学术论文百科

中西文化论文2000字开头的专业有

发布时间:2024-07-12 03:24:24

中西文化论文2000字开头的专业有

Western novels in comparison First, Western novels in the history of the development of Western novels are based on myths and legends of its In ancient times, science developed, out of fear of nature, the working people out of the imagination is the key to many of the world "God", describing the personification of God is a myth; who will describe the deified, that is China opened the world's Pan story, the story of San Juan Five Emperors, the West Greek mythology, Roman mythology, Norse mythology, and so on are all typical East and West, the original novel, is closely linked with the history, as historical records complement the China Pre-Qin prose in the fable, the Han dynasty in the history books, biographies, the Wei and Jin Zhi, Zhi-person novel; the West of ancient Babylon, "the United States and Ji Jia disabilities epic", in ancient Greece, "Homer's epic," "Aesop's Fables "And so on, fall into this category, fiction, novels such novels have been about the characteristics of fiction, it is still not the literary creation, directly from the private collection record, so this type of fiction plot is relatively simple, writing rough Ban Gu said, "On the Street Lane words, hearsay are made of" is a novel kind of accurate assessment of the China's Tang Dynasty, the novel is only from history and literature become a Tang Dynasty culture has developed, the author's ideas are more open, the legend came into being at this time, Li Zhaowei "Liu Yi Chuan", Po Chu's "Everlasting Regret," Wolf's "Everlasting Regret Chuan" And so on, are made in accordance with the creation of the For the fictional story of the Tang Dynasty more emphasis on imagination and literary talent, not just the history of the nature of things, but as the history of Zhi Zhi who is also the novel did not The Legend of the Song Dynasty to the novel on a gradual decline, which followed the rise of this so that after processing will become a scholar so many novel and Romance novels such as "Romance of the Three Kingdoms", "Outlaws of the Marsh", "Journey to the W" The author of such novels is the use of private creative and re-created to describe the circumstances of the touching scenes of brilliant and vivid active in shaping the character known, there are obvious story-telling style of Here by the redevelopment, it will become an independent literary creation rather than things to come together with the civil process, the representative of this type is the "Golden Lotus", it was an open and ordinary life on the road, the reality is that literature has come a long way The development of the latter's "A Dream of Red Mansions" in ancient China Geng Shiba realism to the novels of the "54" after the novelist began to learn from China's western fiction writing practices, and gradually out a new Western novels, is the "Renaissance" after the rapid development of The development of the Middle Ages novel near-stagnation in the West, 14, the end of the century "Renaissance" to overthrow the literature of the Church of control, 15, appeared in the western end of the century to promote freedom of thought and the liberation of personality in order to describe the reality of life and portray characters from all walks of life for the content of the Humanist novels, is to tie in with this type of novel anti-feudal Europe at the time of arising at the same time it also set the novel in the West to human describing the tone of the main Jiaqiu Italy's "Decameron", Spain's Cervantes "Don Quixote" is the kind of representative works of The resulting novel is a classical, elegant favor of its national language to standardize the writing of this novel in 17th century France's most well- As a note on behalf of Corneille's "Cid" neoclassical story of the rise of Western novels have been a language substantially The beginning of the 18th century to promote popular science knowledge, enlightenment of the public consciousness for the purpose of the Enlightenment novels, of which there are relatively well-known German Goethe's "Faust", the United Kingdom Defoe's "Robinson Crusoe" and the Swift "Gulliver's Travels" and so on, this type of novel to the emergence of the bourgeois revolution at the time to mold public In the 19th century, romantic fiction, realistic novels and critical realism novel turn to occupy the leading position in the field of Romantic novels, such as France Victor Hugo's "Notre Dame de Paris", Goethe's "juvenile Witt of trouble" and so on, imaginative, unusual ideas, language and imaginative, strong Efforts to reflect the reality of the novel is the essence of life, and depict typical life of a typical phenomenon in the United Kingdom Dickens, France and Germany are of such novels as a representative of the Critical realism novels exposed the efforts of the decadent feudal system and capitalist society, the dark, in-depth criticism of the reality of evil, France Balzac and Maupassant, the United Kingdom of Charlotte, Bronte, Russia's Tolstoy, Dostoevsky, the United States of a large number of writers such as Mark Twain's works belong to this Value today, the three novels in the West is still the most important of the three types of literary East-West novel on the history of the development of more or less the Second, the characteristics of the novel in the West In addition to the basic characteristics of the novel, the story of the West also have their own characteristics are as follows: 1, the traditional Chinese novel attention to the characters, language and the details of the description, in contradiction to the conflict to display the images, but the character of a single, small changes in the absence of the main Western novels are more people pay attention to the psychological description, stressed that mining figure in the subconscious mind, good at writing full, the changes in the strong sense of the main Again, "coach Lin Feng Snow Mountain Temple" in the figure is only through dialogue and action leads to contradictions and conflicts, but Anna Karenina Wogui before a series of conflicts only with his description of the psychological will be able to express their clear; for poetry in Lin In the performance of her literary talent, and Paul with his inner monologue of the ideal; Zhang Zhong-Yong has only the character, but Jane Eyre's character is the brave, strong, warm, kind-hearted, and so many of the character and rubbing and Cheng' In short, people in the area described in the West has its own unique 2, China compared with Western fiction novel plot twists and turns more and more complete Plot twists and turns, the story is complete fiction China's unique traditional The Wei and Jin Zhi Zhi people on the novel twists and turns with vivid Tang legend in the layout of many of the famous, magnificent anomaly, rigorous and clever, dramatic plot The contents of the Ming and Qing Dynasties novels scattered irregular, undulating waves, Cuoluoyouzhi, careful structure, an integral "A Dream of Red Mansions", everywhere She Fu, Hui turning point, the story of Jia's best Western plot in respect of the outstanding works, although there are many, but it can not be compared with the Chinese 3, concise and lively Chinese language novel, rich in content and rich Western Chinese folk artists absorbed the novel language, at the same time inherited the fine traditions of ancient prose, often a few words will be able to outline the incident or the Western novels in the author includes a broad range of knowledge, involve the community in many ways, so rich in content and rich people can gain knowledge in many Engels said he was in Balzac's novel about 19th century France's domestic situation than he received any reports are Western novels have different characteristics, and also in the West different aesthetic concepts to a certain extent 4, Western novels have been the rule of the feudal culture of oppression Chinese feudal culture makes the development of the novel is extremely difficult, Ming and Qing Dynasties more people to write stories for shame, so many great writers living, creating the conditions are not covered, many of the great works of authors who do not Western novels in the feudal culture makes almost the whole of the Middle Ages in the development of extremely slow, and many talented writers were forced to church services, wrote some of the religious nature of the article dry Third, Western novels in the future prospects for the development of End of the Qing Dynasty, China and the West have begun to understand the other side of the system, the advantages of the novel in the West have been constantly learn from each Of course, due to historical reasons, the Chinese side of the draw a little To this day, the novelist in the West efforts are still two researchers in the novel's artistic charm, although the different languages of each other's appreciation of the arts to a certain extent, but the United States are We have every reason to believe that in the near future, the novel art in the West will ultimately learn from each other and integrate, develop and reach new artistic References: "Foreign Literature" Shanghai Translation Publishing House Zhou Xu Liang "Contemporary Literature election," Zhang Zhong, such as Beijing University Publishing House "Chinese literature history of the development of" Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House Liu Jie "Literary History of Europe" People's Literature Publishing House Yangzhou Han Wu Da-yuan Zhao Rui radish "Three high school language textbook used by the five dates of the" People's Education Press仅供参考,请自借鉴。希望对您有帮助。

道可道 非常道 名可名,非常名。无名天地之始;有名万物之母。  学者梁燕城访谈:太初有道、道(Logos)是信息的意思。神的话成为万有的根据,也成为万有的规律。当代的量子力学就非常奇妙地发现,万有事实上是根据很多信息的秩序组成。这主要是由戴维•玻姆(DavidBohm),著名的量子力学大师提出说:万有有一个看不见的秩序,叫“ImplicateOrder”,里面都是非常复杂的信息系统,造成我们看见的秩序,叫作“ExplicateOrder”。中文“道”这个字也有信息、语言的意思。老子那个时候非常奇妙地体会到,宇宙背后是有真理的信息存在。《庄子》里面提到:“夫道,有情有信”。从前后文里还可以看到,庄子心中的神是有位格的。这个传统一直到1911年,就是上帝是没有形像的。天坛里没有偶像,祈年殿里一个偶像都没有,里面只有一个牌子,叫“皇天上帝”。中国祖先本来就相信无形的上帝,老子、庄子事实上是继承这个传统而来。这正是《圣经》里的内容,上帝是个灵、而且恨恶世人崇拜偶像。  在牛津的博德莱安图书馆里有一份手稿,作者名叫马斯——乌迪。他在这份手稿中宣称所谓胡夫的金字塔是埃及王苏里特叫人建造的,而这个苏里特是在大洪水前统治埃及的。根据其它文献记载,这位目光深远的苏里特王命令他的僧侣们,写下他们的全部常识,藏在金字塔里,给洪水后的人们留下必要的知识。  《圣经》创世记前11章,关于人类早期共同史的记述,在中国古经中几乎都可以找到印证:  《周易》也神秘地说:七日来复,天行也;  《圣经》说:上帝造物的工已经完毕,就在第七日歇了他一切的工,安息了。  《淮南子》上说:天下有四水,凡此四水者,帝之神泉,以和百药,以润万物;  《圣经》说:伊甸园里有四条河,流出珍珠玛瑙。  《山海经》上说:当初有不死树和圣树,圣树又叫睿木,“食之令人圣智也”;  《圣经》说:伊甸园中有生命树和智慧树。  《尚书》和《国语》上说:人犯了罪,上帝命令重黎堵绝天路,上下不相来往;  《圣经》说:人类始祖贪吃了智慧树上的果子,被上帝赶出伊甸园,并有基路伯和火焰之剑,阻断了人神通路。  《老子》说:天地之母,万物之根,众妙之源,从无中生有,乃天地之始;  《庄子》说:有情有信,无为无形,可传而不可受,可得而不可见;  《圣经》说:太初有道,道就是上帝,生命在他里头,这生命是人的光。  一位伟大的学者在美国神学院读书时,发现《老子》与《圣经》有奇妙相通之处。老子的道,是自有永有者,造化养育者,超越者,启示者,生命者,公义者,拯救者,这七点很像上帝的属性。无神论者把道归于自然神,其实老子的道不乏人格特征,有信实、有恩德、有慈爱、有赏罚、能赦罪、能教化。更神奇的是,惜字如金的老子竟然着重笔墨描述一位道的化身圣人:自有永有者,造化养育者,超越者,启示者,生命者,公义者,拯救者。说他承袭上天大道的光明和永恒,来普救世人。知其荣、守其辱、知其白、守其黑、成为世人认识大道的中介。圣人秉持大道本像,普天下的人都前往归向他,领受平安。他外表粗卑、内怀宝贝,能将众人从过犯中领回来。最后,老子竟然暗示这位圣人要受辱受难,却作主作王,直到永远,是谁?  查考世上所有的经典、教门的主子都对不上号,唯独道成肉身的耶稣基督非常酷似。这2500年前的古人是怎么知道《圣经》中“道成肉身的耶稣”的呢? 这的确是一个巨大的、神圣的、跨越时空的谜团。  老子说:道是万物之主、是善人的宝贝、罪人的中保。美好的言辞固然可以博取尊荣、美好的行为固然使人得到敬重,然而人的不善怎能被剔除干净呢? 所以,就是立为天子,身为太师、太傅、太保,财宝无数、荣华加身,还不如坐进这大道里呢。古时候为什么重视道呢? 不就是因为在道里面,寻求就能得着,有罪可得赦免吗? 所以道是天下最宝贵的啊!  老子的笔墨中展示给人间的不正是《圣经》中上帝的天国、耶稣的救赎吗?   《尚书》、《诗经》都记载着:中国人来自上帝。早在老子古经中便记载旧约《圣经》预言中的“耶稣”。而且两千多年来,举凡太平盛世,竟无一不是遵循了老子之学说。顺天道治国的皇帝,囊括了仅有的几百年辉煌时代。文景之治、光武中兴、贞观之治、开元之治等等。孔子倾注毕生心力宣扬敬天爱人的忠恕之道,当代多个皇帝均尊纯了老子“天道”的统治方式,那么老子的神学知识是那里来的呢?就目前世界不管任何一种教门的国家,他们的统治方式都在努力提高到上帝的道上来,这又是为什么?  清皇康熙说:中国人的“上帝”就是真神,天不是物质的天。康熙亲临宣武教堂,题写了“敬天”和“万有真原”两副扁额,又作诗称颂耶稣:“功求十架血成溪,百丈恩流分自西。”在《生命之宝》一文中,康熙明确表示:“天门久为初人闭,福路全是圣子通。我愿接受神圣子,儿子明分得永生。”  古人老子、孔子、孟子对“道”的认识,已如此入神境界,实令人难以置信。其代表着中国的古人,代表着中国的文化。他的“道”影响着整个中国尽至世界的每个人的行为和思想。  可悲的是现今一辈自己不进去,却连急俗得到真知走进真理的下辈也挡在门口。而至今只能在未接触过这批“贵人”的最低层中找到蛛丝马迹:  《广东新闻网》2011年10月21日10:12王华报道:10月13日晚,两岁女童小悦悦在佛山市某市场内被两辆车相继辗过,肇事车辆逃逸。18名路人陆续经过均对躺在地上奄奄一息的孩子视而不见。让人想不到的是,最后伸出援手的竟然是一位俗世里被视为生活在最底层的人,捡垃圾的阿婆。期间,阿婆想向附近店主要块纸皮为孩子遮挡有些凉意的秋雨,亦被拒绝。 历史以来,司机驾车交通肇事撞伤了人,伤者都是理直气壮责令司机赔偿,司机都是礼亏连连道歉。可是现今被车撞伤者爬起来就逃,问曰何故?答:我怕又是高校大三的大学生药家鑫!  老辈人们看到读书人都会夸耀说:“读书人讲句话都特别有道理,不像我们斗大的字不识一箩筐的文盲,开口就只知道讲女人、男人那一点东西”。可是现今算是文化的中国,耳朵听到的、眼睛看见的,千篇一律。都是男人、女人的那个“爱”。或者几个男的争一个老婆、或者几个女的争一个老公。一夫多妻、一妻多夫,杀人的、放火的也是自家园子,通行无阻。现今的文化已经傻到随眼见到的都是胡编乱造,谎话连篇累牍,而真话却无处寻觅的朝代。当然聂耳、洗星海已经死了这是事实,但活着、真正有一定艺术水准、记录写实的近代作品也被挤到角落里,成了葱蒜。  古人早已给后人作过警告,就汉字信息也明白罢着:一人二女则是“爽”字,不难发现一人两边颈上是4个“杀”字的头,按麻衣相法用语:即凶多没吉。你若认真地去看一下,也是斜着的罗马人死刑犯用的4个十字架;就国内而论,刚好是冲军犯人戴在头颈的一个枷(锁)。古人说:“万恶淫为首”,冲军路上小心“爽”死。  60岁的粗人都知道,古人对这个字的造词指向是十分狭隘的,往往都只两个人、夜里床上才好轻声说的话,可怜的今天打开电视就能听到,“爽XX”、“XX爽”还作为光彩照人的时尚广告。什么话还讲不清楚、刚学说话的婴孩却先会“爽XX”!你若反对恐怕就得挨罚款,因为是国家批准当产品商标的。  公安不辞辛苦天天在扫黄,而名牌的幼儿用、小儿科教片打开就听见“谈恋爱啦!” 2010年4月8日《杭州日报》B11版告诉人们:开发商的卖房广告:“卵巢寻找精子”、“如果你不能给她一个名分,那就送她一套房子”、手提红裙露出大腿的靓女画旁“要提,还要往上提”等雷人广告已经出现。60岁的人答不出的有关男女问题,现今6岁的孩童都能回答。不论看的、听的若不加上男的女的哪些事休想出版、上架。历史以来关于男、女哪些事,没有一个朝代能写得如此透彻、细腻,比现今更精粹了。  若借着有把“靠椅”就是为了“机不可失”、调节一下精神,倒是情有可原,否则,哪中国的爱国人士该放声大哭了,它所折射的已不只是一付简单的中国画像。  2009年8月6日《杭州日报》B7版文章:八岁儿子给他们女班长写情书;  2007年3月9日《钱江晚报》A12版文章:11岁女孩遇害,谜底令人震惊,凶手今年12岁。文章说:11岁的小女孩就因为不接受12岁小男孩歪歪斜斜的“我爱你”三个字送了命。  更可悲的是,党中央再三强调“社会和谐、人民稳定”的今天,“弱肉强食”斗争“进化论” 新、老剧本通行无阻,而历史悠久极力推行的孔子、孟子、老子优良传统的“天道”实体;世界上最古老的人类道德源头、中国文化背景;劝人为善、不要犯罪、否认地上“有神论”的《圣经》有关文章出版界成了一条不可碰的红线、上不了架。人啊! 一个失去了心灵的口头道德世界,用子弹是无法收服的。我国祖先文明建设靠的就是: 一直传到今天从未分离的“道德”二字,若没有了“道”还有什么“德”呢?

Chinese and Western cultural differences in the performance of every aspect of daily life from the greeting 、 term diet and cultural differences in the way of thinking in the abstract, such as differences everywhere, from the West focus on the following colors to express the difference between Chinese and Western cultural differences in areas such as a wedding First, in the West to express the color difference Different colors in different languages is not expressed in the same The representative of China in a sense, the West has a meaning that even the "color" to understand the meaning of the (A) red (red) Whether in China or in the English-speaking countries, often in red and festive celebrations or day- Calendar, red font used these days, therefore, red letter day: refers to the "Day" or "happy " It also refers to the red "liabilities" or "loss" because people are always negative in red to So there are these phrases: red figure deficit in the red loss In common with the Chinese "red" words, translated into English, may not necessarily use the "red" for example:   brown sugar brown sugar red wine red wine (B) yellow Yellow in English and Chinese in the extended meaning of the differences are In English, yellow can be said that the "timid, cowardly, despicable," meaning, for example: a yellow dog despicable, cowardly people a yellow livered coward Chinese yellow symbol of the term is sometimes vulgar, vulgar and obscene, indecent indecency means, such as yellow film, erotica, yellow CD, and so These in the name of "yellow" in English and "yellow" has nothing to However, in another English word blue is the color used to indicate the kind of meaning in Chinese, such as the blue jokes (dirty joke), blue films (yellow film) Second, the cultural differences in Western wedding First of all, in Western wedding culture and the first in the West in thinking about the differences: the Chinese people more conservative, like excitement, more old-fashioned thinking, so in the history of China for thousands of years the entire wedding customs did not change The thinking in the West is more open to the requirements of the wedding will be lower, they will be the climax of the wedding in the church: the sacred as the "wedding march" into the red carpet, Jiao Mei's father, the bride linked hands Rose walked slowly to the groom, the bride's father, daughter to the groom's hand on hand, her daughter's life will be entrusted to the groom, all eyes followed the couple, filled with well-being in their Second, the result of cultural differences wedding in the West because the West in a different China is mainly Buddhist, but the West is mainly C Therefore, the Western wedding is to be held in the church and the priest is Zhuhun R China's traditional customs of the most important part of the Bai Tiandi is, the worship heaven and earth even after the ceremony has 中西方文化差异表现在方方面面,从日常生活的打招呼用语、饮食文化等差异到思维方式等抽象方面的差异无所不在,下面着重从中西方颜色表达的差异,中西方婚礼文化差异等方面阐述。 一、中西方颜色表达的差异 不同颜色在不同语言中表达的方式并不一样。在中国代表一种意义,在西方又表示一种涵义,甚至对“颜色”的涵义理解恰恰相反。(一)red(红色)无论是在英语国家还是在中国,红色往往与庆祝活动或喜庆日子有关。日历中,这些日子常用红色字体,因此,red letter day:指的是“纪念日”或“喜庆的日子”。红色还指“负债”或“亏损”,因为人们总是用红笔登记负数。于是就有了这些词组:red figure赤字 in the red亏损汉语中常用的带“红”字的词语,翻译成英语,可不一定用“red”例如: 红糖brown sugar 红酒red wine (二) yellow黄色在英语和汉语中的引申含义差别比较大。英语中,yellow可以表示“胆小、卑怯、卑鄙”的意思,例如:a yellow dog 可鄙的人,卑鄙的人a yellow livered 胆小鬼汉语中黄色一词有时象征低级趣味、色情庸俗、下流猥亵的意思,如黄色电影、黄色书刊、黄色光碟等等。这些名称中的“黄”与英语中的“yellow”无关。然而,英语中另一个颜色词blue却常用来表示汉语中这类意思,如blue jokes(下流的玩笑), blue films(黄色电影)等。 二、中西方婚礼文化差异 首先,中西方婚礼文化差异首先和中西方人在思维方面的差异有关:中国人比较保守,喜欢热闹,思维较古板,所以在中国历史几千年的时间里整个婚礼的习俗并没有多大的变化。而西方人的思想则比较开放,对于婚礼的要求也比较低,他们婚礼的高潮则是在教堂中:随着神圣的《婚礼进行曲》步入鲜红的地毯,娇美的新娘挽着父亲手捧玫瑰慢慢向新郎走去,新娘的父亲将女儿的手放在新郎的手上,将女儿的一生托付给新郎,所有人的目光注视着这对新人,幸福洋溢在他们的脸上。其次,造成中西方婚礼文化差异的原因是中西方不同的宗教。中国是以佛教为主,而西方则是基督教为主的。所以西方的婚礼是在教堂中举行而主婚人则是神甫。中方的传统婚俗中的最重要环节就是拜天地,拜了天地以后就算是礼成了。

%D6%D0%CE%F7&btn=+%CB%D1%CB%F7+ 1、 (英语系毕业论文)中西戏剧发展快慢对比及其原因 摘 要 中西戏剧都有悠久的历史,无论是西方戏剧还是中国戏剧,都起源于民间,并与原始人祭祀神灵,欢庆节日的仪式密切联系在一起的。回顾希腊戏剧产生形成的历史,它发展快,成就高,在世界上的影响很 类别:毕业论文 大小:95 KB 日期:2007-07-14 2、 (英语系毕业论文)从中美管理方式的不同透析中西方文化差异与整合 摘 要随着全球化的来临,中国与外界的交流越来越频繁,特别是在商界。本论文主要探讨中美在管理上的交流。如今的商界,如同一个大家庭,参与者遍布世界各地。正是由于这个原因,各国的管理模式也趋于一体化。但是 类别:毕业论文 大小:85 KB 日期:2007-06-26 3、 (英语系毕业论文)在经济全球化下中西方文化差异与跨文化管理 摘 要伴随着世界经济的快速增长,跨国公司的飞速发展, 全球商业活动的猛烈激增,同时伴随着在文化多样化环境下的相关管理问题的出现,跨国公司的人员必须与来自不同文化背景的人打交道,这种文化差异时而会造成 类别:毕业论文 大小:96 KB 日期:2007-06-26 4、 (英语系毕业论文)中西服饰文化差异对语言的影响 摘 要中西服饰受其各自不同哲学和文化的影响体现出不同的特征:儒家思想和大陆文明使中国服饰呈现出繁冗,宽博的特征。它不注重外表的装饰,以宽松的衣服遮掩身体的曲线,在思想上追求人格的完美,以“谦谦君 类别:毕业论文 大小:90 KB 日期:2007-06-25 5、 (英语系毕业论文)快餐食品对中西方传统饮食文化的影响力 摘 要自古以来,中国就是一个以礼待人的礼仪之邦。而在不同的国家、不同的地区,礼仪的形式也有所不同。本文主要从礼仪的角度谈论了礼仪与中西方文化之间的联系及相互影响,目的是为了消除不同国家之间的不同 类别:毕业论文 大小:88 KB 日期:2007-06-25 6、 (英语系毕业论文)从礼仪角度谈中西文化的差异性 摘 要自古以来,中国就是一个以礼待人的礼仪之邦。而在不同的国家、不同的地区,礼仪的形式也有所不同。本文主要从礼仪的角度谈论了礼仪与中西方文化之间的联系及相互影响,目的是为了消除不同国家之间的不同 类别:毕业论文 大小:85 KB 日期:2007-06-23 7、 (英语系毕业论文)中西饮食文化及其差异 摘 要中国悠久历史5000年,西方世界五六百年的社会历程。中国有灿烂丰富、博大精深的饮食文化;西方国家则有精巧专维、自成体系的饮食文明。民以食为天,中国有自己独特丰富的饮食文化底蕴。然而今天除了中国 类别:毕业论文 大小:100 KB 日期:2007-06-21 8、 (英语系毕业论文)中西酒店文化比较及探讨 摘 要在经济蓬勃发展的今天,旅游业风风火火地发展起来了,作为与旅游业相配套的酒店业也相应的完善起来,且更加趋于国际化。中国已经入世,这更给中国的酒店业带来一个新的发展契机,但世界上酒店发展规模空前,

中西文化论文2000字开头的专业

道可道 非常道 名可名,非常名。无名天地之始;有名万物之母。  学者梁燕城访谈:太初有道、道(Logos)是信息的意思。神的话成为万有的根据,也成为万有的规律。当代的量子力学就非常奇妙地发现,万有事实上是根据很多信息的秩序组成。这主要是由戴维•玻姆(DavidBohm),著名的量子力学大师提出说:万有有一个看不见的秩序,叫“ImplicateOrder”,里面都是非常复杂的信息系统,造成我们看见的秩序,叫作“ExplicateOrder”。中文“道”这个字也有信息、语言的意思。老子那个时候非常奇妙地体会到,宇宙背后是有真理的信息存在。《庄子》里面提到:“夫道,有情有信”。从前后文里还可以看到,庄子心中的神是有位格的。这个传统一直到1911年,就是上帝是没有形像的。天坛里没有偶像,祈年殿里一个偶像都没有,里面只有一个牌子,叫“皇天上帝”。中国祖先本来就相信无形的上帝,老子、庄子事实上是继承这个传统而来。这正是《圣经》里的内容,上帝是个灵、而且恨恶世人崇拜偶像。  在牛津的博德莱安图书馆里有一份手稿,作者名叫马斯——乌迪。他在这份手稿中宣称所谓胡夫的金字塔是埃及王苏里特叫人建造的,而这个苏里特是在大洪水前统治埃及的。根据其它文献记载,这位目光深远的苏里特王命令他的僧侣们,写下他们的全部常识,藏在金字塔里,给洪水后的人们留下必要的知识。  《圣经》创世记前11章,关于人类早期共同史的记述,在中国古经中几乎都可以找到印证:  《周易》也神秘地说:七日来复,天行也;  《圣经》说:上帝造物的工已经完毕,就在第七日歇了他一切的工,安息了。  《淮南子》上说:天下有四水,凡此四水者,帝之神泉,以和百药,以润万物;  《圣经》说:伊甸园里有四条河,流出珍珠玛瑙。  《山海经》上说:当初有不死树和圣树,圣树又叫睿木,“食之令人圣智也”;  《圣经》说:伊甸园中有生命树和智慧树。  《尚书》和《国语》上说:人犯了罪,上帝命令重黎堵绝天路,上下不相来往;  《圣经》说:人类始祖贪吃了智慧树上的果子,被上帝赶出伊甸园,并有基路伯和火焰之剑,阻断了人神通路。  《老子》说:天地之母,万物之根,众妙之源,从无中生有,乃天地之始;  《庄子》说:有情有信,无为无形,可传而不可受,可得而不可见;  《圣经》说:太初有道,道就是上帝,生命在他里头,这生命是人的光。  一位伟大的学者在美国神学院读书时,发现《老子》与《圣经》有奇妙相通之处。老子的道,是自有永有者,造化养育者,超越者,启示者,生命者,公义者,拯救者,这七点很像上帝的属性。无神论者把道归于自然神,其实老子的道不乏人格特征,有信实、有恩德、有慈爱、有赏罚、能赦罪、能教化。更神奇的是,惜字如金的老子竟然着重笔墨描述一位道的化身圣人:自有永有者,造化养育者,超越者,启示者,生命者,公义者,拯救者。说他承袭上天大道的光明和永恒,来普救世人。知其荣、守其辱、知其白、守其黑、成为世人认识大道的中介。圣人秉持大道本像,普天下的人都前往归向他,领受平安。他外表粗卑、内怀宝贝,能将众人从过犯中领回来。最后,老子竟然暗示这位圣人要受辱受难,却作主作王,直到永远,是谁?  查考世上所有的经典、教门的主子都对不上号,唯独道成肉身的耶稣基督非常酷似。这2500年前的古人是怎么知道《圣经》中“道成肉身的耶稣”的呢? 这的确是一个巨大的、神圣的、跨越时空的谜团。  老子说:道是万物之主、是善人的宝贝、罪人的中保。美好的言辞固然可以博取尊荣、美好的行为固然使人得到敬重,然而人的不善怎能被剔除干净呢? 所以,就是立为天子,身为太师、太傅、太保,财宝无数、荣华加身,还不如坐进这大道里呢。古时候为什么重视道呢? 不就是因为在道里面,寻求就能得着,有罪可得赦免吗? 所以道是天下最宝贵的啊!  老子的笔墨中展示给人间的不正是《圣经》中上帝的天国、耶稣的救赎吗?   《尚书》、《诗经》都记载着:中国人来自上帝。早在老子古经中便记载旧约《圣经》预言中的“耶稣”。而且两千多年来,举凡太平盛世,竟无一不是遵循了老子之学说。顺天道治国的皇帝,囊括了仅有的几百年辉煌时代。文景之治、光武中兴、贞观之治、开元之治等等。孔子倾注毕生心力宣扬敬天爱人的忠恕之道,当代多个皇帝均尊纯了老子“天道”的统治方式,那么老子的神学知识是那里来的呢?就目前世界不管任何一种教门的国家,他们的统治方式都在努力提高到上帝的道上来,这又是为什么?  清皇康熙说:中国人的“上帝”就是真神,天不是物质的天。康熙亲临宣武教堂,题写了“敬天”和“万有真原”两副扁额,又作诗称颂耶稣:“功求十架血成溪,百丈恩流分自西。”在《生命之宝》一文中,康熙明确表示:“天门久为初人闭,福路全是圣子通。我愿接受神圣子,儿子明分得永生。”  古人老子、孔子、孟子对“道”的认识,已如此入神境界,实令人难以置信。其代表着中国的古人,代表着中国的文化。他的“道”影响着整个中国尽至世界的每个人的行为和思想。  可悲的是现今一辈自己不进去,却连急俗得到真知走进真理的下辈也挡在门口。而至今只能在未接触过这批“贵人”的最低层中找到蛛丝马迹:  《广东新闻网》2011年10月21日10:12王华报道:10月13日晚,两岁女童小悦悦在佛山市某市场内被两辆车相继辗过,肇事车辆逃逸。18名路人陆续经过均对躺在地上奄奄一息的孩子视而不见。让人想不到的是,最后伸出援手的竟然是一位俗世里被视为生活在最底层的人,捡垃圾的阿婆。期间,阿婆想向附近店主要块纸皮为孩子遮挡有些凉意的秋雨,亦被拒绝。 历史以来,司机驾车交通肇事撞伤了人,伤者都是理直气壮责令司机赔偿,司机都是礼亏连连道歉。可是现今被车撞伤者爬起来就逃,问曰何故?答:我怕又是高校大三的大学生药家鑫!  老辈人们看到读书人都会夸耀说:“读书人讲句话都特别有道理,不像我们斗大的字不识一箩筐的文盲,开口就只知道讲女人、男人那一点东西”。可是现今算是文化的中国,耳朵听到的、眼睛看见的,千篇一律。都是男人、女人的那个“爱”。或者几个男的争一个老婆、或者几个女的争一个老公。一夫多妻、一妻多夫,杀人的、放火的也是自家园子,通行无阻。现今的文化已经傻到随眼见到的都是胡编乱造,谎话连篇累牍,而真话却无处寻觅的朝代。当然聂耳、洗星海已经死了这是事实,但活着、真正有一定艺术水准、记录写实的近代作品也被挤到角落里,成了葱蒜。  古人早已给后人作过警告,就汉字信息也明白罢着:一人二女则是“爽”字,不难发现一人两边颈上是4个“杀”字的头,按麻衣相法用语:即凶多没吉。你若认真地去看一下,也是斜着的罗马人死刑犯用的4个十字架;就国内而论,刚好是冲军犯人戴在头颈的一个枷(锁)。古人说:“万恶淫为首”,冲军路上小心“爽”死。  60岁的粗人都知道,古人对这个字的造词指向是十分狭隘的,往往都只两个人、夜里床上才好轻声说的话,可怜的今天打开电视就能听到,“爽XX”、“XX爽”还作为光彩照人的时尚广告。什么话还讲不清楚、刚学说话的婴孩却先会“爽XX”!你若反对恐怕就得挨罚款,因为是国家批准当产品商标的。  公安不辞辛苦天天在扫黄,而名牌的幼儿用、小儿科教片打开就听见“谈恋爱啦!” 2010年4月8日《杭州日报》B11版告诉人们:开发商的卖房广告:“卵巢寻找精子”、“如果你不能给她一个名分,那就送她一套房子”、手提红裙露出大腿的靓女画旁“要提,还要往上提”等雷人广告已经出现。60岁的人答不出的有关男女问题,现今6岁的孩童都能回答。不论看的、听的若不加上男的女的哪些事休想出版、上架。历史以来关于男、女哪些事,没有一个朝代能写得如此透彻、细腻,比现今更精粹了。  若借着有把“靠椅”就是为了“机不可失”、调节一下精神,倒是情有可原,否则,哪中国的爱国人士该放声大哭了,它所折射的已不只是一付简单的中国画像。  2009年8月6日《杭州日报》B7版文章:八岁儿子给他们女班长写情书;  2007年3月9日《钱江晚报》A12版文章:11岁女孩遇害,谜底令人震惊,凶手今年12岁。文章说:11岁的小女孩就因为不接受12岁小男孩歪歪斜斜的“我爱你”三个字送了命。  更可悲的是,党中央再三强调“社会和谐、人民稳定”的今天,“弱肉强食”斗争“进化论” 新、老剧本通行无阻,而历史悠久极力推行的孔子、孟子、老子优良传统的“天道”实体;世界上最古老的人类道德源头、中国文化背景;劝人为善、不要犯罪、否认地上“有神论”的《圣经》有关文章出版界成了一条不可碰的红线、上不了架。人啊! 一个失去了心灵的口头道德世界,用子弹是无法收服的。我国祖先文明建设靠的就是: 一直传到今天从未分离的“道德”二字,若没有了“道”还有什么“德”呢?

Chinese and Western cultural differences in the performance of every aspect of daily life from the greeting 、 term diet and cultural differences in the way of thinking in the abstract, such as differences everywhere, from the West focus on the following colors to express the difference between Chinese and Western cultural differences in areas such as a wedding First, in the West to express the color difference Different colors in different languages is not expressed in the same The representative of China in a sense, the West has a meaning that even the "color" to understand the meaning of the (A) red (red) Whether in China or in the English-speaking countries, often in red and festive celebrations or day- Calendar, red font used these days, therefore, red letter day: refers to the "Day" or "happy " It also refers to the red "liabilities" or "loss" because people are always negative in red to So there are these phrases: red figure deficit in the red loss In common with the Chinese "red" words, translated into English, may not necessarily use the "red" for example:   brown sugar brown sugar red wine red wine (B) yellow Yellow in English and Chinese in the extended meaning of the differences are In English, yellow can be said that the "timid, cowardly, despicable," meaning, for example: a yellow dog despicable, cowardly people a yellow livered coward Chinese yellow symbol of the term is sometimes vulgar, vulgar and obscene, indecent indecency means, such as yellow film, erotica, yellow CD, and so These in the name of "yellow" in English and "yellow" has nothing to However, in another English word blue is the color used to indicate the kind of meaning in Chinese, such as the blue jokes (dirty joke), blue films (yellow film) Second, the cultural differences in Western wedding First of all, in Western wedding culture and the first in the West in thinking about the differences: the Chinese people more conservative, like excitement, more old-fashioned thinking, so in the history of China for thousands of years the entire wedding customs did not change The thinking in the West is more open to the requirements of the wedding will be lower, they will be the climax of the wedding in the church: the sacred as the "wedding march" into the red carpet, Jiao Mei's father, the bride linked hands Rose walked slowly to the groom, the bride's father, daughter to the groom's hand on hand, her daughter's life will be entrusted to the groom, all eyes followed the couple, filled with well-being in their Second, the result of cultural differences wedding in the West because the West in a different China is mainly Buddhist, but the West is mainly C Therefore, the Western wedding is to be held in the church and the priest is Zhuhun R China's traditional customs of the most important part of the Bai Tiandi is, the worship heaven and earth even after the ceremony has 中西方文化差异表现在方方面面,从日常生活的打招呼用语、饮食文化等差异到思维方式等抽象方面的差异无所不在,下面着重从中西方颜色表达的差异,中西方婚礼文化差异等方面阐述。 一、中西方颜色表达的差异 不同颜色在不同语言中表达的方式并不一样。在中国代表一种意义,在西方又表示一种涵义,甚至对“颜色”的涵义理解恰恰相反。(一)red(红色)无论是在英语国家还是在中国,红色往往与庆祝活动或喜庆日子有关。日历中,这些日子常用红色字体,因此,red letter day:指的是“纪念日”或“喜庆的日子”。红色还指“负债”或“亏损”,因为人们总是用红笔登记负数。于是就有了这些词组:red figure赤字 in the red亏损汉语中常用的带“红”字的词语,翻译成英语,可不一定用“red”例如: 红糖brown sugar 红酒red wine (二) yellow黄色在英语和汉语中的引申含义差别比较大。英语中,yellow可以表示“胆小、卑怯、卑鄙”的意思,例如:a yellow dog 可鄙的人,卑鄙的人a yellow livered 胆小鬼汉语中黄色一词有时象征低级趣味、色情庸俗、下流猥亵的意思,如黄色电影、黄色书刊、黄色光碟等等。这些名称中的“黄”与英语中的“yellow”无关。然而,英语中另一个颜色词blue却常用来表示汉语中这类意思,如blue jokes(下流的玩笑), blue films(黄色电影)等。 二、中西方婚礼文化差异 首先,中西方婚礼文化差异首先和中西方人在思维方面的差异有关:中国人比较保守,喜欢热闹,思维较古板,所以在中国历史几千年的时间里整个婚礼的习俗并没有多大的变化。而西方人的思想则比较开放,对于婚礼的要求也比较低,他们婚礼的高潮则是在教堂中:随着神圣的《婚礼进行曲》步入鲜红的地毯,娇美的新娘挽着父亲手捧玫瑰慢慢向新郎走去,新娘的父亲将女儿的手放在新郎的手上,将女儿的一生托付给新郎,所有人的目光注视着这对新人,幸福洋溢在他们的脸上。其次,造成中西方婚礼文化差异的原因是中西方不同的宗教。中国是以佛教为主,而西方则是基督教为主的。所以西方的婚礼是在教堂中举行而主婚人则是神甫。中方的传统婚俗中的最重要环节就是拜天地,拜了天地以后就算是礼成了。

给你个提纲你自己挑着写  一、传统文化的内涵  中国传统文化是指中国历史上以个体农业经济为基础、以宗法家庭为背景、以儒家伦理道德为核心的社会文化体系。它有着悠久历史。是中华民族在历史长河中集体劳动和智慧的结晶。它从时间上讲,中国传统文化大致是指19世纪40年代鸦片战争前的中国文化。因为鸦片战争后由于西方文化的剧烈冲击。中国文化开始大幅度的震荡,调整。这种变化一直持续至今。从地域范围看,中国传统文化不仅包括传统的中国地理概念,还包括深受中国文化影响的越南、朝鲜等国家和地区,没有一个清晰的地域界限。她是我们的祖先传承下来的丰厚遗产,曾长期处于世界领先的地位。一方面具有强烈的历史性、遗传性;另一方面又具有鲜活的现实性、变异性。无时无刻不在影响着今天的中国人.为我们开创新文化提供历史的根据和现实的基础。今天中国人的思维与行为仍在不自觉中深受其影响。纵观历史,传统文化主要包括儒学、美德、礼仪、民族精神、榜样、诚信、和谐观、负面道德经验等方面。  二、多视角看传统文化教育的德育价值和体现  传统文化教育的德育价值,众说纷纭,许多专家和学者从不同的角度对此各抒己见。有些学者们论证了儒学教育思想的现实意义。认为儒学对构建和谐社会的目标、思想政治课程改革、提高思想政治教育的实效性等具有极为有益的作用。还认为新儒学伦理道德思想有助于建立中国特色社会主义道德教育,对当代大学生思想道德教育也有启示。改革开放以来和加入WTO以后,中国的人文精神及传统文化思想受到挑战。对学生进行儒学教育,坚定信仰教育有利重建精神家园,凸显人文精神,要求我们加强儒学伦理教育,倡导道德体验教育。  〔1〕有学者从美育及传统美德的角度看其德育的促进作用。也认为当代德育的社会文化环境受以现代传媒为特征的大众文化影响,人的审美受到侵蚀、精神世界也被无情的挤压着。青少年的奋斗精神、进取精神、创造精神受到巨大影响,自我意识强全局意识差、竞争意识强合作意识差、好胜心强抗挫折能力差等不健全人格结构。而美育与德育的终极价值取向是一致的,都是为了人的全面发展和最终实现人的自由;审美教育与价值观的培养及形成有密切的关系,这也是我国把美育作为学校素质教育的重要组成部分的原因;当前可以通过艺术教育、经典导读、看经典戏剧电影、文学导读、注重课程教材改革、重视校园文化建设等措施来实施美育。  〔2〕对于美德作为知识可教性,有学者论证了其可教的限度和方式。苏格拉底说:“美德即知识”。但美德作为知识被教师有限度的。原因是它主要通过理性去获得、美德本身的内涵在当代社会中的失落、合格的美德教育教师的失落。所以传授也有其特殊的方式,需要在实践中不断摸索。  〔3〕香港中文大学刘国强教授阐述了中华美德教育的理论意义和现实意义,指出儒家伦理教育之特点,尤其分析了仁的不同层面的含义和与诸德的关系,认为它们都是相互关联和融通的一个体系。他的关于中华美德的当代意义提醒了我们不要一味的追求现代的、西方的、流行的价值观,而忽略中华传统美德所蕴涵的价值。  〔4〕 至于道德榜样、榜样教育问题,部分学者论述了榜样的道德价值,道德榜样的类型、可能和功能。一般的榜样并不特指道德榜样,它们是一般与个别的关系。只有具有正面价值的榜样都有道德的崇高性或崇高的道德价值。从道德主体的角度看,可分为个体道德榜样与群体道德榜样:从社会生活的实际来看,不可能人人都成为道德榜样,主要是:掌握和控制社会道德资源者、对社会负有重大责任和具有重要影响者以及成年人。道德榜样有几种产生的可能,即先验论、发现论、需要论、实践论。不管怎样,道德榜样产生的条件至少应该是理性主义和普遍主义的诉求。道德榜样的功能如下:传统优秀道德的典型承载者,现实主导价值的积极弘扬者,未来理想道德的开拓创新者。这三种内在功能决定了道德榜样具有示范和激励的外在功能。  〔5〕现实教育中要积极发挥道德榜样的外在功能,使其转化为内在功能,以不断扩大的道德榜样的力量和影响力。但如何处理好榜样教育与偶像崇拜呢?有学者指出要合理运用它们之间的耦合,来建设新时期的文化和进行学校道德。需正确认识偶像崇拜语境下的榜样教育。随着现代传媒技术的发展和现代传播媒介产品的普及,新的文化形态和现象的出现冲击并改变着传统的文化模式和文化观念。时下榜样曲高和寡,偶像却层出不穷。这就要求找出新时代文化背景下榜样与偶像的差异与共生,建构它们间的耦合机制。需要我们贯通理性思维与情感体验;协调价值目标与现实生活。  〔6〕民族精神有其深刻的历史渊源和重要价值,当前有学者对学校如何进行民族精神教育作了研究和思考。指出民族精神教育应具有生活性、综合性、发展性,体现民族性和全球性的统一,且要设置专门的民族精神教育课程。拟定民族精神教育目标,不同的学习阶段,目标层层深入。至于其教育方法,不能脱离学生实际,而要从学生生活出发,尊重学生的主体性,在活动中开展教育,这样民族精神才可能真正被内化。  〔7〕在崇尚个人自由的现代社会里和以消费者需求为导向的教育市场化改革的影响下,当代学校民族精神教育面临着危机和价值困境,即如何处理好国家认同和个人自由的关系。学者认为,当代学校民族精神教育本身而言,强调个人自由与国家认同各有优缺点,因为他们反映人的精神需求中既渴求自由又希望有所归依的二重性,因此有学者要建立一种必要与可能的民族精神教育价值取向:基于个人自由的国家认同。根据哈贝马斯的商谈伦理学,通过达致共识的对话教学来实施民族精神教育,用讨论、辩论、说服教育的教学方法,使学生主动获得些道德规范和自己的价值观。  〔8〕有学者指出负面道德经验也有其德育价值,负面道德经验是指在道德生活世界中表现出来的具有假、恶、丑性质的道德事件或行为。但它在学校教育中却没有得到应有的重视,有人认为负面道德经验会对学生的道德成长产生消极的影响,因而在实践中采取回避或拒斥的态度。他们认为负面道德经验一旦被课程化,就会对学生的道德成长具有积极的影响;有利于发展学生处理负面道德经验的意识和能力,适应真实的道德生活世界;有利于培养学生的道德自主力、更好的理解正面道德经验和进行道德反省。我们知道任何事物都有其两面性,是矛盾的统一体,道德经验也不例外,学生不应该只知其一面,而不知另一面。那么负面道德经验在当前德育中缺位的原因是什么呢?根本原因在于人们认识上的偏差。有些人认为呈现负面道德经验与学校教育的性质不相符合;有些人认为学生的德性很大程度上是环境熏陶的结果,因而在学校教育中呈现负面的道德经验不利于学生的德性成长;有些人认为由于学生的身心发展还不成熟、缺乏道德免疫力,因而不宜向学生传递负面的道德经验。但它们不应成为学校摈弃负面道德经验的理由。学校德育不只是教师和学生过道德生活的地方,更是学生学习如何在社会上过道德生活的地方。社会上永远存在着真、善、美与假、恶、丑。学生不可能完全封闭在学校内,他们无时无刻不在与社会打交道。既然和社会交往,学生就不可避免的遇到负面道德经验。如果学校不让学生掌握面对负面道德经验的智慧,那么他们在遇到负面道德经验时就会茫然不知所措。所以学校应该将负面道德经验课程化以促进学生的道德成长。  〔9〕中国自古就被称为“礼仪之邦”。显然先秦时期的礼就是道德规范的载体,也是传承主流社会伦理思想的符号,具有重要的道德功能,有学者说其功能主要表现在道德内化、示范和传承等方面。礼的践履使人们逐渐养成遵守道德规范的行为习惯,形成道德观念,培育道德情感,使外在的道德规范转化为内在的道德自觉。礼仪则以理想的模式向社会成员展示主流社会的价值取向和供他们效仿的行为准则。礼仪还通过礼仪活动标准化的语言和动作,使社会道德规范成为可以习得的东西。先秦时期的礼具有传统礼仪的共性,另外,它的德育功能有其特殊性,第一,先秦礼教与乐较大配套进行,相辅相成;第二,先秦礼的道德教化与国家机器的推动密不可分。礼的法制化在一定程度上强化了礼的道德教化的作用,还有中国古代政教合一的机制是礼的道德教化的重要途径。  〔10〕也有学者分析了人生礼仪的德育内涵,它是一种特殊的民俗事象,指围绕着人的生命历程的关键时刻或时段而形成的仪式活动,具有丰富的德育功能。因为人生礼仪是传统文化的重要组成部分,一方面连接着寻常百姓的人生追求和需要,另一面连接着受儒家文化支配的传统价值观念,千百年来始终发挥着规范人生和统一教化的作用。当然人生礼仪德育功能的实现,要注意在开展礼仪活动时讲究实效性;要在庄重神圣的场合下,以富有象征和表现力的方式使受礼者完成道德教化过程。这对于今天的德育有借鉴意义。  〔11〕和谐是事物之间相互联系的机制和状态,它是发展着的联系。中国传统文化中蕴含有和谐的思想,如:“天人合一”、“整体和谐”、“和而不同”的思想都包含有和谐的意义。传统文化注重“修身”的价值追求,有助于提升公民的思想道德素质;传统文化崇尚“和为贵”的思想,有助于营造和谐的人际关系;传统文化追求“天人合一”的精神,有助于人与自然的和谐相处;传统文化“以民为本”的观念,有利于巩固社会和谐的基础。从一定意义上讲,构建社会主义和谐社会宏伟目标的提出,正是中国传统大同社会理想在现代的延续和升华。中国文化传统中追求和谐的思想由来已久,讲求和谐是往圣先贤们孜孜以求的社会理想,是中国传统文化的重要内容,也是我们今天构建社会主义和谐社会的思想文化基础。正是在这个意义上,我们应当把构建和谐社会植根于中国优秀传统文化的土壤中,从传统文化中汲取构建社会主义和谐社会的智慧和精神动力。例如:传统文化注重“修身”的价值追求,有利于提升公民的思想道德素质中国传统文化注重“修身”,强调个人道德人格的培养,对于提升全体公民的思想道德素质,具有极其宝贵的启示;传统文化崇尚“和为贵”的思想,有利于营造和谐的人际关系儒家提出“礼之用,和为贵”的思想,就是主张人与人、人与社会要宽容和谐。儒家“和为贵”的思想体现了中国传统文化对生命价值的尊重和对和谐理想的追求。  〔12〕在构建和谐社会的今天,为“和”的思想赋予崭新的时代内容,进一步倡导以和为贵的新型人际关系准则,无疑有利于化解社会矛盾,减少人际摩擦和社会内耗,在全社会形成“贵和尚和”的价值取向,增强人际关系的亲和力和凝聚力;传统文化追求“天人合一”的精神。有利于人与自然的和谐相处构建人与自然和谐相处的和谐社会,是与中国传统文化追求“天人合一”的精神一脉相承的。中国古代的思想家们把天地万物视为一个有机联系的整体,只有处于和谐关系中,才能得到发展并生生不息。儒家认为包括人类在内的自然界基本上是和谐的,传统文化中“天人合一”的思想虽然是农业文明的产物,但它反映了人与自然之间的亲和感和相互依存关系,对于我们反思现代工业文明对自然的征服态度,实现人与自然的和谐相处和经济社会的可持续发展,具有重要的启示。当前,我国正处在工业化加速发展的时期,正以历史上最脆弱的生态环境,承载着最庞大的人口,也正在以最快的速度消耗着可再生和不可再生的资源,面临着最突出的人与自然的矛盾。因而,深入贯彻落实科学发展观,统筹人与自然的和谐发展,走可持续发展的现代化道路,是建设社会主义和谐社会的必然要求;还有,传统文化中的“民本”思想,有利于巩固社会和谐,“民本”思想是中国优秀传统文化宝库中重要的精神资源,在中国传统思想文化中具有非常重要的地位。先秦文献中提到“民”的地方很多。我们只有把构建和谐社会植根于优秀传统文化的土壤中,善于汲取“民本”思想的精华并赋予其崭新的时代内容,才能夯实构建社会主义和谐社会的基础。一个以民为本的社会,才是一个和谐的社会。

Western novels in comparison First, Western novels in the history of the development of Western novels are based on myths and legends of its In ancient times, science developed, out of fear of nature, the working people out of the imagination is the key to many of the world "God", describing the personification of God is a myth; who will describe the deified, that is China opened the world's Pan story, the story of San Juan Five Emperors, the West Greek mythology, Roman mythology, Norse mythology, and so on are all typical East and West, the original novel, is closely linked with the history, as historical records complement the China Pre-Qin prose in the fable, the Han dynasty in the history books, biographies, the Wei and Jin Zhi, Zhi-person novel; the West of ancient Babylon, "the United States and Ji Jia disabilities epic", in ancient Greece, "Homer's epic," "Aesop's Fables "And so on, fall into this category, fiction, novels such novels have been about the characteristics of fiction, it is still not the literary creation, directly from the private collection record, so this type of fiction plot is relatively simple, writing rough Ban Gu said, "On the Street Lane words, hearsay are made of" is a novel kind of accurate assessment of the China's Tang Dynasty, the novel is only from history and literature become a Tang Dynasty culture has developed, the author's ideas are more open, the legend came into being at this time, Li Zhaowei "Liu Yi Chuan", Po Chu's "Everlasting Regret," Wolf's "Everlasting Regret Chuan" And so on, are made in accordance with the creation of the For the fictional story of the Tang Dynasty more emphasis on imagination and literary talent, not just the history of the nature of things, but as the history of Zhi Zhi who is also the novel did not The Legend of the Song Dynasty to the novel on a gradual decline, which followed the rise of this so that after processing will become a scholar so many novel and Romance novels such as "Romance of the Three Kingdoms", "Outlaws of the Marsh", "Journey to the W" The author of such novels is the use of private creative and re-created to describe the circumstances of the touching scenes of brilliant and vivid active in shaping the character known, there are obvious story-telling style of Here by the redevelopment, it will become an independent literary creation rather than things to come together with the civil process, the representative of this type is the "Golden Lotus", it was an open and ordinary life on the road, the reality is that literature has come a long way The development of the latter's "A Dream of Red Mansions" in ancient China Geng Shiba realism to the novels of the "54" after the novelist began to learn from China's western fiction writing practices, and gradually out a new Western novels, is the "Renaissance" after the rapid development of The development of the Middle Ages novel near-stagnation in the West, 14, the end of the century "Renaissance" to overthrow the literature of the Church of control, 15, appeared in the western end of the century to promote freedom of thought and the liberation of personality in order to describe the reality of life and portray characters from all walks of life for the content of the Humanist novels, is to tie in with this type of novel anti-feudal Europe at the time of arising at the same time it also set the novel in the West to human describing the tone of the main Jiaqiu Italy's "Decameron", Spain's Cervantes "Don Quixote" is the kind of representative works of The resulting novel is a classical, elegant favor of its national language to standardize the writing of this novel in 17th century France's most well- As a note on behalf of Corneille's "Cid" neoclassical story of the rise of Western novels have been a language substantially The beginning of the 18th century to promote popular science knowledge, enlightenment of the public consciousness for the purpose of the Enlightenment novels, of which there are relatively well-known German Goethe's "Faust", the United Kingdom Defoe's "Robinson Crusoe" and the Swift "Gulliver's Travels" and so on, this type of novel to the emergence of the bourgeois revolution at the time to mold public In the 19th century, romantic fiction, realistic novels and critical realism novel turn to occupy the leading position in the field of Romantic novels, such as France Victor Hugo's "Notre Dame de Paris", Goethe's "juvenile Witt of trouble" and so on, imaginative, unusual ideas, language and imaginative, strong Efforts to reflect the reality of the novel is the essence of life, and depict typical life of a typical phenomenon in the United Kingdom Dickens, France and Germany are of such novels as a representative of the Critical realism novels exposed the efforts of the decadent feudal system and capitalist society, the dark, in-depth criticism of the reality of evil, France Balzac and Maupassant, the United Kingdom of Charlotte, Bronte, Russia's Tolstoy, Dostoevsky, the United States of a large number of writers such as Mark Twain's works belong to this Value today, the three novels in the West is still the most important of the three types of literary East-West novel on the history of the development of more or less the Second, the characteristics of the novel in the West In addition to the basic characteristics of the novel, the story of the West also have their own characteristics are as follows: 1, the traditional Chinese novel attention to the characters, language and the details of the description, in contradiction to the conflict to display the images, but the character of a single, small changes in the absence of the main Western novels are more people pay attention to the psychological description, stressed that mining figure in the subconscious mind, good at writing full, the changes in the strong sense of the main Again, "coach Lin Feng Snow Mountain Temple" in the figure is only through dialogue and action leads to contradictions and conflicts, but Anna Karenina Wogui before a series of conflicts only with his description of the psychological will be able to express their clear; for poetry in Lin In the performance of her literary talent, and Paul with his inner monologue of the ideal; Zhang Zhong-Yong has only the character, but Jane Eyre's character is the brave, strong, warm, kind-hearted, and so many of the character and rubbing and Cheng' In short, people in the area described in the West has its own unique 2, China compared with Western fiction novel plot twists and turns more and more complete Plot twists and turns, the story is complete fiction China's unique traditional The Wei and Jin Zhi Zhi people on the novel twists and turns with vivid Tang legend in the layout of many of the famous, magnificent anomaly, rigorous and clever, dramatic plot The contents of the Ming and Qing Dynasties novels scattered irregular, undulating waves, Cuoluoyouzhi, careful structure, an integral "A Dream of Red Mansions", everywhere She Fu, Hui turning point, the story of Jia's best Western plot in respect of the outstanding works, although there are many, but it can not be compared with the Chinese 3, concise and lively Chinese language novel, rich in content and rich Western Chinese folk artists absorbed the novel language, at the same time inherited the fine traditions of ancient prose, often a few words will be able to outline the incident or the Western novels in the author includes a broad range of knowledge, involve the community in many ways, so rich in content and rich people can gain knowledge in many Engels said he was in Balzac's novel about 19th century France's domestic situation than he received any reports are Western novels have different characteristics, and also in the West different aesthetic concepts to a certain extent 4, Western novels have been the rule of the feudal culture of oppression Chinese feudal culture makes the development of the novel is extremely difficult, Ming and Qing Dynasties more people to write stories for shame, so many great writers living, creating the conditions are not covered, many of the great works of authors who do not Western novels in the feudal culture makes almost the whole of the Middle Ages in the development of extremely slow, and many talented writers were forced to church services, wrote some of the religious nature of the article dry Third, Western novels in the future prospects for the development of End of the Qing Dynasty, China and the West have begun to understand the other side of the system, the advantages of the novel in the West have been constantly learn from each Of course, due to historical reasons, the Chinese side of the draw a little To this day, the novelist in the West efforts are still two researchers in the novel's artistic charm, although the different languages of each other's appreciation of the arts to a certain extent, but the United States are We have every reason to believe that in the near future, the novel art in the West will ultimately learn from each other and integrate, develop and reach new artistic References: "Foreign Literature" Shanghai Translation Publishing House Zhou Xu Liang "Contemporary Literature election," Zhang Zhong, such as Beijing University Publishing House "Chinese literature history of the development of" Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House Liu Jie "Literary History of Europe" People's Literature Publishing House Yangzhou Han Wu Da-yuan Zhao Rui radish "Three high school language textbook used by the five dates of the" People's Education Press仅供参考,请自借鉴。希望对您有帮助。

中西文化论文2000字开头的专业有哪些

文化是一种历史现象,是人类社会历史实践中所创造的物质财富和精神财富的总和。关于文化的定义,贾玉新指出:“人类学者对文化的界说,尤其是社会语言学家Goodenough关于文化的定义,更有利于跨文化交际领域的研究。根据Goodenough的观点,文化是‘由人们为了使自己的活动方式被社会的其他成员所接受,所必须知晓和相信的一切组成。作为人们不得不学习的一种有别于生物遗传的东西,文化必须由学习的终端产品———知识———就这一术语最宽泛的意义来说———组成’。概括地讲,文化即是人们所思、所为、所觉的总和。”[1]文化不是与生俱来的,而是通过符号被人们习得和传授的知识;是群体行为规的集合;文化和交际具有同一性,交际是文化的编码系统,也是它的传承和储存系统,对于交际来讲,文化是动态多变的。由此可见,文化是一个非常复杂的系统。  不同的文化传统孕育和熏陶着不同的文化观念和审美情趣,东西方文化的巨大差异在某种程度上影响着我们正确地理解、领会、鉴赏和翻译优的西方文学作品。翻译不仅是语言的转换,更是文化信息的传递。语言的转换只是翻译的表层,而文化信息的传递才是翻译的实质。作为一种跨语言、跨文化的交际活动,翻译必然涉及到语言所处的社会文化背景。在我国当代翻译家和翻理论家中,王佐良先生较早开始提倡将翻译与文化研究相结合,分别于1984和1985年在《翻译通讯》上发表《翻译中的文化比较》和《翻译和文化繁荣》两篇论文,指出“翻译理论的研究,包含语言和文化两个方面”,在翻译中不仅要重视语言,同时也要重视文化问题,认为“真正的对等应该是在各自文化中的含义、作用、范围、感情色彩、影响等等都是相当的”。他指出,应该把翻译置于广阔的大文化背景下进行研究,他认为翻译里最大的困难就是两种文化的不同,在一种文化里头有一些不言而喻的东西,在另一种文化里头却要费很大力气加以解释。“翻译者必须是一个真正意义的文化人。”在他看来,如果不了解语言中的社会文化,就无法真正掌握语言。翻译作为一种“文化活动”,其进行在很大程度上受文化本身的特性的影响。正是文化本身所具有的这些性质,使文化因素的翻译不可能在另一个系统中全方位展开,只能是见机行事,见缝插针。文学是语言的最高艺术形式,而文学作品翻译的研究本质上是社会的、历史的、文化的研究。翻译西方文学作品就必须了解西方文化,这样才能真正领悟西方文学作品中所蕴涵的思想。  英美国家的价值观是以个人为核心的价值观,而中国文化是群体性的文化,体现群体价值,不允许把个人价值置于群体利益之上。“汉语文提倡天人合一,崇尚中庸之道,有‘枪打出头鸟’之说。”就价值观而言,可以概括为:中国人关心别人在干什么,却往往不知道自己在干什么;外国人不管周围人干什么,却知道自己在干什么。受中国传统文化的影响,中国人注重集体利益和整体价值,往往识大体、顾大局,克制自己的欲望以谋求集体利益。个人应为家庭和社会做贡献,个人利益服从集体利益,集体利益始终高于个人利益。为了集体利益,赴汤蹈火也在所不辞。这种集体主义的价值观念树立起了中国人对家庭、社会、民族和国家的强烈的义务感和使命感,自觉担负起各种社会职责,形成一种“天下兴亡,匹夫有”的参与意识和忧患意识。西方的传统文化蕴育了个人主义,即以个人为中心,个人价值至上,甚至牺牲他人和集体利益以谋求自身价值的充分实现。个人主义是西方人最为推崇的个人独立自主必备气质,也是西方社会文化价值观的实质。西方人崇拜依靠个人奋斗而成功的人。中西方在价值观上的这种差异表现在许多方面。个人主义价值观念可以从大量英语词汇中得到验证,如“egocentric”,“ego ideal”,“egoism”,“egoist”,“egopsychology”,“self-control”,“self-confi-dence”,“self-dependence”,“self-esteem”,“self-made”,“self-reliance”,“self-respect”等等。英语习语中也有“God helps those who help them-selves”;而汉语中则有“天下兴亡,匹夫有责”等。  风俗文化是指贯穿于日常生活和交际活动中由民族的风俗习惯形成的文化。不同的民族有不同的风俗习惯,因而也传递着不同的风俗文化信息。在中国,红色是除了表示物体的颜色外,还被看作是喜庆、吉祥、胜利、好运或受欢迎的象征。汉语中用“开门红”指工作一开始就取得了好成绩;“走红运”指走好运;“大红人”指受器重的人;“事业红火”指事业兴旺。红色也象征着革命和进步。在文学作品中“红”也用于指年轻女性,如“红妆”(女子盛装),“红颜”(少女)。而英语中的“red”除了表颜色外,和汉语中的“红”则有所不同。在英语习语中,“go into red”意为“出现赤”、“发生亏损”,“see red”指“气得发疯”、“大发雷霆”,“paint it red”意为“把某事物描绘成骇人听闻的样子”、“把某事物弄得引人注目”。此外,在中国,从古至今,尊老是我们一直发扬光大的优良传统,“老”在汉语中可用来表达尊敬,如“老先”、“张老”、“王老”等都是表达对对方的尊敬的称呼。在中国,年长是经验、威望甚至智慧的象征。而在西方,“old”一词常意味着赶不上潮流过时等。在西方文化中,年龄被看作为个人隐私,尤其是女性,她们忌讳别人询问自己的年龄。而在中国,见面互问年龄则和英国人见面先说天气一样习以为常。  语言是人们交际一个途径,但并非惟一的途径。其他诸如身姿、表情、眼光接触和讲话人之间的距离等,都在人们的交际中起着作用,有时甚至是起着语言所不可替代的作用。在很多时候,中西方的这种非语言交流方式也有很大差别。例如,西方人喜欢拥抱,寻常朋友见面,亲朋好友见面,都会有个热烈的拥抱。而在中国,人们见面或分别时则握手。另外,人们交际中眼光的接触在中西方文化中也有不同理解。在西方,如果在与人交谈交往中,目光不看着对方就会被对方认为是没有兴趣、不专注或甚至是不信任。但是,在中国,眼睛盯住对方则被认为是不礼貌的。在跨文中的差异。

Western novels in comparison First, Western novels in the history of the development of Western novels are based on myths and legends of its In ancient times, science developed, out of fear of nature, the working people out of the imagination is the key to many of the world "God", describing the personification of God is a myth; who will describe the deified, that is China opened the world's Pan story, the story of San Juan Five Emperors, the West Greek mythology, Roman mythology, Norse mythology, and so on are all typical East and West, the original novel, is closely linked with the history, as historical records complement the China Pre-Qin prose in the fable, the Han dynasty in the history books, biographies, the Wei and Jin Zhi, Zhi-person novel; the West of ancient Babylon, "the United States and Ji Jia disabilities epic", in ancient Greece, "Homer's epic," "Aesop's Fables "And so on, fall into this category, fiction, novels such novels have been about the characteristics of fiction, it is still not the literary creation, directly from the private collection record, so this type of fiction plot is relatively simple, writing rough Ban Gu said, "On the Street Lane words, hearsay are made of" is a novel kind of accurate assessment of the China's Tang Dynasty, the novel is only from history and literature become a Tang Dynasty culture has developed, the author's ideas are more open, the legend came into being at this time, Li Zhaowei "Liu Yi Chuan", Po Chu's "Everlasting Regret," Wolf's "Everlasting Regret Chuan" And so on, are made in accordance with the creation of the For the fictional story of the Tang Dynasty more emphasis on imagination and literary talent, not just the history of the nature of things, but as the history of Zhi Zhi who is also the novel did not The Legend of the Song Dynasty to the novel on a gradual decline, which followed the rise of this so that after processing will become a scholar so many novel and Romance novels such as "Romance of the Three Kingdoms", "Outlaws of the Marsh", "Journey to the W" The author of such novels is the use of private creative and re-created to describe the circumstances of the touching scenes of brilliant and vivid active in shaping the character known, there are obvious story-telling style of Here by the redevelopment, it will become an independent literary creation rather than things to come together with the civil process, the representative of this type is the "Golden Lotus", it was an open and ordinary life on the road, the reality is that literature has come a long way The development of the latter's "A Dream of Red Mansions" in ancient China Geng Shiba realism to the novels of the "54" after the novelist began to learn from China's western fiction writing practices, and gradually out a new Western novels, is the "Renaissance" after the rapid development of The development of the Middle Ages novel near-stagnation in the West, 14, the end of the century "Renaissance" to overthrow the literature of the Church of control, 15, appeared in the western end of the century to promote freedom of thought and the liberation of personality in order to describe the reality of life and portray characters from all walks of life for the content of the Humanist novels, is to tie in with this type of novel anti-feudal Europe at the time of arising at the same time it also set the novel in the West to human describing the tone of the main Jiaqiu Italy's "Decameron", Spain's Cervantes "Don Quixote" is the kind of representative works of The resulting novel is a classical, elegant favor of its national language to standardize the writing of this novel in 17th century France's most well- As a note on behalf of Corneille's "Cid" neoclassical story of the rise of Western novels have been a language substantially The beginning of the 18th century to promote popular science knowledge, enlightenment of the public consciousness for the purpose of the Enlightenment novels, of which there are relatively well-known German Goethe's "Faust", the United Kingdom Defoe's "Robinson Crusoe" and the Swift "Gulliver's Travels" and so on, this type of novel to the emergence of the bourgeois revolution at the time to mold public In the 19th century, romantic fiction, realistic novels and critical realism novel turn to occupy the leading position in the field of Romantic novels, such as France Victor Hugo's "Notre Dame de Paris", Goethe's "juvenile Witt of trouble" and so on, imaginative, unusual ideas, language and imaginative, strong Efforts to reflect the reality of the novel is the essence of life, and depict typical life of a typical phenomenon in the United Kingdom Dickens, France and Germany are of such novels as a representative of the Critical realism novels exposed the efforts of the decadent feudal system and capitalist society, the dark, in-depth criticism of the reality of evil, France Balzac and Maupassant, the United Kingdom of Charlotte, Bronte, Russia's Tolstoy, Dostoevsky, the United States of a large number of writers such as Mark Twain's works belong to this Value today, the three novels in the West is still the most important of the three types of literary East-West novel on the history of the development of more or less the Second, the characteristics of the novel in the West In addition to the basic characteristics of the novel, the story of the West also have their own characteristics are as follows: 1, the traditional Chinese novel attention to the characters, language and the details of the description, in contradiction to the conflict to display the images, but the character of a single, small changes in the absence of the main Western novels are more people pay attention to the psychological description, stressed that mining figure in the subconscious mind, good at writing full, the changes in the strong sense of the main Again, "coach Lin Feng Snow Mountain Temple" in the figure is only through dialogue and action leads to contradictions and conflicts, but Anna Karenina Wogui before a series of conflicts only with his description of the psychological will be able to express their clear; for poetry in Lin In the performance of her literary talent, and Paul with his inner monologue of the ideal; Zhang Zhong-Yong has only the character, but Jane Eyre's character is the brave, strong, warm, kind-hearted, and so many of the character and rubbing and Cheng' In short, people in the area described in the West has its own unique 2, China compared with Western fiction novel plot twists and turns more and more complete Plot twists and turns, the story is complete fiction China's unique traditional The Wei and Jin Zhi Zhi people on the novel twists and turns with vivid Tang legend in the layout of many of the famous, magnificent anomaly, rigorous and clever, dramatic plot The contents of the Ming and Qing Dynasties novels scattered irregular, undulating waves, Cuoluoyouzhi, careful structure, an integral "A Dream of Red Mansions", everywhere She Fu, Hui turning point, the story of Jia's best Western plot in respect of the outstanding works, although there are many, but it can not be compared with the Chinese 3, concise and lively Chinese language novel, rich in content and rich Western Chinese folk artists absorbed the novel language, at the same time inherited the fine traditions of ancient prose, often a few words will be able to outline the incident or the Western novels in the author includes a broad range of knowledge, involve the community in many ways, so rich in content and rich people can gain knowledge in many Engels said he was in Balzac's novel about 19th century France's domestic situation than he received any reports are Western novels have different characteristics, and also in the West different aesthetic concepts to a certain extent 4, Western novels have been the rule of the feudal culture of oppression Chinese feudal culture makes the development of the novel is extremely difficult, Ming and Qing Dynasties more people to write stories for shame, so many great writers living, creating the conditions are not covered, many of the great works of authors who do not Western novels in the feudal culture makes almost the whole of the Middle Ages in the development of extremely slow, and many talented writers were forced to church services, wrote some of the religious nature of the article dry Third, Western novels in the future prospects for the development of End of the Qing Dynasty, China and the West have begun to understand the other side of the system, the advantages of the novel in the West have been constantly learn from each Of course, due to historical reasons, the Chinese side of the draw a little To this day, the novelist in the West efforts are still two researchers in the novel's artistic charm, although the different languages of each other's appreciation of the arts to a certain extent, but the United States are We have every reason to believe that in the near future, the novel art in the West will ultimately learn from each other and integrate, develop and reach new artistic References: "Foreign Literature" Shanghai Translation Publishing House Zhou Xu Liang "Contemporary Literature election," Zhang Zhong, such as Beijing University Publishing House "Chinese literature history of the development of" Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House Liu Jie "Literary History of Europe" People's Literature Publishing House Yangzhou Han Wu Da-yuan Zhao Rui radish "Three high school language textbook used by the five dates of the" People's Education Press仅供参考,请自借鉴。希望对您有帮助。

Chinese and Western cultural differences in the performance of every aspect of daily life from the greeting 、 term diet and cultural differences in the way of thinking in the abstract, such as differences everywhere, from the West focus on the following colors to express the difference between Chinese and Western cultural differences in areas such as a wedding First, in the West to express the color difference Different colors in different languages is not expressed in the same The representative of China in a sense, the West has a meaning that even the "color" to understand the meaning of the (A) red (red) Whether in China or in the English-speaking countries, often in red and festive celebrations or day- Calendar, red font used these days, therefore, red letter day: refers to the "Day" or "happy " It also refers to the red "liabilities" or "loss" because people are always negative in red to So there are these phrases: red figure deficit in the red loss In common with the Chinese "red" words, translated into English, may not necessarily use the "red" for example:   brown sugar brown sugar red wine red wine (B) yellow Yellow in English and Chinese in the extended meaning of the differences are In English, yellow can be said that the "timid, cowardly, despicable," meaning, for example: a yellow dog despicable, cowardly people a yellow livered coward Chinese yellow symbol of the term is sometimes vulgar, vulgar and obscene, indecent indecency means, such as yellow film, erotica, yellow CD, and so These in the name of "yellow" in English and "yellow" has nothing to However, in another English word blue is the color used to indicate the kind of meaning in Chinese, such as the blue jokes (dirty joke), blue films (yellow film) Second, the cultural differences in Western wedding First of all, in Western wedding culture and the first in the West in thinking about the differences: the Chinese people more conservative, like excitement, more old-fashioned thinking, so in the history of China for thousands of years the entire wedding customs did not change The thinking in the West is more open to the requirements of the wedding will be lower, they will be the climax of the wedding in the church: the sacred as the "wedding march" into the red carpet, Jiao Mei's father, the bride linked hands Rose walked slowly to the groom, the bride's father, daughter to the groom's hand on hand, her daughter's life will be entrusted to the groom, all eyes followed the couple, filled with well-being in their Second, the result of cultural differences wedding in the West because the West in a different China is mainly Buddhist, but the West is mainly C Therefore, the Western wedding is to be held in the church and the priest is Zhuhun R China's traditional customs of the most important part of the Bai Tiandi is, the worship heaven and earth even after the ceremony has 中西方文化差异表现在方方面面,从日常生活的打招呼用语、饮食文化等差异到思维方式等抽象方面的差异无所不在,下面着重从中西方颜色表达的差异,中西方婚礼文化差异等方面阐述。 一、中西方颜色表达的差异 不同颜色在不同语言中表达的方式并不一样。在中国代表一种意义,在西方又表示一种涵义,甚至对“颜色”的涵义理解恰恰相反。(一)red(红色)无论是在英语国家还是在中国,红色往往与庆祝活动或喜庆日子有关。日历中,这些日子常用红色字体,因此,red letter day:指的是“纪念日”或“喜庆的日子”。红色还指“负债”或“亏损”,因为人们总是用红笔登记负数。于是就有了这些词组:red figure赤字 in the red亏损汉语中常用的带“红”字的词语,翻译成英语,可不一定用“red”例如: 红糖brown sugar 红酒red wine (二) yellow黄色在英语和汉语中的引申含义差别比较大。英语中,yellow可以表示“胆小、卑怯、卑鄙”的意思,例如:a yellow dog 可鄙的人,卑鄙的人a yellow livered 胆小鬼汉语中黄色一词有时象征低级趣味、色情庸俗、下流猥亵的意思,如黄色电影、黄色书刊、黄色光碟等等。这些名称中的“黄”与英语中的“yellow”无关。然而,英语中另一个颜色词blue却常用来表示汉语中这类意思,如blue jokes(下流的玩笑), blue films(黄色电影)等。 二、中西方婚礼文化差异 首先,中西方婚礼文化差异首先和中西方人在思维方面的差异有关:中国人比较保守,喜欢热闹,思维较古板,所以在中国历史几千年的时间里整个婚礼的习俗并没有多大的变化。而西方人的思想则比较开放,对于婚礼的要求也比较低,他们婚礼的高潮则是在教堂中:随着神圣的《婚礼进行曲》步入鲜红的地毯,娇美的新娘挽着父亲手捧玫瑰慢慢向新郎走去,新娘的父亲将女儿的手放在新郎的手上,将女儿的一生托付给新郎,所有人的目光注视着这对新人,幸福洋溢在他们的脸上。其次,造成中西方婚礼文化差异的原因是中西方不同的宗教。中国是以佛教为主,而西方则是基督教为主的。所以西方的婚礼是在教堂中举行而主婚人则是神甫。中方的传统婚俗中的最重要环节就是拜天地,拜了天地以后就算是礼成了。

中西审美差异及原因中国美学和西方美学是两种不同思想文化体系的美学。他们各有其不同的社会土壤和文化环境,各有其不同发展史,中西美学是最为古老、最具特色而至今最有影响和活力的两大美学理论体系。以孔子和老子为代表的中国传统美学是经验美学、伦理美学和社会美学。以柏拉图和亚里士多德为代表的西方美学是理性美学、宗教美学和心理美学。中西方在审美方式上、审美心理上和审美理想上存在着种种差异。一、在审美方式上中国古代在审美思维方式上是实用理性,“贵悟不贵解”②主张审美主体要进入“悟”的心理状态去体验美和创造美,要求审美主体在“心与物会”、“神与象交”、“情与景合”的浑然统一中,去体悟宇宙万物的生命意蕴和美的性质。因此,主体在审美观照中,只注重事物内在的规律性和一致性,对阴晴晦明、风霜雨雪、月落乌啼、水流花谢等种种自然现象,都不采取细致分析的态度,而是以心灵去冥和自然,畅我神思。西方古代在审美方式上是思辨理性,“贵解不贵悟”,强调理解、思辩,主张审美主体要注重理性自身的逻辑性、严密性和完整性。二、在审美心理上中国审美心理偏重于情感和理智的统一,偏重于内容的和谐。中国儒家美学将美看作是美和善的和谐结合,就是要在审美活动中用来束缚情感,从而将审美情感纳入特定的伦理轨道,让情在理智的约束下有限的活动,从而使先天的情感欲求符合后天的伦理规范。西方审美心理偏重于心灵与理智的统一,偏重于形式的和谐。西方传统美学将美看作是真与善的和谐统一,强调在审美活动中,要用灵魂束缚肉体,用理性压抑感情,认为“最高的美不是感官所感觉到的,而是要靠心灵才能见出的”。中国在审美体验中,往往以理节情,注重向内心和向无限的超越:渴望从有限中发现无限,所以中国人喜欢登高远眺,喜欢极目抒怀,强调澄怀观道,带有很强的主观色彩。西方更讲人的天才禀赋,而中国更重积学修身。中国讲“养气”,重“虚静”,协调内心,不致过度激烈。中国审美体验的最高范畴是“畅神”、“悦志悦神”,更重视内在美的人格修养。西方最高的美是上帝,是神,更重视非理性的外在美。三、在审美理想上中西方在审美理想上都以“和谐”为美的最高理想,然而不同的是:中国人对儒家的“中和之美”表示认同,从而侧重审美主体的心理属性;西方人对柏拉图的超验的和谐理想表示认同,从而侧重审美对象的物理属性。其实,无论在中国的心理结构还是在西方的物理结构的背后,都还隐藏着深刻的思想内容,这就是中国的“人人之和”和西方的“人神之和”。中国受孔孟儒家思想的影响,历来把协调人心、稳定社会看成是审美活动的最高理想。西方受柏拉图和亚里士多德美学思想的影响,强调只有当灵魂受到宗教的洗涤与净化之后,才可能透过物体和谐直观上帝的和谐,从而在精神上与上帝融为一体,这种最高的审美理想,就是人与神的和谐统一。在中国与西方审美文化剧烈碰撞之际,审美意识彼此相互融通之时,进行中西审美差异的比较,进而探索中西方人格的差异,不仅有助于我们了解西方的美学思想体系,而且也有助于我们反思自身,从而建立起既符合经验传统,又具有现代水平的马克思主义美学体系。中西审美差异产生的原因产生中西审美差异的原因要从中西不同民族的传统文化以及审美理想的发展演变来看。儒、道思想集中代表了汉文化不同于世界其它民族文化的基本特质。儒家美学的中心概念即是“中和之美”,强调以文权体制为中心的宇宙间的一切的普遍和谐,“中和”的宇宙是一个以现实政治和人伦社会为中心的整体和谐的宇宙,它作为儒家文化的理想是美的极致。儒家美学的最大贡献是为中国文人提供了一种普遍关怀一切存在的心灵,正是这种心灵决定了中国诗画中的那种“提神太虚”“散点透视”的空间构造和它的宇宙感,人生感。道家所尊崇的是天地万物的自然而然的生成之道。道家美学的贡献是为中国艺术提供了一种审美的境界,它的基本特征是“虚静”和“空灵”。庄子主张把自我同化于自然整体,最高的艺术境界是同于自然的一片无我而又充实的虚灵,一种“淡然无及而众美从之”的境界。在西方美学中,希腊文明向西方艺术提供了一种以神圣的形式为中心概念的美学价值,基督教文明则向西方艺术提供了一种以光和色彩为特征的美学价值,二者相互渗透和彼此共同构成西方美术在美术风格上的总体面貌。

中西文化论文2000字开头的专业是什么

Western novels in comparison First, Western novels in the history of the development of Western novels are based on myths and legends of its In ancient times, science developed, out of fear of nature, the working people out of the imagination is the key to many of the world "God", describing the personification of God is a myth; who will describe the deified, that is China opened the world's Pan story, the story of San Juan Five Emperors, the West Greek mythology, Roman mythology, Norse mythology, and so on are all typical East and West, the original novel, is closely linked with the history, as historical records complement the China Pre-Qin prose in the fable, the Han dynasty in the history books, biographies, the Wei and Jin Zhi, Zhi-person novel; the West of ancient Babylon, "the United States and Ji Jia disabilities epic", in ancient Greece, "Homer's epic," "Aesop's Fables "And so on, fall into this category, fiction, novels such novels have been about the characteristics of fiction, it is still not the literary creation, directly from the private collection record, so this type of fiction plot is relatively simple, writing rough Ban Gu said, "On the Street Lane words, hearsay are made of" is a novel kind of accurate assessment of the China's Tang Dynasty, the novel is only from history and literature become a Tang Dynasty culture has developed, the author's ideas are more open, the legend came into being at this time, Li Zhaowei "Liu Yi Chuan", Po Chu's "Everlasting Regret," Wolf's "Everlasting Regret Chuan" And so on, are made in accordance with the creation of the For the fictional story of the Tang Dynasty more emphasis on imagination and literary talent, not just the history of the nature of things, but as the history of Zhi Zhi who is also the novel did not The Legend of the Song Dynasty to the novel on a gradual decline, which followed the rise of this so that after processing will become a scholar so many novel and Romance novels such as "Romance of the Three Kingdoms", "Outlaws of the Marsh", "Journey to the W" The author of such novels is the use of private creative and re-created to describe the circumstances of the touching scenes of brilliant and vivid active in shaping the character known, there are obvious story-telling style of Here by the redevelopment, it will become an independent literary creation rather than things to come together with the civil process, the representative of this type is the "Golden Lotus", it was an open and ordinary life on the road, the reality is that literature has come a long way The development of the latter's "A Dream of Red Mansions" in ancient China Geng Shiba realism to the novels of the "54" after the novelist began to learn from China's western fiction writing practices, and gradually out a new Western novels, is the "Renaissance" after the rapid development of The development of the Middle Ages novel near-stagnation in the West, 14, the end of the century "Renaissance" to overthrow the literature of the Church of control, 15, appeared in the western end of the century to promote freedom of thought and the liberation of personality in order to describe the reality of life and portray characters from all walks of life for the content of the Humanist novels, is to tie in with this type of novel anti-feudal Europe at the time of arising at the same time it also set the novel in the West to human describing the tone of the main Jiaqiu Italy's "Decameron", Spain's Cervantes "Don Quixote" is the kind of representative works of The resulting novel is a classical, elegant favor of its national language to standardize the writing of this novel in 17th century France's most well- As a note on behalf of Corneille's "Cid" neoclassical story of the rise of Western novels have been a language substantially The beginning of the 18th century to promote popular science knowledge, enlightenment of the public consciousness for the purpose of the Enlightenment novels, of which there are relatively well-known German Goethe's "Faust", the United Kingdom Defoe's "Robinson Crusoe" and the Swift "Gulliver's Travels" and so on, this type of novel to the emergence of the bourgeois revolution at the time to mold public In the 19th century, romantic fiction, realistic novels and critical realism novel turn to occupy the leading position in the field of Romantic novels, such as France Victor Hugo's "Notre Dame de Paris", Goethe's "juvenile Witt of trouble" and so on, imaginative, unusual ideas, language and imaginative, strong Efforts to reflect the reality of the novel is the essence of life, and depict typical life of a typical phenomenon in the United Kingdom Dickens, France and Germany are of such novels as a representative of the Critical realism novels exposed the efforts of the decadent feudal system and capitalist society, the dark, in-depth criticism of the reality of evil, France Balzac and Maupassant, the United Kingdom of Charlotte, Bronte, Russia's Tolstoy, Dostoevsky, the United States of a large number of writers such as Mark Twain's works belong to this Value today, the three novels in the West is still the most important of the three types of literary East-West novel on the history of the development of more or less the Second, the characteristics of the novel in the West In addition to the basic characteristics of the novel, the story of the West also have their own characteristics are as follows: 1, the traditional Chinese novel attention to the characters, language and the details of the description, in contradiction to the conflict to display the images, but the character of a single, small changes in the absence of the main Western novels are more people pay attention to the psychological description, stressed that mining figure in the subconscious mind, good at writing full, the changes in the strong sense of the main Again, "coach Lin Feng Snow Mountain Temple" in the figure is only through dialogue and action leads to contradictions and conflicts, but Anna Karenina Wogui before a series of conflicts only with his description of the psychological will be able to express their clear; for poetry in Lin In the performance of her literary talent, and Paul with his inner monologue of the ideal; Zhang Zhong-Yong has only the character, but Jane Eyre's character is the brave, strong, warm, kind-hearted, and so many of the character and rubbing and Cheng' In short, people in the area described in the West has its own unique 2, China compared with Western fiction novel plot twists and turns more and more complete Plot twists and turns, the story is complete fiction China's unique traditional The Wei and Jin Zhi Zhi people on the novel twists and turns with vivid Tang legend in the layout of many of the famous, magnificent anomaly, rigorous and clever, dramatic plot The contents of the Ming and Qing Dynasties novels scattered irregular, undulating waves, Cuoluoyouzhi, careful structure, an integral "A Dream of Red Mansions", everywhere She Fu, Hui turning point, the story of Jia's best Western plot in respect of the outstanding works, although there are many, but it can not be compared with the Chinese 3, concise and lively Chinese language novel, rich in content and rich Western Chinese folk artists absorbed the novel language, at the same time inherited the fine traditions of ancient prose, often a few words will be able to outline the incident or the Western novels in the author includes a broad range of knowledge, involve the community in many ways, so rich in content and rich people can gain knowledge in many Engels said he was in Balzac's novel about 19th century France's domestic situation than he received any reports are Western novels have different characteristics, and also in the West different aesthetic concepts to a certain extent 4, Western novels have been the rule of the feudal culture of oppression Chinese feudal culture makes the development of the novel is extremely difficult, Ming and Qing Dynasties more people to write stories for shame, so many great writers living, creating the conditions are not covered, many of the great works of authors who do not Western novels in the feudal culture makes almost the whole of the Middle Ages in the development of extremely slow, and many talented writers were forced to church services, wrote some of the religious nature of the article dry Third, Western novels in the future prospects for the development of End of the Qing Dynasty, China and the West have begun to understand the other side of the system, the advantages of the novel in the West have been constantly learn from each Of course, due to historical reasons, the Chinese side of the draw a little To this day, the novelist in the West efforts are still two researchers in the novel's artistic charm, although the different languages of each other's appreciation of the arts to a certain extent, but the United States are We have every reason to believe that in the near future, the novel art in the West will ultimately learn from each other and integrate, develop and reach new artistic References: "Foreign Literature" Shanghai Translation Publishing House Zhou Xu Liang "Contemporary Literature election," Zhang Zhong, such as Beijing University Publishing House "Chinese literature history of the development of" Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House Liu Jie "Literary History of Europe" People's Literature Publishing House Yangzhou Han Wu Da-yuan Zhao Rui radish "Three high school language textbook used by the five dates of the" People's Education Press仅供参考,请自借鉴。希望对您有帮助。

%D6%D0%CE%F7&btn=+%CB%D1%CB%F7+ 1、 (英语系毕业论文)中西戏剧发展快慢对比及其原因 摘 要 中西戏剧都有悠久的历史,无论是西方戏剧还是中国戏剧,都起源于民间,并与原始人祭祀神灵,欢庆节日的仪式密切联系在一起的。回顾希腊戏剧产生形成的历史,它发展快,成就高,在世界上的影响很 类别:毕业论文 大小:95 KB 日期:2007-07-14 2、 (英语系毕业论文)从中美管理方式的不同透析中西方文化差异与整合 摘 要随着全球化的来临,中国与外界的交流越来越频繁,特别是在商界。本论文主要探讨中美在管理上的交流。如今的商界,如同一个大家庭,参与者遍布世界各地。正是由于这个原因,各国的管理模式也趋于一体化。但是 类别:毕业论文 大小:85 KB 日期:2007-06-26 3、 (英语系毕业论文)在经济全球化下中西方文化差异与跨文化管理 摘 要伴随着世界经济的快速增长,跨国公司的飞速发展, 全球商业活动的猛烈激增,同时伴随着在文化多样化环境下的相关管理问题的出现,跨国公司的人员必须与来自不同文化背景的人打交道,这种文化差异时而会造成 类别:毕业论文 大小:96 KB 日期:2007-06-26 4、 (英语系毕业论文)中西服饰文化差异对语言的影响 摘 要中西服饰受其各自不同哲学和文化的影响体现出不同的特征:儒家思想和大陆文明使中国服饰呈现出繁冗,宽博的特征。它不注重外表的装饰,以宽松的衣服遮掩身体的曲线,在思想上追求人格的完美,以“谦谦君 类别:毕业论文 大小:90 KB 日期:2007-06-25 5、 (英语系毕业论文)快餐食品对中西方传统饮食文化的影响力 摘 要自古以来,中国就是一个以礼待人的礼仪之邦。而在不同的国家、不同的地区,礼仪的形式也有所不同。本文主要从礼仪的角度谈论了礼仪与中西方文化之间的联系及相互影响,目的是为了消除不同国家之间的不同 类别:毕业论文 大小:88 KB 日期:2007-06-25 6、 (英语系毕业论文)从礼仪角度谈中西文化的差异性 摘 要自古以来,中国就是一个以礼待人的礼仪之邦。而在不同的国家、不同的地区,礼仪的形式也有所不同。本文主要从礼仪的角度谈论了礼仪与中西方文化之间的联系及相互影响,目的是为了消除不同国家之间的不同 类别:毕业论文 大小:85 KB 日期:2007-06-23 7、 (英语系毕业论文)中西饮食文化及其差异 摘 要中国悠久历史5000年,西方世界五六百年的社会历程。中国有灿烂丰富、博大精深的饮食文化;西方国家则有精巧专维、自成体系的饮食文明。民以食为天,中国有自己独特丰富的饮食文化底蕴。然而今天除了中国 类别:毕业论文 大小:100 KB 日期:2007-06-21 8、 (英语系毕业论文)中西酒店文化比较及探讨 摘 要在经济蓬勃发展的今天,旅游业风风火火地发展起来了,作为与旅游业相配套的酒店业也相应的完善起来,且更加趋于国际化。中国已经入世,这更给中国的酒店业带来一个新的发展契机,但世界上酒店发展规模空前,

道可道 非常道 名可名,非常名。无名天地之始;有名万物之母。  学者梁燕城访谈:太初有道、道(Logos)是信息的意思。神的话成为万有的根据,也成为万有的规律。当代的量子力学就非常奇妙地发现,万有事实上是根据很多信息的秩序组成。这主要是由戴维•玻姆(DavidBohm),著名的量子力学大师提出说:万有有一个看不见的秩序,叫“ImplicateOrder”,里面都是非常复杂的信息系统,造成我们看见的秩序,叫作“ExplicateOrder”。中文“道”这个字也有信息、语言的意思。老子那个时候非常奇妙地体会到,宇宙背后是有真理的信息存在。《庄子》里面提到:“夫道,有情有信”。从前后文里还可以看到,庄子心中的神是有位格的。这个传统一直到1911年,就是上帝是没有形像的。天坛里没有偶像,祈年殿里一个偶像都没有,里面只有一个牌子,叫“皇天上帝”。中国祖先本来就相信无形的上帝,老子、庄子事实上是继承这个传统而来。这正是《圣经》里的内容,上帝是个灵、而且恨恶世人崇拜偶像。  在牛津的博德莱安图书馆里有一份手稿,作者名叫马斯——乌迪。他在这份手稿中宣称所谓胡夫的金字塔是埃及王苏里特叫人建造的,而这个苏里特是在大洪水前统治埃及的。根据其它文献记载,这位目光深远的苏里特王命令他的僧侣们,写下他们的全部常识,藏在金字塔里,给洪水后的人们留下必要的知识。  《圣经》创世记前11章,关于人类早期共同史的记述,在中国古经中几乎都可以找到印证:  《周易》也神秘地说:七日来复,天行也;  《圣经》说:上帝造物的工已经完毕,就在第七日歇了他一切的工,安息了。  《淮南子》上说:天下有四水,凡此四水者,帝之神泉,以和百药,以润万物;  《圣经》说:伊甸园里有四条河,流出珍珠玛瑙。  《山海经》上说:当初有不死树和圣树,圣树又叫睿木,“食之令人圣智也”;  《圣经》说:伊甸园中有生命树和智慧树。  《尚书》和《国语》上说:人犯了罪,上帝命令重黎堵绝天路,上下不相来往;  《圣经》说:人类始祖贪吃了智慧树上的果子,被上帝赶出伊甸园,并有基路伯和火焰之剑,阻断了人神通路。  《老子》说:天地之母,万物之根,众妙之源,从无中生有,乃天地之始;  《庄子》说:有情有信,无为无形,可传而不可受,可得而不可见;  《圣经》说:太初有道,道就是上帝,生命在他里头,这生命是人的光。  一位伟大的学者在美国神学院读书时,发现《老子》与《圣经》有奇妙相通之处。老子的道,是自有永有者,造化养育者,超越者,启示者,生命者,公义者,拯救者,这七点很像上帝的属性。无神论者把道归于自然神,其实老子的道不乏人格特征,有信实、有恩德、有慈爱、有赏罚、能赦罪、能教化。更神奇的是,惜字如金的老子竟然着重笔墨描述一位道的化身圣人:自有永有者,造化养育者,超越者,启示者,生命者,公义者,拯救者。说他承袭上天大道的光明和永恒,来普救世人。知其荣、守其辱、知其白、守其黑、成为世人认识大道的中介。圣人秉持大道本像,普天下的人都前往归向他,领受平安。他外表粗卑、内怀宝贝,能将众人从过犯中领回来。最后,老子竟然暗示这位圣人要受辱受难,却作主作王,直到永远,是谁?  查考世上所有的经典、教门的主子都对不上号,唯独道成肉身的耶稣基督非常酷似。这2500年前的古人是怎么知道《圣经》中“道成肉身的耶稣”的呢? 这的确是一个巨大的、神圣的、跨越时空的谜团。  老子说:道是万物之主、是善人的宝贝、罪人的中保。美好的言辞固然可以博取尊荣、美好的行为固然使人得到敬重,然而人的不善怎能被剔除干净呢? 所以,就是立为天子,身为太师、太傅、太保,财宝无数、荣华加身,还不如坐进这大道里呢。古时候为什么重视道呢? 不就是因为在道里面,寻求就能得着,有罪可得赦免吗? 所以道是天下最宝贵的啊!  老子的笔墨中展示给人间的不正是《圣经》中上帝的天国、耶稣的救赎吗?   《尚书》、《诗经》都记载着:中国人来自上帝。早在老子古经中便记载旧约《圣经》预言中的“耶稣”。而且两千多年来,举凡太平盛世,竟无一不是遵循了老子之学说。顺天道治国的皇帝,囊括了仅有的几百年辉煌时代。文景之治、光武中兴、贞观之治、开元之治等等。孔子倾注毕生心力宣扬敬天爱人的忠恕之道,当代多个皇帝均尊纯了老子“天道”的统治方式,那么老子的神学知识是那里来的呢?就目前世界不管任何一种教门的国家,他们的统治方式都在努力提高到上帝的道上来,这又是为什么?  清皇康熙说:中国人的“上帝”就是真神,天不是物质的天。康熙亲临宣武教堂,题写了“敬天”和“万有真原”两副扁额,又作诗称颂耶稣:“功求十架血成溪,百丈恩流分自西。”在《生命之宝》一文中,康熙明确表示:“天门久为初人闭,福路全是圣子通。我愿接受神圣子,儿子明分得永生。”  古人老子、孔子、孟子对“道”的认识,已如此入神境界,实令人难以置信。其代表着中国的古人,代表着中国的文化。他的“道”影响着整个中国尽至世界的每个人的行为和思想。  可悲的是现今一辈自己不进去,却连急俗得到真知走进真理的下辈也挡在门口。而至今只能在未接触过这批“贵人”的最低层中找到蛛丝马迹:  《广东新闻网》2011年10月21日10:12王华报道:10月13日晚,两岁女童小悦悦在佛山市某市场内被两辆车相继辗过,肇事车辆逃逸。18名路人陆续经过均对躺在地上奄奄一息的孩子视而不见。让人想不到的是,最后伸出援手的竟然是一位俗世里被视为生活在最底层的人,捡垃圾的阿婆。期间,阿婆想向附近店主要块纸皮为孩子遮挡有些凉意的秋雨,亦被拒绝。 历史以来,司机驾车交通肇事撞伤了人,伤者都是理直气壮责令司机赔偿,司机都是礼亏连连道歉。可是现今被车撞伤者爬起来就逃,问曰何故?答:我怕又是高校大三的大学生药家鑫!  老辈人们看到读书人都会夸耀说:“读书人讲句话都特别有道理,不像我们斗大的字不识一箩筐的文盲,开口就只知道讲女人、男人那一点东西”。可是现今算是文化的中国,耳朵听到的、眼睛看见的,千篇一律。都是男人、女人的那个“爱”。或者几个男的争一个老婆、或者几个女的争一个老公。一夫多妻、一妻多夫,杀人的、放火的也是自家园子,通行无阻。现今的文化已经傻到随眼见到的都是胡编乱造,谎话连篇累牍,而真话却无处寻觅的朝代。当然聂耳、洗星海已经死了这是事实,但活着、真正有一定艺术水准、记录写实的近代作品也被挤到角落里,成了葱蒜。  古人早已给后人作过警告,就汉字信息也明白罢着:一人二女则是“爽”字,不难发现一人两边颈上是4个“杀”字的头,按麻衣相法用语:即凶多没吉。你若认真地去看一下,也是斜着的罗马人死刑犯用的4个十字架;就国内而论,刚好是冲军犯人戴在头颈的一个枷(锁)。古人说:“万恶淫为首”,冲军路上小心“爽”死。  60岁的粗人都知道,古人对这个字的造词指向是十分狭隘的,往往都只两个人、夜里床上才好轻声说的话,可怜的今天打开电视就能听到,“爽XX”、“XX爽”还作为光彩照人的时尚广告。什么话还讲不清楚、刚学说话的婴孩却先会“爽XX”!你若反对恐怕就得挨罚款,因为是国家批准当产品商标的。  公安不辞辛苦天天在扫黄,而名牌的幼儿用、小儿科教片打开就听见“谈恋爱啦!” 2010年4月8日《杭州日报》B11版告诉人们:开发商的卖房广告:“卵巢寻找精子”、“如果你不能给她一个名分,那就送她一套房子”、手提红裙露出大腿的靓女画旁“要提,还要往上提”等雷人广告已经出现。60岁的人答不出的有关男女问题,现今6岁的孩童都能回答。不论看的、听的若不加上男的女的哪些事休想出版、上架。历史以来关于男、女哪些事,没有一个朝代能写得如此透彻、细腻,比现今更精粹了。  若借着有把“靠椅”就是为了“机不可失”、调节一下精神,倒是情有可原,否则,哪中国的爱国人士该放声大哭了,它所折射的已不只是一付简单的中国画像。  2009年8月6日《杭州日报》B7版文章:八岁儿子给他们女班长写情书;  2007年3月9日《钱江晚报》A12版文章:11岁女孩遇害,谜底令人震惊,凶手今年12岁。文章说:11岁的小女孩就因为不接受12岁小男孩歪歪斜斜的“我爱你”三个字送了命。  更可悲的是,党中央再三强调“社会和谐、人民稳定”的今天,“弱肉强食”斗争“进化论” 新、老剧本通行无阻,而历史悠久极力推行的孔子、孟子、老子优良传统的“天道”实体;世界上最古老的人类道德源头、中国文化背景;劝人为善、不要犯罪、否认地上“有神论”的《圣经》有关文章出版界成了一条不可碰的红线、上不了架。人啊! 一个失去了心灵的口头道德世界,用子弹是无法收服的。我国祖先文明建设靠的就是: 一直传到今天从未分离的“道德”二字,若没有了“道”还有什么“德”呢?

中西审美差异及原因中国美学和西方美学是两种不同思想文化体系的美学。他们各有其不同的社会土壤和文化环境,各有其不同发展史,中西美学是最为古老、最具特色而至今最有影响和活力的两大美学理论体系。以孔子和老子为代表的中国传统美学是经验美学、伦理美学和社会美学。以柏拉图和亚里士多德为代表的西方美学是理性美学、宗教美学和心理美学。中西方在审美方式上、审美心理上和审美理想上存在着种种差异。一、在审美方式上中国古代在审美思维方式上是实用理性,“贵悟不贵解”②主张审美主体要进入“悟”的心理状态去体验美和创造美,要求审美主体在“心与物会”、“神与象交”、“情与景合”的浑然统一中,去体悟宇宙万物的生命意蕴和美的性质。因此,主体在审美观照中,只注重事物内在的规律性和一致性,对阴晴晦明、风霜雨雪、月落乌啼、水流花谢等种种自然现象,都不采取细致分析的态度,而是以心灵去冥和自然,畅我神思。西方古代在审美方式上是思辨理性,“贵解不贵悟”,强调理解、思辩,主张审美主体要注重理性自身的逻辑性、严密性和完整性。二、在审美心理上中国审美心理偏重于情感和理智的统一,偏重于内容的和谐。中国儒家美学将美看作是美和善的和谐结合,就是要在审美活动中用来束缚情感,从而将审美情感纳入特定的伦理轨道,让情在理智的约束下有限的活动,从而使先天的情感欲求符合后天的伦理规范。西方审美心理偏重于心灵与理智的统一,偏重于形式的和谐。西方传统美学将美看作是真与善的和谐统一,强调在审美活动中,要用灵魂束缚肉体,用理性压抑感情,认为“最高的美不是感官所感觉到的,而是要靠心灵才能见出的”。中国在审美体验中,往往以理节情,注重向内心和向无限的超越:渴望从有限中发现无限,所以中国人喜欢登高远眺,喜欢极目抒怀,强调澄怀观道,带有很强的主观色彩。西方更讲人的天才禀赋,而中国更重积学修身。中国讲“养气”,重“虚静”,协调内心,不致过度激烈。中国审美体验的最高范畴是“畅神”、“悦志悦神”,更重视内在美的人格修养。西方最高的美是上帝,是神,更重视非理性的外在美。三、在审美理想上中西方在审美理想上都以“和谐”为美的最高理想,然而不同的是:中国人对儒家的“中和之美”表示认同,从而侧重审美主体的心理属性;西方人对柏拉图的超验的和谐理想表示认同,从而侧重审美对象的物理属性。其实,无论在中国的心理结构还是在西方的物理结构的背后,都还隐藏着深刻的思想内容,这就是中国的“人人之和”和西方的“人神之和”。中国受孔孟儒家思想的影响,历来把协调人心、稳定社会看成是审美活动的最高理想。西方受柏拉图和亚里士多德美学思想的影响,强调只有当灵魂受到宗教的洗涤与净化之后,才可能透过物体和谐直观上帝的和谐,从而在精神上与上帝融为一体,这种最高的审美理想,就是人与神的和谐统一。在中国与西方审美文化剧烈碰撞之际,审美意识彼此相互融通之时,进行中西审美差异的比较,进而探索中西方人格的差异,不仅有助于我们了解西方的美学思想体系,而且也有助于我们反思自身,从而建立起既符合经验传统,又具有现代水平的马克思主义美学体系。中西审美差异产生的原因产生中西审美差异的原因要从中西不同民族的传统文化以及审美理想的发展演变来看。儒、道思想集中代表了汉文化不同于世界其它民族文化的基本特质。儒家美学的中心概念即是“中和之美”,强调以文权体制为中心的宇宙间的一切的普遍和谐,“中和”的宇宙是一个以现实政治和人伦社会为中心的整体和谐的宇宙,它作为儒家文化的理想是美的极致。儒家美学的最大贡献是为中国文人提供了一种普遍关怀一切存在的心灵,正是这种心灵决定了中国诗画中的那种“提神太虚”“散点透视”的空间构造和它的宇宙感,人生感。道家所尊崇的是天地万物的自然而然的生成之道。道家美学的贡献是为中国艺术提供了一种审美的境界,它的基本特征是“虚静”和“空灵”。庄子主张把自我同化于自然整体,最高的艺术境界是同于自然的一片无我而又充实的虚灵,一种“淡然无及而众美从之”的境界。在西方美学中,希腊文明向西方艺术提供了一种以神圣的形式为中心概念的美学价值,基督教文明则向西方艺术提供了一种以光和色彩为特征的美学价值,二者相互渗透和彼此共同构成西方美术在美术风格上的总体面貌。

中西文化论文2000字开头的诗

去百度搜索一下看看,我记得有的

回答 价值取向方面,西方人注重以自我为中心,重个人,重竞争;中国人注重群体、社会、和谐。西方人的价值观认为个人是人类社会的基点。每个人的生存方式及生存质量都取决于自己的能力,有个人才有社会整体。思维方式上方面,西方人注重思辨、理性、分析、实证,剖析整体再加以综合;中国人注重直观、整体、经验。在西方哲人看来,只有思辨性的东西才是最真实,最完善,最美好的。从古希腊时代起,自然科学家和哲学家们都把抽象思维和逻辑思维方式作为认识和把握事物真理的最基本手段,并把分析学或逻辑学视为一切科学的工具。 提问 中西方文化差异的选题课题背景 回答 请您耐心等待1分钟,正在编辑整理回答,马上就为您解答,还请不要结束咨询哦。 1、饮食差异西方是一种理性饮食观念。不论食物的色、香、味、形如何,而营养一定要得到保证,讲究一天要摄取多少热量、维生素、蛋白质等等。即便口味千篇一律,也一定要吃下去——因为有营养。中国则是注重口感和美味,菜肴丰富多彩,烹饪手法多姿多彩,有油炸、黄焖、煸炒、火锅等。2、观念差异西方人认为一个人只有完全脱离社会关系,真正做到“关注自我”,才能成为一个“真正意义上的人”。而在中国的文化中,人之所以为人,必须成为社会关系中的一环。儒家文化中定义:“仁者,人也。”强调整体和综合。3、服饰差异西方男士在正式社交场合通常穿保守式样的西装,内穿白衬衫,打领带。他们喜欢黑色,因此一般穿黑色的皮鞋。西方女士在正式场合要穿礼服套装。另外女士外出有戴耳环的习俗。西方国家,尤其是在美国,平时人们喜欢穿着休闲装,如T恤加牛仔服。当今中国人穿着打扮日趋西化,传统的中山装、旗袍等已退出历史舞台。正式场合男女着装已与西方并无二异。在平时的市井生活中,倒会看到不少人穿着背心、短裤、拖鞋等不合礼仪的服饰。4、语言差异象形文字强调视觉和闪点,拼音语言强调逻辑和哲学,所以中国文化注重的是写意和系统思维,而西方文化则更多注重抽象和数据。写意和写实,前者步入漫长农耕时代,从老子的虚无到阴阳五行,试图解释宇宙万物。后者更接近科学,并与后来工业革命有脉络关系。5、逻辑差异由于逻辑的产生,西方文化是一种求真的文化,也可以说是科学文化,偏向于追求逻辑的完整性。中国文化是不讲究求真的,中国的传统注重现实的功业和修为,强调“学以致用”。含有浓重的实用理性, 可以从这五点其中一点入手可以背景 提问 中西方文化差异的活动目的 回答 师夷长技以制夷取其精华去其糟粕 提问 这么短 回答 您需要多少字的呢,请您详细描述一下 提问 150 中西方文化差异的实践活动方法(要与活动的开展相符合) 回答 一、活动主题旳产生与确定语言是文化旳载体,有着丰富旳文化内涵学习英语旳过程,也是了解和掌握英语文化背景知识旳过程对文化背景知识旳掌握程度直接影响到一个人旳英语使用能力,是能否得体地运用语言旳前提因此,在学习英语语言知识旳同时,也要注意同步地学习与英语有关旳文化于是,我们为了拓展学生旳文化视野,提升他们旳文化素养,我们决定让学生以“中西文化差异旳探索”为题,通过英语综合实践活动课这一教学形式,来指导学生开展研究性旳学习二、活动旳研究计划围绕“中西文化差异旳探索”这一活动主题,让学生根据自己旳爱好讨论选择具体旳小课题,如“日常谈话中旳文化差异”、“中英饮食文化旳差异”、“颜色在东西方语言中旳运用”、“数字在中西方旳不同意义”、“英语手势语拇指上旳学问”等等然后,学生组成小组,制定计划,确定研究方法,利用课外时间,分组进行研究、对比、分析、讨论、整理,然后写出**或总结,最后到英语综合实践活动课上来展示与交流各自旳研究成果三、活动旳目标通过对“中西文化差异旳探索”这一研究性学习活动,要求学生达到以下具体目标:1利用图书馆、阅览室、网络等资源收集相关资料或信息,并妥善处理,形成独立获取信息的能力;2、自主制定研究活动小课题方案旳能力,包括安排小组研究活动旳时间、过程、基本方法、人员、条件等要素;三。小组成员能独立读写简单的研究报告;4通过小组活动,学生可以学会与他人合作,培养他们的合作能力和**问题;5、通过与其他学生旳交流,报告研究过程旳体会和心得,大胆地向他人汇报自己旳研究成果,养成交流、分享旳良好态度和能力;6通过本此活动,学生可以体验**性学习的乐趣,了解中西文化差异的一些知识,提高学生学习英语的兴趣四、活动旳实施1、通过书本或各种**查阅资料学生利用课外时间可到图书馆或上网查阅与课题有关旳资料2面试外教。让学生利用外教的机会来我校讲课。让他们与外教进行一次访谈,学习一些与本课题相关的知识3、分组采访或咨询全校旳英语教师,看看他们对中西方文化差异了解多少,学生认真听取并作好笔记4学生小组研究、比较、分析、讨论、整理5最后,写一个总结。全班同学将在课堂上进行交流和讨论6、教师把学生研究成果张贴在班级“学习园地”里,拓展学生旳文化视野,提升学生旳文化素养,增长学习英语旳兴趣, 五、活动研究成果旳展示与交流1第一组小报告:中英饮食文化差异中国饮食被认为是健康食物,它包括fruit, green, vegetables, 具有丰富旳纤维素、低糖脂中国人吃旳食物含糖比世界其它国家少英国人吃旳食物为含有丰富脂肪旳油炸土豆片、奶油、干乳酪和巧克力他们吃蛋糕、软饮料、糖等等此外,中国人午餐食物较丰富,而英国人由于午休时间短,工作地点与家里相距较远,来不及回家吃饭,午餐简单英国家庭中晚餐则是他们旳正餐,可能有开胃酒、主菜及饭后甜点三道菜第二组的简短报告:东西方语言中颜色的不同用法ⅰ、colour(颜色)chinese(中文)english(英语)red(红)革命、喜庆愤怒、危险blue(蓝)肃穆、庄严沮丧、消沉green(绿)春天、希望幼稚、缺乏经验white(白)恐怖、死亡、纯洁纯洁、天真无邪ⅱ、带有颜色旳一些习语如“红茶”为“blacktea”而非“redtea”;“清咖啡”为“blackcoffee”;“brownrice”为“糙米”;“brownsugar”为“红糖”;“brownbread”为“黑面包”;“红眼病”是“green-eyed”而非“red-eyed”;“yellowpages ”是“**载公司、厂商等名称及**号码旳)黄页**号簿”而非“黄色书刊”小组3旳小报告数字在中西方旳不同意义我们中国人都喜欢“6”(顺)、“8”(发)、“9”(长久),不喜欢“4”、“7”,认为这两个数字不吉利;西方人却不同,他们不喜欢“5”、“13”,因为它们与**教旳救世主——耶稣被害有关,同时又与英国从前旳星期五为“绞刑日”有关 小组4旳小报告ⅰ、日常谈话中旳文化差异我们汉语中常用职业、职务来尊称某人如:韩教师、李校长,而英语中不能说hanteacher,也不能说teacherhan,应称为mr/miss/ms han,英文中旳姓和名排列顺序与汉语相反,即名在前姓在后,如jim green;而中国人旳姓名即使用汉语拼音书写,也应姓在前名在后,如song dan(宋丹)此外,因为西方人强调以“个人为中心”,许多我们中国人认为可以公开于关心和友好旳询问,如“how old are you?where are you going?have you had your meal?等,会引起西方人旳不快,他们会认为这是触犯了个人隐私因为外国人忌问年龄、婚姻等等ⅱ、感谢与赞扬由于各国人民旳风俗、礼节、交流都受特定环境旳影响,都具有鲜明旳特色中国人在交往时,更注重委婉、含蓄,而美国人却注重直来直去,“坦率”就能体现他旳价值观和交流方式当中国人听到赞扬后会谦虚地说“不”尽管内心极度高兴,但也绝不喜形于色,因为谦虚是中国人旳美德而美国人听到赞扬后会说:“thank you”在餐桌上,面对美味佳肴,中国人不会轻易地随便吃,因为这是不礼貌旳表现,而美国人会大口品尝主人旳手艺,这是对主人旳尊重和礼貌旳表现对别人送来旳礼物,中国人往往要推辞一番,接受后一般不当面打开,如果当面打开查看,显得不礼貌;而在英语文化中,人们对别人所送礼品一般都要当面打开,并称赞一番,然后欣然道谢 小组5旳小报告英美“手势语”拇指上旳学问在英美国家旳手势中,拇指旳不同指向可表示不同旳意思主要有以下三个方面:(一)、对着他人“咬拇指”和冲着他人“用拇指按鼻子”这都是很无礼旳,都是对他人旳极大侮辱,谁见了也不会轻易罢休(二)、“拇指朝上”表示赞成和支持;“拇指朝下”表示强烈旳反对这两个短语表示旳动作**于古罗马那时,斗士们要在公共竞技场上拼死搏斗,败阵旳斗士垂下双臂表示投降如果公众翘起拇指,就饶了他;如果公众不同意,他将被当场杀死(三)、我们中国人要求搭便车,就向司机招手,而英美人则是向司机“竖起拇指”六、学生旳自我评价学生1:通过这次活动,我觉得我学到了很多课本上学不到的知识学生2:最重要的是我学会了如何查找资料,如何使用英语词典和其他学习工具,这对我的一生都是有用的学生3:通过小组合作**,我体会到了相互合作旳重要性,以前旳学习过程中,老师只是一味地灌输文化知识,但在研究性学习过程中老师是指导者,我们体会到了探索和获得成功旳喜悦 提问 中西方文化差异的活动过程(结合开题报告的“时间安排表”书写) 回答 同学,您问了这么多,建议论文还是要从自身出发自己来写,毕竟这样才能学有所成,学以致用的呢 更多15条 

我这正好有一篇,应该很合适的!浅析中西方审美差异自从上世纪80年代改革开放以来,大量的西方美术作品被介绍到了我国,使我们终于可以足不出户就尽览中西美术的杰作,由于视角的拓宽和切换,使我们可以站在中西文化之外一个相对客观的立场上来看待二者的不同,更重要的是对中国绘画几千年的优秀成果可以有一个新的视角来思考,这样的视角有很多,但我们着重从审美方面来谈一些自己的感受。通过中西绘画的比较发现中国传统绘画里的优秀作品基本上都是审“美”的,关乎“丑”与“痛”的作品非常少,而西方绘画却恰恰相反,特别是关于“痛”的作品非常多,包括古典油画时期很多与宗教题材的作品都有着对人类命运之痛进行思考的悲剧意味,到了近现代更是出现了许多在这方面大师级的人物。如:蒙克,挪威画家,被称为“近代人类心灵的肖像画家。”爱情与死亡是他一生绘画的主题,他用炽热的情感把死亡对人类生命的威胁真实的表现在画布上,他自己称自己的画为“生命、爱和死的诗歌。”《呐喊》《病中的孩子》《马拉之死》等作品充满了世纪末的不安,颓唐甚至悲观绝望,是那个时代所有人的心灵写照,另一位来自英国的画家培根,专门喜欢把人画成半人半兽,奇丑无比的怪物,而且还刻意的放在铁笼里让其徘徊呐喊,充满了悲观与割裂的气氛。而在中国传统绘画里,这样的作品似乎很少见,作为传统国画三科之首的山水画,能画出痛感的恐怕只有朱耷的山水,那种苦涩、孤独与无奈的意境,着实令人感慨,但这只是个别现象,大部分的中国画家则是站在一个中立的立场上来对待艺术。那么何以会这样大的差异的,画面背后一定还有着深刻的文化原因。一、善、恶观对艺术的影响在西方的宗教里有一种“原罪”观念,即人生来是恶的,虽然经过洗礼可以洗掉“原罪”,但“本罪”却不能赦免,所以要不断地向上帝忏悔并做善事,以减轻罪恶。而西方的绘画似乎很像这样的一种忏悔仪式,即说出人性的恶所导致的那些丑与痛,这样就能不断的接近真善美,只不过不是以宗教的形式,而是以绘画的形式。而中国人则认为“人之初,性本善,苟不教,性乃迁”,在中国看来人性本是善良的,之所以变恶,是因为后天的教育工作做得不够好,既然这样,那就必须从一开始就创造一个良好的生活与视听环境,所以做人要有“礼法纲常”约束,以免越轨变恶。因此只要从事艺术,就要表现真善美,以便耳濡目染,陶冶心性,按中国人的美好愿望,从没见过恶,怎么会变恶呢?因此在中国,任何炉火纯青,登峰造极的艺术都必是清新隽永,美好安详的,而这样的一种氛围,又反而其实很像宗教。试想一个基督徒或是一个穆斯林忙碌了一天,到教堂里去做个祈祷,一个中国人忙碌了一天拿出几个珍藏的扇面对着昏黄的油灯细细品读,这两者在本质上是何其相像。既然绘画无意中承担了这样的一种作用,这就要求那些作品一定是安静的、祥和的、美的,否则它将起不到这样的类似于宗教的作用。二、中西方传统哲学对绘画观念形成的影响任何民族的绘画都有其特定的文化背景,而文化背景里最根本的就是哲学。在中国,人们对道家哲学的认同几千年来是那样的虔诚和专一,而传统绘画就根植于这样的哲学背景之上,虽然大师辈出,但基本面貌却没有根本性的差异。东西方哲学都认为宇宙的基本结构是和谐的,但西方的毕达哥拉斯也好,柏拉图也好,都认为那是一种数学比例上的和谐,毕达哥拉斯的“数论派”认为“数”是万物之内在的质,而柏拉图的“理念”宇宙本体论,也是一种合乎数学形体的理想图形,道家哲学当然也认为宇宙本体是和谐的,但这是一种音乐般的和谐。所以西方绘画重模仿、重形体、重比例、结构。而东方绘画则重感觉,在道家哲学看来所有物只有与宇宙的这种“和谐”保持一致。才是美的,所以美好的绘画必是宇宙本体,自然之道的体现,绘画无论所绘何物,终极目的是要进于道,达于道,是要象征宇宙洪荒中那种不可捉摸的和谐,西方的赫伯特·里德就曾说:“中国艺术家试图在他的作品中表现出宇宙的和谐,有些关于宇宙的用词对描述中国艺术家的创作目的是十分必要的”。《乐记·礼论篇》有云:“大乐与天地同和”,即艺术的精神境界是一种圆满具足而又与宇宙相感,相调和的状态,在此状态中,艺术的精神是大超脱大自由。宗白华也反复强调,中国艺术的境界是求返于自己的心灵节奏以体会宇宙内部的生命节奏,在这样一种思想指导下,纸面上表现的不是别的,正是人类与大地和睦与否,协调与否的关系,中国艺术家终生努力的目标也是克服私欲的泛滥而达到与万物本性的同一,而万物本性最终都统一于道,艺术的终极目的,也便是达于道。既然艺术要达于道,而这个道又是永恒和谐的,那么艺术也只能是和谐的。三、中国艺术不干涉现实的哲学背景西方绘画中的审丑也好,审痛也好,有一个共同点即艺术不是束之高阁的空中之物,而是要与血肉人生、社会现实发生关系。而中国艺术的审“美”则很少干涉现实,这有其深刻的文化背景,即都与老庄哲学的人生观有很大的关系。老子最主要的思想就是“无为”,由此以达到“无不为”。他认为,有一个“无为而无不为”的大道,万事万物都有一个独立不变,周行不殆的道理,用不着什么神道作主宰,更用着人力去造作安排,扰乱自然的秩序,自有“天然法”来处置他,不用政治和社会的干涉。正因为对于“大道”的深信,导出了老子的人生哲学,即胡适所说的“不争主义”,老于说“夫惟不争,故天下莫能与之争”,在老子看来对抗是没有用的,还不如一切听信自然,相信“天网恢恢,疏而不失”。而庄子在人生哲学上,在老子的基础上更进了一步,如果我们把老子称为“看淡主义”的话,那庄子就是在看淡基础上的达观了,即对于“是非”的达观。我们都知道庄于妻子死了时,他“鼓盆而歌”的故事,足见他对人生一切寿夭、生死、祸福都一概达观,一概归到命定,其人生哲学也可以用这四个字来概括,即乐天安命。这样的思想一旦进入艺术家的思想里,肯定不会去过多地关注现实世界的伤痛,怎样的天灾人祸,怎样的打打杀杀,自有大道去处置,而我本人画画悟道就是了。所以我们不会期望中国传统艺术作品里会有多少审“丑”或审“痛”的作品,在传统中国画家看来,这是无用功,对此几千年来都是不屑一顾的,即使有,也大多是文人士大夫的失意,不遇之痛,是个人小痛,至于人类命运,在中国人看来,是“大道”意志的必然。另外,中国艺术里审美大于审丑和审痛,我想还有其现实的原因,即与画家个人的人生境遇有很大关系,翻开古代画家的简历,可以看到,基本上都是达官显贵:待诏、侍郎、尚书、丞相、大学士,甚至还有皇帝,可想而知,这样的一些人本身就是当时社会制度的受益者,这样一种制度存在本身就是保证他们“衣食无忧”从而放心逃避到艺术世界里的前提和现实基础,无论他们有多么大的社会责任感,毕竟自己的生存状态不会给他们带来“切肤之痛”。这样的一种状况,决定了他们看不到现实世界的丑与痛,作品自然就不会有太多的苦痛感。从全球文化气候来看,西方文化现在是强势文化,作为现代中国的年轻人,在没有建立起对本民族传统文化坚定信仰的时候,是很容易被西方文化影响的、况且西方文化里确实也有很多优秀的思想,但在我们的传统里却很少甚至找不到,可能我们过于追求那种“天人合一”的高境界了,而在对现实人生的关怀上是不及西方的,西方艺术作品中那种对人类命运的关注意识,悲剧感崇高感是我们文化的一个弱项。我们的文化的确是高级,可正因为这样它往往只是属于少数士大夫的一种个人奢侈品,而有不适合现时代的发展需要的地方。在今天这样一个提倡民主、自由平等的社会,对人本身关注的文化,可能更容易被接受和传播,也就自然会成为当代人文化构成里的主要方面。正因为西方文化关注现实人生本身而不是抽象了的生命,所以它们不是单一站在审美的立场上来看待艺术,艺术还要让大众活得深刻和明白。所以要袒露出人类本性里的丑和痛给人看,但这并不是为了丑而丑为了痛而痛,只不过他们是用一种极端的方式来呼唤真、善、美,这与东方艺术用真善美本身来传达真善美是殊途同归的。在此通过对中西方之审美差异的比较,是因为笔者认为这样一个转型期过后,其优秀合理的部分一定会被消化、吸收后重新贴上中国的标签,真正的传统不是单一的回归,而是不停的吸收,回归,既有超越又有着天生的自律,从而永葆这一文化血统的纯正和活力衍生金融工具——按照适用的会计准则和相关会计制度的规定编制财务报表是被审计单位管理层的责任。在编制财务报表时,管理层需要作出与衍生金融工具相关的认定(1 6 3 2号准则第八条)。预测性财务信息——管理层负责编制预测性财务信息(3 1 1 1号准则第四条)。代编财务信息——管理层应当对提供给注册会计师的信息的真实性和完整性负责(4 1 1 1号准则第七条)。三、管理层的责任贯穿于注册会计师业务工作的全过程1、客户及业务承接与维持时注册会计师承接与维持业务及客户的第一关,首先是对客户单位及其环境进行了解,在此过程中,注册会计师必须明确提及客户单位管理层的责任问题。2、签订业务约定书时在业务约定书中,应明确管理层对鉴证对象、鉴证对象信息及其他相关信息的责任。3、管理层提供书面声明时注册会计师执行业务活动时,应获取管理层声明,对管理层责任予以进一步明确。4、注册会计师出具业务报告时注册会计师出具业务报告,对管理层责任的说明是其中重要的内容。审计报告,无论是标准审计报告、还是标准审计报告加强调事项段的审计报告以及保留意见、否定意见、无法表示意见的审计报告,均应有关于管理层责任的专门段落。验资报告的范围段、审阅报告的引言段、历史财务信息审计审阅以外的其他鉴证业务报告、预测性财务信息的审核报告,代编财务信息报告中均应明确提及管理层责任,通过这种明示,以便业务报告的预期使用人正确区分管理层责任和注册会计师责任,防止误解,防止以注册会计师责任来减轻管理层责任。

相关百科
热门百科
首页
发表服务