学术论文百科

中文学术论文常用词汇大全及例句及注释

发布时间:2024-07-06 19:02:50

中文学术论文常用词汇大全及例句及注释

通俗的说,前者是不用有实验的实验,对前人的研究进行总结分析;后者是建立在实验结果的基础上。

现代汉语常用词语有:两字:爱好 爱护 暧昧 安插 安居 安康 安全 安然 安歇 安心 鞍钢 鞍马 按摩 按捺 按照 按着 暗藏 暗处 暗想 暗中 遨游 翱翔 澳洲 按此 按理 自考 电大 函授 正确 错误 来源 新群 好吃 点亮 条例 合格 游戏 上网 导航 竞争 紧张 关注 知识 未来 寝室 情商 轻松 方法 想象 资助 开心三字:安全带 听听看 副会长 笑嘻嘻 化合物 混合物 指示灯 知识点 陌生人 做买卖 威望值 乐呵呵 字符串 爱祖国 爱面子 安家费 安乐死 安全区 安全性 电冰箱 电视机 烟灰缸 形容词 联绵词 形声字 重叠式 普通话 网络化 互联网 局域网 上班族 单身狗 禽流感 银行卡 信用卡四字:安于现状 按兵不动 按时完成 昂首挺胸  安度晚年 安排工作 安全操作 安全可靠 不释手 爱国主义 安安稳稳 安民告示 安全保证 斤斤计较 黯然失色 暗中保护 闷闷不乐 笨鸟先飞 别出心裁 白日做梦 千里迢迢 彬彬有礼 恭喜发财 洋洋得意 喜气洋洋 背水一战 班门弄斧 侃侃而谈拓展阅读:《现代汉语常用词用法词典》是顾士熙主编、中国书籍出版社于2004年出版发行。内容提要:《现代汉语常用词用法词典》有三个特点:一、收词利用了现代化 计算机汇统计成果;二、注释时标注词类和语素;三、除释义外,还有“搭配”、“相关词群”、“辨析”、“注意”等栏目,使读者对词义和词的用法有更好的了解。这是一本富有特色的词典。 本词典单设“注意”一栏,目的是为读者提供词在词形、语音、 语法、修辞、语用等方面的 特点和应注意点。为了使读者进一步扩大视野,弄清该词在词汇系统中的地位以及特点,本词典还设立了“相关词群”和“辨析”两个栏目,以提供与该词有关的 同义词、 近义词、揭示该词与别的容易混淆的词的区别。 本词典从体例到内容到力求 简明、实用、新颖,是一部可供初中以上文化水平的人员学习使用的准中型语言 工具书,对语言 研究工作者也有一定的参考价值。现代汉语介绍:现代汉语是现代汉民族使用的语言。广义的现代汉语包括汉语的各种方言,即不同地区的汉族人所使用的语言,这些语言都是汉语,只是在语音、词汇、语法等方面存在一定差异。而狭义的现代汉语则是指“普通话”,即“以北京语音为标准音,以北方话为基础方言,以典范的现代白话文著作为语法规范的现代汉民族共同语”。普通话所代表的标准现代汉语也是中国的国家通用语言。主要分支:现代汉语方言差异显著。关于方言的分区,学术界的观点还不同意,有7区说、10区说等。20世纪80年代,中国社会科学院和澳大利亚人文科学院联合编制的《中国语言地图集》将汉语方言分为官语、吴语、湘语、赣语、客家话、粤语、闽语、晋语、徽语、平话10个区。

review article [词典] 综述文章;[网络] 文献综述; 综述; 评论;[例句]Review Article CME Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Air E继续医学教育:血管内空气栓塞的诊断和治疗。research article 网络 学术论文; 研究论文; 研究文章; 研究性论文;[例句]A Contrastive Analysis on Generic Structure of Chinese and English Research Article Abstracts中英文研究性论文摘要的语类结构对比分析

学术论文是某一学术课题在实验性、理论性或预测性上具有的新的科学研究成果或创新见解和知识的科学记录,或是某种已知原理应用于实际上取得新进展的科学总结,用以提供学术会议上宣读、交流、讨论或学术刊物上发表,或用作其他用途的书面文件。按写作目的,可将学术论文分为交流性论文和考核性论文。

中文学术论文常用词汇大全及例句及注释高中

(一)完整的论文项目构成应包括:1、封面2、目录3、内容摘要和关键词4、文献综述5、正文6、参考文献7、注释 (根据需要)8、附录 (根据需要)9、致谢 (根据需要)其中“注释”与“附录”视具体情况安排,其余各项内容均为必备项目。论文的正文字数,一般不少于3000字,不超过8000字。(二)完整的案例报告项目构成应包括:1、封面2、内容摘要和关键词3、正文二、项目编排格式要求  1、封面:要求封面的论文标题名称使用4号宋体填写;下面的教育层次、学员姓名、日期等也统一使用4号宋体填写。 2、目录:另起一页。“目录”项目名称用小2号黑体加粗,顶部居中;内容顶格另起一行用小4号宋体,目录内容用25倍行距(同正文)。目录编写到三级标题,标题后跟实心小圆点并在行末标注页数。 3、内容摘要和关键词另起一页。中文名称的“内容摘要”用小2号黑体加粗,居中,其内容另起一行用小4号宋体(5倍行距),每段起首空两格,回行顶格;中文名称的 “关键词” 另起一行用小4号黑体加粗顶格,后接“:”,内容另起一行空两格,用小4号黑体,一般3—4个词,词间空一格。4、文献综述:另起一页。“文献综述”项目名称用小2号黑体加粗,居中;内容另起一行用小4号宋体。每段起首空两格,回行顶格。文献综述不超过1000字。(此部分不计入字数要求范围)5、正文:另起一页。 (1)论文标题用小2号黑体加粗,顶部居中排列,上下各空一行; (2)文字统一用5号宋体,每段起首空两格,回行顶格,多倍行距,设置值为25; (3)正文文中标题顶格: 一级标题:标题序号为“一、”,用小4号宋体加粗,独占行,末尾不加标点; 二级标题:标题序号为“(一)”,用5号宋体加粗,独占行,末尾不加标点; 三级标题:标题序号为“1、”,用5号宋体加粗,若独占行,则末尾不加标点,若不独占行,标题后面须加句号; 四级标题:标题序号为“(1)”,用5号宋体,其余要求与三级标题相同; 五级标题:标题序号为“①”,用5号宋体,其余要求与三级标题相同。 注意:每级标题的下一级标题应各自连续编号。 6、注释 (根据需要):正文中凡引用重要观点、数据等,应注明来源,需注释的地方可在加注之处右上角加数码,形式为“①、②……”(即插入脚注),并在该页底部脚注处对应注号续写注文。注号以页为单位排序,每个注文各占一段,用小5号宋体。 引用著作时,注文的顺序为:序号、作者、书名、出版单位、出版时间、页码,中间用逗号分隔,多个作者名间用“、”隔开;引用文章时,注文的顺序为:序号、作者、文章标题、刊物名、期数、页码,中间用逗号分隔;引用网上参考资料的还应注明具体网址,注文的顺序为:序号、作者、文章标题、网址。7、附录 (根据需要):“附录”项目名称用小4号黑体,后加“:”,在正文后面空两行顶格排列,附录内容另起一行顶格用5号宋体排列,内容编排参考正文。 8、参考文献:“参考文献”项目名称用小4号黑体加粗,后加“:”,在正文或附录后面空两行顶格排列;参考文献内容另起一行顶格用5号宋体排列,序号用“[1]”、“[2]”……的形式编排,引用著作和引用文章时的注文顺序同注释。参考文献内容统一用25倍行距。引用网上参考文献时,注文顺序同注释,并要求注明网址链接。9、致谢 (根据需要):另起一页。“致谢”项目名称用小2号黑体加粗,并居中;致谢内容另起一行空两格用5号宋体编排,回行顶格。致谢内容统一用25倍行距。 10、表格:正文或附录中的表格一般包括表头、表体和表注三部分,编排的基本要求是: (1)表头。包括表号、标题、计量单位,用小5号黑体(居中),在表体上方与表格线等宽编排。其中,表号居左,格式为“表l”,全文表格连续编号;标题居中,格式为“XX表”;计量单位居右,参考格式如为“计量单位:元”。 (2)表体。表体的四周端线使用粗实线(5磅),其余表线用细实线 (5磅)。表中数码文字一律使用小5号宋体字。表格中的文字要注意上下居中对齐,数码位数也应对齐。(3)表注。表注项文字写在表体下方,不必空行,用小5号宋体,按“(1)、(2)……”排列,表注的宽度不可大于表体的宽度。 11、插图:插图包括图片(稿)、图序和图名,文章中的插图应遵循“图随文走”和“先见文后见图”的原则,图片(稿)画面应清晰、美观,幅面大小适当,应根据内容要求和版面允许放缩至需要大小和放置于适当位置。图序及图名置于图的下方居中,使用小5号黑体,其中,图序居左,图名居右,如:“图2 上海大众销量和国内市场份额演变”。全文插图按出现的先后顺序统一编序,如“图1、图2……”,图名以不超过15个汉字为宜。12、数字:文章中的数字,除了部分结构层次序数词、词组、惯用词、缩略语、具有修辞色彩语句中作为词素的数字、模糊数字必须使用汉字外,其他均应使用阿拉伯数字。同一文中,数字的表示方式应前后一致。 13、标点符号:文章中的标点符号应正确使用,忌误用、混用标点符号,标点符号应加以区分。 14、计量单位:除特殊需要,论文中的计量单位应使用法定计量单位。 15、页码:从正文开始编写页码、封面及目录不编页码,内容摘要、文献综述页码用“Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ……”编写。编写页码用插入页脚的方式,选择小五号Times New Roman字体,并居中。

Review article 和 Research article有何区别?编辑和审稿人认为我的文章不适合Research article,都要求我修改后的文章改投为Review article?怎么办呢?

【注释】[1]予:我。北庭:指元朝首都燕京(今北京)。[2]寻:古时八尺为一寻。??(3)单扉:单扇门。??[4]白间:窗户。(5)污下:低下。??[6]萃(cuT翠)然:聚集的样子。??[7]雨潦:下雨形成的地上积水。??[8]涂泥半朝:朝当作潮,意思是狱房墙上涂的泥有一半是潮湿的。??[9]蒸沤历澜:热气蒸,积水沤,到处都杂乱不堪。澜:澜漫,杂乱。??[10]乍晴:刚晴,初晴。??[1]]风道四塞:四面的风道都堵塞了。??[12]薪爨:烧柴做饭。??[13]炎虐:炎热的暴虐。??[14]仓腐寄顿:仓库里贮存的米谷腐烂了。??[15]陈陈逼人:陈旧的粮食年年相加,霉烂的气味使人难以忍受。陈陈:陈陈相因,《史记·平准书》:??“太仓之粟,陈陈相因。”??[16]骈肩杂邂:肩挨肩。拥挤杂乱的样子。??[17]腥臊:鱼肉发臭的气味,此指囚徒,身上发出的酸臭气味。??[18]圃溷:厕所。??[19]毁尸:毁坏的尸体。??[20]秽:肮脏。??[21]叠是数气;这些气加在一起。??[22]侵诊:恶气侵人。??[23]鲜不为厉:很少有不生病的。厉:病。??[24]孱弱:虚弱。??[25]俯仰其间:生活在那里。[26]于兹:至今。??[27]无恙:没有生病。??[28]是殆有养致然:这大概是因为会保养元气才达到这样的吧。殆;大概。有养;保有正气。语本《孟子·公孙丑》:“我善养吾浩然之气。”致然:使然,??造成这样子。[29]然尔亦安知所养何哉:然而又怎么知道所保养的内容是什么呢?孟子:名轲,战国时代的思想家,有《孟子》一书传世。??[31]浩然之气:纯正博大而又刚强之气。见《孟子.公孙丑》。 [32]吾何患焉:我还怕什么呢。我国占代的许多思想家都认为浩然正气对于人身有无所不能的巨大力量。??[33]“天地有正气”二句:天地之间充满正气,它赋予各种事物以不同形态。这类观点明显地有唯心色彩,但作者主要用以强调人的节操。杂然:纷繁,多样。??[34]“下则为河岳“二句:是说地上的山岳河流,天上的日月星辰,都是由正气形成的。[35]“于人日“浩然”二句:赋予人的正气叫浩然之气,它充满天地之间。沛乎:旺盛的样子。苍冥:天地之间。??[36]皇路当清夷:当国家太平的时候。皇路:国运,国家的局势。清夷:清平,太平。??[37]含和叶明庭:正气和谐地表露在政事修明的朝廷里。吐:表露。??[38]时穷节了,见:国家危难之际,气节便表现了出来。见:同现,表现,显露。 [39]垂丹青:见于画册,传之后世。垂:留存:流传。丹青:图画,古代帝王常把有功之臣的肖像和事迹叫画工画出来。??[40]在齐太史简:太史:史官。简:古代用以写字的竹片。《左传.襄公二十五年》载.春秋时,齐国大夫崔杼把国君杀了,齐国的太史在史册E写道.“崔杼其君。”崔杼怒,把太史杀了。太史的两个弟弟继续写,都被杀,第三个弟弟仍这样写,崔杼没有办法,只好让他写在上。??[41]在晋董狐笔;??《左传·宣公二年》载:春秋时,晋灵公被赵穿杀死,晋大夫赵盾没有处置赵穿,太史董狐在史册上写道:“赵盾弑其君。“孔予称赞这样写是“良史”笔法。??(42)张良椎.《巾记‘留侯传》载:张良祖上五代人都做韩国的丞相,韩国被秦始皇灭掉后,他一心要替韩国报仇,找到一个大力士,持一百二十斤的大椎,在博浪沙(今河南新乡县南)伏击出巡的秦始皇,未击中。后来张良辅佐刘邦建立汉朝,封留侯。 (43)苏武节:??《汉书·李广苏建传》载;汉武帝时,苏武出使匈奴,匈奴人要他投降,他坚决拒绝,被流放到北海(今苏联西伯利亚贝加尔湖)边牧羊。为了表示对祖国的忠诚,他一天到晚拿着从汉朝带去的符节,牧羊十九年,始终贤贞不屈,后来终于回到汉朝。(44)严将军:??《三国志·蜀志·张飞传》载:严颜在刘璋手下做将军,镇守巴郡,被张飞捉住,要他投降,他回答说;??“我州但有断头将军,无降将军!“张飞见其威武不屈,把他释放了。??(45)嵇侍中;嵇绍,嵇康之子,晋惠帝时做侍中(官名)。《晋书·嵇绍传》载:晋惠帝永兴元年 (304年),皇室内乱,惠帝的侍卫都被打垮了,嵇绍用自己的身体遮住惠帝,被杀死,血溅到惠帝的衣服上。战争结束后,有人要洗去惠帝衣服上的血,惠帝说:??“此嵇侍中血,勿去!”??[46]张睢阳:即唐朝的张巡。??《旧唐书·张巡传》载:安禄山叛乱,张巡固守睢阳(今河南商丘),每次上阵督战,大声呼喊,牙齿都咬碎了。城破被俘,拒不投降,敌将问他:??“闻君每战,皆目裂,嚼齿皆碎,何至此耶?”张巡回答说:“吾欲气吞逆贼,但力不遂耳。“敌将“视其齿,存者不过三数”。??(47)颜常山:即唐朝的颜杲卿,任常山太守。??《新唐书·颜杲卿传》载:安禄山叛乱时,他起兵讨伐,后城破被俘,当面大骂安禄山,被钩断舌头,仍不屈,被杀死。??[48]辽东帽:东汉末年的管宁有高节,是在野的名士,避乱居辽东(今辽宁省东南部)一再拒绝朝廷的征召,他常戴一顶黑色帽子,安贫讲学,名闻于世。??(49)清操厉冰雪:是说管宁严格奉守清廉的节操,凛如冰雪。厉:严肃,严厉。??(50)出师表:诸葛亮出师伐魏之前,上表给蜀后主刘禅,表明自己为统一事业奋斗到底的决心。表文中有“鞠躬尽力,死而后已”的名言。??[51]鬼神泣壮烈:鬼神也被诸葛亮的壮烈精神感动得流泪。??(52)渡江楫(集):东晋爱国志士祖逖率兵北伐,渡长江时,敲着船桨发誓北定中原,后来终于收复黄河以南失地。楫:船桨。??[53]胡羯:古代对北方少数民族的称呼。过去史书上曾称匈奴、鲜卑、羯、氐、羌为五胡。这句是形容祖逖的豪壮气概。??[54]击贼笏:唐德宗时,朱蟊谋反,召段秀实议事,段不肯同流合污,以笏猛击朱眦的头,大骂:??“狂贼,吾恨不斩汝万段,岂从汝反耶?”笏:古代大臣朝见皇帝时所持的手板。??[55]逆竖:叛乱的贼子,指朱眦。??[56]是气:这种“浩然之气”。磅礴;充塞。??(57)凛烈;庄严、令人敬畏的样子。??(58)“当其贯日月”二句:当正气激昂起来直冲日月的时候,个人的生死还有什么值得计较的。??[59]“地维赖以立”二句:是说地和天都依靠正气支撑着。地维:古代人认为地是方的,四角有四根支柱撑着。天柱:古代传说,昆仑山有铜柱,高入云天,称为天柱,又说天有人山为柱。??[60]三纲实系命:是说三纲实际系命于正气,即靠正气支撑着。??[61]道义为之根:道义以正气为根本。??[62]嗟予遘阳儿:可叹我遇上了恶运。嗟(婿阶):感叹词。遘:遭逢,遇到。阳九:即百六阳九,古人用以指灾难年头,此指国势的危亡。??[63]隶也实无力:是说我实在无力改变这种危亡的国势。隶:地位低的官吏,此为作者谦称。??[64]楚囚缨其冠:??《左传·成功九年》载:春秋时,楚子重攻陈以救赵,楚国被俘的人戴着一种楚国帽子(表示不忘祖国,被拘囚着,晋侯问是什么人,旁边人回答说是“楚囚”。这里作者是说,自己被拘囚着,把从江南戴来的帽子的带系紧,表示虽为囚徒仍不忘宋朝。??[65]传车:官办交通站的车辆。穷北:极远的北方。??[66]鼎镬甘如饴:身受鼎镬那样的酷刑,也感到象吃糖一样甜,表示不怕牺牲。鼎镬:大锅。古代一种酷刑,把人放在鼎镬里活活煮死。??[67]阴房阒鬼火:囚室阴暗寂静,只有鬼火出没。杜甫(《玉华宫》诗:??“阴房鬼火青。”阴房:见不到阳光的居处,此指囚房。阒:幽暗、寂静。??(68)春院闷天黑:虽在春天里,院门关得紧紧的,照样是一片漆黑。杜甫《大云寺赞公房》诗。??“天黑闷春院。”闭:关闭。[69]“牛骥同一皂二句:牛和骏马同槽,鸡和风凰共处,比喻贤愚不分,杰出的人和平庸的人都关在一起。骥:良马。皂:马槽。鸡栖:鸡窝。??[70]一朝蒙雾露:一旦受雾露风寒所侵。蒙:受。(71)分作沟中瘠:料到自己一定成为沟中的枯骨。分:料,估量。沟中瘠:弃于沟中的枯骨,??《说苑》:“死则不免为沟中之瘠。”??[72]如此再寒暑:在这种环境里过了两年了。??[73]百渗自辟易:各种病害都自行退避了。这是说没有生病。??[74]沮洳场:低下阴湿的地方。??(75)“岂有他缪巧”二句:哪有什么妙法奇术,使得寒暑都不能伤害自己?缪巧:智谋,机巧。贼:害。??[76]顾此耿耿在:只因心中充满正气。顾:但,表示意思有转折的连接词。此:指正气。耿耿:光明貌。??[77]仰视浮云白:对富贵不屑一顾,视若浮云。《论语·述而》:??“不义而富且贵,于我如浮云。”??[78]“悠悠我心悲”二句:我心中亡国之痛的忧思,象苍天一样,哪有尽头。曷:何,哪。极:尽头。??[79]哲人日以远:古代的圣贤一天比一天远了。哲人:贤明杰出的人物,指上面列举的古人。??[80]典型:榜样,模范。夙昔:从前,过去。??[81]风檐展书读:在临风的廊檐下展开史册阅读。 [82]古道照颜色:古代传统的美德,闪耀在面前。

是这样的: 比如你参考了某篇论文中的一段话,则在将鼠标光标点在这段话的末尾处,然后点击工具栏里的“插入”——“脚注和尾注”(可能在“引用”里面,视电脑而定)——确定。 这样,在你引用的那段话的末尾,即有了一个小小的编号,光标会自动跳到页末,那里出现了一个小五号字的脚注栏,你可以在里面输入被引用文章的详细具体信息。在你写文章的过程中,脚注尾注会自动调整顺序编号,并跟随正文移动,所以你不用担心会对不上。并且,你将鼠标移到正文中注解处那些小数字上的时候,还会出来一个小框,出现你脚注中的内容。你可以试一下。 至于格式,就是:作者,《XXXX》,出版社,出版年份,引文页码其实注释除了引文以外,还可以有别的,比如你在文中提及某条法条,可以将法条的具体内容写在注释里。总之,你有什么想要添加说明,而有觉得直接添加对正文的连贯性无益的,都可以加入注释中。至于参考文献,则是要放在整篇文章末尾的。格式和引文注释相同。

中文学术论文常用词汇大全及例句及注释及翻译

Through to {center western dinner table etiquette culture} the research not only has enriched the knowledge, enhances the dinner table etiquette culture the tutelage, moreover exercised the independent data collection, the analysis question, has solved the question ability, enhanced the application English to carry on the human relations the In the modern social life, along with the economical and the cultural development, is fastidious the civilization manner, the attenion etiquette courtesy, more and more becomes people's one kind of mutual Speaks politeness, understands the etiquette Is a national and a national civilized degree symbol, the improvement interpersonal relationship, the promotion society progress and the economical development has the noticeable Because China has already joined WTO, then we and the overseas friend will have more If does business eats meal and so Therefore I decided in the research in the western culture "China and the West Dinner table Etiquette Contrast", enable oneself to have the in-depth to on the center west dinner table etiquette the These concrete knowledge all are may utilize Keyword which later in the actual commercial activity will go: 1 takes a seat 2 to go to eat 3 dinner tables diets to be supposed to perform to pay attention Takes a seat the China and the West dinner table etiquette basic difference to have the slight China generally is, by 左为上, regards as the seat of honor, the relative seat of honor is two, under the seat of honor has three, under two is The seating order was "east Shang Zuozun", "the surface for reveres towards the front door" The family reunion banquet seat of honor is the rank highest elder, 末席 is Patrols when the liquor from chief respects according to a smooth If round table, then to the front door is the hosts and visitors, nearby the left hand is in turn 2, 4, Nearby the right hand is in turn 3, 5, Until If is the table for eight, if has to the front door seat, then to a front door side 右位 is the hosts and If not to front door, then east a surface side right mat is Then nearby the chief left hand 坐开 goes is 2, 4, 6, 8, nearby the right hand is 3, 5, Of if is the big feast, arrangement between the table and the table is fastidious chief precedes comes between, left side 2, 4, 6, right side are in turn 3, 5, 7, according to hosts and visitors status, status, friend or stranger minute The Chinese custom is the people takes a seat when certainly does not have the west that to be fastidious, mostly is takes a seat according to own Western taking a seat is faces the gate to leave the gate farthest that seat is a hostess, with it relative is the male master's Nearby the hostess right hand seat is the first head table, generally is gentleman; Right side the male master's seat is the second head table, generally is 主宾 Left side of hostess's seat is the third head table, the male master's left side seat is the fourth head Takes a seat by chair left side Most appropriate takes a seat the way is takes a seat from left After the chair is pulled open, the body in nearly must bump into the table the distance departure to be straight, leads to be able to advance the chair behind, when the leg curved bumps into the chair, may sit Front also has takes a seat, cannot rashly enter the The elbow do not have to put on the tabletop, may not 跷足 May not when dining the midway walks If has the matter firmly to have to leave should low voice say the hello to the about Generally speaking is on the western dinner table is static, on the Chinese dinner table Western person ordinary day active, waves the hand physique language and so on peak shoulder is specially Has China and the west dines between the politeness different minimum Normally in China, left side is the above place, moreover is treated as the first place, compares with the first place is the second place, has after the first place three places and four after the second The place order form is left side the "respect and eastern part", the "place facing the gate is above place" Goes to eat on the detail China dinner table the commonly used tableware is the cup, the tray, the bowl, the dish, the chopsticks, the porcelain spoon and so on several What the west is commonly used is the knife, the fork, the spoon, the plate, the cup and so on, the knife divides into the edible knife, the fish knife, the meat knife, the cream knife, the water fruit knife; Forks divides into the edible fork, the harpoon, the lobster The public knife and fork specification generally is bigger than uses the knife and The spoon divides the soupspoon, the teaspoon, the cup type are more, the teacup, the coffee cup are a chinaware, and matches the small small dish; The drinking glass, the wine class are many is the glass First uses the chopsticks how in China, the finger middle finger and the ring finger separately put on two chopsticks underneath, the thumb according to in the chopsticks place above, the index finger tightly pastes the thumb, the little finger is bending to The chopsticks 开合 scope may use the middle finger the activity to In the west as a result of the cultural difference, they uses the knife and fork, how uses the knife and fork? The basic principle is right grasps the knife or the soupspoon, the left hand takes the If has two above, should use in turn by most outside to End the knife and fork 拿法 is lightly grasps, index finger according to on The soupspoon uses to grasp the pen the way to take If felt not conveniently, may trade the right hand to take the fork, but replaces frequently appears

据学术堂了解,在医学论文的翻译过程中,不少医学工作者表示中医术语翻译好难。翻译中医术语,不仅需要具备翻译功底,还须熟知中医学理论和扎实的古汉语知识。所以,难是可以理解的。为了帮助医学工作者解决烦恼,下面我们来谈谈医学术语的翻译方法。一、科技英语常用构词法。在科技英语构词中,普遍运用的是复合法、缀合法、缩合法、首字母缩略等,这些方法在中医术语翻译时均可借鉴。1、复合法这类术语在中医术语翻译中占了很大的比例,其含义大多是各个词含义的叠加。采用这种译法的优点是容易找到对应词,结构明了,易于理解。缺点是译文往往不够简洁。2、缀合法此类术语的含义为词缀与词干意义的相加,特点是简洁,专业性强,与西医术语的可比性强,便于学术交流。但在目前中医术语翻译中,这类词的使用比例并不高,如针灸。3、缩合法其含义通常是构成该词的两个部分的词语意义相加,其特点类似缀合法。例如针压。4、首字母缩略这种方法在科技英语(包括医学英语)中使用得非常广泛,但在中医英语中却很少使用。目前被普遍接受的只有”中医”一词。当然,也有学者在这方面做了有益的尝试,如将温病缩略为。首字母缩略是一种非常便捷的构词方式,可提高单位词汇的信息量。但是,如何运用这一方法使中医术语趋于简洁,规范,还有待进行深入的研究。二、其他翻译方法1、词性的转换由于中文和英文的语言结构,表达方式不同,在翻译时要将中医术语的结构进行转换。较常用的方法是将中文的主谓结构,动宾结构转换成英文中的名词性词组或非限定动词词组。例如 止痛等。对症状的描述也多采用类似的方法。由于症状表示的是一种状态,而非具体动作,其中文可采用主谓或动宾等词组来描述,而在英语中则常采用名词(词组)或动名词(词组)的形式。如盗汗等。2、结构调整中医术语大多形成于中国古代,故语言形式上保留了古汉语的特点,讲究工整对仗。但在译成英语时,往往需要对这类结构进行调整,采用符合目的语语言习惯的结构,实现意义上的忠实。如神疲肢倦,心悸怔忡等。3、音译法由于东西方文化和中西医理论之间存在很大的差异,所以有不少中医术语很难在西医(英语)中找到对应的词,用意译的方法则译文过于冗长,不符合术语简洁精练的要求。在这种情况下,采用音译不失为一种可取的选择,必要时可加以注释,以弥补音译的不足。例气一,气功一,阴阳一。气是中医理论中的一个重要概念,它既可以指人体的生命物质,也可以指人体的生理功能。用音译法来翻译,则最直接,最简洁地反映出了”气”的真实内涵。 基本上,医学工作者翻译医学术语,可以从以上两种方法出发。当然,在翻译的过程中也要注意实际的语境要求。最后,希望这两种翻译方法可以帮助到大家。

医学论文翻译挺难的,没有一点的水平完全翻译不过来,建议还是找机构,让清北医学翻译帮忙把。

This comparative analysis of the ideal experiments and general sense of the experiment of dialectical relationship, more - discusses the concept of ideal experiments in physics and their status and description of “ ideal experiment method is an important scientific research methods it on the establishment of a new theory of physics, has been added, the theory of physics, a revolutionary development play an important role of scientific workers should pay attention to ” “ ideal experimental research and by a large number of typical cases, the ideal of experimental analysis of experimental method description of the ideal of creative talents in an important role in专业版

中文学术论文常用词汇大全及例句及翻译注释

Abstract: objective of universal principles for digestion The typical analysis method, find common The analysis result was 11 (including the famous paradox is still considered the "SC franklin without a person can make everybody convincing explicitly proposes the paradox of reasoning, and any fallacy paradox liar paradox termination, can cause) from the following principles explaining violation of thinking in handling the relationship between the concept, the logical thing is not the first thing on the logic and According to the principle of the straight, through the analysis of the specific example Narrows definition, not all the straight predicate definition contains a vicious Conclusion the principle is to prevent the paradox and an effective principle, the article, the principle that generality, General to the cause of contradiction in the straight predicate definition (depends) and banned the use of it in mathematics, lack of logic based Keywords: paradox, Invalid reasoning, The straight predicate, Logic has not confuse principle

无论哪个翻译软件翻出来的都是比较生硬的,一眼就能看出来。如果非要用软件翻的话,谷歌在线翻译相对来说好一些,不过还是推荐人工来翻译,北京译顶科技那边都是人工给你翻译的

据学术堂了解,在医学论文的翻译过程中,不少医学工作者表示中医术语翻译好难。翻译中医术语,不仅需要具备翻译功底,还须熟知中医学理论和扎实的古汉语知识。所以,难是可以理解的。为了帮助医学工作者解决烦恼,下面我们来谈谈医学术语的翻译方法。一、科技英语常用构词法。在科技英语构词中,普遍运用的是复合法、缀合法、缩合法、首字母缩略等,这些方法在中医术语翻译时均可借鉴。1、复合法这类术语在中医术语翻译中占了很大的比例,其含义大多是各个词含义的叠加。采用这种译法的优点是容易找到对应词,结构明了,易于理解。缺点是译文往往不够简洁。2、缀合法此类术语的含义为词缀与词干意义的相加,特点是简洁,专业性强,与西医术语的可比性强,便于学术交流。但在目前中医术语翻译中,这类词的使用比例并不高,如针灸。3、缩合法其含义通常是构成该词的两个部分的词语意义相加,其特点类似缀合法。例如针压。4、首字母缩略这种方法在科技英语(包括医学英语)中使用得非常广泛,但在中医英语中却很少使用。目前被普遍接受的只有”中医”一词。当然,也有学者在这方面做了有益的尝试,如将温病缩略为。首字母缩略是一种非常便捷的构词方式,可提高单位词汇的信息量。但是,如何运用这一方法使中医术语趋于简洁,规范,还有待进行深入的研究。二、其他翻译方法1、词性的转换由于中文和英文的语言结构,表达方式不同,在翻译时要将中医术语的结构进行转换。较常用的方法是将中文的主谓结构,动宾结构转换成英文中的名词性词组或非限定动词词组。例如 止痛等。对症状的描述也多采用类似的方法。由于症状表示的是一种状态,而非具体动作,其中文可采用主谓或动宾等词组来描述,而在英语中则常采用名词(词组)或动名词(词组)的形式。如盗汗等。2、结构调整中医术语大多形成于中国古代,故语言形式上保留了古汉语的特点,讲究工整对仗。但在译成英语时,往往需要对这类结构进行调整,采用符合目的语语言习惯的结构,实现意义上的忠实。如神疲肢倦,心悸怔忡等。3、音译法由于东西方文化和中西医理论之间存在很大的差异,所以有不少中医术语很难在西医(英语)中找到对应的词,用意译的方法则译文过于冗长,不符合术语简洁精练的要求。在这种情况下,采用音译不失为一种可取的选择,必要时可加以注释,以弥补音译的不足。例气一,气功一,阴阳一。气是中医理论中的一个重要概念,它既可以指人体的生命物质,也可以指人体的生理功能。用音译法来翻译,则最直接,最简洁地反映出了”气”的真实内涵。 基本上,医学工作者翻译医学术语,可以从以上两种方法出发。当然,在翻译的过程中也要注意实际的语境要求。最后,希望这两种翻译方法可以帮助到大家。

翻译软件仅供参考,不能过分依赖,想要高质量的翻译还是需要专业的翻译人士和平台,个人还是比较信赖北京译顶科技

中文学术论文常用词汇大全及例句及注释翻译

Abstract: objective of universal principles for digestion The typical analysis method, find common The analysis result was 11 (including the famous paradox is still considered the "SC franklin without a person can make everybody convincing explicitly proposes the paradox of reasoning, and any fallacy paradox liar paradox termination, can cause) from the following principles explaining violation of thinking in handling the relationship between the concept, the logical thing is not the first thing on the logic and According to the principle of the straight, through the analysis of the specific example Narrows definition, not all the straight predicate definition contains a vicious Conclusion the principle is to prevent the paradox and an effective principle, the article, the principle that generality, General to the cause of contradiction in the straight predicate definition (depends) and banned the use of it in mathematics, lack of logic based Keywords: paradox, Invalid reasoning, The straight predicate, Logic has not confuse principle

我认同他的答案:交际能力Ability of communication /communicative ability 语言能力capability of language/linguistic competence /language competence 理解能力ability of comprehension 文化差异 cultral diversity 差异diversity/difference信息传播 information spreadin/ dissemination of information

交际能力Ability of communication /communicative ability 语言能力capability of language/linguistic competence /language competence 理解能力ability of comprehension 文化差异 cultral diversity 差异diversity/difference信息传播 information spreadin/ dissemination of information

Through to {center western dinner table etiquette culture} the research not only has enriched the knowledge, enhances the dinner table etiquette culture the tutelage, moreover exercised the independent data collection, the analysis question, has solved the question ability, enhanced the application English to carry on the human relations the In the modern social life, along with the economical and the cultural development, is fastidious the civilization manner, the attenion etiquette courtesy, more and more becomes people's one kind of mutual Speaks politeness, understands the etiquette Is a national and a national civilized degree symbol, the improvement interpersonal relationship, the promotion society progress and the economical development has the noticeable Because China has already joined WTO, then we and the overseas friend will have more If does business eats meal and so Therefore I decided in the research in the western culture "China and the West Dinner table Etiquette Contrast", enable oneself to have the in-depth to on the center west dinner table etiquette the These concrete knowledge all are may utilize Keyword which later in the actual commercial activity will go: 1 takes a seat 2 to go to eat 3 dinner tables diets to be supposed to perform to pay attention Takes a seat the China and the West dinner table etiquette basic difference to have the slight China generally is, by 左为上, regards as the seat of honor, the relative seat of honor is two, under the seat of honor has three, under two is The seating order was "east Shang Zuozun", "the surface for reveres towards the front door" The family reunion banquet seat of honor is the rank highest elder, 末席 is Patrols when the liquor from chief respects according to a smooth If round table, then to the front door is the hosts and visitors, nearby the left hand is in turn 2, 4, Nearby the right hand is in turn 3, 5, Until If is the table for eight, if has to the front door seat, then to a front door side 右位 is the hosts and If not to front door, then east a surface side right mat is Then nearby the chief left hand 坐开 goes is 2, 4, 6, 8, nearby the right hand is 3, 5, Of if is the big feast, arrangement between the table and the table is fastidious chief precedes comes between, left side 2, 4, 6, right side are in turn 3, 5, 7, according to hosts and visitors status, status, friend or stranger minute The Chinese custom is the people takes a seat when certainly does not have the west that to be fastidious, mostly is takes a seat according to own Western taking a seat is faces the gate to leave the gate farthest that seat is a hostess, with it relative is the male master's Nearby the hostess right hand seat is the first head table, generally is gentleman; Right side the male master's seat is the second head table, generally is 主宾 Left side of hostess's seat is the third head table, the male master's left side seat is the fourth head Takes a seat by chair left side Most appropriate takes a seat the way is takes a seat from left After the chair is pulled open, the body in nearly must bump into the table the distance departure to be straight, leads to be able to advance the chair behind, when the leg curved bumps into the chair, may sit Front also has takes a seat, cannot rashly enter the The elbow do not have to put on the tabletop, may not 跷足 May not when dining the midway walks If has the matter firmly to have to leave should low voice say the hello to the about Generally speaking is on the western dinner table is static, on the Chinese dinner table Western person ordinary day active, waves the hand physique language and so on peak shoulder is specially Has China and the west dines between the politeness different minimum Normally in China, left side is the above place, moreover is treated as the first place, compares with the first place is the second place, has after the first place three places and four after the second The place order form is left side the "respect and eastern part", the "place facing the gate is above place" Goes to eat on the detail China dinner table the commonly used tableware is the cup, the tray, the bowl, the dish, the chopsticks, the porcelain spoon and so on several What the west is commonly used is the knife, the fork, the spoon, the plate, the cup and so on, the knife divides into the edible knife, the fish knife, the meat knife, the cream knife, the water fruit knife; Forks divides into the edible fork, the harpoon, the lobster The public knife and fork specification generally is bigger than uses the knife and The spoon divides the soupspoon, the teaspoon, the cup type are more, the teacup, the coffee cup are a chinaware, and matches the small small dish; The drinking glass, the wine class are many is the glass First uses the chopsticks how in China, the finger middle finger and the ring finger separately put on two chopsticks underneath, the thumb according to in the chopsticks place above, the index finger tightly pastes the thumb, the little finger is bending to The chopsticks 开合 scope may use the middle finger the activity to In the west as a result of the cultural difference, they uses the knife and fork, how uses the knife and fork? The basic principle is right grasps the knife or the soupspoon, the left hand takes the If has two above, should use in turn by most outside to End the knife and fork 拿法 is lightly grasps, index finger according to on The soupspoon uses to grasp the pen the way to take If felt not conveniently, may trade the right hand to take the fork, but replaces frequently appears

相关百科
热门百科
首页
发表服务