关于俄罗斯经济的论文摘要英文怎么写的

关于俄罗斯经济的论文摘要英文怎么写

With the advent of the knowledge-based economy， changes in management， accounting work will focus increasingly on the evolution of information processing of knowledge， information and application of the judge， so the community's accounting staff also made higher Knowledge-based economy era， the global economy had a profound impact， but also a change in the accounting Traditional manual accounting are losing their New financial management concepts required to join the competition and the concept of co-operation and

Russia is the strongest economic strength， the former Soviet Union Part of the former Soviet Union placed the backbone of the economy in Russia， the industrial sector is complete， a complete system， but also the relatively advanced technology and Prior to the dissolution of the Soviet Union， the Russian Federation as the national economic development and the All-Union has experienced a rapid growth in the previous 60 years ，70-80's decline to the late 80s early 90s the continuing decline back to the evolution of the After the disintegration of the former Soviet Union， Russia and the United States and other Western countries accept all the recommended prescription for economic reform and adopt "shock therapy" to implement large-scale privatization and full liberalization as the core of the radical economic reform in fiscal， monetary， privatization and other areas of a series of policy blunders occur， leading to prolonged economic 1998 Russian financial crisis， and all macroeconomic indicators deteriorated In 1999 by the ruble devaluation and the rise in international oil prices as well as the Primakov Government to drastically adjust their economic policies， the strengthening of national macroeconomic regulation and control internal and external factors such as the combined effects of the momentum of the Russian economy has shown improvement in key economic indicators have basically returned to the financial crisis In 2000， Putin continues to implement the socio-economic stabilization policies， refused to engage in "shock therapy" and the radical free-market economic reforms， efforts to improve the domestic investment environment to attract foreign To intensify the implementation of tax reform， simplify taxes， reduce taxes， promoting domestic industrial recovery and Foreign use of the international oil prices rose as the favorable situation to conduct "energy diplomacy" to expand foreign markets， Russia to further consolidate the momentum of economic recovery， macro-economic indicators rose Russian economy in 2001 continued the momentum of last year's strong rebound and continue to advance It is estimated that annual GDP growth rate is expected to reach 5% (the 2001 global economic growth is expected to more than 5% of countries， only China， India and Russia， three countries)， ranking third in the Political stability， agricultural production， oil prices， domestic market These signs indicate that the most difficult stage of the Russian economy is over， started to enter a virtuous Russian Academy of Sciences Institute of World Economy and International Relations forecast in 2002 Russia will maintain a growth rate of 5% The Russian Federation has enormous economic Agriculture and industry and better Industrial and agricultural output value accounting for about 70% of the former Soviet U Russia's agricultural production and a continuous decline in recent years， but in the national economy still occupy an important Russian Federation industry complete machinery， iron and steel， nonferrous metals， petroleum， natural gas， coal， forest and chemical-based heavy Military industry is a pillar industry of the Russian machine-building With a wealth of raw materials， coupled with years of industrial policy tilt， Russia's heavy industry is well On the contrary， the development of light industry is far from satisfying the needs of the Russian Russian service sector more developed， the proportion in the national economy increases every year， in the economic restructuring， the service industry is expected to continue to Russia's foreign trade， the main target countries are former Soviet republics and Eastern European Trade with Western countries in a faster In recent years economic and trade with China is also developing， in particular the rapid development of border trade以下是中文的翻译俄罗斯是前苏联地区经济实力最强的国家。前苏联经济的基干部分置于俄罗斯境内，工业部门齐全，成为完整的体系，而且技术设备相对先进。在苏联解体之前，俄罗斯联邦的国民经济发展与全苏一样，经历了一个由60年代以前的高速增长、70-80年代滑坡到80年代末90年代初倒退的不断衰退到危机的演化过程。前苏联解体后，俄全盘接受美等西方国家推荐的经改药方，采取“休克疗法”，推行以大规模私有化和全面自由化为核心的激进经济改革，在财政、货币、私有化等领域出现一系列政策失误，导致经济连年下滑。1998年俄爆发金融危机，各项宏观经济指标再趋恶化。1999年受卢布贬值和国际市场油价上扬以及普里马科夫政府大幅调整经济政策，加强国家宏观调控等内外多种因素的综合影响，俄经济呈现好转势头，主要经济指标基本恢复到金融危机前的水平。2000年，普京继续推行社会经济稳定政策，拒绝搞“休克疗法”和激进的自由市场经济改革，致力改善国内投资环境以吸引外资。加紧推行税制改革，简化税种，减轻税负，促进国内工业复苏和发展。对外利用国际油价一度上涨的有利形势，大搞“能源外交”，拓展国外市场，俄经济好转势头进一步得到巩固，宏观经济指标大幅上扬。2001年俄罗斯经济延续了去年的强劲反弹势头，继续高歌猛进。据测算，全年的GDP增长率可望达到5%（2001年全球经济增长率有望超过5％的国家只有中国、印度和俄罗斯三个国家），居世界第三位。政局稳定，农业生产，石油价格的上涨，内需市场不断扩大。这些迹象表明，俄经济最困难的阶段已经过去，开始步入良性循环的轨道。俄科学院世界经济和国际关系研究所预测2002年俄罗斯仍将保持5%的增长水平。俄罗斯联邦拥有巨大的经济潜力。工农业基础较好。工农业总产值约占原苏联的70%。俄罗斯农业生产近几年来连续下降，但在国民经济中仍占据重要地位，。俄罗斯联邦工业部门齐全，以机械、钢铁、有色金属、石油、天然气、煤炭、森林及化工等重工业为主。军事工业是俄罗斯机械工业的支柱产业。由于拥有丰富的原料，再加上多年的产业政策倾斜，俄罗斯的重工业非常发达。相反，轻工业的发展却远远不能满足俄罗斯人民的需要。俄服务业较发达，在国民经济中的比重逐年增加，在经济转型期间，服务业有望继续发展。俄罗斯对外贸易的主要对象国是原苏联各加盟共和国和东欧各国。与西方国家的贸易处于较快的上升趋势。近些年同中国经济贸易亦有发展，特别边境贸易发展较快

With the knowledge economy ， knowledge-base economy approaching ， the supervisor mode change，accountant job priority processes gradually secondary information evolving for the judgement to knowledge information， and applying ， society also brings forward higher call for to the accountant Knowledge economy ， knowledge-base economy times arrival， economy has produced deep effect to the whole world ， the field has brought about also to the accountant The tradition handwork accountant job loses an effect New the concept managing money matters needs add competition and the cooperation and innovative

In the process of development， the small and medium-sized enterprises play important roles which can faciliate the growth of the overall In today's world， the small and medium-sized enterprises have been the leading forces of the advancement of technology and innovation as well as the major channels of lessening the stress of But due to the restrictions of financing channel ， high cost of financing and unreasonable financing structure， small and medium-sized enterprises have meet many This paper analyzes the financing method of small and medium-sized enterprises， summarizes the financing difficulties of financing environment and reasons contributing to this situation， and then puts forward some solving countermeasures of financing difficulties of small and medium-sized 谁写的比较好看一下才知道哦

关于俄罗斯经济的论文摘要英文怎么写的

Macroeconomics is a sub-field of economics that examines the behavior of the economy as a whole， once all of the individual economic decisions of companies and industries have been Economy-wide phenomena considered by macroeconomics include Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and how it is affected by changes in unemployment， national income， rate of growth， and price In contrast， microeconomics is the study of the economic behaviour and decision-making of individual consumers， firms， and Macroeconomics can be used to analyze how to influence government policy goals such as economic growth， price stability， full employment and the attainment of a sustainable balance of Macroeconomics is sometimes used to refer to a general approach to economic reasoning， which includes long term strategies and rational expectations in aggregate Until the 1930s most economic analysis did not separate out individual economics behavior from aggregate With the Great Depression of the 1930s， suffered throughout the developed world at the time， and the development of the concept of national income and product statistics， the field of macroeconomics began to Particularly influential were the ideas of John Maynard Keynes， who formulated theories to try to explain the Great D Before that time， comprehensive national accounts， as we know them today， did not exist One of the challenges of economics has been a struggle to reconcile macroeconomic and microeconomic Starting in the 1950s， macroeconomists developed micro-based models of macroeconomic behavior (such as the consumption function) Dutch economist Jan Tinbergen developed the first comprehensive national macroeconomic model， which he first built for the Netherlands and later applied to the United States and the United Kingdom after World War II The first global macroeconomic model， Wharton Econometric Forecasting Associates LINK project， was initiated by Lawrence Klein and was mentioned in his citation for the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics in Theorists such as Robert Lucas Jr suggested (in the 1970s) that at least some traditional Keynesian (after British economist John Maynard Keynes) macroeconomic models were questionable as they were not derived from assumptions about individual behavior， although it was not clear whether the failures were in microeconomic assumptions or in macroeconomic However， New Keynesian macroeconomics has generally presented microeconomic models to shore up their macroeconomic theorizing， and some Keynesians have contested the idea that microeconomic foundations are essential， if the model is analytically An analogy might be that the fact that quantum phisics is not fully consistent with relativity theory doesn´t mean that realtivity is Many important microeconomic assumptions have never been proved， and some have proved The various schools of thought are not always in direct competition with one another - even though they sometimes reach differing Macroeconomics is an ever evolving area of The goal of economic research is not to be "right，" but rather to be It is likely that none of the current schools of economic thought perfectly capture the workings of the They do， however， each contribute a small piece of the overall As one learns more about each school of thought， it is possible to combine aspects of each in order to reach an informed The traditional distinction is between two different approaches to economics: Keynesian economics， focusing on demand; and supply-side (or neo-classical) economics， focusing on Neither view is typically endorsed to the complete exclusion of the other， but most schools do tend clearly to emphasize one or the other as a theoretical • Keynesian economics focuses on aggregate demand to explain levels of unemployment and the business That is， business cycle fluctuations should be reduced through fiscal policy (the government spends more or less depending on the situation) and monetary Early Keynesian macroeconomics was "activist，" calling for regular use of policy to stabilize the capitalist economy， while some Keynesians called for the use of incomes • Supply-side economics delineates quite clearly the roles of monetary policy and fiscal The focus for monetary policy should be purely on the price of money as determined by the supply of money and the demand for It advocates a monetary policy that directly targets the value of money and does not target interest rates at Typically the value of money is measured by reference to gold or some other The focus of fiscal policy is to raise revenue for worthy government investments with a clear recognition of the impact that taxation has on domestic It places heavy emphasis on Say's law， which states that recessions do not occur because of failure in demand or lack of • Monetarism， led by Milton Friedman， which holds that inflation is always and everywhere a monetary It rejects fiscal policy because it leads to "crowding out" of the private Further， it does not wish to combat inflation or deflation by means of active demand management as in Keynesian economics， but by means of monetary policy rules， such as keeping the rate of growth of the money supply constant over • New Keynesian economics， which developed partly in response to new classical economics， strives to provide microeconomic foundations to Keynesian economics by showing how imperfect markets can justify demand • Austrian economics is a laissez-faire school of It focuses on the business cycle that arises from government or central-bank interference that leads to deviations from the natural rate of • Post-Keynesian economics represents a dissent from mainstream Keynesian economics， emphasizing the role of uncertainty and the historical process in • New classical The original theoretical impetus was the charge that Keynesian economics lacks microeconomic foundations -- its assertions are not founded in basic economic This school emerged during the This school asserts that it does not make sense to claim that the economy at any time might be "out-of-equilibrium" Fluctuations in aggregate variables follow from the individuals in the society continuously re-optimizing as new information on the state of the world is Later yielded an explicit school which argued that macro-economics does not have micro-economic foundations， but is instead the tool of studying economic systems at 宏观经济学是一种分场经济学的行为，研究是在整个经济中，一旦所有的个人的经济决策，为公司和产业被。宏观经济学认为经济现象包括国内生产总值(GDP)以及它是如何变化影响失业的国民收入的)经济成长率、价格水平。相反，微观经济学研究的就是经济行为和决策的个体消费者，公司和行业。宏观经济学可以用来分析如何影响政府的政策的目标，比如经济增长，价格稳定，充分就业和获取可持续国际收支差额。宏观经济学有时用来指一个经济理论的主要途径，包括长期战略的期望和理性综合行为。直到30年代为止，大部分的经济分析没有独立的个人经济综合行为举止。与1930年代的经济大萧条，遭受了在所有发达国家，发展国民收入的概念和产品的统计数据，但是研究领域的宏观经济学开始扩展。具有特殊影响力的想法是，约翰•梅纳德凯恩斯理论，努力向他们解释制定了经济大萧条。在那时候，综合国民经济核算，如同我们知道他们今天，是不存在的。经济学的一个挑战是一场斗争调和宏观经济政策和微观经济政策，模型。开始于20世纪50年代，macroeconomists发达micro-based模型的宏观经济行为(如消费函数)。1月Tinbergen荷兰经济学家第一个全面发展国家宏观经济模型，该模型他第一次建成为荷兰和后应用于美国和英国二战之后。第一个全球宏观经济模型，沃顿计量预测伙伴联系工程项目，发生在劳伦斯发起克莱恩和被提及他的嘉奖经济学诺贝尔经济学奖1980年。理论家如罗伯特·卢卡斯认为(是在上世纪70年代)，认为至少有一些传统的凯恩斯(英国经济学家约翰梅纳德凯恩斯)宏观经济模型都是可疑的，因为他们不是来源于假设的个人行为，虽然现在还不清楚这些失败在微观经济的假定，或是对宏观经济模型。然而，最新凯恩斯主义的宏观微观模型提出了大致以支持他们的宏观经济理论有争议，一些凯恩斯主义者的想法，微观经济基础是必要的，如果模型是分析有用的。打个比方可能是，这样的事实，即量子phisics并不完全符合相对论´，并不代表没有realtivity是假的。许多重要的微观经济假设从来没有被证明，而有些人的证明是错误的。各种各样的思想学派并不总是在彼此的直接竞争，尽管他们有时会达到不同的结论。宏观经济学是一种前所未有的领域的研究。研究经济学的目标不是"正确"，而是是精确的。很有可能是学校目前尚无一个经济思想完全捕捉运作方式的经济。不过，他们的贡献每一小块整体难题。当你学会更多关于每个思想学派，它能把方面的每一个为了达到一个通知的合成。传统的区别是留给经济学两种不同的方法，重点凯恩斯经济学和供方需求;(或古典)经济学、关注供应。也都是典型的观点完全排除其他，但大多数学校都往往清晰地强调一个或另一个是的理论基础。•凯恩斯经济学交融在总需求，以解释失业率和商业周期。商业周期波动，应减少通过财政政策(政府花费或多或少根据实际情况)和货币政策。早期凯恩斯主义的宏观经济学是“活动家，定期使用《召唤的政策稳定资本主义经济，虽然有些凯恩斯主义要求使用收入政策。•供给的经济学的作用很明显地在当前货币政策与财政政策。关注于货币政策应该是完全对价格的钱所确定的货币供应的需求的特点，为了金钱。它提倡货币政策，直接目标钱的价值，不目标利率。典型的钱的价值在于用参考金或其他参考。财政政策的重点是提高政府农业投资价值的收入为一个明确的认识税收的影响在国内贸易。它设置了过度强调了说的法律，它表明不会发生经济衰退需求下降、因为没有缺钱。•货币主义的带领下，由弗里德曼，认为始终通货膨胀是一种货币现象。财政政策拒绝，因为会导致“挤退”的私人生活。此外，它不希望对抗通货膨胀或通货紧缩采用主动需求管理在凯恩斯经济学，通过货币政策规则，即坚持的增长速度恒定的钱。凯恩斯•新经济发达的部分原因是为了适应新古典经济学、致力于提供凯恩斯现代经济学的微观经济基础显示出了市场的不完善就能名正言顺的需求管理等。•奥地利经济学是个自由放任主义的学校的宏观经济。它侧重于商业周期，而政府或中央银行的干扰导致偏离自然失业率的兴趣。•Post-Keynesian经济学所代表了凯恩斯经济学主流的作用，强调历史过程中不确定性和宏观经济。•新古典经济学。原理论动力的费用是凯恩斯经济学缺乏有效的微观经济基础——亦即其断言不成立于基本经济理论。这所学校出现在20世纪70年代。这所学校断言它是没有道理的主张经济会随时out-of-equilibrium”。波动的总变量遵从的在这个社会的个人不断re-optimizing新信息的状态的世界就会显现出来。后来取得了一个显式学校一样，认为宏观经济学没有微观经济基础，反而学习经济系统的工具在平衡。

INTO THE STORMFOR much of the past year the fast-growing economies of the emerging world watched the Western financial hurricane from Their own banks held few of the mortgage-based assets that undid the rich world’s financial Commodity exporters were thriving， thanks to high prices for raw China’s economic juggernaut powered And， from Budapest to Brasília， an abundance of credit fuelled domestic Even as talk mounted of the rich world suffering its worst financial collapse since the Depression， emerging economies seemed a long way from the centre of the 过去一年的大部分时间里，高速发展的新兴国家一直在远处观望着西方国家的金融风暴。他们的银行仅持有少量抵押资产，而类似的资产已经破坏了发达国家的金融公司。商品出口商因为原材料的高价格而日渐富有。中国不可抗拒的经济力量已然开启，而且信贷刺激的内需从布达佩斯到巴西利亚都表现得非常充足。尽管大萧条后关于西方国家受难于金融崩塌的话题与日俱增，但新兴国家似乎距离金融风暴的中心还有一段距离。No As foreign capital has fled and confidence evaporated， the emerging world’s stockmarkets have plunged (in some cases losing half their value) and currencies The seizure in the credit market caused havoc， as foreign banks abruptly stopped lending and stepped back from even the most basic banking services， including trade 不过目前的情况不再是那样了，随着境外资本的流失和经济信心的消失，新兴国家股市暴跌（有些地区已经腰斩），本币迅速贬值。由于外国银行突然中断贷款，并且收缩了包括贸易信贷在内的基础银行服务，新兴国家的信贷市场突发混乱，并引发了一场浩劫。Like their rich-world counterparts， governments are battling to limit the damage (see article) That is easiest for those with large foreign-exchange Russia is spending $220 billion to shore up its financial services South Korea has guaranteed $100 billion of its banks’ Less well-endowed countries are asking for Hungary has secured a EURO5 billion ($6 billion) lifeline from the European Central Bank and is negotiating a loan from the IMF， as is U Close to a dozen countries are talking to the fund about financial 新兴国家的政府和发达国家的政府一样都在为控制损失程度而奋斗。不过对于外汇储备充足的国家来说难度会小一些：俄罗斯斥资2200亿美元重振金融服务行业；韩国政府担保了1000亿美元的银行债务。而那些储备并不充足的国家正在四处求援：匈牙利成功向欧洲央行求得了50亿欧元（约66亿美元）的生命线，同时也在同国际货币基金组织协商借款事宜，同时向国际货币基金组织求援的还有乌克兰。近一打儿的国家在向基金组织求助。Those with long-standing problems are being driven to desperate Argentina is nationalising its private pension funds， seemingly to stave off default (see article) But even stalwarts are looking Figures released this week showed that China’s growth slowed to 9% in the year to the third quarter-still a rapid pace but a lot slower than the double-digit rates of recent 有持续问题的国家正棋行险招：阿根廷正在将私人养老金国有化，意图阻止违约的发生。即使强有力的国家也表现出虚弱一面：本周公布的数字表明今年中国的增长率在第三季度减缓为9%，虽然增速还算快，但是与近些年的两位数增率相比缓慢了不少。Blowing cold on credit对信贷没兴趣The various emerging economies are in different states of readiness， but the cumulative impact of all this will be Most obviously， how these countries fare will determine whether the world economy faces a mild recession or something Emerging economies accounted for around three-quarters of global growth over the past 18 But their economic fate will also have political 众多新兴经济的意愿并不相同，但是累计在一起的影响力却非同一般。最明显的就是这些国家的表现将会决定世界经济所面临的是一个较为缓和的衰退还是更可怕的情况。在过去18个月的全球经济增长中，新兴经济贡献了75%。但是他们的经济命运也会有一些政治后果。In many places-eastern Europe is one example (see article)-financial turmoil is hitting weak But even strong regimes could Some experts think that China needs growth of 7% a year to contain social More generally， the coming strife will shape the debate about the integration of the world Unlike many previous emerging-market crises， today’s mess spread from the rich world， largely thanks to increasingly integrated capital If emerging economies collapse-either into a currency crisis or a sharp recession-there will be yet more questioning of the wisdom of globalised 在类似东欧的很多地区，金融混乱目前的打击目标是软弱的政府；但强硬的政权同样会尝到苦果。一些专家认为中国每年需要7%的增长率来阻止社会动荡的发生。总体来说，如此争端必将影响全球经济一体化的讨论。与以往数次新兴经济危机不同，这次的混乱始于发达国家，很大程度上要归咎于一体化的资本市场。一旦新兴经济崩溃，无论是货币危机还是剧烈的经济萧条，大家对于金融全球化是否属明智之举会有更多的质疑。Fortunately， the picture is not universally All emerging economies will Some will surely face deep But many are facing the present danger in stronger shape than ever before， armed with large reserves， flexible currencies and strong Good policy-both at home and in the rich world-can yet avoid a 幸运的是上述恐怖的场景没有发生在全球的每个角落：所有的新兴经济都会减缓发展速度，有一些也必将面临深度萧条；但是更多的国家在面临当下危机的时候却拥有比以往任何时候都强壮的形式，用充足的储备、弹性的货币和强大的预算武装自己。新兴国家及发达国家良好的政策可以避免大灾难的发生。One reason for hope is that the direct economic fallout from the rich world’s disaster is Falling demand in America and Europe hurts exports， particularly in Asia and M Commodity prices have fallen: oil is down nearly 60% from its peak and many crops and metals have done That has a mixed Although it hurts commodity-exporters from Russia to South America， it helps commodity importers in Asia and reduces inflation fears Countries like Venezuela that have been run badly are vulnerable (see article)， but given the scale of the past boom， the commodity bust so far seems unlikely to cause widespread 至少有一个原因值得抱有希望：发达国家此次灾难的直接经济影响还是在可控的范围内。欧美锐减的需求对出口来说无疑是一个打击，特别是对亚洲和墨西哥。商品价格走低：原油价格与巅峰时期比较已经下降了60%，很多粮食和金属类商品跌幅更大。这两个现象有混合效果：尽管从俄罗斯到南美的商品（能源）出口企业备受打击，但却帮助了亚洲的商品（能源）进口商，并且缓和了各地对通胀的恐惧。委内瑞拉的情形一直很糟糕，也很脆弱；不过由于过去极度的繁荣，商品价格下跌目前还不会引发大范围传播的危机。The more dangerous shock is Wealth is being squeezed as asset prices China’s house prices， for instance， have started falling (see article) This will dampen domestic confidence， even though consumers are much less indebted than they are in the rich Elsewhere， the sudden dearth of foreign-bank lending and the flight of hedge funds and other investors from bond markets has slammed the brakes on credit And just as booming credit once underpinned strong domestic spending， so tighter credit will mean slower 比商品价格更令人震惊的事情发生在金融领域。由于资产价格的下降，财富水平正在被挤压缩水。以中国房价为例，目前已经开始下跌。尽管新兴国家的消费者比发达国家的负债水平低很多，上述情况还是会挫伤国内的经济信心。在其他方面，国外银行借款骤然匮乏、对冲基金以及其他投资者逃离债券市场，这些因素给信贷增长踩了一脚急刹车。正如发达的信贷曾经强力支撑国内支出那样，信贷紧缩将意味着增长放缓。Again， the impact will differ by Thanks to huge current-account surpluses in China and the oil-exporters in the Gulf， emerging economies as a group still send capital to the rich But over 80 have deficits of more than 5% of GDP Most of these are poor countries that live off foreign aid; but some larger ones rely on private For the likes of Turkey and South Africa a sudden slowing in foreign financing would force a dramatic A particular worry is eastern Europe， where many countries have double-digit In addition， even some countries with surpluses， such as Russia， have banks that have grown accustomed to easy foreign lending because of the integration of global The rich world’s bank bail-outs may limit the squeeze， but the flow of capital to the emerging world will The Institute of International Finance， a bankers’ group， expects a 30% decline in net flows of private capital from last 需要再次重申的是，冲击的表现会因国家的不同而有所区别。多亏中国和海湾产油国经常项目下的巨额顺差，新型经济整体还不断的向发达国家输送资本。但是80 多个国家的财政赤字已经超过GDP的5%，其中的多数是那些依靠国外救助过活得贫困国家；不过也有一些依靠私人资本的大国。对于类似土耳其和南非的国家来说，突然减缓的境外融资迫使其进行大幅调整。东欧的情况特别令人担忧，那里的不少国家赤字水平已经达到了两位数。另外，象俄罗斯这样处于顺差的国家，其银行也逐渐适应了可以轻易从外国取得的贷款，原因自然是全球金融一体化。发达国家的救助计划也许可以限制财富被挤压的水平，但资本流向新兴世界的速度无疑会减慢。国际金融研协会预测私人资本的净流量比去年回减少30%。A wing and a prayer飞行之翼与祈祷者This credit crunch will be grim， but most emerging markets can avoid The biggest ones are in relatively good The more vulnerable ones can (and should) be 信贷紧缩必将令人生畏，不过多数新兴市场可以躲过一劫，最大的市场形势还相当不错。比较脆弱的市场可以（也应该）得到帮助。Among the giants， China is in a league of its own， with a $2 trillion arsenal of reserves， a current-account surplus， little connection to foreign banks and a budget surplus that offers lots of room to boost Since the country’s leaders have made clear that they will do whatever it takes to cushion growth， China’s economy is likely to slow-perhaps to 8%-but not Although that is not enough to save the world economy， such growth in China would put a floor under commodity prices and help other countries in the emerging 在那些坚强的巨人中，中国卓然不群：手握2万亿美元的储备，经常项下的顺差状态，与国外银行罕有关联，过剩的预算给推动支出留有足够空间。鉴于国家领导人已经明确表示将不惜一切代价为经济增长减速缓冲，中国的经济增长应该会减缓到大约8%的水平，但是决不会崩溃。虽然这不足以挽救世界经济，但是该增长率将会为商品价格建底并帮到新兴世界的其他国家。The other large economies will be harder hit， but should be able to weather the India has a big budget deficit and many Brazilian firms have a large foreign-currency But Brazil’s economy is diversified and both countries have plenty of reserves to smooth the shift to slower With $550 billion of reserves， Russia ought to be able to stop a run on the In the short-term at least， the most vulnerable countries are all smaller 其他的经济大国会受到更大的冲击，不过应该可以禁受住风暴侵袭。印度的财政赤字巨大，巴西很多公司面临巨大的外汇风险。但巴西经济已经实现多样化，同时上述两个国家拥有充足的储备来平稳过渡到缓慢的增长。俄罗斯掌握着5500亿美元的储备，应该能够阻止对卢布的抢购。至少在短期内，小国家才是最弱不禁风的。There will be pain as tighter credit forces But sensible， speedy international assistance would make a big Several emerging countries have asked America’s Federal Reserve for liquidity support; some hope that China will bail them A better route is surely the IMF， which has huge expertise and some $250 billion to Sadly， borrowing from the fund carries a That needs to The IMF should develop quicker， more flexible financial instruments and minimise the conditions it attaches to Over the past month deft policymaking saw off calamity in the rich Now it is time for something similar in the emerging 受到紧缩信贷压力进行的调整必然带来痛苦，但快速的国际援助是明智之举，因为这会让结果很不相同。一些新兴国家已经向美联储求援以缓解流动性问题；有一些则希望中国可以拯救他们与水火。更佳的求救路线莫过于国际货币基金组织，因为它掌握大量的专门知识和2500亿美元的可出借款项。不幸的是人们认为向基金借款有辱其名，国际货币基金组织应该推出更快捷、更灵活的金融工具，同时实现借贷条件最小化。过去数月中，机敏的决策驱散了发达国家的灾难。现在也正是新兴世界发生类似事情的时候了。

关于俄罗斯经济的论文摘要英文翻译怎么写

Bohai Sea port city of differences in competitiveness Abstract At the regional economic development， urban competitiveness of the decision of the city in this economy in the status of this city have a decisive impact on Now the state is focus on building the Bohai economic circle， the city's competitiveness on the Bohai Rim cities and their development of the region is very Port city in economic development play a decisive role and objectively measure the Bohai port city of competitiveness and the analysis and comparison， in which clear the city environment and status， advantages and disadvantages for the Bohai Sea port city of scientifically formulate The economic and social development strategies specified In this paper， Professor Ni Pengfei from the city competitiveness rating system， which select some key indicators， through factor analysis， urban construction competitiveness rating system， to the major port city in the Bohai competitiveness calculated and compared to that of individual cities Factor score， the Composite scores and ranking， and the Bohai Sea port city of competitiveness of the advantages and Through the Bohai Sea port city of competitiveness analysis of the differences， pointing out that restricting the Bohai port city of enhancing the competitiveness of the main factors， combined with specific circumstances， proposed a series of measures proposed to promote the Bohai Sea port city of又好fast economic Key words: Bohai Sea port city， urban competitiveness; index system;

关于俄罗斯经济的论文摘要英文怎么写初中

Deepens unceasingly along with China and Russia's trade， particularly our country economy rapidly expand， enlarges suddenly to the energy demand， therefore China is getting more and more important to the Russian open This design's Sun Wu area geographical position is superior， the water transportation fruitful in resources， uses its superiority to be able to promote the Sino-Russian economical trade development the this design's primary coverage is Sun the Wu port port district total plane layout and the wharf hydraulic engineering structure's The total plane layout mainly includes before the wharf the waters arrangement; The freight transportation port district Lu Yu dump site， the road design as well as are auxiliary the productive area， the quarters arrangement， the passenger transportation port district passenger entering/leaving country flow， the winter freight transportation channel's design; Compared with and chooses the wharf cross section form for the gravity hollow block wharf， simultaneously carries on to the wharf hydraulic engineering structure anti-slides， anti-leans the stable checking calculation and the ground supporting capacity checking Plan harbor total floor-plan， lumber wharf sectional drawing and wharf even Finally， to the wharf project which designs carries on the preliminary construction organization plan and the project budgetary 应该是这样！

With the deepening of Sino-Russian trade， in particular the rapid development of China's economy， the demand for energy increased sharply， so the Chinese ports to Russia and opening up more and more The design location Sunwu region， water is rich in resources， a good use of its advantages to promote the Sino-Russian economic and trade The design of the main contents of the Hong Kong Port Sunwu general layout and design of hydraulic structures General layout including the waters of the terminal layout before; freight yard of the Hong Kong Land， road design， as well as supporting the production area， living arrangement， the passenger port of entry and exit of tourists flow， winter shipping channel design; to compare Terminal cross-section to choose the form of hollow box terminal gravity， hydraulic structures at the same time to carry out anti-slide terminals， checking the stability of anti-dumping and checking the bearing capacity of Drawing general layout diagram of port， timber terminal and the terminal sections elevation Finally，Terminal designed for carrying out the preliminary construction budget for design and engineering