美国文学论文英文版1500字数量是多少

论《洛丽塔》中纳博科夫的现代意识 (文化冲突)The Dispiriting Incompatibility of European and American CulturesThroughout Lolita， the interactions between European and American cultures result in perpetual misunderstandings and Charlotte Haze， an American， is drawn to the sophistication and worldliness of Humbert， a E She eagerly accepts Humbert not so much because of who he is， but because she is charmed by what she sees as the glamour and intellect of Humbert’s Humbert has no such reverence for C He openly mocks the superficiality and transience of American culture， and he views Charlotte as nothing but a simple-minded However， he adores every one of Lolita’s vulgarities and chronicles every detail of his tour of America—he enjoys the possibilities for freedom along the open American He eventually admits that he has defiled the country rather than the other way Though Humbert and Lolita develop their own version of peace as they travel together， their union is clearly not based on understanding or Lolita cannot comprehend the depth of Humbert’s devotion， which he overtly links to art， history， and culture， and Humbert will never truly recognize Lolita’s unwillingness to let him sophisticate Eventually， Lolita leaves Humbert for the American Quilty， who does not bore her with high culture or grand 偶然和无常纳博科夫的《洛丽塔》中的混沌 (心里和心理学方面的混乱)The Inadequacy of PsychiatryHumbert’s passion for Lolita defies easy psychological analysis， and throughout Lolita Humbert mocks psychiatry’s tendency toward simplistic， logical In the foreword to Lolita， John Ray， J， PD， claims that Humbert’s tale will be of great interest to psychiatry， but throughout his memoir Humbert does his best to discredit the entire field of study， heaping the most scorn on Freudian For example， he enjoys lying to the psychiatrists at the He reports mockingly that Pratt， the headmistress of Lolita’s school， diagnoses Lolita as sexually immature， wholly unaware that she actually has an overly active sex life with her By undermining the authority and logic of the psychiatric field， Nabokov demands that readers view Humbert as a unique and deeply flawed human being， but not an insane Humbert further thwarts efforts of scientific categorization by constantly describing his feelings for Lolita as an enchantment or spell， closer to magic than to He tries to prove that his love is not a mental disease but an enormous， strange， and uncontrollable emotion that resists easy Nabokov himself was deeply critical of psychiatry， and Lolita is， in a way， an attack on the 以《洛丽塔》为例分析文学内在价值与社会道德规范的冲突解析《洛丽塔》中主人公的悲剧命运论《洛丽塔》的悲剧意义(这段3个主题都有相关，但是不详细)Humbert and Lolita are both exiles， and， alienated from the societies with which they are familiar， they find themselves in ambiguous moral territory where the old rules seem not to Humbert chooses exile and comes willingly from Europe to America， while Lolita is forced into exile when Charlotte She becomes detached from her familiar community of Ramsdale and goes on the road with H Together， they move constantly and belong to no single fixed The tourists Humbert and Lolita meet on the road are similarly transient， belonging to a generic America rather than to a specific In open， unfamiliar territory， Humbert and Lolita form their own set of rules， where normal sexual and familial relationships become twisted and Both Humbert and Lolita have become so disconnected from ordinary society that neither can fully recognize how morally depraved their actions Humbert cannot see his own monstrosity， and Lolita shows only occasional awareness of herself of a Though Humbert sweeps Lolita away so that they can find a measure of freedom， their exile ultimately traps Lolita is bound to Humbert because she has nowhere else to go， and though Humbert dreams of leaving America with Lolita， he eventually accepts that he will stay in America until he Though each of them undergoes one final exile， Lolita to Dick Schiller and Humbert to prison， it is clear that they are first and foremost exiled from their own selves， an exile so total that they could never return to their original places in the worlds they once Exile in L

也称为SMCR模型，S代表源的信息来源，M代表信息消息的收件人接收器上C-信道信道，R代表的代表。传播模式，全面的新理论，哲学，心理学，语言学，人类学，大众传播学，行为科学来解释传播过程中的不同元素。这种模式的传播过程中被分解成四个基本要素：源，信道和受传。贝洛模式的清晰的图像，实现其传播功能的条件，表明信息的传播，通过各种手段和渠道，和最后的结果是不是从该决定的某一部分的影响的信息来源，收件人和资讯传播过程中，但共同决定的信息源，信息通道和四部分组成，沟通过程，以及它们之间的关系，在传播过程中的每个部分由自身因素的收件人。（1）来源的信息研究和信息源的因素如下：传播技术信息源，是否说写入传播一定要注意的传播的方式，为了保持信息本身和有趣的真实性。通信技术，包括语言（如语言和言语技能的清晰度），文本（如文字写作能力），思想（如思维，小心），手势（如自然的动作），和面部表情（如作为现实）。态度：传播者最喜欢的主题的沟通？是否有一个明确的目的传播？够了受传？知识的传播者，传播透彻的了解吗？是否有丰富的知识？社会系统：如何传播者的社会地位，影响力和威望？文化传播者的资格，经验和文化背景？（2）的传播者信息源受传，在两端的通信过程，但在沟通过程中，信息的来源 - 传播者更改所述旁通，旁路也可以成为传播者 - 信息源。受相同的传记因素的传播者，而且通信技术，态度，知识，社会制度和文化项目。（3）信息以下信息数量：符号：语言，文字，图像，和音乐的影响因素。：所选的材料，以达到其目的的传播，包括组成和结构的信息。处理：由符号和内容的选择和编排的“传播者”的决定。渠道：信息传播的各种工具，如各种感觉器官，进行声，光，气，广播，报纸，杂志，广播，电影，电视，电话，记录，图片，图表等。在传播过程中，信息内容，符号，和治疗，会影响信道的选择。如适合用于语音传输的信息是什么？是适合视觉传播什么样的信息？什么样的信息适用于触摸，嗅觉，味觉传播的？贝洛奥里藏特的模型经常被用来解释教育传播过程中，教育和传播过程中，影响和决定的效率和有效性的教学信息通过多种因素影响的，复杂的，因素之间的相互联系，相互制约的。为了提高教育的传播的效果，这是必要的学习和研究的各种因素。贝洛模型通常是在图1-4的形式表示。贝洛奥里藏特模型，以教育传播研究提供了一些结构上的考虑，具有一定的指导研究变量的设计和决定。贝洛奥里藏特的模式更适合解释教育传播过程中。人类活动的传播是非常广泛的，在所有的时间，传播，虽然有些教学活动，教学活动，他肯定是一种沟通。成为一个很好的沟通，并有效地传播知识，技能，教师和学生的思想和行为改变，你必须掌握沟通的理论和方法。贝洛奥里藏特的传播方式是更适合的教学传播系统和结构的要素的研究和解释。该模式是现在经常被用来解释的过程中，教育传播，教育和传播过程的影响，效率和效益的教学信息传播的因素很多也很复杂，相互联系，相互制约的因素之一。

几年前，锻造铸造厂生产任务面临亏损困境的工厂分流减员，减员指令分配到每个车间，压缩淘汰制的员工。 6个仓库的员工，专属于女性工人，年龄在40岁以上，他们通常是团结，工作非常出色，一直被评为先进集体。得分和排名的得分，这6人的小型化指标分配到每个员工按照末位淘汰制的方法，五片，六被淘汰。负责人动员大会，参加在车间后面，试图拿出一些时间来考虑太残忍了，它是不开放给员工。员工已经知道了，我们说，总有一个人去的，每个人票每人提一个多票的人谁离开。所以发给每个人一张空白的纸，让我们写的负责人将被淘汰，“最后一个”，是要走的路第六个人的名字。看到开放的六张11头6个不同的名字，原来，每个员工写自己的名字，自己的六。因此，仓库“最后一个”，直到规定的截止日期还没有出来。与此同时，厂部已收到的6名工人辞职报告。在这个过程中，他的辞职的6名员工。 6名员工，但是，并没有各奔东西，在辞职后的第二天，所有一起，共谋出路。思来想去，我们有没有其他的专业，但作为一个家庭主妇，买菜做饭每日的功课，我们决定从最熟悉的工作，做一个小吃店。像原来在厂里工作，团结和合作，不计较，肯吃苦，小吃店越来越多，规模越来越大，然后有一天，实际上与原来的宅子里合并到了崩溃的边缘。。几年后，已经发展成为一个连锁餐厅。在谈到为什么“6”六女工作人员说，无非是想证明，改革并不总是反映在无情的人之间的竞争。有时，优惠，也许是更积极进取。 1，写了下面的话：（）团结起来，共同努力的边缘（）（）是没有超过（） 2末位淘汰制，“说文的同义字， “什么？本次研讨会末位淘汰制是为什么没有成功呢？ 3，我们为什么要辞职呢？ 4，辞职后的第二天，我们聚在一起，他们会说些什么呢？请写他们讲一两句话来平均： 5，请谈谈你的理解，最后一句的一篇文章的例子。最佳答案 1，很长一段时间，一，面临着;。 2，“末位淘汰制”：每个数据包被裁员一条沟，消除民主投票后，得票最多的。只有六人是因为本次研讨会，他们非常团结，无私的。投票结束后，每个人的选票数是一体的，不能决定谁下岗。 3，因为6个人觉得：下岗，失去的是生命的源泉，但必须去一个人没有人熊看到其中的任何一个处于失业状态，而自己在生活中是安全的。六人一起工作了这么多年的感情，所以他们决定辞职。 4，他们聚在一起讨论未来的方式，其主要观点是：不能等着饿，该名男子在厂子里的泰山移，反弹前于一体，将能够养活自己的家庭，我们一个非技术性的，无关的，只有厨师，决定开一家餐馆。 5，在厂子里，导演说了算，可以说，命运掌握在别人手里，无论多么积极努力，效果并不明显。自己创业自己说了算，可谓树，冬瓜，播种，积极进取，效果是明显的。无法移动时，第一种情况下，考虑到后者可以描述为出路的又一个春天。

你可以从以下几个方面着手：•the difference between the United Kingdom， Great Britain， and England:回答：• The United Kingdom: a country that consists of Great Britain and Northern I • Great Britain: the name of the island northwest of France and east of Ireland that consists of three somewhat autonomous（自治的） regions: England， Wales and S • England is part of Great Britain， which is part of the United K • The UK includes England， Wales， Scotland， and Northern I E Wales， Scotland， and Northern Ireland are not countries but the United Kingdom • The Highlanders: the Scots who live in the mountainous regions of the Highlands in Northern S • They are proud， independent and hardy people who maintain their strong cultural They mainly live by farming sheep in mountain areas or fishing on the coasts and • The reputation of the Scots: inventive， hardworking， serious-minded and cautious with (In the past， they were pioneer settlers and empire builders in places like America， Canada， Australia， South Africa and New Z)• their distinctive national dress: kilt• Bagpipes• The Scots can be recognized by and their particular style of speech and accent 2宗教：回答：• The Catholic Church: refers to the Christian church headed by the P All members of the church accept the gospel of Christ and the teachings of the B Any revolt against the traditional Christian faith was “heresy” • In the Middle Ages， the Popes was extremely In the 16th century， some of the actual beliefs and practices of the Catholic Church were questioned by Protestant doctrines and there was a great deal of persecution by C • The Protestant Church: refers to the Christian church whose faith and practice originated with the principles of the R As the Pope’s political power and religious authority declined in the `6th， Protestant churches sprang up in Northern Europe in opposition to the established Roman Catholic C In Britain， Protestantism gradually became the dominant faith in the Elizabethan • Christianity: refers to all doctrines and religious groups based on the teaching of Jesus C It was founded in the 1st century in P Jesus Christ is accepted by Christians as the son of God， and his teaching is contained in the Bible， the holy book of C In Europe， Christianity is divided into three major Roman Catholic Church， Protestant Church and Orthodox Eastern Church(东正教)学校的不同：回答：British Educaion• Public schools: are the secondary boarding schools that prepare students chiefly for They are supported entirely by fees and private • The name “public school” is traditional one with little meaning today， since far from being public these schools are restricted to a comparatively small section of the • “Public school” is a traditional name with little meaning today， because far from being public， public schools are restricted to a comparatively small section of the • Some people feel， the greatest argument for public schools is the strikingly high proportion of ex-public-school boys occupying senior posts in the government， the armed forces， the church， t he universities， the professions， and even in They say， this proves the superiority of a public school • It was the public schools that laid the foundations of English • In England， parents who are rich and conservative in politics will most probably send their children to public • Three famous public schools in Britain: Eton， Harrow and R• Prep schools: also called preparatory schools， they are private elementary schools in Britain， which prepare their students for public • The prep school curriculum differs considerably from that of the junior school， and there is a distinctive boarding At the age of thirteen， the students will take the “common entrance” examination for admission to a “public school”• The prep school curriculum differs considerably from that of the junior school， since its main target is not the “eleven plus，” but the “common entrance” examination at the age of 13， for admission to a public • The public schools today are no longer as superior and exclusive as they used to • Firstly， their perfect system， their house system and their tradition of sport have been widely adopted in state secondary schools， and ，many grammar schools have academic records which many a public school might • Secondly， many so-called public schools are dependent on an annual grant from the central government， in return for which they award between a quarter and a half of their places to pupils paying reduced fees or none at • Thirdly， all public schools too， except a few of recognized standard， are liable to be inspected by the S• There is thus a gradual progress away from exclusiveness in British • Oxford University was founded in the twelfth It contains about thirty separate • Cambridge University was founded in the thirteenth It contains about twenty separate • There four Scottish universities dating from the 15th and 16th They are St Andrews， Glasgow， Aberdeen， and E • London University has far more students than any other British • “red brick”: is a slightly contemptuous term to refer to the large group of nineteenth-and-twentieth-century universities and university colleges in B• “red brick” describes their construction， which is contrasted with the more dignified and solidlooking ancient stone architecture of Oxford and C • The two widely admired features of Oxford and Cambridge : are te college system and the tutorial • The college system of Oxford and Cambridge: is one whereby all students live in college during at least part of their The value of this system lies in fostering a community spirit in which a useful mingling of intelligence can take • The tutorial system of Oxford and Cambridge: is one whereby each student gets personal tuition once a week in his tutor’s own • Open University: was founded in Britain in 1969 for people who may not get the opportunity for higher education for economic or social It is open to everybody， and does not demand the same formal qualifications as the other It is non- Lectures are broadcast on TV and At the end of the course， successful students are awarded a university • The Welfare State回答：• 1) Britain: a welfare state in the sense that it should ensure， as far as it can， that nobody should be without the means for the minimum necessities of life as the result of unemployment， old age， sickness or over —large • 2) The system of national insurance pays out benefits to people who are unemployed， or unable to earn because they are old or • 3) Free or nearly free medical and dental care is provided for everyone under the National Health S • 4) Supplementary benefits are provided for people who live below the minimum he retirement pension• 1) It may be received by any man from the age of 65 (provided he has made his weekly contributions to the fund) if he ceases to work， and by any woman from the age of • 2) A man who continues to work after the age of 65 gets no pension at first， but when he is over 70 he gets a bigger • 3) People may receive additional pensions by paying higher contributions while they are • 4) There are in addition non-state methods of providing for retirement Family allowances• (1) They are paid directly out of public money contributed by • (2) For the first child of a family， nothing is paid， but an allowance is made for all children after the • (3) The payments continue until a child leaves school and are subject to income • (4) There are special payments for widows who have children;payments continue until a child leaves school and are subject to income • (5) There are special payments for widows who have "meals on wheels"• "meals on wheels" : refers to meals which are prepared by the public authorities in a central kitchen and then distributed to infirm old people by women who belong to voluntary organizations， using their own • "meals on wheels" (1) It is a kind of unpaid service voluntarily performed by public- spirited (2) Meals are distributed to infirm old people in old peoples' homes by women who belong to voluntary organizations， using their own • The grades of the doctors in hospitals : the “housemen“(实习医生) or residents(住院医生) are in the lowest grade and the Consultants are in the highest • "housemen" or residents: refers to those newly-qualified doctors who spend a year or two living in hospitals gaining experience under • the Consultants(会诊医生) must not work in the hospital for the whole of their They may work in the hospital either for the whole of their time or for part of their

美国文学论文英文版1500字数量

Emily Elizabeth Dickinson (December 10， 1830 – May 15， 1886) was an American Dickinson was a prolific private poet， though fewer than a dozen of her nearly eighteen hundred poems were published during her The work that was published during her lifetime was usually altered significantly by the publishers to fit the conventional poetic rules of the Dickinson's poems are unique for the era in which she wrote; they contain short lines， typically lack titles， and often utilize slant rhyme as well as unconventional capitalization and Many of her poems deal with themes of death and immortality， two subjects which infused her letters to Although most of her acquaintances were probably aware of Dickinson's writing， it was not until after her death in 1886—when Lavinia， Emily's younger sister， discovered her cache of poems—that the breadth of Dickinson's work became Her first collection of poetry was published in 1890 by personal acquaintances Thomas Wentworth Higginson and Mabel Loomis Todd， both of whom heavily edited the A complete and mostly unaltered collection of her poetry became available for the first time in 1955 when The Poems of Emily Dickinson was published by scholar Thomas H J Despite unfavorable reviews and skepticism of her literary prowess during the late 19th and early 20th century， critics now consider Dickinson to be a major American

美国文学论文英文版800字数量

美国文学论文英文版2500字数量

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已发送，请查收，一个txt文档英文论文-文学类例文Abstract: Robinson Crusoe is a legendary person created by Daniel D He survived on a lonely island for twenty-eight years with his amazing And finally he overcame the adversity and created the splendor of his own When he was confronting adversity， he knew to lose is another way to gain， and he made plans for his future He did everything according to certain And he never gave Nowadays， people live in a better Nobody would have the experiences like Robinson’s， but people may come across some difficulty or When they are confronting the adversity， they should adjust their attitudes， make plans for the future actively， be good at bringing forth new ideas in adversity， and never give up the hope to get out of it， struggle against it indomitably like Robinson C Eventually they will get out of the adversity， and create the splendor of their own Key Words: adversity; hope; innovation; perseverance; splendorIntroductionIt is well known that Robinson Crusoe is a great character by Daniel D Though Robinson is a fictitious great person， he tells people the truth that we should confront the adversity Robinson Crusoe’s life is full of He was born in a good family in the city of Y Owing to his rambling thoughts about going to the sea， he broke loose to be a sailor against his parents’ Unfortunately， he was caught by the Morning and became a slave at the African Because of the unbearable life， he escaped from his Patron in a Then he was saved by a And he was sent to Brazils He became rich by But when some one suggested going to the sea to buy and sell Negroes， he surrendered himself to his dream Then he stepped on his way to navigation to A On the way there， they were caught in a violent storm， which brought death to everyone except R He was driven by the current and drifted to an island and was Since then he began his life on the

American literature refers to written or literary work produced in the area of the United States and Colonial A For more specific discussions of poetry and theater， see Poetry of the United States and Theater in the United SOverviewDuring its early history， America was a series of British colonies on the eastern coast of the present-day United S Therefore， its literary tradition begins as linked to the broader tradition of English However， unique American characteristics and the breadth of its production usually now cause it to be considered a separate path and Colonial literatureSome of the earliest forms of American literature were pamphlets and writings extolling the benefits of the colonies to both a European and colonist John Smith of Jamestown could be considered the first American author with his works: A True Relation of Virginia (1608) and The General Historie of Virginia， New England， and the Summer Isles (1624) Other writers of this manner included Daniel Denton， Thomas Ashe， William Penn， George Percy， William Strachey， John Hammond， Daniel Coxe， Gabriel Thomas， and John LThe religious disputes that prompted settlement in America were also topics of early A journal written by John Winthrop discussed the religious foundations of the Massachusetts Bay C Edward Winslow also recorded a diary of the first years after the Mayflower's Other religiously influenced writers included Increase Mather and William Bradford， author of the journal published as a History of Plymouth Plantation， 1620– Others like Roger Williams and Nathaniel Ward more fiercely argued state and church Some poetry also Anne Bradstreet and Edward Taylor are especially Michael Wigglesworth wrote a best-selling poem， The Day of Doom， describing the time of Nicholas Noyes was also known for his doggerel Other early writings described conflicts and interaction with the Indians， as seen in writings by Daniel Gookin， Alexander Whitaker， John Mason， Benjamin Church， and Mary R John Eliot translated the Bible into the Algonquin Jonathan Edwards and Cotton Mather represented the Great Awakening， a religious revival in the early 18th century that asserted strict C Other Puritan and religious writers include Thomas Hooker， Thomas Shepard， Uriah Oakes， John Wise， and Samuel W Less strict and serious writers included Samuel Sewall， Sarah Kemble Knight， and William BThe revolutionary period also contained political writings， including those by colonists Samuel Adams， Josiah Quincy， John Dickinson， and Joseph Galloway， a loyalist to the Two key figures were Benjamin Franklin and Thomas P Franklin's Poor Richard's Almanac and The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin are esteemed works with their wit and influence toward the formation of a budding American Paine's pamphlet Common Sense and The American Crisis writings are seen as playing a key role in influencing the political tone of the During the revolution itself， poems and songs such as "Yankee Doodle" and "Nathan Hale" were Major satirists included John Trumbull and Francis H Philip Morin Freneau also wrote poems about the war's Early US literatureIn the post-war period， The Federalist essays by Alexander Hamilton， James Madison， and John Jay prepresented a historical discussion of government organization and republican Thomas Jefferson's United States Declaration of Independence， his influence on the Constitution， his autobiography， the Notes on the State of Virginia， and the mass of his letters have led to him being considered one of the most talented early American Fisher Ames， James Otis， and Patrick Henry are also valued for their political writings and The first American novel is sometimes considered to be William Hill Brown's The Power of Sympathy (1789) Much of the early literature of the new nation struggled to find a uniquely American European forms and styles were often transferred to new locales and critics often saw them as For example， Wieland and other novels by Charles Brockden Brown (1771-1810) are often seen as imitations of the Gothic novels then being written in EUnique American styleWith the War of 1812 and an increasing desire to produce uniquely American work， a number of key new literary figures appeared， perhaps most prominently Washington Irving， William Cullen Bryant， James Fenimore Cooper， and Edgar Allan P Irving， often considered the first writer to develop a unique American style (although this is debated) wrote humorous works in Salmagundi and the well-known satire A History of New York， by Diedrich Knickerbocker (1809) Bryant wrote early romantic and nature-inspired poetry， which evolved away from their European In 1835， Poe began writing short stories -- including The Masque of the Red Death， The Pit and the Pendulum， The Fall of the House of Usher， and The Murders in the Rue Morgue -- that explore previously hidden levels of human psychology and push the boundaries of fiction toward mystery and Cooper's Leatherstocking tales about Natty Bumppo were popular both in the new country and Humorous writers were also popular and included Seba Smith and Benjamin P Shillaber in New England and Davy Crockett， Augustus Baldwin Longstreet， Johnson J Hooper， Thomas Bangs Thorpe， Joseph G Baldwin， and George Washington Harris writing about the American The New England Brahmins were a group of writers connected to Harvard University and its seat in Cambridge， M The core included James Russell Lowell， Henry Wadsworth Longfellow， and Oliver Wendell Holmes， SIn 1836， Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803-1882)， an ex-minister， published a startling nonfiction work called Nature， in which he claimed it was possible to dispense with organized religion and reach a lofty spiritual state by studying and responding to the natural His work influenced not only the writers who gathered around him， forming a movement known as Transcendentalism， but also the public， who heard him Emerson's most gifted fellow-thinker was perhaps Henry David Thoreau (1817-1862)， a resolute After living mostly by himself for two years in a cabin by a wooded pond， Thoreau wrote Walden， a book-length memoir that urges resistance to the meddlesome dictates of organized His radical writings express a deep-rooted tendency toward individualism in the American Other writers influenced by Transcendentalism were Bronson Alcott， Margaret Fuller， George Ripley， Orestes Brownson， and Jones VThe political conflict surrounding Abolitionism inspired the writings of William Lloyd Garrison and his paper The Liberator， along with poet John Greenleaf Whittier and Harriet Beecher Stowe in her world-famous Uncle Tom's CIn 1837， the young Nathaniel Hawthorne (1804-1864) collected some of his stories as Twice-Told Tales， a volume rich in symbolism and occult Hawthorne went on to write full-length "romances，" quasi-allegorical novels that explore such themes as guilt， pride， and emotional repression in his native New E His masterpiece， The Scarlet Letter， is the stark drama of a woman cast out of her community for committing Hawthorne's fiction had a profound impact on his friend Herman Melville (1819-1891)， who first made a name for himself by turning material from his seafaring days into exotic Inspired by Hawthorne's example， Melville went on to write novels rich in philosophical In Moby Dick， an adventurous whaling voyage becomes the vehicle for examining such themes as obsession， the nature of evil， and human struggle against the In another fine work， the short novel Billy Budd， Melville dramatizes the conflicting claims of duty and compassion on board a ship in time of His more profound books sold poorly， and he had been long forgotten by the time of his He was rediscovered in the early decades of the 20th Anti-transcendental works from Melville， Hawthorne， and Poe all comprise the Dark Romanticism subgenre of literature popular during this

中国古代文学论文1500字数量是多少

看看（社会科学前沿）吧

从类群的角度来划分中国古代文学，长期以来我们看到的有民间文学、妇女文学、宫庭文学或者贵族文学等，还有臣妾文学和圣哲文学等提法。然而，一个十分显著的文学类群却没有得到应有的重视，这就是帝王文学。不过，主要从经济效益着眼的世俗的看重如出版帝王诗集、文集的现象也有一些，但都谈不上深入的理论认识评价。在中国文学经二十世纪初开始质的大变革至今历经百年、正待飞跃发展为新的中国文学伟大形态的今天，应当从文学自身本质规律出发来解析这一独立于中国文学主流但又起着特殊作用的文学类群。一、一种独特的中国古代文学类群中国古代帝王文学，作为一种文学类群是一种十分独特而又悠久的客观存在。在先秦文学中，帝王文学的现象已经非常突出。中国文学史上第一篇有名姓的文学作品竟然是帝王文学。《古诗源》一书的开头，第一篇作品就是舜帝的《南风歌》。还有这样一种说法是，伏羲"仰观天象，俯察地理"，"画"出了我国哲学和文学融为一体的最早作品--八卦。在我国第一部政治议论散文集《尚书》中，收集了孔子这个伟大的教育家和编辑家之前历代帝王中产生的最有名的文章，如《尧典》、《大禹谟》、《秦誓》等。而在孔子编辑的文学教材《诗经》中，包含了不少帝王所作的诗歌。在中央集权制的封建社会中，皇帝重视"文武之道"，大都有一定的文学创作能力。诗歌是中国人最重视的表情达意的工具，作为"万物皆备于我"的帝王自然也不例外。从中国文学史上看，封建专制社会自第一个皇帝秦始皇起，汉高祖刘邦、楚霸王项籍、汉武帝、唐太宗、宋太祖等有名的帝王，尽管"稍逊风骚"、"略输文采"，但还是大都有诗歌创作传世。帝王之中，也应当包括农民起义领袖中自立为帝的黄巢、洪秀全等人。他们大都是书生出身，有一些"咏菊"之类霸气十足的"言志"诗作流传于世。封建专制社会全盛时期的清代的皇帝更是接受了严格的孔孟之道的教育，讲究"文治"，重视诗歌创作。据说乾隆皇帝是写诗最多的人，有四万多首，不过他的诗作质量不高。漫长中国封建社会中唯一的女皇帝武则天，可以说是秘书出身，诗作颇有可观之处。至于那些"守业"的皇帝，在接受教育时都学习了诗教课程，在政治生涯中也就写出了不少的文学作品。从上述认识已经可以看出，中国帝王文学是一个不容忽视却也没有得到应有重视的现象。尤其值得一提的是，帝王文学还出现了中国文学中出类拔萃的作品。中国帝王文学虽然大部分作品质量不高，但少数的一些文学精品却在各方面都达到一流的文学水平。特别突出的是魏晋时期三曹的诗歌散文。魏王、后被儿子追封为"魏武帝"的曹操，所作诗歌和散文在帝王文学中是非常显著的。他的作品，胸襟阔大，苍凉悲壮，其层次之高即使终生从事创作的"专职"文学家也很少人可以企及。他的大儿子、篡汉称帝的曹丕，不但是一个诗人，而且文学评论文章更为知名。被封为王的曹植，诗歌尤其哀艳凄绝，水平高超。更为难得的是，作为中国文学史上唯一的现象--父子三人既是开基创业的帝王又是文名卓著的文学家，还竟然开创了一个时代的文学--建安文学。南唐末代皇帝李煜，诗词达到一个高峰。作为退职的帝王却抹不去帝王的烙印，但在诗歌中也就没有了忠君爱国的传统和偏狭的政治志向，以致于上升到人生悲剧的哲理境界。由于帝王大都是出类拔萃的人物，只要他们认真去创作，其诗文同样的超拔也就是顺理成章的事了。尽管如此，由于种种原因，帝王文学在中国古代文学史上无意中形成了一种被人们敬而远之的现象。人们不大愿意也不大敢于玩赏和评议帝王文学。帝王文学那股唯我独尊、凌驾群伦的雄风和霸气，使得处于弱者地位的人们在本能上就已经产生排斥拒绝的心理。而封建等级观念重重束缚的臣民更不敢公开地指点评论，须知"大不敬"的罪名是要受到株连九族的处罚的。这就是帝王文学之所以没有得到正视的突出原因。但是，模糊了帝王文学这一有机组成部分的中国文学，不是完善的文学系统。因而中国人的心理世界的反映也就明显地缺少一个重要组成部分。仅拿创作观念和主导思想来说，恰恰是帝王文学很少存在那种以孔孟之道为指导的封建观念。这样，人们常用不同的称呼的"龙凤文学"、"天子文学"、"政治文学"、"圣哲文学"，其实也就是帝王文学，就不能不引起我们的正视了，进而还应认真地剖析它的本质。二、畸形的阳刚文学的产生在中国历史上，所谓帝王这些极其重要的几百个人物，统治了世世代代的亿万臣民。以他们的名字作为皇朝的代号，本身就是文学研究中的一个重要的社会因素课题。而他们的文学作品，也成为一种独特的景观，需要认真对待。可以说，不认识中国帝王文学，便无从把握中国文学，也就无从深入地探究中国人的内心世界，无从建构新的中国文学和中国人的精神世界。笔者认为，中国帝王文学是一种畸形的阳刚的文学，其产生是一种中国社会特有的现象。帝王文学反映了一种人类个体和群体生命所独有的精神现象。从精神上进行心理分析，凌驾群伦的帝王文学表现了帝王作为个体对于群体无以复加的高傲心态，也集中反映了中国人心理深处本能极度膨胀而又与封建理性高度统一的意识。古代中国政治心理的特点，是一种二律悖反，一方面是常规的理性即儒家的教化--对于帝王来说只是治理他人的工具，另一方面是政治中心首脑的权力的无限制发挥和本能的极度发泄。与之相对，臣民只能有阴柔女性的态度，只能在自虐的俯首贴耳中产生"移情"式的或者阿Q式的精神满足。帝王则在俯视芸芸众生中得到人生无与伦比的快感。刘邦的回归诗句"大风起兮云飞扬，威加海内兮归故乡"，宋太祖的咏月诗句"未出海底千山黑，才到中天万国明"，曹操的"日月之行，若出其中"，等等，都形象地说明了这一点。帝王都是要统一天下的，正所谓"天下一家"，而且都憧憬着"系之万世"。"率土之滨，莫非王臣"，任何他们所知道的大地上的生物都要受到帝王的统治和宰割。在人类历史上，他们居然也能长达数百年地做到这一点。这样少见的古代文学所反映的心理现象，难道不应当进行认真的分析吗!须知，由中国特有历史性条件所决定的这种心理所影响的群体心态，今天仍然在中国人的意识中根深蒂固。中国帝王文学有着一致公认的理论基础即孔孟之道。如果寻找中国帝王文学在理论层面的东西的话，那么只能说孔孟之道是其集中的发展形态。而反映帝王心态深处最本真的法家的帝王之道，在帝王的口头上也在文学的主张中一般是不会被明白道出的。尽管孔孟之道实际上只是帝王教育之道和辅弼帝王之道，但它确实是一种居高临下的封建观念系统，如"内圣外王"等。封建帝王是很乐于表白自己符合这一儒家教条的。其实，真实的帝王之道是"道儒法并举"、"霸王道杂之"。道儒法的理论深处都存在着高人一等的统治、制约、教导民众的圣王心态，都属于统治阶级的意识形态。中国封建社会特定的经济、政治、地理等条件产生了帝王文学。封建社会的生产方式是自耕自足的小农自然经济，但因此也就需要一个中央集权专制的皇帝来保障统一，消除战争。于是，帝王应运而出，他们的志向都是统一天下，传世无穷。他们的文学主要表达这种志向。在帝王之下，一切人都成为被统治的和被宰割的，包括文学家。这些文学家，都只能在作品中表达自己的臣服忠诚心理，或者只能在这种心理的前提下抒情言志。尤其是男性的文学家大都是如此。倒是个别的女作家，由于没有了政治发展的可能而注重人生的欲望和情性，反倒写出更多真实情性的日常生活题材的作品。无论如何，应当承认中国古代帝王文学有充足的理由作为一种独特的文学类群受到重视。三、帝王文学的特征中国古代帝王文学有着显著的区别于其他中国古代文学的特质。当然，有的特点和一般文学的特点有相同之处，如政治性，但即使是政治性在帝王文学中也是更为突出的。一、政治化极强的文学内容。这一点，与一般中国文学是相同的，只是帝王文学所反映的政治内容处于最高层次，无人敢于摹仿效法。帝王文学是社会政治需要即中央集权专制的政治愿望和统治内容的表达。"普天之下，莫非王土;率土之滨，莫非王臣。"早在黄帝时代就有了天下一家的政治主张。"大风起兮云飞扬，威加海内兮归故乡。"刘邦的诗歌，是当时任何人也不敢唱出来的。这种帝王政治，正如王夫之所说"天假其私以行其大公"。越是独裁专制，越是追求家族世袭，反而小农经济的社会越能长治久安，繁荣富强。因而，帝王的吼叫成为历史的巨响，这在文学中是独一无二的。在文学和政治关系上的认识上，同孔孟之道出于一辙，帝王们完全把文学当作政治的附庸。不过，文学家也大都是这样认识的，正像孔夫子一样他们毕生最愿从事的是政治事业而不是"雕虫小技"的文学。文学，对他们来说是政治事业的一个工具，不可能是一种专门的事业。这一点，也是中国文学和西方文学不同的地方。西方文学家将文学作为生命投入的人生大事业，这一事业在改造社会的人类大道上是和政治事业并驾齐驱的。二、唯我独尊的个体精神心理现象。佛罗伊德认为，人的意识最深处存在着本能核心。这种本能具有扩张性、残忍性、盲目性，以追求快感为最高真理。帝王在封建理性的辩证统一中，无限度地扩张其本能，以致明目张胆地认为自己--儒家也极力鼓吹--是天下一人，唯我独尊，凌驾群伦。宇宙万物尽为所驱，狂妄到了无以复加的地步。中国帝王成为一种畸形大写的人。他们的诗歌，也表现了这种妄自尊大而又是社会需要的心态。霸王项羽狂歌："力拔山兮气盖世……"魏王曹操吟诵："日月之行，若出其中;星汉灿烂，若出其里……"看来，此类人物都需要这样一种自大到了近乎疯狂的心态。而一般的文学，谁人敢于如此狂妄!三、主体表现的阳刚雄壮。中国文学，已经有学者称为"臣妾文学"和"阴柔文学"，笔者认为用"秘书文学"来称呼更为确切。秘书这种社会组织的特定职务，具有从属性、服务性和被动性。几乎所有著名的文学家，都做过皇帝的秘书职务。第一个有名有姓的文学家屈原，诗歌成就最高的"诗仙"李白，忧国忧民的"诗圣"杜甫，道儒佛并举的苏东坡等，都有正式的秘书职务。一般文学家，无不以秘书职务的获得为进取之道。因而，他们也就带上了秘书的特性。再加上，封建社会遵从孔孟之道，将文学作为政治的附属工具。这样一来，与欧洲文学家相比，中国文学家群体不能不表现出一种更为欠缺独立自主的弱势来。就连称为豪放派的登上词作最高峰的辛弃疾都把自己比喻为受到皇帝冷遇的美女。他在《摸鱼儿》一词中写道："长门事，准拟佳期又误，娥眉曾有人妒。千金纵买相如赋，脉脉此情谁诉?"年轻时自信"会当凌绝顶，一览众山小"的杜甫也发出弃妇一样的哀叹："日暮倚修竹，天寒翠袖薄。"。大诗人被称为"诗仙"、"诗鬼"、"诗圣"等，却没有像西方诗人那样被称作"诗帝"或"诗王"。而帝王文学却正好相反，其阳刚亢奋到了变态地步，为所欲为，不可一世。以"天子一怒，伏巳百万"的凶残，以抢夺"天下之妻女，以奉我一人之淫乐"的淫威，以"宁可我负天下人"的告白，傲视着匍伏在脚下的臣民。自然而然，在文学中的表现，主体性最为强烈，阳刚与雄壮就"舍我其谁"了。

华东师范大学硕士学位论文中国古典小说中侠士形象的类型及演变姓名：段红伟申请学位级别：硕士专业：中国古代文学指导教师：王意如20070901论文摘要游侠是中国古代社会中的特殊人群，在不同的历史时期，曾经对社会政治产生不同的作用。战国、西汉时期，游侠盛行，《史记》《汉书》均设《游侠列传》记载其事迹。此后，由于帝王的禁止、镇压，游侠稍衰，《史记》《汉书》以后的各朝正史中，史家不再专门为游侠立传了。有关这一人群的情况，仅散见于史乘、笔记，缺乏系统的记载，因而人们对西汉以后他们的活动情况，往往知之甚少。于是形成了这样一个特殊局面：讨论汉以后的侠士，不能再借助于史书的支持了。而中国古代文学作品中则出现了不少以侠士为题材的作品，如唐传奇中的豪侠小说，清代的一些侠义小说等。由历史现实到文学创作，由两汉到明清，侠士的特征产生了异变。那么，如果将代表实录阶段的历史文献《史记》和文学作品唐传奇以及以《三侠五义》等为代表的侠义公案小说作为文本，结合时代特点、文化背景、创作心理、读者的接受心理等因素来解读，我们就可以找出中国古典文学作品中侠士形象的类型以及演变线索和演变原因。本文在对中国古典武侠小说进行梳理的基础上，拟从古典武侠小说中侠士形象的类型、侠士形象的演变、侠士形象演变之原因等三方面来考察中国古典武侠小说中的侠士形象，并对其进行类型分析，揭示其演变轨迹。全文共分三章。第一章在对“侠”的含义重新界定的基础上，归纳中国古典武侠小说中侠士形象的类型及行侠特征。第二章从古典武侠小说中侠士形象产生的渊源入手，从侠士身份、地位的变化，侠士行侠方式的变化，侠士侠义观念的变化等几个方面来分析侠士形象的演变。第三章分析中国古典武侠小说中侠士形象演交之原因，揭示其发展演变与时代背景、宗教、读者接受心理之关系。关键词：武侠小说侠士形象类型分析发展演变AbstractOn the type and evolution of chivalrous swordsman’simage in Chinese classical novelsChivalrous swordsman is a special population of the allciCUt Cllinese society．indifferent historicat periods，they had different effects on the political and the society．ChivalrOUS SWOrdsmall is popular in Warring States and the Western Hall period．”Historical Records”．”Han”printed”chivalrous swordsman”Biography to recordtheir deeds，Afrer that，as the empcrots7ban and repression，chivalroan swordsmanslightly declined，after’’Historical Records”，”Han”，history is no longer exclusivelyfor the historians to write biographies for the chivalrous swordsman．Something aboutthis crowd is only scattered among Shicheng，notes，because of the lack of records，people know little about them after the Western Han period，The result is such aspecial situation：When people discussed the chivalrous swordsman after Han，theyno longer use”history”to suppoft．While ancient Chinese literary works appeared in anumber of valiant werk as atheme of chivalrOUS SWOrdsmall，such as the 1'angDynasty Knight novels，and some chivalry Novels of the Qing Dynasty．From the historical reality to literature，from the Han Dynasty to the Qing"thefeatures of chivalrous swordsman produced mutation．WeU．if the”HistoficalRecords”，and the romances of the Tang Dynasty，”San Xia Wu Yi，”is used as therepresentatives of chivalry Detective novels as text，combining with thecharacteristics of the times，cultural backgrounds and creative psychology，readersacceptive psychology，we can find the type，the evolution of clues and reasons ofchivalrous swordsman’s image of Chinese classical literature．This paper is intended to observe chivalrous nwordnman。S image of theChinese classieal novels，and identify its eVOlUtion orbit．，on the basis of the proposedclassical martial arts from the type of chivalrous swordsman。s image ofChinese classical hoveIs，the evolution of chivalrous swordsman。n image andthe development of chiralrous swordsman‘s image．This paper is divided into threg chapters．The first chapter discuss the origins ofchivalrous nwordsman’s image and conelude the types of chivalrousswordsman’s image and its characteristics on the basis of the refine of the meaningof Chivalry．The second chapter analyze the evolution of chivalrousswordsman。s image from their identity，status changes，valiant distress motives．distress purpose．distress of changes in the ways of knight of chivalry．nc thirdchapter analyze the development and the reasons of classical Chinese martial arts ofchivalrous swordsman’n image，reveal the relations between theirdevelopment，evolution and historical background'religion，readers acceptivepsychology．Key words：martial arts，chivalrous swordsman’n image，type analysis，evolution学位论文独创性声明本人所呈交的学位论文是我在导师的指导下进行的研究工作及取得的研究成果。据我所知，除文中已经注明引用的内容外，本论文不包含其他个人已经发表或撰写过的研究成果．对本文的研究做出重要贡献的个人和集体，均已在文中作了明确说明并表示谢意．作者签名：陴魄珥堂学位论文授权使用声明本人完全了解华东师范大学有关保留、使用学位论文的规定，学校有权保留学位论文并向国家主管部门或其指定机构送交论文的电子版和纸质版．有权将学位论文用于非赢利目的的少量复制并允许论文进入学校图书馆被查阅．有权将学位论文的内容编入有关数据库进行检索．有权将学位论文的标题和摘要汇编出版．保密的学位论文在解密后适用本规定．学位论文作者签名：Ph千日期：型皿导师签名：参乞移日期．卿．，，．)t中国古典小说中侠士形象的类型及演变序言侠士是中国封建社会中的一部分特殊人群，是一种具有传奇色彩的英雄人物，是人们仰慕的对象。侠文学就是以侠客义士为主角，以歌颂侠义精神为主旨的文学作品。它包括传记、诗歌、戏剧、小说等文学样式。武侠小说是中国小说领域一个非常重要的小说类型，是侠文学中最为活跃的一支。但长期以来，中国武侠小说一般被认为是大众文学，不登大雅之堂，很少成为学术研究的对象。自二十世纪八十年代以来，武侠小说尤其是金庸、梁羽生、古龙、温瑞安等人的“新派武侠小说”风靡全国，倾倒了无数大众读者，这一文化现象才引起了一些有识学者的关注，并从不同的角度对武侠小说予以专门的研究。目前，研究武侠小说的大部分论著是从文学史或文化史的角度进行研究，如陈平原的《千古文人侠客梦·武侠小说类型研究》就是从小说类型的角度进行研究的，其中也涉及人物形象，但不以人物形象为主。曹正文的《中国侠文化史》主要是对中国侠文化及武侠小说史的研究。韩云波的《中国侠文化：积淀与承传》是从侠文化整体的积淀与承传方面进行研究的，其中也有研究武侠小说的章节，如第六章《中国侠文化语境中的武侠小说》，第七章《中国武侠小说与东西方文化交融》，但也没有详细对中国古典小说中侠士的形象进行总体研究。其他著述间或也有对武侠小说类型研究和人物形象研究，但都不以研究侠士形象为重点。研究武侠小说的论文也较丰富，如袁良骏的《鲁迅与“侠”文化》，王湘华的《清代侠义小说中的义侠变异现象及其成因探析》，罗嘉慧的《“侠义”的蜕变及历史定位》，田劲松的《唐代豪侠小说初探》，刘希欣的《游侠、豪侠、官侠》，汪聚应的《清代侠义小说中侠客形象主体人格的蜕变》等，都是或从某一角度、或从某一历史阶段的研究。因此，详细全面地对中国古典小说中侠士的形象进行总体的研究还有较大空间。本文在上述研究的基础上，旨在全面地对中国古典武侠小说进行梳理，力图理清中国古典武侠小说的发展脉络，考察武侠小说中的侠士形象，并以侠士的行侠目的为标准对侠士形象进行分类，并探寻其演变轨迹。拟解决的关键问题是侠士是如何从先秦两汉时期的行侠行为“不轨于正义”演变到清代的侠士与官府合作，行侠行为符合统治阶级的要求，而“必轨于正义”的。本文的特色与创新之处是：不从文学史或文化史发展的角度，也不从小说类型的角度来考察中国古典小说中的侠士形象，而是以小说中的侠士人物形象为切入点，以侠士的行侠目的为划分标准，为侠士形象归类，探讨侠士的行侠方式的演变，侠士的侠义观念为何从先秦两汉时期“其行不轨于正义”的“以武犯禁”演变到清代与官府合作，“为王前驱”，为朝廷尽忠效命的“轨于正义”而“以武纠禁”，并详细分析其演变原因。第一章中国古典小说中侠士形象的类型第一节 “侠”含义的界定“侠”这一概念，最早见于韩非子的《五蠹》：“儒以文乱法，侠以武犯禁”。他给侠下了这样的定义：“其带剑者，聚徒属，立节操，以显其名，而犯五官之禁”。并说“群侠以私剑养”。(1)关于侠的影响，韩非予在另一篇《六反》中作了补充说明：“行剑攻杀，暴傲之民也，而世尊之日廉勇之士。活贼匿奸，当死之民也，而世尊之曰任誉之士”。(2)韩非子把中国之侠的一些特征概括为：目无法纪，聚众藏奸，好武扬名，擅