以食为天,食以味为先”。虽然人们在赞誉美食时,总爱说“色香味俱佳”,但那是由于我们感受色香味的感觉器官“眼、鼻、口”的上下排列顺序如此。人们内心之于“色、香、味”,从来都是“味”字“挂帅”的。------------Diet Culture difference between China and A(中美饮食文化的差异)这篇可以参考:)~ The main difference between Chinese and America eating habits is that unlike, where everyone has their own plate of food, in China the dishes are placed on the table and everybody If you are being treated by a Chinese host, be prepared for a ton of Chinese are very proud of their culture of food and will do their best to give you a taste of many different types of Among friends, they will just order enough for the people If they are taking somebody out for dinner and the relationship is polite to semi-polite, then they will usually order one more dish than the number of guests ( four people, five dishes) If it is a business dinner or a very formal occasion, there is likely to be a huge amount of food that will be impossible to A typical meal starts with some cold dishes, like boiled peanuts and smashed cucumber with These are followed by the main courses, hot meat and vegetable Finally soup is brought out, which is followed by the starchy "staple" food, which is usually rice or noodles or sometimes Many Chinese eat rice (or noodles or whatever) last, but if you like to have your rice together with other dishes, you should say so early --------浅谈中美饮食文化差异【摘 要】 随着人们经济水平的不断提高,人们对饮食质量的要求也越来越高。因此,饮食文化逐渐成为人们所关注的话题。随着中国与世界接轨越来越紧密,许多新鲜事也不断涌入国内,其中当然包括饮食。例如,在中国的一些城市里类似于麦当劳,肯德基的餐厅如雨后春笋般地开业。而中国的饮食也是世界享誉的,有华人处必有中国餐馆。在美国,中国餐馆遍地开花,中国餐馆在美国有着百年历史。正是由于中国人走向世界各地并带去我们的饮食文化,而外国人也逐渐走进中国传播他们的饮食文化,因此便出现了多种不同饮食文化并存的局面。现今社会,许多人都抱着好奇的心态去品尝不同国家的食物,但真正了解饮食文化不同之处的人却不多。【关键词】 中国;美国;饮食;差异引言俗话说“出门三大事,吃,穿,住”,“吃”是摆在首位的,可以看出“吃”在中国人眼里的重要性,饮食在中国是一种文化。饮食起居是人们常常谈及的话题,随着地域的不同,生活习惯也有着显著的差异,饮食文化往往是这个差异最显著的代表。徐熊(2001)指出,中美两国人民的饮食文化的差异,可以说是由两国文化、风俗、氛围、历史内涵、营养价值观和经济条件等不同的因素造成的。当今的人们只是肤浅地认为中美饮食文化最大的差异就在于中国人大多是用筷子,调羹吃着米饭的;而美国人则是用刀和叉,吃着牛排和面包的。其实这些仅仅只是表面上的差异,其中却还有着更深层次的不同,这些深层次的不同往往是被人们所忽视的,例如,饮食观念的不同‚饮食习惯的不同,饮食方式的不同,饮食习俗的不同,烹饪方法的不同,以及“吃”的对象的不同等等。这些不同才是中美饮食文化差异的根本所在。下面就对这些不同做更详尽的解释。(一) 饮食观念的不同谈到中国饮食文化,许多人会对中国食谱以及中国菜的色、香、味、形赞不绝口。中国饮食的诸多特征,体现在饮食文化之上,直接影响着中国饮食文化的发展。由于中国人口压力很大及其它多种原因的存在,所以中国人的饮食从先秦开始,就是以谷物为主,肉少粮多,辅以菜蔬,这就是典型的饭菜结构。其中饭是主食,而菜则是为了下饭,帮助饭下咽。为什么要助饭下咽呢?那是因为主食并不可口,必须有一种物质来辅助它使人们能够吃下去。当然菜的功能和盐的功能有共同点,但是不等同于盐。这样促使中国的烹饪的首要目的是装点饮食,使不可口的食物变得精妙绝伦;正是由于我们的民族几千年来都处于低下的生产力水平,人们总是吃不饱,所以中国人才将食的追求作为人生至乐来追求,吃饭成为第一要求。徐旺生(1993)指出,国人是很重视“吃”的,“民以食为天”这句谚语就说明我们把吃看得与天一样重要,所以才会有一种独特的把吃看得重于一切的饮食文化,中国人之所以在吃的方面能够随心所欲,在很大程度上受到中国曾经吃不饱的日子所迫。

按这个题目到百度里搜索一下就有了,OnDifferencesBetweenChineseandWesternDietaryCultures

only found hope that works~American table manners[edit] Table Layout * Bread plates are to the left of the main plate, beverage glasses are to the * Salad fork, knife and soup spoon are further from the main plate than the main course knife, fork and Dessert utensils are either placed above the main plate or served with [edit] General Behavior * Chew with your mouth * Do not talk at an excessively loud * Refrain from coughing, sneezing or blowing nose at the * Never tilt back your chair while at the table, or at any other * Do not make unbecoming noises while * Do not play with food or table * Do not single out or chastise someone who has shown poor table * Do not put your elbows on the table or * Always ask the host or hostess to be excused before leaving the * Do not stare at anyone while he or she is * Never talk on your phone at the If urgent, ask host or hostess to be excused, and go Apologize when [edit] Utensils * Do not eat food with your fingers unless you are eating foods customarily eaten with fingers, such as bread, french fries, chicken wings, pizza, * The fork may be used either in the American (use the fork in your left hand while cutting; switch to right hand to pick up and eat a piece) or the Continental (fork remains in the left hand) fashion -- either is now (See Fork etiquette) * The fork is used to convey any solid food to the * The knife blade should be placed on the edge of your plate when not in The blade should always face * When you have finished eating soup, the spoon should be placed to the side of the saucer, not left in the * Keep your napkin on your At more formal occasions all diners will wait to place their napkins on their laps until the host or hostess places his or her napkin on his or her lap * When eating barbecue or some other messy foods such as cracked crab, a 'bib' napkin may be provided for and used by Usually these foods are also eaten by hand, and wet wipes or paper napkins should be used to clean the * When using paper napkins, never ball them up or allow stains to * Use your silverware from the outside moving inward toward the main (Salad fork, knife and soup spoon are further from the main plate than the main course knife, fork and Dessert utensils are either placed above the main plate or served with )[edit] Dining * A prayer or 'blessing' may be customary in some families, and the guests should join in even if they are not religious or do not follow the same Most prayers are made by the host before the meal is Instead or in addition, a 'toast' may be offered [1] * Do not start eating until (a) every person is served or (b) those who have not been served request that you begin without At more formal occasions all diners will wait to begin until the hostess or host lifts a fork or * When a dish is presented 'family style', the food is served to one's plate and then passed on to the next put the food on your left, take some and pass to the person next to * When serving, serve from the left and pick up the dish from the Beverages are both served and removed from the * Eat soup noiselessly and with the side of the * Tea or coffee should never be poured into the saucer to cool but should be sipped from the Alternatively, ice may be used to cool * Seasoning ones meal prior to tasting can be considered rude and may insult the [edit] At the end of the meal * It is acceptable in most places to not finish all of the food on your * When finished with your meal, place your knife and fork with handles at the 4 o'clock position and the tines of the fork down to signal to the server you are * Except in a public restaurant, do not ask to take some of your uneaten food away from the meal after it ends, especially when having a formal [edit] British table manners * The fork is held in your left hand and the knife is held in your * You should hold your knife with the handle in your palm and your fork in the other hand with the prongs pointing * If you’re eating a dessert, your fork (if you have one) should be held in the left hand and the spoon in the * When eating soup, you should hold your spoon in your right hand and tip the bowl away from you, scooping the soup in movements away from * It is not acceptable to use your fingers at the table to eat or push food onto your You may, however, eat some foods such as fruit, sandwiches, hamburgers, crisps, chips or pizza with your * If there are a number of knives or forks, then you should start from the outside set working your way in as each course is * Drinks should always be to the right of your plate with the bread roll to the * When eating bread rolls, break off a piece before Use your knife only to butter the bread, not to cut * You should not start eating before your host does or instructs you to do At larger meals, it is considered okay to start eating once others have been * When you’re finished, place your knife and fork together at five o’clock with your fork on the left (tines facing up) and knife on the right, with the knife blade facing This signals that you are * Your napkin should never be screwed Nor should it be folded neatly as that would suggest that your host might plan to use it again without washing it - just leave is neatly but * Never blow your nose on your Place it on your lap and use it to dab your mouth if you make a * It is considered rude to answer the telephone at the If you need to take an urgent call, excuse yourself and go * Always ask for permission from the host and excuse yourself if you need to leave the You should place your napkin on your seat until you * If you must leave the table or are resting, your fork should be at eight o’clock and your knife at four o’clock (with the blade inwards) Once an item of cutlery has been used, it should not touch the table * The food should be brought to your mouth on the fork; you should sit straight and not lean towards your * Dishes should be served from the right, and taken away from the Unless the food is placed on your plate at the table, then it should arrive from the * Drinks should be served from the * Never lean across somebody else’s If you need something to be passed, ask the person closest to If you have to pass something, only pass it if you are closest to it and pass it directly to them if you * Salt & pepper should be passed * Do not take food from a neighbour’s plate and don’t ask to do * You must not put your elbows on the * If pouring a drink for yourself, offer to pour a drink for your neighbours before serving * If extra food is on the table, ask others first if they would like it before taking it * When chewing food, close your mouth and only talk when you have swallowed * Swallow all food before eating more or having a * Do not slurp your food or eat Burping or sneezing at the table should be avoided, * Never pick food out of your teeth with your * Try to eat all the food you are * Glasses served in a wine glass or other stemmed-glass should be held at the * Always remember “regular” Remember to say "please" and "thank you"[edit] Chinese table mannersThese are mostly concerned with the use of Otherwise generally Chinese table manners are rather more informal, what would be considered rude in other cultures such as talking with the mouth full may be acceptable but better not to do * Chopsticks must always be held in the correct It should be held between the thumb and fingers of the right hand, * Chopsticks are traditionally held in the right hand only, even by the left- Although chopsticks may now be found in either hand, a few still consider left-handed chopstick use improper One explanation for the treatment of such usage as improper is that this can symbolise argument, as the chopsticks may collide between the left-handed and right-handed * When communal chopsticks are supplied with shared plates of food, it is considered impolite to use your own chopsticks to pick up the food from the shared plate or eat using the communal An exception to this rule is made in intimate family dinners where family members may not mind the use of one's own chopsticks to transfer * It is considered impolite to use the blunt end of the chopsticks to transfer food from a common dish to your own plate or Use the communal chopsticks * Never wave your chopsticks around as if they were an extension of your hand gestures, bang them like drumsticks, or use them to move bowls or * Decide what to pick up before reaching with Do not hover around or poke looking for special After you have picked up an item, do not put it back in the * When picking up a piece of food, never use the tips of your chopsticks to poke through the food as if you were using a Exceptions include tearing larger items apart such as In informal use, small, difficult to pick-up items such as cherry tomatoes or fishballs may be stabbed but this use is frowned upon by * Chopsticks can be rested horizontally on one's plate or bowl to keep them off the table A chopstick rest can also be used to keep the points off the * Never stab chopsticks into a bowl of rice, leaving them standing Any stick-like object facing upward resembles the incense sticks that some Asians use as offerings to deceased family This is considered the ultimate faux pas on the dining * Chinese traditionally eat rice from a small bowl held in the left The rice bowl is raised to the mouth and the rice pushed into the mouth using the Some Chinese find it offensive to scoop rice from the bowl using a If rice is served on a plate, as is more common in the West, it is acceptable and more practical to eat it with a fork or The thumb must always be above the edge of the * It is acceptable to transfer food to people who have a close relation with you ( parents, grandparents, children or significant others) if you notice they are having difficulty picking up the Also it is a sign of respect to pass food to the elderly first before the dinner starts (part of the Confucian tradition of respecting seniors) * Traditionally, it is polite for the youngest members of the table to address each and everyone of the elderly members of the table before a meal starts and literally tell them to "eat rice", which means "go ahead and start the meal", to show * The host should always make sure the guests drinks are sufficiently One should not pour for ones self, but should (if thirsty) offer to pour for a When your drink is being poured, you should say "thank you" and/or tap your fingers on the table to show * When people wish to clink drinks together in the form of a cheer, it is important to observe that younger members should clink the edge of their drink below the edge of an elder to show * When eating food that contains bones, it is customary that the bones be spit out onto the table to the right of the dining plate in a neat

中英饮食文化差异英文论文

引用cn#aVVVGpkkGG的回答:Let me tell you something about Chinese foods and English There are a lot of differences between Chinese foods and English Firstly, we Chinese eat rice mainly while English people have fish and Secondly, the variety of Chinese foods is much more than English Thirdly, Chinese foods usually need more time to cook while English foods such as sandwiches and burgers are much more convenient to Besides above, more differences could be found if you search on the I I personally like Chinese foods

only found hope that works~American table manners[edit] Table Layout * Bread plates are to the left of the main plate, beverage glasses are to the * Salad fork, knife and soup spoon are further from the main plate than the main course knife, fork and Dessert utensils are either placed above the main plate or served with [edit] General Behavior * Chew with your mouth * Do not talk at an excessively loud * Refrain from coughing, sneezing or blowing nose at the * Never tilt back your chair while at the table, or at any other * Do not make unbecoming noises while * Do not play with food or table * Do not single out or chastise someone who has shown poor table * Do not put your elbows on the table or * Always ask the host or hostess to be excused before leaving the * Do not stare at anyone while he or she is * Never talk on your phone at the If urgent, ask host or hostess to be excused, and go Apologize when [edit] Utensils * Do not eat food with your fingers unless you are eating foods customarily eaten with fingers, such as bread, french fries, chicken wings, pizza, * The fork may be used either in the American (use the fork in your left hand while cutting; switch to right hand to pick up and eat a piece) or the Continental (fork remains in the left hand) fashion -- either is now (See Fork etiquette) * The fork is used to convey any solid food to the * The knife blade should be placed on the edge of your plate when not in The blade should always face * When you have finished eating soup, the spoon should be placed to the side of the saucer, not left in the * Keep your napkin on your At more formal occasions all diners will wait to place their napkins on their laps until the host or hostess places his or her napkin on his or her lap * When eating barbecue or some other messy foods such as cracked crab, a 'bib' napkin may be provided for and used by Usually these foods are also eaten by hand, and wet wipes or paper napkins should be used to clean the * When using paper napkins, never ball them up or allow stains to * Use your silverware from the outside moving inward toward the main (Salad fork, knife and soup spoon are further from the main plate than the main course knife, fork and Dessert utensils are either placed above the main plate or served with )[edit] Dining * A prayer or 'blessing' may be customary in some families, and the guests should join in even if they are not religious or do not follow the same Most prayers are made by the host before the meal is Instead or in addition, a 'toast' may be offered [1] * Do not start eating until (a) every person is served or (b) those who have not been served request that you begin without At more formal occasions all diners will wait to begin until the hostess or host lifts a fork or * When a dish is presented 'family style', the food is served to one's plate and then passed on to the next put the food on your left, take some and pass to the person next to * When serving, serve from the left and pick up the dish from the Beverages are both served and removed from the * Eat soup noiselessly and with the side of the * Tea or coffee should never be poured into the saucer to cool but should be sipped from the Alternatively, ice may be used to cool * Seasoning ones meal prior to tasting can be considered rude and may insult the [edit] At the end of the meal * It is acceptable in most places to not finish all of the food on your * When finished with your meal, place your knife and fork with handles at the 4 o'clock position and the tines of the fork down to signal to the server you are * Except in a public restaurant, do not ask to take some of your uneaten food away from the meal after it ends, especially when having a formal [edit] British table manners * The fork is held in your left hand and the knife is held in your * You should hold your knife with the handle in your palm and your fork in the other hand with the prongs pointing * If you’re eating a dessert, your fork (if you have one) should be held in the left hand and the spoon in the * When eating soup, you should hold your spoon in your right hand and tip the bowl away from you, scooping the soup in movements away from * It is not acceptable to use your fingers at the table to eat or push food onto your You may, however, eat some foods such as fruit, sandwiches, hamburgers, crisps, chips or pizza with your * If there are a number of knives or forks, then you should start from the outside set working your way in as each course is * Drinks should always be to the right of your plate with the bread roll to the * When eating bread rolls, break off a piece before Use your knife only to butter the bread, not to cut * You should not start eating before your host does or instructs you to do At larger meals, it is considered okay to start eating once others have been * When you’re finished, place your knife and fork together at five o’clock with your fork on the left (tines facing up) and knife on the right, with the knife blade facing This signals that you are * Your napkin should never be screwed Nor should it be folded neatly as that would suggest that your host might plan to use it again without washing it - just leave is neatly but * Never blow your nose on your Place it on your lap and use it to dab your mouth if you make a * It is considered rude to answer the telephone at the If you need to take an urgent call, excuse yourself and go * Always ask for permission from the host and excuse yourself if you need to leave the You should place your napkin on your seat until you * If you must leave the table or are resting, your fork should be at eight o’clock and your knife at four o’clock (with the blade inwards) Once an item of cutlery has been used, it should not touch the table * The food should be brought to your mouth on the fork; you should sit straight and not lean towards your * Dishes should be served from the right, and taken away from the Unless the food is placed on your plate at the table, then it should arrive from the * Drinks should be served from the * Never lean across somebody else’s If you need something to be passed, ask the person closest to If you have to pass something, only pass it if you are closest to it and pass it directly to them if you * Salt & pepper should be passed * Do not take food from a neighbour’s plate and don’t ask to do * You must not put your elbows on the * If pouring a drink for yourself, offer to pour a drink for your neighbours before serving * If extra food is on the table, ask others first if they would like it before taking it * When chewing food, close your mouth and only talk when you have swallowed * Swallow all food before eating more or having a * Do not slurp your food or eat Burping or sneezing at the table should be avoided, * Never pick food out of your teeth with your * Try to eat all the food you are * Glasses served in a wine glass or other stemmed-glass should be held at the * Always remember “regular” Remember to say "please" and "thank you"[edit] Chinese table mannersThese are mostly concerned with the use of Otherwise generally Chinese table manners are rather more informal, what would be considered rude in other cultures such as talking with the mouth full may be acceptable but better not to do * Chopsticks must always be held in the correct It should be held between the thumb and fingers of the right hand, * Chopsticks are traditionally held in the right hand only, even by the left- Although chopsticks may now be found in either hand, a few still consider left-handed chopstick use improper One explanation for the treatment of such usage as improper is that this can symbolise argument, as the chopsticks may collide between the left-handed and right-handed * When communal chopsticks are supplied with shared plates of food, it is considered impolite to use your own chopsticks to pick up the food from the shared plate or eat using the communal An exception to this rule is made in intimate family dinners where family members may not mind the use of one's own chopsticks to transfer * It is considered impolite to use the blunt end of the chopsticks to transfer food from a common dish to your own plate or Use the communal chopsticks * Never wave your chopsticks around as if they were an extension of your hand gestures, bang them like drumsticks, or use them to move bowls or * Decide what to pick up before reaching with Do not hover around or poke looking for special After you have picked up an item, do not put it back in the * When picking up a piece of food, never use the tips of your chopsticks to poke through the food as if you were using a Exceptions include tearing larger items apart such as In informal use, small, difficult to pick-up items such as cherry tomatoes or fishballs may be stabbed but this use is frowned upon by * Chopsticks can be rested horizontally on one's plate or bowl to keep them off the table A chopstick rest can also be used to keep the points off the * Never stab chopsticks into a bowl of rice, leaving them standing Any stick-like object facing upward resembles the incense sticks that some Asians use as offerings to deceased family This is considered the ultimate faux pas on the dining * Chinese traditionally eat rice from a small bowl held in the left The rice bowl is raised to the mouth and the rice pushed into the mouth using the Some Chinese find it offensive to scoop rice from the bowl using a If rice is served on a plate, as is more common in the West, it is acceptable and more practical to eat it with a fork or The thumb must always be above the edge of the * It is acceptable to transfer food to people who have a close relation with you ( parents, grandparents, children or significant others) if you notice they are having difficulty picking up the Also it is a sign of respect to pass food to the elderly first before the dinner starts (part of the Confucian tradition of respecting seniors) * Traditionally, it is polite for the youngest members of the table to address each and everyone of the elderly members of the table before a meal starts and literally tell them to "eat rice", which means "go ahead and start the meal", to show * The host should always make sure the guests drinks are sufficiently One should not pour for ones self, but should (if thirsty) offer to pour for a When your drink is being poured, you should say "thank you" and/or tap your fingers on the table to show * When people wish to clink drinks together in the form of a cheer, it is important to observe that younger members should clink the edge of their drink below the edge of an elder to show * When eating food that contains bones, it is customary that the bones be spit out onto the table to the right of the dining plate in a neat

中西文化历来是世界文化的两大派系,而饮食在两个文化中部占有非常重要的地位。中西文化之间的差异从而造就了中西饮食文化的差异,在两种不同的文化背景下,中西方饮食习俗,不论在其观念、性质,还是在其方式、对象等诸多方面,所存在的差异是非常鲜明的。笔者根据自己几十年从事西式餐饮的经验,提出以下几点看法,以供参考。  1、中西饮食观念的差异  历史上,中国是世界上最古老的国家之一,有5000年的悠久而厚重的历史,创造了无数的灿烂文明,在这种文化蕴藏中,使中国的饮食更加博大精深。随着时间的流逝以及辽阔国土的地域差异,四大菜系逐渐形成,四大菜系自成体系,各有特点,但共同点是用料复杂考究,制作方法复杂,口味、菜式多种多样,令人惊叹。  西方以欧美为代表,其文化同样源远流长。到中世纪,欧洲文化已十分完善,在此期间,旧西方的饮食文化已经形成。其主要特点为:主食以面粉为主,原料也较为丰富,制作方法较中国简单,但同时也十分注重口味。  由于中西哲学思想的不同,西方人于饮食重科学。重科学即讲求营养。故西方饮食以营养为最高准则,进食犹如为一生物的机器添加燃料,特别讲求食物的营养成分,蛋白质、脂肪、碳水化合物、维生素及各类无机元素的含量是否搭配合宜,热量的供给是否恰到好处以及这些营养成分是否能为进食者充分吸收,有无其他副作用。这些问题都是烹调中的大学问,而菜肴的色、香、味如何,则是次一等的要求。即或在西方首屈一指的饮食大国——法国,其饮食文化虽然在很多方面与我们近似,但一接触到营养问题,双方便拉开了距离。  中国五味调和的烹调术旨在追求美味,其加工过程中的热油炸和长时间的文火攻,都会使菜肴的营养成分被破坏。法国烹调虽亦追求美味,但同时总不忘“营养”这一大前提,一味含营养而求美味是他们所不取的。尤其是20世纪60年代出现的现代烹调思想,特别强调养生、减肥,从而追求清淡少油,强调采用新鲜原料,强调烹调过程中保持原有的营养成分和原有的味道,所以蔬菜基本上都是生吃。所以说西方饮食之重营养是带有普遍性的。  2、中西饮食对象的差异  西方人认为菜肴是充饥的,所以专吃大块肉、整块鸡等“硬菜”;而中国的菜肴是“吃味”的。所以中国烹调在用料上也显出极大的随意性:许多西方人视为弃物的东西,在中国都是极好的原料,外国厨师无法处理的东西,一到中国厨师手里,就可以化腐朽为神奇。足见中国饮食在用料方面的随意性之广博。  据西方植物学者的调查,中国人吃的菜蔬有600多种,比西方多6倍。实际上,在中国人的菜肴里,素菜是平常食品,荤菜只有在节假日或生活水平较高时,才进入平常的饮食结构,所以自古便有“菜食”之说,菜食在平常的饮食结构中占主导地位。中国人的以植物为主菜,与佛教徒的鼓吹有着千丝万缕的联系。佛教便视动物为“生灵”,而植物则“无灵”,所以,主张素食主义。  西方人在介绍自己国家的饮食特点时,觉得比中国更重视营养的合理搭配,有较为发达的食品工业,如罐头、快餐等,虽口味千篇一律,但节省时间,且营养良好。故他们国家的人身体普遍比中国人健壮:高个、长腿、宽大的肩、发达的肌肉;而中国人则显得身材瘦小、肩窄腿短、色黄质弱。有人根据中西方饮食对象的明显差异这一特点,把中国人称为植物性格,西方人称为动物性格。  3、中西钦食方式、餐具及礼仪的不同  中西方的饮食方式有很大不同,这种差异对民族性格也有影响。在中国,任何一个宴席,不管是什么目的,都只会有一种形式,就是大家团团围坐,共享一席;筵席要用圆桌,这就从形式上造成了一种团结、礼貌、共趣的气氛。美味佳肴放在一桌人的中心,它既是一桌人欣赏、品尝的对象,又是一桌人感情交流的媒介物。人与人相互敬酒、相互让菜、劝菜,在美好的事物面前,体现了人与人之间相互尊重、争让的美德。虽然从卫生的角度看,这种饮食方式有明显的不足之处,但它符合我们民族“大团圆”的普遍心态,反映了中国古典哲学中“和”这个范畴对后代思想的影响,便于集体的情感交流,因而至今难以改革。  在餐具方面,差异就更甚明显。众所周知,中国人包括亚洲一些黄种人的国家,使用的是筷子、汤匙,吃饭也用碗盛;而西方人呢,则是盘子盛食物,用刀叉即切即吃,喝汤则有专门的汤匙。筷子与刀叉作为东西方最具代表性的两种餐具,筷子和刀叉影响了东西方不同的生活方式,代表着不同的两种智慧。著名的物理学家、诺贝尔物理奖获得者李政道博士,在接受一位日本记者采访时,也有一段很精辟的论述:“中华民族是个优秀民族,中国人早在春秋战国时期就使用了筷子。如此简单的两根东西,却是高妙绝伦地运用了物理学上的杠杆原理。筷子是人类手指的延伸,手指能做的事它几乎都能做,而且不怕高温与寒冷。真是高明极了!”  在礼仪方面,中西两者更显不同。在中国古代,在用餐过程中,就有一套繁文缛节。《礼记·曲记》载:“共食不饱,共饭不择手,毋放饭,……毋固获,毋扬饭,……卒食,客自前跪,撒饭齐以授相者,主人辞于客,然后客坐。”这段话大意主要是:大家共同吃饭时,不可以只顾自己吃饭。如果和别人一起吃饭,必须检查手的清洁。不要把多余的饭放回锅里,不要专占着食物,也不要簸扬着热饭。吃完饭后,客人应该起身向前收拾桌上的盘碟,交给主人,主人跟着起身,请客人不要劳动,然后客人再坐下。这些礼仪有的在现代也是必要的礼貌。在西方宴席上,主人一般只给客人夹一次菜,其余由客人自主食用:若客人不要,也不便硬让人家再吃,也不要按中国人的习惯频频给客人劝酒、夹菜。吃东西时,也不要发出响声,但客人要注意赞赏主人准备的饭菜。若与人谈话,只能与邻座的交谈,不要与距离远的人交谈。  4、中西饮食性质的差异  饮食观念的不同,使西方饮食倾向于科学、理性,中国饮食倾向于艺术、感性。烹调出自饮食,饮食原来是一个旨在供给维持生命的营养。西方饮食习俗的着重点仅仅是原始的饮食实用性的延伸;而中国饮食习俗中对味的偏重,就把饮食推向了艺术的殿堂。从这两种饮食观可以看出:西方饮食日趋规范化,中,国饮食随意性大。  中西方饮食文化差异是明显的,而且各有长处。随着经济全球化及信息变流的加快,中西饮食文化将在碰撞中不断融合,在融合中相互互补。现在的中餐已开始注重食物的营养性、健康性和烹饪的科学性;西餐也开始向中餐的色、香、味、意、形的境界发展。中西餐饮文化将在交流中共同发展。

The Kingdom of Thailand lies in the heart of Southeast Asia, making it a natural gateway to Indochina, Myanmar and Southern C 。 Its shape and geography divide into four natural regions : the mountains and forests of the North; the vast rice fields of the Central Plains; the semi-arid farm lands of the Northeast plateau; and the tropical islands and long coastline of the peninsula S The country has seventy-six provinces that are further divided into districts, sub-districts and Bangkok is the capital city and centre of political, commercial, industrial and cultural It is also the seat of Thailand's revered Royal Family, with His Majesty the King recognized as Head of State, Head of the Armed Forces, Upholder of the Buddhist religion and Upholder of all 用google搜索 travel in The Kingdom of Thailand 看一下就行。都是关于泰国的介绍,自己写作文的话就改一下吧。毕竟作文和资料不太一样。看不懂可以直接看译文。望采纳。

中英饮食文化差异英语论文选题怎么写

就是论文意义。饮食的重要性,中西饮食的差异性,其对中西文化的代表性意义这几个方面就行了。还有就是你的文献在这方面比较充足,列举几个,就行了。合适采纳啊

最好去学校图书馆或省市图书馆上网进论文库查询以往论文以作参考

略谈中西方饮食文化差异 餐饮产品由于地域特征、气侯环境、风俗习惯等因素的影响,会出现在原料、口味、烹调方法、饮食习惯上的不同程度的差异。正是因为这些差异,餐饮产品具有了强烈的地域性。中西文化之间的差异造就了中西饮食文化的差异,而这种差异来自中西方不同的思维方式和处世哲学。中国人注重“天人合一”,西方人注重“以人为本”。 这里简要从下面三个方面谈谈中西方饮食文化的差异。 一、两种不同的饮食观念 对比注重“味”的中国饮食,西方是一种理性饮食观念。不论食物的色、香、味、形如何,而营养一定要得到保证,讲究一天要摄取多少热量、维生素、蛋白质等等。即便口味千篇一律,也一定要吃下去——因为有营养。这一饮食观念同西方整个哲学体系是相适应的。形而上学是西方哲学的主要特点。西方哲学所研究的对象为事物之理,事物之理常为形上学理,形上学理互相连贯,便结成形上哲学。这一哲学给西方文化带来生机,使之在自然科学上、心理学上、方法论上实现了突飞猛进的发展。但在另一些方面,这种哲学主张大大地起了阻碍作用,如饮食文化。在宴席上,可以讲究餐具,讲究用料,讲究服务,讲究菜之原料的形、色方面的搭配;但不管怎么豪华高档,从洛杉矶到纽约,牛排都只有一种味道,无艺术可言。作为菜肴,鸡就是鸡,牛排就是牛排,纵然有搭配,那也是在盘中进行的,一盘“法式羊排”,一边放土豆泥,旁倚羊排,另一边配煮青豆,加几片番茄便成。色彩上对比鲜明,但在滋味上各种原料互不相干、调和,各是各的味,简单明了。 中国人是很重视“吃”的,“民以食为天”这句谚语就说明我们把吃看得与天一样重要。由于我们这个民族几千年来都处于低下的生产力水平,人们总是吃不饱,所以才会有一种独特的把吃看得重于一切的饮食文化,我想,这大概是出于一种生存需要吧。如果一种文化把吃看成首要的事,那么就会出现两种现象:一方面会把这种吃的功能发挥到极致,不仅维持生存,也利用它维持健康,这也就是”药补不如食补”的文化基础;另一方面,对吃的过份重视,会使人推崇对美味的追求。 在中国的烹调术中,对美味追求几乎达到极致,以至中国人到海外谋生,都以开餐馆为业,成了我们在全世界安身立命的根本!遗憾的是,当我们把追求美味作为第一要求时,我们却忽略了食物最根本的营养价值,我们的很多传统食品都要经过热油炸和长时间的文火饨煮,使菜肴的营养成分受到破坏,许多营养成分都损失在加工过程中了。因而一说到营养问题,实际上就触及到了中国饮食文化的最大弱点。民间有句俗话:“民以食为天,食以味为先”。就是这种对美味的追求,倒使我们忽略了吃饭的真正意义。 中国人在品尝菜肴时,往往会说这盘菜“好吃”,那道菜“不好吃”;然而若要进一步问一下什么叫“好吃”,为什么“好吃”,“好吃”在哪里,恐怕就不容易说清楚了。这说明,中国人对饮食追求的是一种难以言传的“意境”,即使用人们通常所说的“色、香、味、形、器”来把这种“境界”具体化,恐怕仍然是很难涵盖得了的。 中国饮食之所以有其独特的魅力,关键就在于它的味。而美味的产生,在于调和,要使食物的本味,加热以后的熟味,加上配料和辅料的味以及调料的调和之味,交织融合协调在一起,使之互相补充,互助渗透,水乳交融,你中有我,我中有你。中国烹饪讲究的调和之美,是中国烹饪艺术的精要之处。菜点的形和色是外在的东西,而味却是内在的东西,重内在而不刻意修饰外表,重菜肴的味而不过分展露菜肴的形和色,这正是中国美性饮食观的最重要的表现。 在中国,饮食的美性追求显然压倒了理性,这种饮食观与中国传统的哲学思想也是吻合的。作为东方哲学代表的中国哲学,其显著特点是宏观、直观、模糊及不可捉摸。中国菜的制作方法是调和鼎鼐,最终是要调和出一种美好的滋味。这一讲究的就是分寸,就是整体的配合。它包含了中国哲学丰富的辩证法思想,一切以菜的味的美好、谐调为度,度以内的千变万化就决定了中国菜的丰富和富于变化,决定了中国菜菜系的特点乃至每位厨师的特点。 二、中西饮食对象的差异 西方人认为菜肴是充饥的,所以专吃大块肉、整块鸡等“硬菜”。而中国的菜肴是“吃味”的,所以中国烹调在用料上也显出极大的随意性:许多西方人视为弃物的东西,在中国都是极好的原料,外国厨师无法处理的东西,一到中国厨师手里,就可以化腐朽为神奇。足见中国饮食在用料方面的随意性之广博。 据西方的植物学者的调查,中国人吃的菜蔬有600多种,比西方多六倍。实际上,在中国人的菜肴里,素菜是平常食品,荤菜只有在节假日或生活水平较高时,才进入平常的饮食结构,所以自古便有“菜食”之说,菜食在平常的饮食结构中占主导地位。中国人的以植物为主菜,与佛教徒的鼓吹有着千缕万丝的联系。他们视动物为“生灵”,而植物则“无灵”,所以,主张素食主义。 西方人在介绍自己国家的饮食特点时,觉得比中国更重视营养的合理搭配,有较为发达的食品工业,如罐头、快餐等,虽口味千篇一律,但节省时间,且营养良好,故他们国家的人身体普遍比中国人健壮:高个、长腿、宽大的肩、发达的肌肉;而中国人则显得身材瘦小、肩窄腿短、色黄质弱。有人根据中西方饮食对象的明显差异这一特点,把中国人称为植物性格,西方人称为动物性格。 三、饮食方式的不同 中西方的饮食方式有很大不同,这种差异对民族性格也有影响。在中国,任何一个宴席,不管是什么目的,都只会有一种形式,就是大家团团围坐,共享一席。筵席要用圆桌,这就从形式上造成了一种团结、礼貌、共趣的气氛。美味佳肴放在一桌人的中心,它既是一桌人欣赏、品尝的对象,又是一桌人感情交流的媒介物。人们相互敬酒、相互让菜、劝菜,在美好的事物面前,体现了人们之间相互尊重、礼让的美德。虽然从卫生的角度看,这种饮食方式有明显的不足之处,但它符合我们民族“大团圆”的普遍心态,反映了中国古典哲学中“和”这个范畴对后代思想的影响,便于集体的情感交流,因而至今难以改革。 西式饮宴上,食品和酒尽管非常重要,但实际上那是作为陪衬。宴会的核心在于交谊,通过与邻座客人之间的交谈,达到交谊的目的。如果将宴会的交谊性与舞蹈相类比,那么可以说,中式宴席好比是集体舞,而西式宴会好比是男女的交谊舞。由此可见,中式宴会和西式宴会交谊的目的都很明显,只不过中式宴会更多地体现在全席的交谊,而西式宴会多体现于相邻宾客之间的交谊。与中国饮食方式的差异更为明显的是西方流行的自助餐。此法是:将所有食物一一陈列出来,大家各取所需,不必固定在位子上吃,走动自由,这种方式便于个人之间的情感交流,不必将所有的话摆在桌面上,也表现了西方人对个性、对自我的尊重。但各吃各的,互不相扰,缺少了一些中国人聊欢共乐的情调。 所以,归根结底还是感性与理性之间的差异。但是,这种差异似乎在随着科学的发展而变的模糊。越来越多的中国人以不再只注重菜的色、香、味,而更注重它的卫生与营养了。尤其是在经历了非典以后。还有,人们因为越来越繁忙的工作,觉得中餐做起来太麻烦,不如来个汉堡方便等。这样一来在饮食上差异也就不太分明了。

Diet Culture difference between China and America中美饮食文化的差异The main difference between Chinese and America eating habits is that unlike, where everyone has their own plate of food, in China the dishes are placed on the table and everybody If you are being treated by a Chinese host, be prepared for a ton of Chinese are very proud of their culture of food and will do their best to give you a taste of many different types of Among friends, they will just order enough for the people If they are taking somebody out for dinner and the relationship is polite to semi-polite, then they will usually order one more dish than the number of guests ( four people, five dishes) If it is a business dinner or a very formal occasion, there is likely to be a huge amount of food that will be impossible to A typical meal starts with some cold dishes, like boiled peanuts and smashed cucumber with These are followed by the main courses, hot meat and vegetable Finally soup is brought out, which is followed by the starchy "staple" food, which is usually rice or noodles or sometimes Many Chinese eat rice (or noodles or whatever) last, but if you like to have your rice together with other dishes, you should say so early

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