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中西方文化的差异论文1000字怎么写的

发布时间:2024-07-06 22:55:41

中西方文化的差异论文1000字怎么写

正文部分主要包括以下几个方面   阐述商务谈判重要性的背景/必要性   列出商务谈判中的主要差异   分析这些差异形成的原因   提出如何利用这些差异中的有利因素促进现代商务谈判的顺利进行。 [摘要]  随着世界经济的发展,尤其是全球经济一体化的趋势,世界各国之间的政治经济交往变得更加的频繁。尤其是自我国成功加入世界贸易组织以来…本文主要分为两个部分,第一部分主要从语意/价值观/思维方式三个方面阐述了中西方在商务谈判中的差异,分析了产生这些差异的原因。第二部分主要是提出了如何利用这些差异中的有利因素促进现代商务谈判的顺利进行。  第一部分  了解差异的必要性  国民经济的发展不仅需要自力更生,更需要走出去,引进来。这是这个时代的需要,也是改革开放/民族振兴的需要…  (主要写文化差异,并在其中参杂写商务谈判的案例)  存在的主要差异  日常交际中的差异  价值观念差异  主要体现在集体主义价值观和个人主义价值观方面,中国人集体观念和家庭观念比表强。而西方则崇尚个性解放,追求求个人自由。  思维方式差异  反映到思维方式上是抽象和具象的差别  分析差异产生的原因  第二部分 (提出建议)  通过以上分析,我们知道了在商务谈判中的主要文化差异,在商务交往中  一 了解差异,加强文化修养  二/遵守的商务礼仪   尊重习俗和禁忌   女士优先原则   尊时守信原则   举止端庄原则   其他细节。如切勿随地吐痰,乱扔瓜皮果壳等,在商务活动前不食葱/蒜等味大的东西  二 提高法律意识,学会用法律维护自己的权益

Chinese and Western cultural differences in the performance of every aspect of daily life from the greeting 、 term diet and cultural differences in the way of thinking in the abstract, such as differences everywhere, from the West focus on the following colors to express the difference between Chinese and Western cultural differences in areas such as a wedding First, in the West to express the color difference Different colors in different languages is not expressed in the same The representative of China in a sense, the West has a meaning that even the "color" to understand the meaning of the (A) red (red) Whether in China or in the English-speaking countries, often in red and festive celebrations or day- Calendar, red font used these days, therefore, red letter day: refers to the "Day" or "happy " It also refers to the red "liabilities" or "loss" because people are always negative in red to So there are these phrases: red figure deficit in the red loss In common with the Chinese "red" words, translated into English, may not necessarily use the "red" for example:   brown sugar brown sugar red wine red wine (B) yellow Yellow in English and Chinese in the extended meaning of the differences are In English, yellow can be said that the "timid, cowardly, despicable," meaning, for example: a yellow dog despicable, cowardly people a yellow livered coward Chinese yellow symbol of the term is sometimes vulgar, vulgar and obscene, indecent indecency means, such as yellow film, erotica, yellow CD, and so These in the name of "yellow" in English and "yellow" has nothing to However, in another English word blue is the color used to indicate the kind of meaning in Chinese, such as the blue jokes (dirty joke), blue films (yellow film) Second, the cultural differences in Western wedding First of all, in Western wedding culture and the first in the West in thinking about the differences: the Chinese people more conservative, like excitement, more old-fashioned thinking, so in the history of China for thousands of years the entire wedding customs did not change The thinking in the West is more open to the requirements of the wedding will be lower, they will be the climax of the wedding in the church: the sacred as the "wedding march" into the red carpet, Jiao Mei's father, the bride linked hands Rose walked slowly to the groom, the bride's father, daughter to the groom's hand on hand, her daughter's life will be entrusted to the groom, all eyes followed the couple, filled with well-being in their Second, the result of cultural differences wedding in the West because the West in a different China is mainly Buddhist, but the West is mainly C Therefore, the Western wedding is to be held in the church and the priest is Zhuhun R China's traditional customs of the most important part of the Bai Tiandi is, the worship heaven and earth even after the ceremony has 中西方文化差异表现在方方面面,从日常生活的打招呼用语、饮食文化等差异到思维方式等抽象方面的差异无所不在,下面着重从中西方颜色表达的差异,中西方婚礼文化差异等方面阐述。 一、中西方颜色表达的差异 不同颜色在不同语言中表达的方式并不一样。在中国代表一种意义,在西方又表示一种涵义,甚至对“颜色”的涵义理解恰恰相反。(一)red(红色)无论是在英语国家还是在中国,红色往往与庆祝活动或喜庆日子有关。日历中,这些日子常用红色字体,因此,red letter day:指的是“纪念日”或“喜庆的日子”。红色还指“负债”或“亏损”,因为人们总是用红笔登记负数。于是就有了这些词组:red figure赤字 in the red亏损汉语中常用的带“红”字的词语,翻译成英语,可不一定用“red”例如: 红糖brown sugar 红酒red wine (二) yellow黄色在英语和汉语中的引申含义差别比较大。英语中,yellow可以表示“胆小、卑怯、卑鄙”的意思,例如:a yellow dog 可鄙的人,卑鄙的人a yellow livered 胆小鬼汉语中黄色一词有时象征低级趣味、色情庸俗、下流猥亵的意思,如黄色电影、黄色书刊、黄色光碟等等。这些名称中的“黄”与英语中的“yellow”无关。然而,英语中另一个颜色词blue却常用来表示汉语中这类意思,如blue jokes(下流的玩笑), blue films(黄色电影)等。 二、中西方婚礼文化差异 首先,中西方婚礼文化差异首先和中西方人在思维方面的差异有关:中国人比较保守,喜欢热闹,思维较古板,所以在中国历史几千年的时间里整个婚礼的习俗并没有多大的变化。而西方人的思想则比较开放,对于婚礼的要求也比较低,他们婚礼的高潮则是在教堂中:随着神圣的《婚礼进行曲》步入鲜红的地毯,娇美的新娘挽着父亲手捧玫瑰慢慢向新郎走去,新娘的父亲将女儿的手放在新郎的手上,将女儿的一生托付给新郎,所有人的目光注视着这对新人,幸福洋溢在他们的脸上。其次,造成中西方婚礼文化差异的原因是中西方不同的宗教。中国是以佛教为主,而西方则是基督教为主的。所以西方的婚礼是在教堂中举行而主婚人则是神甫。中方的传统婚俗中的最重要环节就是拜天地,拜了天地以后就算是礼成了。

一、中国文化现状二、西方文化现状三、中西文化现状比较四、分析中西文化现状的现实意义

%D6%D0%CE%F7&btn=+%CB%D1%CB%F7+ 1、 (英语系毕业论文)中西戏剧发展快慢对比及其原因 摘 要 中西戏剧都有悠久的历史,无论是西方戏剧还是中国戏剧,都起源于民间,并与原始人祭祀神灵,欢庆节日的仪式密切联系在一起的。回顾希腊戏剧产生形成的历史,它发展快,成就高,在世界上的影响很 类别:毕业论文 大小:95 KB 日期:2007-07-14 2、 (英语系毕业论文)从中美管理方式的不同透析中西方文化差异与整合 摘 要随着全球化的来临,中国与外界的交流越来越频繁,特别是在商界。本论文主要探讨中美在管理上的交流。如今的商界,如同一个大家庭,参与者遍布世界各地。正是由于这个原因,各国的管理模式也趋于一体化。但是 类别:毕业论文 大小:85 KB 日期:2007-06-26 3、 (英语系毕业论文)在经济全球化下中西方文化差异与跨文化管理 摘 要伴随着世界经济的快速增长,跨国公司的飞速发展, 全球商业活动的猛烈激增,同时伴随着在文化多样化环境下的相关管理问题的出现,跨国公司的人员必须与来自不同文化背景的人打交道,这种文化差异时而会造成 类别:毕业论文 大小:96 KB 日期:2007-06-26 4、 (英语系毕业论文)中西服饰文化差异对语言的影响 摘 要中西服饰受其各自不同哲学和文化的影响体现出不同的特征:儒家思想和大陆文明使中国服饰呈现出繁冗,宽博的特征。它不注重外表的装饰,以宽松的衣服遮掩身体的曲线,在思想上追求人格的完美,以“谦谦君 类别:毕业论文 大小:90 KB 日期:2007-06-25 5、 (英语系毕业论文)快餐食品对中西方传统饮食文化的影响力 摘 要自古以来,中国就是一个以礼待人的礼仪之邦。而在不同的国家、不同的地区,礼仪的形式也有所不同。本文主要从礼仪的角度谈论了礼仪与中西方文化之间的联系及相互影响,目的是为了消除不同国家之间的不同 类别:毕业论文 大小:88 KB 日期:2007-06-25 6、 (英语系毕业论文)从礼仪角度谈中西文化的差异性 摘 要自古以来,中国就是一个以礼待人的礼仪之邦。而在不同的国家、不同的地区,礼仪的形式也有所不同。本文主要从礼仪的角度谈论了礼仪与中西方文化之间的联系及相互影响,目的是为了消除不同国家之间的不同 类别:毕业论文 大小:85 KB 日期:2007-06-23 7、 (英语系毕业论文)中西饮食文化及其差异 摘 要中国悠久历史5000年,西方世界五六百年的社会历程。中国有灿烂丰富、博大精深的饮食文化;西方国家则有精巧专维、自成体系的饮食文明。民以食为天,中国有自己独特丰富的饮食文化底蕴。然而今天除了中国 类别:毕业论文 大小:100 KB 日期:2007-06-21 8、 (英语系毕业论文)中西酒店文化比较及探讨 摘 要在经济蓬勃发展的今天,旅游业风风火火地发展起来了,作为与旅游业相配套的酒店业也相应的完善起来,且更加趋于国际化。中国已经入世,这更给中国的酒店业带来一个新的发展契机,但世界上酒店发展规模空前,

中西方文化差异的论文1000字怎么写

p wh 这个是认知上的差异,这个是没办法的啊。

Western novels in comparison First, Western novels in the history of the development of Western novels are based on myths and legends of its In ancient times, science developed, out of fear of nature, the working people out of the imagination is the key to many of the world "God", describing the personification of God is a myth; who will describe the deified, that is China opened the world's Pan story, the story of San Juan Five Emperors, the West Greek mythology, Roman mythology, Norse mythology, and so on are all typical East and West, the original novel, is closely linked with the history, as historical records complement the China Pre-Qin prose in the fable, the Han dynasty in the history books, biographies, the Wei and Jin Zhi, Zhi-person novel; the West of ancient Babylon, "the United States and Ji Jia disabilities epic", in ancient Greece, "Homer's epic," "Aesop's Fables "And so on, fall into this category, fiction, novels such novels have been about the characteristics of fiction, it is still not the literary creation, directly from the private collection record, so this type of fiction plot is relatively simple, writing rough Ban Gu said, "On the Street Lane words, hearsay are made of" is a novel kind of accurate assessment of the China's Tang Dynasty, the novel is only from history and literature become a Tang Dynasty culture has developed, the author's ideas are more open, the legend came into being at this time, Li Zhaowei "Liu Yi Chuan", Po Chu's "Everlasting Regret," Wolf's "Everlasting Regret Chuan" And so on, are made in accordance with the creation of the For the fictional story of the Tang Dynasty more emphasis on imagination and literary talent, not just the history of the nature of things, but as the history of Zhi Zhi who is also the novel did not The Legend of the Song Dynasty to the novel on a gradual decline, which followed the rise of this so that after processing will become a scholar so many novel and Romance novels such as "Romance of the Three Kingdoms", "Outlaws of the Marsh", "Journey to the W" The author of such novels is the use of private creative and re-created to describe the circumstances of the touching scenes of brilliant and vivid active in shaping the character known, there are obvious story-telling style of Here by the redevelopment, it will become an independent literary creation rather than things to come together with the civil process, the representative of this type is the "Golden Lotus", it was an open and ordinary life on the road, the reality is that literature has come a long way The development of the latter's "A Dream of Red Mansions" in ancient China Geng Shiba realism to the novels of the "54" after the novelist began to learn from China's western fiction writing practices, and gradually out a new Western novels, is the "Renaissance" after the rapid development of The development of the Middle Ages novel near-stagnation in the West, 14, the end of the century "Renaissance" to overthrow the literature of the Church of control, 15, appeared in the western end of the century to promote freedom of thought and the liberation of personality in order to describe the reality of life and portray characters from all walks of life for the content of the Humanist novels, is to tie in with this type of novel anti-feudal Europe at the time of arising at the same time it also set the novel in the West to human describing the tone of the main Jiaqiu Italy's "Decameron", Spain's Cervantes "Don Quixote" is the kind of representative works of The resulting novel is a classical, elegant favor of its national language to standardize the writing of this novel in 17th century France's most well- As a note on behalf of Corneille's "Cid" neoclassical story of the rise of Western novels have been a language substantially The beginning of the 18th century to promote popular science knowledge, enlightenment of the public consciousness for the purpose of the Enlightenment novels, of which there are relatively well-known German Goethe's "Faust", the United Kingdom Defoe's "Robinson Crusoe" and the Swift "Gulliver's Travels" and so on, this type of novel to the emergence of the bourgeois revolution at the time to mold public In the 19th century, romantic fiction, realistic novels and critical realism novel turn to occupy the leading position in the field of Romantic novels, such as France Victor Hugo's "Notre Dame de Paris", Goethe's "juvenile Witt of trouble" and so on, imaginative, unusual ideas, language and imaginative, strong Efforts to reflect the reality of the novel is the essence of life, and depict typical life of a typical phenomenon in the United Kingdom Dickens, France and Germany are of such novels as a representative of the Critical realism novels exposed the efforts of the decadent feudal system and capitalist society, the dark, in-depth criticism of the reality of evil, France Balzac and Maupassant, the United Kingdom of Charlotte, Bronte, Russia's Tolstoy, Dostoevsky, the United States of a large number of writers such as Mark Twain's works belong to this Value today, the three novels in the West is still the most important of the three types of literary East-West novel on the history of the development of more or less the Second, the characteristics of the novel in the West In addition to the basic characteristics of the novel, the story of the West also have their own characteristics are as follows: 1, the traditional Chinese novel attention to the characters, language and the details of the description, in contradiction to the conflict to display the images, but the character of a single, small changes in the absence of the main Western novels are more people pay attention to the psychological description, stressed that mining figure in the subconscious mind, good at writing full, the changes in the strong sense of the main Again, "coach Lin Feng Snow Mountain Temple" in the figure is only through dialogue and action leads to contradictions and conflicts, but Anna Karenina Wogui before a series of conflicts only with his description of the psychological will be able to express their clear; for poetry in Lin In the performance of her literary talent, and Paul with his inner monologue of the ideal; Zhang Zhong-Yong has only the character, but Jane Eyre's character is the brave, strong, warm, kind-hearted, and so many of the character and rubbing and Cheng' In short, people in the area described in the West has its own unique 2, China compared with Western fiction novel plot twists and turns more and more complete Plot twists and turns, the story is complete fiction China's unique traditional The Wei and Jin Zhi Zhi people on the novel twists and turns with vivid Tang legend in the layout of many of the famous, magnificent anomaly, rigorous and clever, dramatic plot The contents of the Ming and Qing Dynasties novels scattered irregular, undulating waves, Cuoluoyouzhi, careful structure, an integral "A Dream of Red Mansions", everywhere She Fu, Hui turning point, the story of Jia's best Western plot in respect of the outstanding works, although there are many, but it can not be compared with the Chinese 3, concise and lively Chinese language novel, rich in content and rich Western Chinese folk artists absorbed the novel language, at the same time inherited the fine traditions of ancient prose, often a few words will be able to outline the incident or the Western novels in the author includes a broad range of knowledge, involve the community in many ways, so rich in content and rich people can gain knowledge in many Engels said he was in Balzac's novel about 19th century France's domestic situation than he received any reports are Western novels have different characteristics, and also in the West different aesthetic concepts to a certain extent 4, Western novels have been the rule of the feudal culture of oppression Chinese feudal culture makes the development of the novel is extremely difficult, Ming and Qing Dynasties more people to write stories for shame, so many great writers living, creating the conditions are not covered, many of the great works of authors who do not Western novels in the feudal culture makes almost the whole of the Middle Ages in the development of extremely slow, and many talented writers were forced to church services, wrote some of the religious nature of the article dry Third, Western novels in the future prospects for the development of End of the Qing Dynasty, China and the West have begun to understand the other side of the system, the advantages of the novel in the West have been constantly learn from each Of course, due to historical reasons, the Chinese side of the draw a little To this day, the novelist in the West efforts are still two researchers in the novel's artistic charm, although the different languages of each other's appreciation of the arts to a certain extent, but the United States are We have every reason to believe that in the near future, the novel art in the West will ultimately learn from each other and integrate, develop and reach new artistic References: "Foreign Literature" Shanghai Translation Publishing House Zhou Xu Liang "Contemporary Literature election," Zhang Zhong, such as Beijing University Publishing House "Chinese literature history of the development of" Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House Liu Jie "Literary History of Europe" People's Literature Publishing House Yangzhou Han Wu Da-yuan Zhao Rui radish "Three high school language textbook used by the five dates of the" People's Education Press仅供参考,请自借鉴。希望对您有帮助。

%D6%D0%CE%F7&btn=+%CB%D1%CB%F7+ 1、 (英语系毕业论文)中西戏剧发展快慢对比及其原因 摘 要 中西戏剧都有悠久的历史,无论是西方戏剧还是中国戏剧,都起源于民间,并与原始人祭祀神灵,欢庆节日的仪式密切联系在一起的。回顾希腊戏剧产生形成的历史,它发展快,成就高,在世界上的影响很 类别:毕业论文 大小:95 KB 日期:2007-07-14 2、 (英语系毕业论文)从中美管理方式的不同透析中西方文化差异与整合 摘 要随着全球化的来临,中国与外界的交流越来越频繁,特别是在商界。本论文主要探讨中美在管理上的交流。如今的商界,如同一个大家庭,参与者遍布世界各地。正是由于这个原因,各国的管理模式也趋于一体化。但是 类别:毕业论文 大小:85 KB 日期:2007-06-26 3、 (英语系毕业论文)在经济全球化下中西方文化差异与跨文化管理 摘 要伴随着世界经济的快速增长,跨国公司的飞速发展, 全球商业活动的猛烈激增,同时伴随着在文化多样化环境下的相关管理问题的出现,跨国公司的人员必须与来自不同文化背景的人打交道,这种文化差异时而会造成 类别:毕业论文 大小:96 KB 日期:2007-06-26 4、 (英语系毕业论文)中西服饰文化差异对语言的影响 摘 要中西服饰受其各自不同哲学和文化的影响体现出不同的特征:儒家思想和大陆文明使中国服饰呈现出繁冗,宽博的特征。它不注重外表的装饰,以宽松的衣服遮掩身体的曲线,在思想上追求人格的完美,以“谦谦君 类别:毕业论文 大小:90 KB 日期:2007-06-25 5、 (英语系毕业论文)快餐食品对中西方传统饮食文化的影响力 摘 要自古以来,中国就是一个以礼待人的礼仪之邦。而在不同的国家、不同的地区,礼仪的形式也有所不同。本文主要从礼仪的角度谈论了礼仪与中西方文化之间的联系及相互影响,目的是为了消除不同国家之间的不同 类别:毕业论文 大小:88 KB 日期:2007-06-25 6、 (英语系毕业论文)从礼仪角度谈中西文化的差异性 摘 要自古以来,中国就是一个以礼待人的礼仪之邦。而在不同的国家、不同的地区,礼仪的形式也有所不同。本文主要从礼仪的角度谈论了礼仪与中西方文化之间的联系及相互影响,目的是为了消除不同国家之间的不同 类别:毕业论文 大小:85 KB 日期:2007-06-23 7、 (英语系毕业论文)中西饮食文化及其差异 摘 要中国悠久历史5000年,西方世界五六百年的社会历程。中国有灿烂丰富、博大精深的饮食文化;西方国家则有精巧专维、自成体系的饮食文明。民以食为天,中国有自己独特丰富的饮食文化底蕴。然而今天除了中国 类别:毕业论文 大小:100 KB 日期:2007-06-21 8、 (英语系毕业论文)中西酒店文化比较及探讨 摘 要在经济蓬勃发展的今天,旅游业风风火火地发展起来了,作为与旅游业相配套的酒店业也相应的完善起来,且更加趋于国际化。中国已经入世,这更给中国的酒店业带来一个新的发展契机,但世界上酒店发展规模空前,

Chinese and Western cultural differences in the performance of every aspect of daily life from the greeting 、 term diet and cultural differences in the way of thinking in the abstract, such as differences everywhere, from the West focus on the following colors to express the difference between Chinese and Western cultural differences in areas such as a wedding First, in the West to express the color difference Different colors in different languages is not expressed in the same The representative of China in a sense, the West has a meaning that even the "color" to understand the meaning of the (A) red (red) Whether in China or in the English-speaking countries, often in red and festive celebrations or day- Calendar, red font used these days, therefore, red letter day: refers to the "Day" or "happy " It also refers to the red "liabilities" or "loss" because people are always negative in red to So there are these phrases: red figure deficit in the red loss In common with the Chinese "red" words, translated into English, may not necessarily use the "red" for example:   brown sugar brown sugar red wine red wine (B) yellow Yellow in English and Chinese in the extended meaning of the differences are In English, yellow can be said that the "timid, cowardly, despicable," meaning, for example: a yellow dog despicable, cowardly people a yellow livered coward Chinese yellow symbol of the term is sometimes vulgar, vulgar and obscene, indecent indecency means, such as yellow film, erotica, yellow CD, and so These in the name of "yellow" in English and "yellow" has nothing to However, in another English word blue is the color used to indicate the kind of meaning in Chinese, such as the blue jokes (dirty joke), blue films (yellow film) Second, the cultural differences in Western wedding First of all, in Western wedding culture and the first in the West in thinking about the differences: the Chinese people more conservative, like excitement, more old-fashioned thinking, so in the history of China for thousands of years the entire wedding customs did not change The thinking in the West is more open to the requirements of the wedding will be lower, they will be the climax of the wedding in the church: the sacred as the "wedding march" into the red carpet, Jiao Mei's father, the bride linked hands Rose walked slowly to the groom, the bride's father, daughter to the groom's hand on hand, her daughter's life will be entrusted to the groom, all eyes followed the couple, filled with well-being in their Second, the result of cultural differences wedding in the West because the West in a different China is mainly Buddhist, but the West is mainly C Therefore, the Western wedding is to be held in the church and the priest is Zhuhun R China's traditional customs of the most important part of the Bai Tiandi is, the worship heaven and earth even after the ceremony has 中西方文化差异表现在方方面面,从日常生活的打招呼用语、饮食文化等差异到思维方式等抽象方面的差异无所不在,下面着重从中西方颜色表达的差异,中西方婚礼文化差异等方面阐述。 一、中西方颜色表达的差异 不同颜色在不同语言中表达的方式并不一样。在中国代表一种意义,在西方又表示一种涵义,甚至对“颜色”的涵义理解恰恰相反。(一)red(红色)无论是在英语国家还是在中国,红色往往与庆祝活动或喜庆日子有关。日历中,这些日子常用红色字体,因此,red letter day:指的是“纪念日”或“喜庆的日子”。红色还指“负债”或“亏损”,因为人们总是用红笔登记负数。于是就有了这些词组:red figure赤字 in the red亏损汉语中常用的带“红”字的词语,翻译成英语,可不一定用“red”例如: 红糖brown sugar 红酒red wine (二) yellow黄色在英语和汉语中的引申含义差别比较大。英语中,yellow可以表示“胆小、卑怯、卑鄙”的意思,例如:a yellow dog 可鄙的人,卑鄙的人a yellow livered 胆小鬼汉语中黄色一词有时象征低级趣味、色情庸俗、下流猥亵的意思,如黄色电影、黄色书刊、黄色光碟等等。这些名称中的“黄”与英语中的“yellow”无关。然而,英语中另一个颜色词blue却常用来表示汉语中这类意思,如blue jokes(下流的玩笑), blue films(黄色电影)等。 二、中西方婚礼文化差异 首先,中西方婚礼文化差异首先和中西方人在思维方面的差异有关:中国人比较保守,喜欢热闹,思维较古板,所以在中国历史几千年的时间里整个婚礼的习俗并没有多大的变化。而西方人的思想则比较开放,对于婚礼的要求也比较低,他们婚礼的高潮则是在教堂中:随着神圣的《婚礼进行曲》步入鲜红的地毯,娇美的新娘挽着父亲手捧玫瑰慢慢向新郎走去,新娘的父亲将女儿的手放在新郎的手上,将女儿的一生托付给新郎,所有人的目光注视着这对新人,幸福洋溢在他们的脸上。其次,造成中西方婚礼文化差异的原因是中西方不同的宗教。中国是以佛教为主,而西方则是基督教为主的。所以西方的婚礼是在教堂中举行而主婚人则是神甫。中方的传统婚俗中的最重要环节就是拜天地,拜了天地以后就算是礼成了。

中西方文化的差异论文1000字怎么写的

Chinese and Western cultural differences in the performance of every aspect of daily life from the greeting 、 term diet and cultural differences in the way of thinking in the abstract, such as differences everywhere, from the West focus on the following colors to express the difference between Chinese and Western cultural differences in areas such as a wedding First, in the West to express the color difference Different colors in different languages is not expressed in the same The representative of China in a sense, the West has a meaning that even the "color" to understand the meaning of the (A) red (red) Whether in China or in the English-speaking countries, often in red and festive celebrations or day- Calendar, red font used these days, therefore, red letter day: refers to the "Day" or "happy " It also refers to the red "liabilities" or "loss" because people are always negative in red to So there are these phrases: red figure deficit in the red loss In common with the Chinese "red" words, translated into English, may not necessarily use the "red" for example:   brown sugar brown sugar red wine red wine (B) yellow Yellow in English and Chinese in the extended meaning of the differences are In English, yellow can be said that the "timid, cowardly, despicable," meaning, for example: a yellow dog despicable, cowardly people a yellow livered coward Chinese yellow symbol of the term is sometimes vulgar, vulgar and obscene, indecent indecency means, such as yellow film, erotica, yellow CD, and so These in the name of "yellow" in English and "yellow" has nothing to However, in another English word blue is the color used to indicate the kind of meaning in Chinese, such as the blue jokes (dirty joke), blue films (yellow film) Second, the cultural differences in Western wedding First of all, in Western wedding culture and the first in the West in thinking about the differences: the Chinese people more conservative, like excitement, more old-fashioned thinking, so in the history of China for thousands of years the entire wedding customs did not change The thinking in the West is more open to the requirements of the wedding will be lower, they will be the climax of the wedding in the church: the sacred as the "wedding march" into the red carpet, Jiao Mei's father, the bride linked hands Rose walked slowly to the groom, the bride's father, daughter to the groom's hand on hand, her daughter's life will be entrusted to the groom, all eyes followed the couple, filled with well-being in their Second, the result of cultural differences wedding in the West because the West in a different China is mainly Buddhist, but the West is mainly C Therefore, the Western wedding is to be held in the church and the priest is Zhuhun R China's traditional customs of the most important part of the Bai Tiandi is, the worship heaven and earth even after the ceremony has 中西方文化差异表现在方方面面,从日常生活的打招呼用语、饮食文化等差异到思维方式等抽象方面的差异无所不在,下面着重从中西方颜色表达的差异,中西方婚礼文化差异等方面阐述。 一、中西方颜色表达的差异 不同颜色在不同语言中表达的方式并不一样。在中国代表一种意义,在西方又表示一种涵义,甚至对“颜色”的涵义理解恰恰相反。(一)red(红色)无论是在英语国家还是在中国,红色往往与庆祝活动或喜庆日子有关。日历中,这些日子常用红色字体,因此,red letter day:指的是“纪念日”或“喜庆的日子”。红色还指“负债”或“亏损”,因为人们总是用红笔登记负数。于是就有了这些词组:red figure赤字 in the red亏损汉语中常用的带“红”字的词语,翻译成英语,可不一定用“red”例如: 红糖brown sugar 红酒red wine (二) yellow黄色在英语和汉语中的引申含义差别比较大。英语中,yellow可以表示“胆小、卑怯、卑鄙”的意思,例如:a yellow dog 可鄙的人,卑鄙的人a yellow livered 胆小鬼汉语中黄色一词有时象征低级趣味、色情庸俗、下流猥亵的意思,如黄色电影、黄色书刊、黄色光碟等等。这些名称中的“黄”与英语中的“yellow”无关。然而,英语中另一个颜色词blue却常用来表示汉语中这类意思,如blue jokes(下流的玩笑), blue films(黄色电影)等。 二、中西方婚礼文化差异 首先,中西方婚礼文化差异首先和中西方人在思维方面的差异有关:中国人比较保守,喜欢热闹,思维较古板,所以在中国历史几千年的时间里整个婚礼的习俗并没有多大的变化。而西方人的思想则比较开放,对于婚礼的要求也比较低,他们婚礼的高潮则是在教堂中:随着神圣的《婚礼进行曲》步入鲜红的地毯,娇美的新娘挽着父亲手捧玫瑰慢慢向新郎走去,新娘的父亲将女儿的手放在新郎的手上,将女儿的一生托付给新郎,所有人的目光注视着这对新人,幸福洋溢在他们的脸上。其次,造成中西方婚礼文化差异的原因是中西方不同的宗教。中国是以佛教为主,而西方则是基督教为主的。所以西方的婚礼是在教堂中举行而主婚人则是神甫。中方的传统婚俗中的最重要环节就是拜天地,拜了天地以后就算是礼成了。

东西方文化的差异(转) 作者: 逍遥鱼 发表日期: 2006-02-11 01:34 点击数: 204 我们中国人原来最好的问候就是:“您吃了吗?”知道为什么吗?是因为咱们过去温饱没有解决。以后咱们再见面就说:“撑着了吗?打嗝了吗?”,我觉得咱中国人应该向英国人学学,英国人见面打招呼都是“Hello!”Hello完了之后就问天气怎么样?“你觉得今天天气怎么样?”“我觉得今天天气不错啊!这真是难得一个晴天。” 2008年要开奥运会了,肯定很多外国人要来。来了之后咱得知道人家外国人是怎么想的,跟咱们是不是一样。你对他好,他不一定领情。 比方说尊老爱幼,尊老,要按咱们来讲,你要看见马路上一个老奶奶,颤颤悠悠地拿八十多个包袱在那儿正过马路呢,你不过去帮帮忙的话,你还是人吗?所以你一定要过去帮忙,过去后说:“老大娘,您要过马路吗?来,把包给我,我替您扛过去。”给老大娘搀过去以后,老大娘一定非常高兴:“谢谢你小伙子,谢谢你。你叫什么名字?”“不要问我的名字了,如果您想知道我的名字,我叫雷锋。”一般都这样。可要是外国人就不是这样了,你看到一个外国老太太过马路,你过去了说:“Hello,天气不错,我替你搬。”那不行,老太太一定不高兴,倒不是因为她担心你抢她东西,关键是她不服老,如果你这样做就等于说她给人感觉她是一个老人。我记得我在加拿大住的时候有一邻居91岁了,走路直晃悠。那天刮四级大风,他拿了两包,我心说我一定得帮帮忙去,咱也让加拿大人知道,除了白求恩红遍我们中国之外,我们雷锋也能红遍加拿大。我就去了,说:“Heloo”他说:“NO,不用帮,不用帮。”我说这老大爷怎么这样啊?不让帮忙。其实,他们外国人就是这个习惯。 再如救死扶伤。如果我们看见有人掉到河里了,“噗通”一下,你得赶紧下去救人,可是在外国这样就不行。西方人就是这样,你甭救我,你千万别来救我,你救我还是给我添麻烦?你说这人怎么想的呀?他的思维是什么逻辑?他这种思维逻辑就是:你是想来救我,可你受过专业训练吗?你会游泳吗?你不会游泳你来救我,最后你也搭进去了赖谁呀?必须得要专业人士,你要想救我打110啊,打119啊。我这么一想,可能也对,过去我看有个报纸说,有个人根本不会游泳就毅然决然地跳了下去,最后两个人同时牺牲了。其实这样也真是有点冤得慌,你倒是找个会游泳的下去啊。 咱们中国人和西方人喝水也不一样 。我喝什么水呀?冰水,一饮而尽!可是以前咱们中国人对客人最热情的举动就是给滚烫的热水,过去斯诺到中国来采访,他在日记中说:当我踏上延安土地的时候,我才知道我们和东方人是多么的不同。为什么呀?他见着毛主席的时候,记录员说:“您喝口水吧”,他正想喝口水呢,结果给端上来一杯滚烫的热水。斯诺说,这水要在我们家能烫死一头猪啊。但是他还得捧着,就是喝不了啊,最后只好问有井水没有。 咱们和西方人使用的生活工具也不一样。咱们中国人喜欢用筷子,老外就觉得中国人奇怪,拿两根树枝就能吃饭了,而且是能切、能剁、能叉、能碾、能搅、什么都能做。他不理解,他觉得中国人真聪明,手特别灵活。所以老外到中国吃饭一般最怕的就是用筷子,每次吃完饭手都抽筋,因为手实在是太累了。不过咱们要吃日本饭就惨了,日本人吃饭得跪着,满桌饭菜多香啊,可是每次我都吃不饱。为什么?我得跪着吃,没吃两道菜呢,我觉得我下身已经麻木了,要再吃下去非死那儿不可。你有没有发现日本人的筷子头是尖的。知道为什么吗?这是日本武士发明的,过去吃饭的时候不能带武器,他们就把筷子给削尖了,然后在谈判时候用,先吃着谈,谈不投机了拿筷子扎你。这就是当初的武器!那么西方就更直接了,直接把刀叉带进餐厅了。先拿着,你别看正在那儿吃饭,不行的话直接就扔过去,拿刀“咔嚓”就砍了你。 我们早已经把食物进化了,而西方人还处在刀耕火种的年代,他们还在吃生肉,还在吃生菜。像咱们做的菜,比方说葱爆羊肉、糖拌西红柿、鱼香肉丝、素炒芥兰啊……多好吃 。可西方人不行,把菜也就洗吧洗吧,放一块儿,然后再搁点汁,告诉你这叫蔬菜沙拉。咱们主食是馒头,人家主食是土豆,西方人把土豆煮熟了之后剥了皮,蘸着盐,就算是大餐了。如果哪天我那威请您吃西餐大餐,主菜是土豆蘸咸盐,您一定把我骂死。咱们中国人就不是这样了,咱们把土豆改良了,比如说做个青椒土豆丝、酸辣土豆丝、土豆炖蘑菇、土豆炖牛肉……总之能够把一种食品的作法发挥到极致。 为什么咱们和西方差距这么大?首先我们长的就不一样,我们是黄皮肤,他们是白皮肤,咱们眼睛是黑色的,他们是什么色都有——黑的、蓝的、白的、花的。我想这是最明显的一个区别,但是究其根本,我认为还是因为磁场造成的。据科学家研究,水池子蓄满水时把塞子拔掉,你就会发现水在我们这半球它是顺时针方向消失,要到了南半球它就逆时针方向消失。没发现吧?自己蓄一池子水试试吧!这方向就是磁场在起作用,同样也造成大脑磁场的不同,所以咱们看待问题也是不一样的。比方说咱们做饭搁盐说搁盐少许,大家都知道搁多少,手大抓半斤,手小抓一两。老外就不懂,少许是多少?他得量,所以很多外国人的厨房,就是一个实验室,锅、碗、瓢、盆不是很多,各种天平、计量工具倒是一大堆,所以他们学理工科的人比较多一点。他们认为做饭是一件很痛苦的事情,因此到今天他们还在吃油炸食品,他们永远吃不到松鼠鱼。如果他们要做松鼠鱼的话,4天未必能做出来,他得且研究呢。其实这就是一种观念上的问题。 再说约会。咱们中国人一般表示友谊、表示对你的尊重都要提前来,有的时候说:“我在这已经等了你3天了,我终于今天见到你了,哎哟等了我三天呐”。可是在国外都是这样,咱俩9点约会,往往那大钟刚敲到9点,老外噌就出来了:“Hello,我准时到了 。”一看表,一秒都不差。你要跟一个德国人约会,你说提前3天就到了,他一定觉得你神经病! 再说咱们熟悉的喝酒 。比如说老外要喝酒,都是拿瓶XO给自己倒,然后祝你健康!祝你幸福!祝你怎么怎么样!然后自己把自己没一会儿就给撂到了,一般喝酒时老外都属于自虐,没事儿就把自己给办到地上去。中国人不是这样,他是为了办别人。每次喝酒都说:“来,再干一杯!”一下喝三杯,深水炸弹什么的,一般都是头三尾四,或者说这鱼头可冲着你呢,你得喝,不喝可不够哥们!至于合同这事儿咱们再单说,来干!咣咣咣咣!最后把这个人给办倒了,如果他自己也晕了,也是在办别人的过程当中不小心被另外一个人给办了。而老外一般很少有互相劝酒的,都是劝自己喝酒,这是一个本质的区别。 咱们再说这玩儿。你看一群老外抢一个球,那一定是欧洲人——踢足球。看俩人在那儿较劲,你一拳、我一拳一定要把对方给干到地下,那是美国人——拳击。两个人不吱声皱着眉头在那儿玩儿桥牌,动智商的,这个一般也不符合我们亚洲人的习惯。那我们喜欢玩儿什么呀?玩儿麻将啊!麻将才符合我们的精神,才符合我们的智慧。咱们玩儿麻将时一般都是这样,四个人在一起玩儿麻将,一般都是盯着上家、看着下家、防着对家,我胡不了,你们谁也甭想胡,我就是死活不点炮。所以这个就是玩儿的不同。 有一个电影叫做《刮痧》看过吧?其实刮痧是我们中国非常好的一个治病的办法,刮刮皮肤,什么病都好了,只不过会在皮肤上留下一些斑斑点点的血印子。美国人就想不明白,觉得是虐待孩子,这看着让人生气。王姬演那个《北京人在纽约》看了吧?中草药,他老公愣说是树根子,喝着苦,废话!中药能不苦吗?良药苦口利于病!你UNDERSTAND吗?可是老外就是不明白呀,所以要取消你的抚养权,因为你给孩子喝巫术的东西。什么叫巫术?其实是对我们中医不了解。 还有香水,咱们中国人也想掸香水,其实错了。千万别跟外国人学,因为外国人身上有严重的体臭,所以他必须掩饰体臭才掸香水。我们中国人起码是正常的,所以我们根本不需要掸香水,这点您一定要记住了。 如果您要是看见两个俄罗斯人打架,多半是因为他们喝多了;如果你看见两个印度人打架,多半是因为他们姓氏不同;如果你看见两个以色列人打架,多半是因为他们政治信仰的不同;如果你看见两个东方人在打架,80%是争着结帐:今天的费用我来结帐,我看谁敢和我抢……。 参考资料:_html

一:天人之际与灵肉分离的宗教态度  人类宗教的发展都经过了一个从非理性的巫术与迷信向成熟的不排斥的理性宗教文明演变的过程,在非理性化的宗教中,神秘的巫术和不为人知的力量起着主导作用,理性化之后的宗教则拜托了这中神秘的力量,即宗教形式与世俗理论相结合,着重强调人为的可控制的因素。由于不同的文化在进行这个过程时选择了不同的尺度,使得宗教发展的方向和轨迹也有所不同,从而体现出不同的气质,在对待宗教的态度上,中国文化体现出对现实生活的热爱,具有人本的价值尺度,而西方文化则表现出了一种对超越的彼岸世界的向往,在价值上是以神为本。中西宗教文化的分途始于人类由原始信仰走向文明宗教的进程中。在这一进程中,出现了“轴心时代”的理论,在西方国家,轴心时代的意识是与远古的神话时代相对立的,是要以理性反对神话,就宗教理论而言,在轴心时代,原始宗教的诸神开始消失,宗教逐步的伦理化,原始宗教演变成为人文宗教。在中国,同时也经历了一场思想大繁荣,但并没有向西方一样因为意识到自身的有限而转向超越的无限,理性的发展也就没有像西方那样出现一元的超越神。所以中国在轴心时代的理性化是人文实践的理性化,这是一种人本化的转向。中国文化的这种基本气质,集中体现于儒家思想,儒家所考虑到是如何做人,即所谓修身的哲理与实践。在西方,人们把人生的意义和生活的信念寄托于上帝,寄托于超越世间的精神欢乐,反而把现实人生视为一种痛苦,作为基督教信仰核心的“被钉十字架上的耶稣”就是这种极端克己、牺牲显示追求与上帝同在的宗教精神的最好象征。这种宗教精神对西方社会的进步起到了一定的推动作用。 二:多元与一元不同的宗教信仰   由于中国人对待宗教信仰缺乏真正意义上的超越精神,因此在对待宗教和神灵的态度上也缺少西方文化的那种固执一端的宗派意识,因而他们对待各种不同宗教态度也较为宽容。由中国传统文化对现世的关注也使得中国宗教的超越意识一直没有被激发出来,在表象上就呈现出信仰的多元化倾向。在西方,宗教观念的流变表现为一个从多神信仰向一神崇拜的发展过程,一元的基督教上帝观取代了罗马帝国的多神观念,造成了深刻和广泛的后果,人们的世界观、价值观、人生观以及思维方式和行为方式都以此为转折点而发生了巨大的变化,整个西方社会甚至于政治经济体制全盘转型,影响极其深远。 西方的宗教文化发展源远流长,但其大规模对西方社会生活产生重大影响开始于公元一世纪基督教兴起之时,取得重大发展于罗马帝国时期,中世纪得到发展的极致,而宗教改革政教分离之后其对世俗事务影响虽有明显下降但仍然具有占据重要地位。纵观西方宗教发展的千年历史,不难得出其鲜明的超世俗主义特征的结论。《圣经》中对天堂和地狱的描绘、灵魂和肉体的分离;奥古斯丁“上帝之城”和“世俗之城”说法的提出;路德等宗教改革家“宗教只关注人的精神事务”的主张,都是这一论点的有力证明。对比中国的宗教文化,则显然呈现出世俗主义的倾向。儒家的经典文献中大量充斥着世俗主义的教导,如“未知生、焉知死”、“修身起家治国平天下”、“君子理想”等,都是强调个人在现世生活中的所作所为,而不形而上的对宇宙起源、生死等问题进行论述。儒教的世俗主义倾向亦为著名的社会学家马克斯韦伯在其经典著作之一《儒教与道教》早有论述。道教在早期的发展过程中呈现出自我境界的升华、个人厌世主义等特征,显然其教义与儒教相比要更接近于超世俗主义的标准。但在儒教在中国宗教文化中取得统治地位后,且在中国宗教服从世俗政府的体制下,道教亦不得不以世俗主义的精神对其自身进行修正。所以在随后的道教发展历史中,道教更多的演化成带有占卜算命谶纬性质的特点。佛教自从东汉传入中土以来,在带有明显世俗主义特点的中国宗教文化下,亦很难让其超世俗主义的特点得到中土文化的认同。所以在中国的文化体系中,佛教文化一直受到儒家文化的抵制、而其所取得的某些成就也大多是建立在吸收儒家文化的基础之上。不难看出,佛教的超世俗主义的特征在中国的宗教文化中的影响是有限的。明朝末年西方基督教曾一度在中国传播,但因为基督教义与中国的儒家文化存在巨大差别,因此很难得到认同。而在太平天国时期,洪秀全虽扩大了基督教在中国的广泛影响,但其成就仍然是在用儒家文化对基督教义进行改造的基础上取得的。在洪秀全所设计的教义中,其  超世俗性与西方基督教义相较仍有较大差距。当下中国,宣传的宗教观主流是无神论,所以世俗主义等关于宗教的概念亦无从谈起。如今在中国,除了部分教徒之外,大多数人都是不信教者,其世俗主义倾向不言而喻。基督教的原罪之说让人不断地忏悔以得到上帝的原谅,造就了西方人动态的心灵,惊醒的文化精神。因为基督教将人置于神与魔、灵与肉的不断冲突中,使人无法静静地消受生命,人必须超越这有限的现世生活,向来世的天国奋斗,所以人不可能安于现状。尼采等西方哲学家的审美人生观就是以张大个性为前提的,推崇生命的进化,高扬主体的意志力,强调个体的战斗精神。通过个人信念与努力,积极取得上帝的青睐来拯救自己。这种靠个人信念,通过持之以恒的个人灵魂深处的追求与奋斗而获得新生的理论是基督教教义的核心  三:逍遥与拯救不同的宗教体验  身处不同宗教文化的个体在心理和情感等方面有着不同的体验,这涉及人的内在精神世界,在强调现世人伦的中国文化当中,不同的宗教信仰体系都十分注重人的感性心理和自然生命,追求知性知天、穷神达化得境界,从而达到现实人生的最大快乐,这种追求乐感的文化与西方的最感文化形成了鲜明地对比。在中国文化当中,不同的宗教有着不同的宗教情绪和宗教经验,表现出不同的心里体验。但总体来说,无论是道教还是佛教禅宗,都表现出一种对于现实人生的关注和对自然生命的执着。禅宗是明净和澄清的宗教体验,而道教更注重人世间的欢乐,道教讲求以生为乐、以长寿为大乐、以不死成仙为极乐,与佛教的禁欲苦修相比,道教主张人通过“炼丹”就可以达到长生不老、得道成仙的目的。爱是基督教最大的律法,上帝之爱是基督教信仰生活的基本信条,基督徒借此有了爱感,通过爱感来承担现世生活的不幸和苦难,期待上帝之爱的呵护,这种爱感和罪感是基督教最重要的信仰体验,一边是上帝的“救”,一边是人类自身的“赎”,“爱”成为中间的纽带,这种“爱感”使基督教信徒们从沉重的“罪感”当中解脱出来,这种独特的宗教体验使得基督教被称为“爱的宗教”。 4:积极作用与消极的作用  在西方宗教文化发展的过程中,它是一个人们生活所离不开的精神支柱,扮演着极其重要的角色,并贯穿人们生活的方方面面,影响着人们的价值观念、思维方式和行为习惯,上帝是外在的,超自然地存在,人们带着虔诚的心向上帝求教。在中国文化中,自然、天道和人道始终是合为一体的,和谐的传统观念理论侵入人心,在中国人的思想意识当中占有重要的地位,所以人文主义色彩更较浓厚。中国文化注重的是内在世界,崇尚宁静淡雅,西方文化注重外在世界,崇尚有为与进取,是有其宗教文化的历史渊源。宗教是文化的灵魂,文化是宗教的形式。  受感性认识的影响,中国的宗教具有一种相对性、相容性和多元性,它可以和其它宗教并存,教义都比较开放,宗教领袖们也都具有一种阔大的胸襟,宽容的精神。中国人的这种感性包容精神体现出一种强烈的身体化倾向,注重感官的满足,注重生命的享受。认定肉体为自我之本源,肯定感性的生命过程为实在的现实。儒教的现实伦理,道教的养生与长生,佛教的“顿悟”感兴趣的都是现世的生活,是不脱离肉体感性的生活,它的永恒观是肉体的、现世和世俗的。彰显了中国文化的重世俗、重肉体、重感性生命的精神特征。 相对于中国宗教的相对性和相容性,西方的宗教具有绝对性和排他性。基督教神学以为,上帝的神性不可言传,超越一切概念。上帝作为宇宙第一推动力的自然神论,上帝乃事物发展进化的过程神论,上帝为宇宙和谐,秩序,规律的创造者和维持者的宇宙神论,上帝是绝对另一体的超越神论。尤其在欧洲的中世纪,教权高于一切,是衡量一切价值的最高准绳。同时基督教重视灵魂而蔑视肉体,体现了远离世俗,远离感性的特征。这种远离感性生命,对上帝的绝对信仰也体现了西方文化中的理性思维。

Western novels in comparison First, Western novels in the history of the development of Western novels are based on myths and legends of its In ancient times, science developed, out of fear of nature, the working people out of the imagination is the key to many of the world "God", describing the personification of God is a myth; who will describe the deified, that is China opened the world's Pan story, the story of San Juan Five Emperors, the West Greek mythology, Roman mythology, Norse mythology, and so on are all typical East and West, the original novel, is closely linked with the history, as historical records complement the China Pre-Qin prose in the fable, the Han dynasty in the history books, biographies, the Wei and Jin Zhi, Zhi-person novel; the West of ancient Babylon, "the United States and Ji Jia disabilities epic", in ancient Greece, "Homer's epic," "Aesop's Fables "And so on, fall into this category, fiction, novels such novels have been about the characteristics of fiction, it is still not the literary creation, directly from the private collection record, so this type of fiction plot is relatively simple, writing rough Ban Gu said, "On the Street Lane words, hearsay are made of" is a novel kind of accurate assessment of the China's Tang Dynasty, the novel is only from history and literature become a Tang Dynasty culture has developed, the author's ideas are more open, the legend came into being at this time, Li Zhaowei "Liu Yi Chuan", Po Chu's "Everlasting Regret," Wolf's "Everlasting Regret Chuan" And so on, are made in accordance with the creation of the For the fictional story of the Tang Dynasty more emphasis on imagination and literary talent, not just the history of the nature of things, but as the history of Zhi Zhi who is also the novel did not The Legend of the Song Dynasty to the novel on a gradual decline, which followed the rise of this so that after processing will become a scholar so many novel and Romance novels such as "Romance of the Three Kingdoms", "Outlaws of the Marsh", "Journey to the W" The author of such novels is the use of private creative and re-created to describe the circumstances of the touching scenes of brilliant and vivid active in shaping the character known, there are obvious story-telling style of Here by the redevelopment, it will become an independent literary creation rather than things to come together with the civil process, the representative of this type is the "Golden Lotus", it was an open and ordinary life on the road, the reality is that literature has come a long way The development of the latter's "A Dream of Red Mansions" in ancient China Geng Shiba realism to the novels of the "54" after the novelist began to learn from China's western fiction writing practices, and gradually out a new Western novels, is the "Renaissance" after the rapid development of The development of the Middle Ages novel near-stagnation in the West, 14, the end of the century "Renaissance" to overthrow the literature of the Church of control, 15, appeared in the western end of the century to promote freedom of thought and the liberation of personality in order to describe the reality of life and portray characters from all walks of life for the content of the Humanist novels, is to tie in with this type of novel anti-feudal Europe at the time of arising at the same time it also set the novel in the West to human describing the tone of the main Jiaqiu Italy's "Decameron", Spain's Cervantes "Don Quixote" is the kind of representative works of The resulting novel is a classical, elegant favor of its national language to standardize the writing of this novel in 17th century France's most well- As a note on behalf of Corneille's "Cid" neoclassical story of the rise of Western novels have been a language substantially The beginning of the 18th century to promote popular science knowledge, enlightenment of the public consciousness for the purpose of the Enlightenment novels, of which there are relatively well-known German Goethe's "Faust", the United Kingdom Defoe's "Robinson Crusoe" and the Swift "Gulliver's Travels" and so on, this type of novel to the emergence of the bourgeois revolution at the time to mold public In the 19th century, romantic fiction, realistic novels and critical realism novel turn to occupy the leading position in the field of Romantic novels, such as France Victor Hugo's "Notre Dame de Paris", Goethe's "juvenile Witt of trouble" and so on, imaginative, unusual ideas, language and imaginative, strong Efforts to reflect the reality of the novel is the essence of life, and depict typical life of a typical phenomenon in the United Kingdom Dickens, France and Germany are of such novels as a representative of the Critical realism novels exposed the efforts of the decadent feudal system and capitalist society, the dark, in-depth criticism of the reality of evil, France Balzac and Maupassant, the United Kingdom of Charlotte, Bronte, Russia's Tolstoy, Dostoevsky, the United States of a large number of writers such as Mark Twain's works belong to this Value today, the three novels in the West is still the most important of the three types of literary East-West novel on the history of the development of more or less the Second, the characteristics of the novel in the West In addition to the basic characteristics of the novel, the story of the West also have their own characteristics are as follows: 1, the traditional Chinese novel attention to the characters, language and the details of the description, in contradiction to the conflict to display the images, but the character of a single, small changes in the absence of the main Western novels are more people pay attention to the psychological description, stressed that mining figure in the subconscious mind, good at writing full, the changes in the strong sense of the main Again, "coach Lin Feng Snow Mountain Temple" in the figure is only through dialogue and action leads to contradictions and conflicts, but Anna Karenina Wogui before a series of conflicts only with his description of the psychological will be able to express their clear; for poetry in Lin In the performance of her literary talent, and Paul with his inner monologue of the ideal; Zhang Zhong-Yong has only the character, but Jane Eyre's character is the brave, strong, warm, kind-hearted, and so many of the character and rubbing and Cheng' In short, people in the area described in the West has its own unique 2, China compared with Western fiction novel plot twists and turns more and more complete Plot twists and turns, the story is complete fiction China's unique traditional The Wei and Jin Zhi Zhi people on the novel twists and turns with vivid Tang legend in the layout of many of the famous, magnificent anomaly, rigorous and clever, dramatic plot The contents of the Ming and Qing Dynasties novels scattered irregular, undulating waves, Cuoluoyouzhi, careful structure, an integral "A Dream of Red Mansions", everywhere She Fu, Hui turning point, the story of Jia's best Western plot in respect of the outstanding works, although there are many, but it can not be compared with the Chinese 3, concise and lively Chinese language novel, rich in content and rich Western Chinese folk artists absorbed the novel language, at the same time inherited the fine traditions of ancient prose, often a few words will be able to outline the incident or the Western novels in the author includes a broad range of knowledge, involve the community in many ways, so rich in content and rich people can gain knowledge in many Engels said he was in Balzac's novel about 19th century France's domestic situation than he received any reports are Western novels have different characteristics, and also in the West different aesthetic concepts to a certain extent 4, Western novels have been the rule of the feudal culture of oppression Chinese feudal culture makes the development of the novel is extremely difficult, Ming and Qing Dynasties more people to write stories for shame, so many great writers living, creating the conditions are not covered, many of the great works of authors who do not Western novels in the feudal culture makes almost the whole of the Middle Ages in the development of extremely slow, and many talented writers were forced to church services, wrote some of the religious nature of the article dry Third, Western novels in the future prospects for the development of End of the Qing Dynasty, China and the West have begun to understand the other side of the system, the advantages of the novel in the West have been constantly learn from each Of course, due to historical reasons, the Chinese side of the draw a little To this day, the novelist in the West efforts are still two researchers in the novel's artistic charm, although the different languages of each other's appreciation of the arts to a certain extent, but the United States are We have every reason to believe that in the near future, the novel art in the West will ultimately learn from each other and integrate, develop and reach new artistic References: "Foreign Literature" Shanghai Translation Publishing House Zhou Xu Liang "Contemporary Literature election," Zhang Zhong, such as Beijing University Publishing House "Chinese literature history of the development of" Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House Liu Jie "Literary History of Europe" People's Literature Publishing House Yangzhou Han Wu Da-yuan Zhao Rui radish "Three high school language textbook used by the five dates of the" People's Education Press仅供参考,请自借鉴。希望对您有帮助。

中西方文化差异的论文1000字

浅谈中英文化差异新教学大纲规定,九年义务教育初中英语教学的目的是培养学生运用英语进行交际的初步能力。英语考试也逐渐向这个方向靠拢。每种语言都背负着其民族的历史、文化。要谈到英语教学就不能回避中英文化的差异问题。(一)中英文化存在的一些差异一、从词汇的文化负载中看差异词汇中往往负载着许多文化内涵。如在中国虎代表的是百兽之王,词汇中常常出现将门虎子、虎踞龙蟠、虎虎生威等词语。但在英语中虎的地位被狮子所代替。如英国的别称以及前段时间播映的动画片《狮子王》。又如狗在中文中多含贬义:狗腿子、狗奴才等;而在英国文化中狗是人类最忠实的朋友。再如力大如牛(译成:as strong as horse)、a busybody并非大忙人而是“好管闲事的人”、black tea并非黑茶而是红茶、黄色书刊不是yellow book而是dirty book……;因而如果根据字面直译就会闹出大笑话。二、从姓名及称谓中看差异1、结构形式上的差异我们知道,姓名由姓(Family name)与名(Given name)组成。英国人的排列方式是名(Given name)+姓(Family name)而中国人的却与之相反是姓(Family name)+名(Given name)。为什么会存在着这种差异呢?这与两个国家人民的价值观念有关。由于相较而言英国封建制度存在的时间较短,资本主义发展得较早,尤其是文艺复兴时期宣扬个人主义至上的思想,崇尚以个人为中心深深地影响了英国人。因此这个国家的国民具有强烈的个体本位主义,反映在名字上就出现了名在前的形式。而我们中国具有漫长的封建历史,儒家思想根深蒂固。强调中庸之道,反对个人主义。最重视的是家族的传承,体现的是一种群体本位主义。由此出现了将家族标识-姓放在前面而代表个人的名放在后的形式。2、姓氏使用的差异由于我国早在远古姓氏出于图腾,进入封建社会后常以出生地、封地、官职、封号等作为姓氏的来源,将姓作为一种荣誉。因此在姓氏的选择和使用上显得极为谨慎和谦恭。而英国人却在姓名的使用上充分显示了其自我、自由的特征。有人以职业为名,如:Cook库克(厨师);有人以家庭关系为名,如:Johnson约翰逊Jackson杰克逊;有人以天气、季节为名:Snow斯诺(雪)Frost梅弗罗斯特(霜)、Summer萨默(夏天);有人以圣经人物为名:Bible拜布尔(圣经);以长相为名:Strong斯特朗(强壮的)、Longfellow朗费罗(大个子);以神话人物为名:Apllo阿波罗(太阳神)、Hymen海门(婚姻之神)、Mars马尔斯(战神);以动、植物名称为名:Bull布尔(公牛)、Wolf沃尔夫(狼)Rose罗斯(玫瑰花);有的以日期为名:May梅(五月)、Sunday森迪(星期日);以物体名称为名:Stone斯通(石头)、House豪斯(房屋)等林林总总,形形色色,不论美丑。有姓驼背的、有姓坏蛋的、有姓胖、姓瘦的、有叫教堂,有叫灌木(Bush)的……因而我们在翻译英国人姓名时往往用音译而不用直译法。而在取名时又存在着一个更大的差异,那就是在中国社会中子孙及其他位卑者要避尊者讳,不能直呼长辈及位尊者的名讳。例如:唐太宗名李世民,结果观世音菩萨也被改名为观音菩萨;唐朝诗人白居易一生不咏海棠只是因为他的母亲名为海棠。而在英语国家长辈则以子孙使用自己的名字为荣,于是出现了类似查理一世、查理二世的称谓,以及爷孙同名的事来。3、称呼上的差异在非正式场合、平辈人中英两国人都喜欢相互以名字来称呼以示亲密。但在上下辈中的称呼上,就存在着较大的差异。在中国人中需要严守上下辈分的差别,对长辈要用尊称不能直呼其名;在英语国家中则不一定严格照此实行,在非正式场合中或双方关系较为密切的情况下,则常以名字来相互称呼,对父母、师长、领导、长辈等均是如此。常常出现对父母直呼其名的情况。在对亲戚的称呼中,中国人分得很细而英语国家则是较为粗略。例如:uncle一词的中文含义就有伯伯、叔叔、舅舅既有有血缘关系的也有无血缘关系的,是个统称。这与两个国家人民的家族观念有着很深的关系。此外,中国人喜欢以职务和身份来称呼,如王老师、老王等;而英语国家则不会如此,如王老师-M/Miss/Mrs Wang 而不叫Teacher Wang(但在我们初中人教版教材中就曾出现这种错误)。语言是一种工具,由于社会的发展必然出现一些新的词汇,而留心身边日常生活中出现的英语词汇是十分必要的。如:E-mail(电子邮件) teletext(图文电视)homepage(主页) mobile telephone(移动电话)……三、日常交谈规则习惯由于我们日常对语言的听说能力注重得还是不够,尤其是对某些词句在具体语境中如何运用仍没有引起足够的重视。故而在实际运用中常常出现使用了一些句子无论是从语法角度来说还是从语言角度来说并没什么问题的句子但却与英语国家的风俗习惯不相符或是想当然地套用一些母语的语言形式即通常所说的Chinese English,犯一些令人啼笑皆非的错误来。举几个例子来说明。例如:1、对赞扬和感谢的反应就存在着有趣的差异。中国人将自谦当作一种美德,因而在遇到外国人的赞扬与感谢时,外国人说:You did so 中国人的第一反应就是:Oh,或是Well,just so 而这一反应将引来赞美者的不快。正确的回答应是:Thank 2、电话的开场白上的差异Hello, this is May Is that Mary?这是英语中一个简单的电话开场白。中文意义为:您好,我是梅。你是玛丽吗?这里就不能简单地运用中文想当然地用上I am和Are you的句式。3、其他差异对于中国人来说纯粹属于自己的隐私似乎没有,而英国人却极为重视个人隐私。中国人见面喜欢问的年龄、收入、婚姻家庭状况等问题在英国人看来是让人极其恼火的事情。对于这种问题的答案往往是:It’s none of your (这不关你的事。)还有一些习惯用法。如:圣诞快乐应为Merry Christmas而不是Happy Christmas同样是快乐不能通用仅仅是因为习惯而已(初中英语沿海版教材中就曾出现这一错误)。当然,作为分析性语言的中文与作为综合性语言的英语在语法上还存在着相当大的差别。在这里就不详细说明了。(二)如何在教学中解决这些问题浅谈中英文化的差异的意义在于:由于存在差异,我们的母语-中文势必对我们学习英语产生一些负迁移作用,如何通过了解差异,在教学中 避免母语产生的负面影响提高学习效率?主要做好以下两点工作:首先,在搞好英语日常教学的基础上,有目的地在教学中渗透一些交际文化背景。可以让学生进行一些辅助性的课外阅读,或组织英语原声电影、录像、VCD的观看,运用网络,通过一些有声的无声的,有形的无形的,字面的形象的社会文化内涵渗透到学生心中,让学生尽可能地触摸到最原汁原味的英语世界。其次,为学生提供尽可能多的练习机会。在课堂上用纯英语教学,创造一些英语听说氛围。通过创造模拟情景,鼓励学生大胆开口实践,使学生身临其境反复练习,形成良好的英语语感,增强学生在实践中的应对能力。总之,在英语教学中忽视中英文化差异的教学将会直接影响到教学质量,影响学生交际应用能力的提高。唯有注重提高学生对语言背后所蕴含的文化背景、社会知识的了解,才能真正让学生在语言学习运用中立于不败之地。最终达到学习的目的。

文化差异进行论述: 一、物质文化差异 中西方文化在物质文化上的差异主要是指由于中国与西方生产生活习性的不同,中国人吃饭用的餐具是"筷子",西方人则用"刀子和叉子",且中西方饮食中的主食构成不

中西方酒文化的差异论文1000字怎么写的

这些年卖酒颇兴文化开路,不少酒厂查县志市志省志,翻唐诗宋词元曲,引经据典,附庸风雅,其实只不过想证明一件事:酒是陈的香。在这方面国外的葡萄酒就表现得老实许多,哪一年的葡萄,是何品种,哪一年灌装,是何级别,哪一个产区,是何庄园,都白纸黑字写在标签上,并受法律约束。这就体现出中西文化的差异。 而这种差异不仅体现在法制上,同时也体现在文化的各个维度上,比如文字。我看过不少境外介绍葡萄酒的文章,在形容葡萄酒的味道时都用到比喻,但问题也就出在这里。当形容一种酒的口味像浆果、橡子、悬勾子、奶酪的时候,我想一般中国消费者的脑海里除了迷惑还是迷惑——你干嘛不说像麻婆豆腐、京酱肉丝呢?这种典型的沟通障碍显然源于文化差异。葡萄酒文化整体上来说是一种外来文化,同时相对而言也是一种强势文化,要将其所带来的冲击比较、交流、融合并发扬光大,无奈之下,我只好不自量力来给葡萄酒文化下一个定义:所谓葡萄酒文化,就是与葡萄酒相关的法典、制度、传说、风俗习惯、礼仪礼节、语言文学、典章故事,以及其所带来的心理反射和联想的总和。 中西葡萄酒文化的比较,是一件有趣但费力的事。吉尔特·霍夫斯塔德(Geert Hofstede)发现,文化差异体现在四个维度上:个人主义和集体主义;权力距离;不确定性规避;男性主义和女性主义。在此我们不妨以这四个维度来比较一下中西葡萄酒文化的差异。 中国的葡萄酒文化显然是集体主义的,讲究呼朋引伴,开怀畅饮。而西方的葡萄酒文化更为侧重个人主义,表现在两方面,一是既有群聚而饮,也颇多浅尝独酌;二是产品多样化,个性化,突出酿酒师的作用。 中国葡萄酒文化的权力距离大,表现在饮酒礼仪上,就是尊卑、长幼、主客、亲疏分明,一旦破坏距离,就会天下大乱。而西方葡萄酒文化的权力距离较小,更为率意随心。 中国葡萄酒文化是低度不确定性规避,表现在葡萄酒的法制法规不健全,消费者对市场的乱象不以为然,即便对“山野葡萄酒”这种似是而非的酒也处之泰然,产品忠诚度低。西方葡萄酒文化是高度的不确定性规避,法制健全,产品忠诚度高,一旦碰到“疯牛病”那样的事,反应很大。 中国葡萄酒文化是偏男性主义的,“醇酒美人”都不过是男人舒怀、消愁的玩物。而西方葡萄酒文化更多加入了女性主义的因素,偏于中性。 当然,中国现代的葡萄酒文化还不是一个成熟的文化,还在不断地吸收、融合、发展。假以时日,中国的葡萄酒文化必然会有自己独有的特色。

中国人喝白酒的多,西方人基本不喝白酒,以果酒和啤酒为主,中国酒礼可太多了,一时也说不清,各地都不相同,我有个朋友说,他有个外国朋友,外国朋友说过:“我们德国人喝的才叫酒,你们中国人喝的不叫酒,叫酒精”好了,把这个事写到你的论文中吧,这个外国人说的话说明了很多问题,我国酒的酿造工艺非常差,酒精直接对水,像法国的葡萄酒,要选上好的葡萄,还要用橡木桶封装,工艺十分讲究

从文化要素方面考虑中西文化的差异比较全面。即下文提及的知识、信仰、艺术、道德、法律、风俗、技能、社会关系、社会组织、价值观念、行为规范和模式、语言符号、人造物品、物品的式样等方面。 文化要素即文化所包含的各种基本成分。综合前述各种描述,知识、信仰、艺术、道德、法律、风俗、技能、社会关系、社会组织、价值观念、行为规范和模式、语言符号、人造物品、物品的式样等都是文化的要素,举不胜举。为了便于理解和把握,社会学家把文化要素分成以下几类。1.物质要素即文化的物质部分,包括人类创造出来的一切物质产品,其中尤以生产工具最为重要。人类创造文化,必须通过有形的制造品表现出来,如器皿、布衣、建筑物、水坝、公园等改造自然所使用的生产工具,反映了人的需要和技术发展水平,反映了人类改造自然的能力,因此它在各种物质要素中是起决定作用的要素。人们对时代的划分有时是以使用什么样的生产工具为标准的,如石器时代、青铜器时代、铁器时代、机器时代、电气时代等。人们也用使用工具的特性来表示不同的文化,如"青铜器文化"、"电气文化"等。可见工具及使用工具制造出来的物质产业是文化不可缺少的要素。2.精神要素即精神文化,包括哲学、科学、宗教、艺术以及各种思想观念,其中尤以价值观念最为重要。精神文化是文化不可或缺的部分。人们改造自然与社会,创造和享受文化的活动无不是在一定的思想观念指导和推动下进行的,所以观念形态的文化是文化要素中最有活力的部分,尤其是价值观念更是文化的精髓或灵魂,是核心要素。价值观念是人们判断是非、选择行为方向和目标的标准。人们追求什么,鄙弃什么,是由价值观念决定的。价值观是在社会共同生活中培养起来的,所以在一个群体或社会中,会形成大体一致的价值观,这就是群体或社会的价值。群体或社会的价值决定着这个群里或社会的特有生活式样。3.语言和象征符号要素人的交往只有借助语言和符号才能进行,一切知识的继承和传递也只有借助语言和符号才能实现。马林诺夫斯基认为,语言不仅是一个工具体系,而且是一套长期养成发音的习惯。人类学家们长期考察发现,世界上大约有2800种不同的语言,其中大部分语言没有共同的词汇。所以并不是任何不同的语言都可以互相翻译的。译文不可能跟原文完全响应。这说明语言是人们观察世界(甚至是改造世界)的工具。人们用语言在自己的头脑里建造了客观的世界,所以语言不同,对世界的反映也不同。例如对颜色和味道的表达,有的语言词汇很多,可以区分许多极细微的差别,而有的语言词汇很少,区分力很低。中国人常用酸、甜、苦、辣、涩来形容味道,难道世界上所有物质就只有这五种味道吗?中文里有"你"和"您"两个词来表示第二人称,英文中就只有一个"you",以致当中国人面对年长尊贵的美国客人说话时,很不好意思直呼"you"。其实英美人的语言中对年老位高的人表示尊敬,不是用一个词,而是用句型的不同来表达的。这就是中美之间文化的不同。符号是一种无声的语言,也是社会互动的过程中不可缺少的手段,甚至比语言还运用得更广泛。符号有身体的姿势、表情、动作、声音、图形、标志等。有的符号是表征的,如国徽、军旗,有的符号是指意的,如禁止通行的符号,前者含义丰富,后者意义明确。符号的不同也是文化特色的表现。4.规范体系有些人类学家把文化归结为人的行为规范和模式,足见行为规范和模式对于文化的重要性。人们行为办事要有规矩,不同的人办不同的事,要守不同的规矩。规矩就是社会规矩,是人们在社会互动过程中根据需要指定出来或衍生出来的,它是一定的价值观念的具体化,是支撑价值观念的。各种规范互相配合共同调节人们的各种社会行为,以维护社会秩序。世界各国规矩之多,差距之大,令人茫然。不懂规矩,手足无措,说明不懂规范性文化就办不成事。一个不懂宴会礼仪的人参加宴会会感到局促不安,不能顺利地交往;相反在一个普通的家庭聚会上使用正规宴会的礼仪,就令人觉得装腔作势、可笑。规范是一个群体和社会文化的外部表现,所以了解一个群体和社会的文化,首先是从认识规范开始,进而才能达到文化的核心--价值观念立夫经过多年的深思熟虑得出一个结论:中西文明之所以走向不同、发展不同、结果不同,根本是由于中西思维方式的不同使然。思维方式的不同,决定了人类观察世界、处理问题的角度和方法的不同,继而在建立思想理论、构造科学体系、创设技术系统、设定经济体制等方方面面也都不同,甚至人的脾气性格行为、价值观都有不同,最终必然导致文明的走向、发展、结果的统统不同。 举一个现今正在争论的中医为例,中医和西医正是中西两种思维方式演化出的不同学说体系。西医是科学的一种即医学,它完全是用西方的思维方式即形式逻辑构造起来并由实证方法证明的科学体系。中医确实不应该叫科学,中医处处所体现的是中国的思维方式,以及由此种方式格物致知最终才形成的医道。中医无愧于真理,而且它不但能治已病,还能治未病,它完全是由中国思维方式演化出的理论体系。因此中西医是建立在两种思维方式即两种对客观认知与评价体系之上的不同的理论体系。现实当中正是因为中西医的上述不同才使其各有所长、各有所短,所以也就有了今天中西医的结合即两者的相济为用。 西方的逻辑思维、实证方法演绎了西方灿烂辉煌的现代文明,这是世人所熟知并津津乐道的。但是,人们对中国传统的用以格物致知的思维方式却知之甚少,以至今日也无人把它界说认识清楚。这既是最大的悲哀,也是我们中国人面临的最具挑战的并亟待回答的大课题之一。 不能准确、全面、深刻地认识我们自己的中国传统的思维方式,就不可能真正知道这种思维方式的妙处、价值与局限,更不能正确评价和认识我们伟大的古代文明。我经常在问在想为什么春秋战国时期的中国,诸子百家精湛、丰富、深刻的学说,竟如雨后春笋一样地突然暴发?其实仔细想来一个极重要的条件即主观条件,就是中国传统的思维方式在面对并解决非常复杂深刻的客观问题时,已经变得非常地成熟了,可以说到了炉火纯青的地步。这其实恰是中华民族对人类贡献的一大精神硕果,正是这种思维方式影响了我们民族的方方面面,演化出了一切一切。当到了明末清初的时候,随着章回小说的精采纷呈,我们的古代文明的一切方面就全部发展到了极致。 比较中西两种思维方式,可知两者各执一端,各有短长,其不同恰是相反相成,故能相互比较、相互对照、相互启发,以至于相辅相成、相济为用,这是中国与西方各自对人类最伟大的贡献,因而是人类的两大瑰宝。立夫敢于大胆断言,这两种思维方式将共存共济、和而不同地发展下去,直到人类不再存在的那一天。 一百年来我们一直在学习西方,今天我们有了强大的物质基础,取得了初步的成就,面对复杂多变的现实,我们痛感还是少了什么,于是越来越多的人们开始对我们自己传统的思维方式与古代文明重新加以审视,由此我们有希望、有条件比西方人较早地把握这两大法宝,去迎接、去拼搏中华民族伟大复兴的世纪。 由此立夫写了《二十一世纪必将是中华民族的世纪而且是中华民族伟大复兴的世纪》和《中华民族传统的思维方式以及演化出的古代文化为什么必将发生最伟大的维新》,以期抛砖引玉,聆教大家。

文化不知道``就知道`粮食酒和水果酒`

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