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跨国公司跨文化管理论文范文初中英语

发布时间:2024-07-06 09:17:16

跨国公司跨文化管理论文范文初中英语

Western novels in comparison First, Western novels in the history of the development of Western novels are based on myths and legends of its In ancient times, science developed, out of fear of nature, the working people out of the imagination is the key to many of the world "God", describing the personification of God is a myth; who will describe the deified, that is China opened the world's Pan story, the story of San Juan Five Emperors, the West Greek mythology, Roman mythology, Norse mythology, and so on are all typical East and West, the original novel, is closely linked with the history, as historical records complement the China Pre-Qin prose in the fable, the Han dynasty in the history books, biographies, the Wei and Jin Zhi, Zhi-person novel; the West of ancient Babylon, "the United States and Ji Jia disabilities epic", in ancient Greece, "Homer's epic," "Aesop's Fables "And so on, fall into this category, fiction, novels such novels have been about the characteristics of fiction, it is still not the literary creation, directly from the private collection record, so this type of fiction plot is relatively simple, writing rough Ban Gu said, "On the Street Lane words, hearsay are made of" is a novel kind of accurate assessment of the China's Tang Dynasty, the novel is only from history and literature become a Tang Dynasty culture has developed, the author's ideas are more open, the legend came into being at this time, Li Zhaowei "Liu Yi Chuan", Po Chu's "Everlasting Regret," Wolf's "Everlasting Regret Chuan" And so on, are made in accordance with the creation of the For the fictional story of the Tang Dynasty more emphasis on imagination and literary talent, not just the history of the nature of things, but as the history of Zhi Zhi who is also the novel did not The Legend of the Song Dynasty to the novel on a gradual decline, which followed the rise of this so that after processing will become a scholar so many novel and Romance novels such as "Romance of the Three Kingdoms", "Outlaws of the Marsh", "Journey to the W" The author of such novels is the use of private creative and re-created to describe the circumstances of the touching scenes of brilliant and vivid active in shaping the character known, there are obvious story-telling style of Here by the redevelopment, it will become an independent literary creation rather than things to come together with the civil process, the representative of this type is the "Golden Lotus", it was an open and ordinary life on the road, the reality is that literature has come a long way The development of the latter's "A Dream of Red Mansions" in ancient China Geng Shiba realism to the novels of the "54" after the novelist began to learn from China's western fiction writing practices, and gradually out a new Western novels, is the "Renaissance" after the rapid development of The development of the Middle Ages novel near-stagnation in the West, 14, the end of the century "Renaissance" to overthrow the literature of the Church of control, 15, appeared in the western end of the century to promote freedom of thought and the liberation of personality in order to describe the reality of life and portray characters from all walks of life for the content of the Humanist novels, is to tie in with this type of novel anti-feudal Europe at the time of arising at the same time it also set the novel in the West to human describing the tone of the main Jiaqiu Italy's "Decameron", Spain's Cervantes "Don Quixote" is the kind of representative works of The resulting novel is a classical, elegant favor of its national language to standardize the writing of this novel in 17th century France's most well- As a note on behalf of Corneille's "Cid" neoclassical story of the rise of Western novels have been a language substantially The beginning of the 18th century to promote popular science knowledge, enlightenment of the public consciousness for the purpose of the Enlightenment novels, of which there are relatively well-known German Goethe's "Faust", the United Kingdom Defoe's "Robinson Crusoe" and the Swift "Gulliver's Travels" and so on, this type of novel to the emergence of the bourgeois revolution at the time to mold public In the 19th century, romantic fiction, realistic novels and critical realism novel turn to occupy the leading position in the field of Romantic novels, such as France Victor Hugo's "Notre Dame de Paris", Goethe's "juvenile Witt of trouble" and so on, imaginative, unusual ideas, language and imaginative, strong Efforts to reflect the reality of the novel is the essence of life, and depict typical life of a typical phenomenon in the United Kingdom Dickens, France and Germany are of such novels as a representative of the Critical realism novels exposed the efforts of the decadent feudal system and capitalist society, the dark, in-depth criticism of the reality of evil, France Balzac and Maupassant, the United Kingdom of Charlotte, Bronte, Russia's Tolstoy, Dostoevsky, the United States of a large number of writers such as Mark Twain's works belong to this Value today, the three novels in the West is still the most important of the three types of literary East-West novel on the history of the development of more or less the Second, the characteristics of the novel in the West In addition to the basic characteristics of the novel, the story of the West also have their own characteristics are as follows: 1, the traditional Chinese novel attention to the characters, language and the details of the description, in contradiction to the conflict to display the images, but the character of a single, small changes in the absence of the main Western novels are more people pay attention to the psychological description, stressed that mining figure in the subconscious mind, good at writing full, the changes in the strong sense of the main Again, "coach Lin Feng Snow Mountain Temple" in the figure is only through dialogue and action leads to contradictions and conflicts, but Anna Karenina Wogui before a series of conflicts only with his description of the psychological will be able to express their clear; for poetry in Lin In the performance of her literary talent, and Paul with his inner monologue of the ideal; Zhang Zhong-Yong has only the character, but Jane Eyre's character is the brave, strong, warm, kind-hearted, and so many of the character and rubbing and Cheng' In short, people in the area described in the West has its own unique 2, China compared with Western fiction novel plot twists and turns more and more complete Plot twists and turns, the story is complete fiction China's unique traditional The Wei and Jin Zhi Zhi people on the novel twists and turns with vivid Tang legend in the layout of many of the famous, magnificent anomaly, rigorous and clever, dramatic plot The contents of the Ming and Qing Dynasties novels scattered irregular, undulating waves, Cuoluoyouzhi, careful structure, an integral "A Dream of Red Mansions", everywhere She Fu, Hui turning point, the story of Jia's best Western plot in respect of the outstanding works, although there are many, but it can not be compared with the Chinese 3, concise and lively Chinese language novel, rich in content and rich Western Chinese folk artists absorbed the novel language, at the same time inherited the fine traditions of ancient prose, often a few words will be able to outline the incident or the Western novels in the author includes a broad range of knowledge, involve the community in many ways, so rich in content and rich people can gain knowledge in many Engels said he was in Balzac's novel about 19th century France's domestic situation than he received any reports are Western novels have different characteristics, and also in the West different aesthetic concepts to a certain extent 4, Western novels have been the rule of the feudal culture of oppression Chinese feudal culture makes the development of the novel is extremely difficult, Ming and Qing Dynasties more people to write stories for shame, so many great writers living, creating the conditions are not covered, many of the great works of authors who do not Western novels in the feudal culture makes almost the whole of the Middle Ages in the development of extremely slow, and many talented writers were forced to church services, wrote some of the religious nature of the article dry Third, Western novels in the future prospects for the development of End of the Qing Dynasty, China and the West have begun to understand the other side of the system, the advantages of the novel in the West have been constantly learn from each Of course, due to historical reasons, the Chinese side of the draw a little To this day, the novelist in the West efforts are still two researchers in the novel's artistic charm, although the different languages of each other's appreciation of the arts to a certain extent, but the United States are We have every reason to believe that in the near future, the novel art in the West will ultimately learn from each other and integrate, develop and reach new artistic References: "Foreign Literature" Shanghai Translation Publishing House Zhou Xu Liang "Contemporary Literature election," Zhang Zhong, such as Beijing University Publishing House "Chinese literature history of the development of" Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House Liu Jie "Literary History of Europe" People's Literature Publishing House Yangzhou Han Wu Da-yuan Zhao Rui radish "Three high school language textbook used by the five dates of the" People's Education Press仅供参考,请自借鉴。希望对您有帮助。

Forging cross-cultural communication skills across the cross-cultural communication barriers Abstract: the main co-exist in a variety of cultural circumstances, cross-cultural communication and management of modern enterprise has become one of the key questions Should study the modern enterprise, cultivate cross-cultural communication skills and Key words: cross-cultural management cross-cultural communication barrier-free communication With Beijing's successful Olympic bid and China's accession to the WTO, "internationalization" of "globalization" such as the use of Chinese vocabulary in the frequency of rapidly rising, more and more people recognize that globalization is the future of enterprise development inevitable The globalization of the economy resulted in business is no longer a single localization, but the main multi-cultural co-exist, therefore, cross-cultural management has become a modern enterprise important problem faced by However, in order to carry out a successful cross-cultural management, is inseparable from the success of cross-cultural communication, then, as business executives how to handle the situation? A very important point is to actively cultivate international personnel, and international personnel have the most basic quality is the ability to cross-cultural First, cross-cultural management and cross-cultural communication Cross-cultural management is the end of the 20th century in Europe and the United States and other Western countries in order to meet the needs of international business activity and the rise of an emerging disciplines, in research the process of multinational companies came into being, the main study and compare in different countries and cultural organization behavior, and to explore ways to improve management at the different culture methods to enhance management Its purpose lies in how different forms of culture in the atmosphere, the design of practical organization and management mechanism, to maximize the identification and use of the potential of enterprises and According to information available, about 82% of the failure of multinational companies are cross-cultural management failures There are about 1 / 3 of the well-known multinational companies because of mismanagement pluralistic Culture facing the state of internal Cross-cultural communication skills refers to managers at different culture, can effectively and from different countries and cultural backgrounds of the people's ability to Many of the world famous enterprise managers will be this ability to communicate as they are the key to Recently, Nokia Chief Executive Officer Speaking at the Chief Executive Officer should have the most important capacity that are effective communication and manage the competency of In the West, cross-cultural communication has become a new cross-cutting disciplines, but also in today's world-class international business school Two, human cross-cultural communication barriers exist Culture goes back to ancient times, all-embracing, omnipresent, it is difficult to have a unified According to world-renowned cross-cultural and management experts galt • Ted霍弗斯definition, culture is a member of the crowd from which the other members of the crowd of common way of thinking, culture includes value systems, values are the cornerstone of Countries differences in values and norms, resulting in the countries of people's way of thinking and different code of In international business, these differences can easily lead to misunderstanding between both American well-known international business scholar D Hendrix, put many large companies in the international business culture because of its lack of understanding and lead to failures into "International Business Mistakes" book one of these failures and the lessons are mostly because senior management does not understand other country's culture and specific circumstances Serious obstacles to cross-cultural communication and there will be a "cultural " "Culture shock" refers to when people to work abroad, study or settle in to an unfamiliar cultural environment to live, often experience varying degrees of psychological "Culture shock" upon their arrival in the new environment of working a great influence on At the same culture, communication management and leadership are an important part of the Communication process is signal encoding, decoding process, including the speech signals and non-verbal signals, such as acts of non-verbal signals (gestures), objects, which form in the body language to Some of the same body language and objects, in different cultures have different The largest such as cross-cultural error than Nixon at first visit to Brazil If Nixon's people know him are aware favorites gestures, but also on behalf of his gestures, hands above their heads is ok to do like, at this gesture on behalf of the United States culture and friendly win, however, in Brazil on otherwise, and culture in Brazil This is the most obscene gesture, equivalent to American culture up the middle finger Nixon the error caused by the impact of self- Cross-cultural communication and the fundamental point is open heterogeneous culture hidden layer, to transcend cultural barriers, so that all exchanges between the state and the nation

朋友,从你这标题来看:奢侈衣服品牌的跨文化管理,应该不好写议论文的。如果你在企业上班,这类题目应该写报告或者规划管理。因为议论文三要素论点,论据,论证。你这标题里突出的是管理,你无法用论据来论证你的论点。如果是辩论会,还有情可原。而你又要写5000字。个人认为写报告文学好一些。

跨国公司跨文化管理论文范文初中

现代企业管理论文 这方面的文章不太好写,你可以去找别人帮你写一下。我知道一家,他们的文章写的不错,完成文章,满意再付款的联系方式是OO:一零三七二五二六五七

国有大中型企业技术创新机制的若干问题和对策 摘要:我国国有大中型企业在国民经济中占有十分重要的地位,伴随着我国加人WTO,我国国有大中型企业面临国外企业产品技术和价格的双重压力,企业只有通过持续的技术进步和大力加强自主创新,不断地提高产品的技术含量和品质,才能适应激烈的国际竞争。关键词:技术创新,,国有大中型企业,对策改革开放20几年来,我国国有大中型企业有了很大的发展,但从总体上看,大部分国有大中型企业技术创新能力依然薄弱,产品技术含量低,缺乏国际竞争力。人类正步人知识经济时代,一个国家的综合国力在很大程度上取决于这个国家的技术创新能力和创造力,世界经济发展的历程已经雄辩地证明技术创新是人类财富之源,是经济发展的巨大动力。我国国有大中型企业在国民经济中占有十分重要的地位,伴随着我国加人WTO,我国国有大中型企业面临国外企业产品技术和价格的双重压力,企业只有通过持续的技术进步和大力加强自主创新,不断地提高产品的技术含量和品质,才能适应激烈的国际竞争。一、我国国有大中型企业技术创新面临的国际国内环境1.国际环境(1)发达国家强有力地扶植企业技术创新在发达国家中企业是技术创新的主体,但政府在技术创新中仍占有重要地位。如美国在2O世纪9o年代开始加大了国家对企业技术创新的扶持,并在1993年1月成立了国家科学技术委员会,全面负责整个国家创新系统,促进政府参与民间科技开发。1997年美国政府与企业界投在R&D 上的金额高达2 056亿美元,超过了日、德、法、英、意5国研究与开发经费的总和。在日本,政府也十分重视对企业技术创新的扶持,主要表现在以下3个方面:积极的经济资助政策和组织协调政策;为企业技术创新提供技术服务支持,包括技术指导、技术信息及技术培训;金融政策和法律法规的支持。(2)国外大企业持续维持对技术创新的高投入为保持企业强有力的竞争力,在国际市场上立于不败之地,国外大企业每年在R&D方面投人巨资,不断推出创新产品。世界百强企业的R&D投人一般占其销售收人的10% ,有的甚至高达15% 以上。以国际商用机器公司(IBM)为例,1992年该公司R&D经费高达51亿美元, 比我国同期R&D经费总投人(约25.37亿美元)高出1倍;到1997年,该公司R&D经费增加到73亿美元,而我国同期R&D经费总投人约58.27亿美元。(3)全球经济一体化日益增强的趋势进一步加强了科技人才的流动性 伴随着全球经济一体化的趋势,跨国公司对中国人才的争夺也日趋激烈。由于我国国有大中型企业的工资水平及整体工作、生活环境普遍远低于跨国公司的水平,因此,在留住和吸引人才方面,我国国有大中型企业将面临日趋严峻的挑战。(4)企业技术创新必须适应世贸规则 在我国加人WTO后 我国企业技术创新受到世贸规则的制约。根据中国加人WTO的协议,我国享有以下4个方面的权利: 多边的和稳定的最惠国待遇;“普惠制” 待遇及其他给予发展中国家的特殊照顾;充分利用争端解决机制;在多边贸易体制中“参政议政”的权利。同时,也必须承担以下7个方面的义务:①削减关税;② 逐步取消非关税壁垒;③ 取消出口补贴,规范对研究与开发的补贴;④ 开放服务业市场;⑤ 扩大知识产权的保护范围;⑥ 调整外资政策;⑦增加贸易政策的透明度。其中① ② ③ ⑤ ⑥ 5个方面均对我国企业技术创新有着直接的影响。2.国内环境b(1)我国政府的职能尚处在转变和完善之中改革开放2O几年来,政府从直接组织企业进行技术创新活动为主的方式已开始逐步转向宏观调控、创造环境和条件、制定相应的法律法规、提供政策指导和服务、促进产学研3者合作为主的方式,但这些都还在转变和完善当中。(2)国内市场结构不完善。同行产品差异化程度低。价格竞争激烈美国经济学家卡曼和施瓦茨从市场结构角度对企业技术创新作了研究,并且提出最有利于企业技术创新的市场结构是介于垄断和完全竞争之间的“中等程度的竞争”。我国市场结构不完善,地方保护主义依然不同程度地存在,国内市场被人为因素不同程度地分割;企业缺乏具有市场力的垄断、缺乏有效竞争。这种市场结构既不利于创新资源的优化配置,也不利于技术创新。具体表现在以下几方面。一是市场集中度过低,即产业组织或企业规模结构不合理。一般而言,企业规模越大,创新努力程度越强,而我国“大而全,小而全” 的市场结构很难推进技术创新。二是规模经济效益较差。企业技术创新需要一定的规模条件,这是由技术创新过程和市场的风险或不确定性决定的。低水平的重复建设不仅造成资源浪费,使企业成本上升、缺乏较好的财务绩效,而且也不可能获得投资、生产、研究和开发等生产技术方面和销售、咨询等服务方面的规模经济。较大的企业规模,才能集中和利用自身优势,加快技术创新步伐。三是我国同一产业的企业产品差别化程度较低。这一方面造成同业间的过度竞争,最终两败俱伤;另一方面则易造成较高的模仿率。四是企业进退壁垒较高。该破产的企业由于地方政府干预迟迟不退出市场,同时这也阻碍了优势企业的扩张。(3)现代企业制度尚未真正建立现代企业制度的核心是公司治理结构,由于真正意义上的公司治理结构还没有建立或行为不规范,致使企业仍然是产权不清、政企不分,缺乏一套相对科学有效的激励一约束机制。其后果是,一方面使企业难以成为自主型的创新主体,缺乏创新的动力和压力,从表1中即可看出我国企业技术创新的主体地位并不明显;另一方面企业的产权愈加不明晰,滋生了经营者的“道德问题”。(4)教育科研体制落后于企业技术创新的需要我国教育体制相对落后,创新型人才短缺,教育、科研、企业之间缺乏必要的信息联系, 产学研脱节。一方面人才培养不适应技术、经济发展的需要;另一方面,技术、经济发展所需人才又不足。

五、对提高我国国有大中型企业技术创新能力的对策和建议1.企业技术创新的战略定位首先要正确处理引进和创新的关系。引进国外先进技术和装备的目标可分为以下几个层次:一是在最短的时间内,缩小与发达国家的技术装备水平差距;二是对引入的技术装备做全面的消化和吸收,进行模仿创新,避免重复引进;三是在消化吸收的基础上进行自主创新,从局部开始突破, 逐渐形成独有的专有技术。根据我国国有大中型企业技术创新的实际状况,企业技术创新的战略可以定位如下:合理适量地引入先进技术和装备,重点消化、吸收已引进的技术,逐步建设和完善有利于企业自主创新的制度。2.企业技术创新模式的选择企业可以选择自主创新模式,也可以选择模仿创新模式。自主创新模式是指创新主体以自身的研究开发为基础,实现科技成果的商品化、产业化和国际化,获取商业利益的创新活动。但自主创新模式也有缺点。一是需要巨额的投入,不仅要投巨资于研究与开发,还必须拥有实力雄厚的研发队伍,具备一流的研发水平。二是高风险性,其开发的成功率相当低,如美国基础性研究的成功率仅为5% , 在应用研究中有5O% 能获得技术上的成功、30%f~获得商业上的成功,只有12%能给企业带来利润。三是时间长,不确定性大。四是市场开发难度大、资金投入多、时滞性强,市场开发投入收益较易被跟随者无偿占有。五是在一些法律不健全、知识产权保护不力的地方,自主创新成果有可能面临被侵犯的危险。模仿创新模式是指创新主体通过学习模仿率先创新者的方法,引进、购买或破译率先创新者的核心技术和技术秘密,并以此为基础进行改进的做法。模仿创新模式的主要缺点是被动性,在技术开发方面缺乏超前性。如果技术创新主要依靠模仿模式,从长期来看,这会进一步拉大同先进水平之间的差距,并最终形成技术依赖。结合我国的实际情况,国有大中型企业技术创新模式的选择应该“有所为、有所不为”,少数有实力的企业可以在某些有优势的领域选择自主创新,而在相对劣势的领域选择模仿创新。3.充分重视人力资本的作用 企业之间的竞争归根到底是人才的竞争,对科技人员的管理要真正做到以人为本的原则,充分尊重员工个人发展的需要,加强针对技术人员自我发展的晋升台阶和制度的建设,应给技术能力达到新一台阶的技术人员以相应的施展能力的舞台和空间。4.建立民主气氛浓厚的创新文化 “官本位”和民主气氛不浓的问题对国有企业亦是一个老生常谈的问题,这涉及到管理体制、历史观念及企业文化等方面。解决的思路还是要从制度安排上着手,最简单有效的办法就是权力下放到集体决策部门,从制度上削弱个人的权力。不能指望一个从制度上被赋了大量权力的“官”会自觉地克制自己的权力欲望, 因此权力下放必须是制度上的权力下放。这才是确确实实的权力下放,有利于调动技术人员的积极性。实践已证明技术人员的创新活动在民主气氛下更容易得到发挥。建议由技术人员、部分营销生产人员和相应管理人员投票选出职工代表组成技术创新员工代表大会,每年召开一次大会提出并审议重大技术创新项目和重大员工培训项目等;并选出技术创新执行委员会成员,负责组织一切重大创新活动和日常的员工培训活动。5.企业内部充分引入竞争机制,进一步完善激励机制 当前,我国国有大中型企业的技术创新体系中竞争和激励机制效率不高,主要表现在以下两个方面。第一,在所有从事技术岗位的科技人员中,高收入者和低收入者只占非常少数,而中间的大部分技术人员收入相差并不大,因此,激励的深度和广度都还不够,未充分拉开勤奋者与懒惰者、高能力者与低能力者的差距。第二,未建立竞争中失败者的惩罚和淘汰机制。竞争的本质和目的就是鉴别优劣并分别加以对待,而我国国有大中型企业的技术人员,很少有人因竞争失败而被转岗或下岗。以上两个方面的原因导致良莠不分,其结果导致优者也会因为感觉与劣者差别不大而失去勤奋努力的动力。针对此,应进一步拉开激励差距,实行优胜劣汰;同时,针对科技人员回避高难度的理论研究课题的现象,应加大这方面的激励强度。6.充分利用外部资源,分散创新风险,进一步加强合作创新力度 合作创新是指企业间或企业与科研机构、高等院校之间联合开展创新的做法。由于全球技术创新的加快和技术竞争的日趋激烈,企业技术问题的复杂性、综合性和系统性日益突出,依靠单个企业的力量越来越难以完成技At~,J新的任务。因此,利用外部力量和创新资源,实现优势互补、成果共享,已成为进行技At ~,J新日益重要的趋势。从实际调研情况来看,我国国有大中型企业与科研机构、高等院校之间的合作短期化行为明显;而企业与学校、研究院所之间缺乏长期共同的利益是导致产学研短期行为的主要原因。解决的思路是建立企业与学校、研究院所长期的共同利益。具体建议如下:企业可长期聘用某些学校与研究院所的技术专家、长期资助其实验活动,而受聘的技术人员本身并不离开原单位,这样企业就等于长期租用了院校及研究院所的技术和设备,就费用而言比企业自己出资建立实验室和招聘专职技术人员要省得多;另外由于企业和院校、研究院所有了长期合作契约,将更有利于对研究项目的长期深入研究,从而克服短期化合作的弊端。参考文献[1]王其藩,杨文斌.论创造力的文化基础和“天人和合,以人为本”【J】.科技导报,2001(4),16—19[2]傅家骥等.技术创新学【M】.北京:清华大学出版社,1998[3]许庆瑞主编.研究、发展和技术创新管理[M】.北京:高等教育出版社,2000[4]王学鸿.技术创新理论与技术生产力的实现【J].当代经济研究,2000(10),51~54[5]陈琪等.企业技术创新的环境与对策研究【J】.工业技术经济,2001(3),19—21[6]国家发布全国R&D资源清查情况【J】.科技管理,2002(5),21—24[7]王其藩.高级系统动力学【M】.北京:清华大学出版社,1995 -[8]卢长利。唐元虎.浅析企业创新机制【J】.软科学,2001(1),75—78

学术堂整理了一篇3800字的工商管理毕业论文范文,希望在毕业论文的写作中能对你有所帮助。  题目:工商管理对企业科技创新的作用  摘要:对于促进企业发展来说,必须大力加强工商管理工作,特别是在当前科技创新已经成为企业提升竞争力的重要战略性举措,企业应当深刻认识到工商管理对企业科技创新的推动作用。本文对此进行了研究和探讨,在分析工商管理对企业科技创新推动作用的基础上,重点从科技创新的角度分析了工商管理存在的问题,并提出实施对策。  关键词:工商管理;科技企业;推进作用;优化对策  随着“中国制造2025”战略的深入实施,要求企业必须更加高度重视科技创新,努力提升自身的竞争力。这就需要企业进一步改革和创新工商管理工作,努力为企业科技创新创造更为有利的条件。从企业科技创新的整体情况来看,尽管普遍都具有一定的意识,特别是一些大中型企业在科技创新方面也取得了较好的成效,但仍然有很多企业没有深刻认识到工商管理与科技创新之间的关系,在开展科技创新的过程中,没有通过卓有成效的工商管理推进企业科技创新,要求广大企业既要深刻认识到工商管理在科技创新中的推进作用,也要不断强化工商管理改革,努力为企业科技创新保驾护航。  一、工商管理对企业科技创新的推进作用  1具有支撑作用  科技创新尽管属于企业管理的一个方面,但由于科技创新涉及方方面面,因而需要各个领域提供强有力的支撑。企业通过加强工商管理工作,可以为企业科技创新提供强有力的资金、人才等方方面面的保障,进而为企业科技创新创造良好的环境。比如,一些企业为了能够使科技创新工作得到加强,进一步改革和创新了工商管理工作,特别是进一步强化工商管理工作对企业科技创新的支撑作用,不断加大科技创新方面的人力、物力、财力方面的投入力度,构建了相对比较完善的科技创新体系和运行机制,有力地促进了企业科技创新的深入开展,同时也形成了良好的科技创新环境。  2具有协调作用  对于企业科技创新来说,是一个长期的、漫长的、持续的过程,不可能一蹴而就,同时也需要对企业进行有效的资源融合,进而为科技创新创造条件。企业通过加强工商管理工作,可以发挥工商管理的协调作用,使各个方面的智慧、力量凝聚到科技创新中来,比如企业在开展科技创新的过程中需要大量的人才,企业可以通过创新人力资源招聘工作,特别是通过“互联网+人才”的模式,本着不求所有、但求所用的原则,使各方面人才能够汇聚到企业科技创新中来。工商管理的协调作用还体现在企业可以协调各个部门共同为科技创新提供保障,努力形成科技创新的强大合力。  3具有引导作用  企业在开展科技创新的过程中必须具有很强的针对性,只有这样,才能使其更具有竞争力,同时也能够满足市场需求。这就需要发挥工商管理工作的积极作用,积极引导企业开展科技创新工作,比如通过改革和创新营销管理工作,加强对市场的调查和分析,针对市场需求对企业科技创新提出一定的意见和建议,进而能够引导企业科技创新与市场机制对接;再比如通过加强财务管理工作,还可以为企业科技创新提供强有力的资金支撑,特别是由于科技创新需要大量的资金,财务部门可以合理安排科技创新资金,而且也可以向各级政府争取科技创新扶持资金等。  二、科技创新视域下企业工商管理存在的问题  1管理观念比较落后  对于开展工商管理工作来说,要想更好地发挥企业科技创新的推进作用,至关重要的就是要不断创新工商管理观念,更加重视为科技创新提供服务。但从当前一些企业工商管理工作的开展情况来看,普遍存在为企业科技创新服务观念比较落后的问题,特别是很多管理部门和管理人员没有深刻认识到服务于企业科技创新的极端重要性,还没有从“管理型”向“服务型”转变,这已经成为制约企业科技创新的重要因素。还有一些企业尽管也强化工商管理对科技创新的推进作用,但在具体的实施过程中并没有进行系统的研究和有效的管理,导致企业科技创新环境不优,特别是相关保障工作做得不够到位,必须会制约企业科技创新的规范化、持续化以及有效化。  2管理体系相对陈旧  由于我国企业早期对科技创新的认识不足,而且在科技创新方面也没有引起重视,这也直接导致很多企业工商管理体系还在紧紧围绕企业科技创新来展开,工商管理体系陈旧的问题相对比较突出。比如一些企业还没有建立比较完善的科技创新协调机制,特别是在引导和服务企业科技创新方面缺乏有效的管理体系和运行机制,导致很多企业在开展科技创新的过程中受到了一定的制约。还有一些企业在开展工商管理的过程中,尽管也认识到应当为科技创新提供支撑和保障,但在落实方面仍然比较落后,比如各个部门还没有对科技创新给予高度重视,在开展工作的过程中缺乏为企业科技创新提供服务的意识和能力等。  3管理方法缺乏创新  要想使工商管理工作为企业科技创新提供强有力的支撑和服务,至关重要的就是要不断创新工商管理方法,但目前很多企业在这方面还比较薄弱,工商管理缺乏创新的问题十分突出。比如一些企业不重视工商管理的系统性,在开展工作的过程中缺乏各项管理工作的有效协调,因而也不可能为科技创新创造有利条件;再比如还有一些企业不重视电子商务体系建设,特别是在开展营销管理的过程中,对大数据技术的应用相对比较落后,缺乏对市场、客户、顾客需求情况的调查和分析,这也直接导致企业科技创新不符合市场需求,甚至一些企业研发的新产品还没有上市就已经成为落后产品,这主要是企业在开展工商管理工作的过程中缺乏对技术创新的有效管理和服务。  三、科技创新视域下企业工商管理的优化对策  1创新工商管理观念  科技创新是确保企业可持续发展的重要战略性举措,同时也有利于提升企业的整体竞争力和战略发展能力。这就需要企业在开展工商管理工作的过程中,一定要深刻认识到工商管理在科技创新方面的积极作用,积极探索更加科学、有效的工商管理模式。这就需要企业将工商管理工作与科技创新进行有效的融合,特别是要强化工商管理对科技创新的支撑作用、协调作用和引导作用,努力为企业科技创新创造良好的条件。要牢固树立“服务理念”,大力推动工商管理工作由“管理型”向“服务型”转变,着眼于为科技创新提供良好的服务和保障,进一步优化和完善工商管理机制,努力在企业内部营造良好的科技创新环境。创新工商管理理念,还要切实发挥好工商管理在科技创新方面的组织和协调功能,特别是要发挥好助手作用,比如企业应当制定科技创新发展战略,对如何更有效地开展科技创新进行系统安排和设计,着力提升科技创新的持续性和战略性,同时还要制定更具有针对性、效能性和系统性的科技创新保障措施,进而能够使科技创新工作持续开展,并且能够取得实实在在的科技创新成果。  2创新工商管理体系  企业在开展工商管理工作的过程中,要把健全和完善工商管理体系上升到战略层面,纳入企业战略发展体系当中,不做创新工商管理体系,进而为科技创新提供更加强大的保障。由于企业科技创新涉及面广,而且也是一个持续的过程,并且需要方方面面的广泛参与,同时还要对企业的各类资源进行系统整合,因而企业在开展工商管理的过程中,要进一步强化科技创新管理工作,建立相应的组织机构和协调机制,使企业科技创新能够拥有良好的基础。比如在引导和服务企业科技创新的过程中,应当建立各部门协调机制,将科技创新纳入各个部门的工作体系当中,共同助力企业科技创新,形成科技创新的强大工作合力。创新工商管理体系,还要更加高度重视内部体系和外部体系的有机结合,除了要对内部各类科技创新资源进行有效整合之外,还要更加重视对外部资源的有效利用,比如企业可以加强与其他企业的战略合作,共同开展科技创新活动;再比如还可以依托行业协会和行业商会构建科技创新平台等,使科技创新能够得到更多的外部支持,推动企业科技创新能力的显着提升和社会资源的合理利用。  3创新工商管理方法  创新是进步的灵魂。企业在开展科技创新的过程中,要想使工商管理工作能够更具有推进作用,至关重要的就是创新工商管理方法。要将“系统理论”应用于工商管理工作当中,强化工商管理工作对科技创新的多元化支撑,比如在为企业科技创新提供人力、物力、财务保障的过程中,应当更加重视相关方面的系统化应用;要进一步强化工商管理模式创新,特别是要在应用信息技术方面狠下工夫,努力为企业科技创新提供强有力的信息服务,比如为了能够更有效地提升企业科技创新的针对性,可以利用大数据技术对市场需求信息、企业产品信息以及相关意见建议等进行收集和分析,为企业更好地开展科技创新提供决策辅助;再比如在开展供应链管理的过程中,要着眼于强化企业自主研发能力,从降低成本、提高效益的角度为企业产品创新提出意见和建议。创新工商管理方法,还要更加高度重视企业科技创新团队建设,通过建立比较完善的团队绩效考核机制,进一步强化科技创新团队的积极性、主动性和创造性,打造高绩效科技创新团队,不断强化企业科技创新效率。  综上所述,在我国大力实施“中国制造2025”战略的新时代,企业必须将科技创新上升到更高层面,特别是着眼于提升企业竞争力、强化可持续发展能力以及促进企业改革创新发展,积极探索更加有利于企业科技创新的工商管理新路径。尽管很多企业都十分重视科技创新,而且与过去相比也有了较大的进步,但很多企业还没有将工商管理与科技创新进行深度融合,导致科技创新受到一定的影响,甚至在一定程度上制约了企业科技创新工作的全面、深入、高效开展。这就需要企业在开展科技创新的过程中,要深刻认识到工商管理对企业科技创新的推进作用,从促进企业科技创新实现新突破、新进步的战略高度,着眼于解决企业工商管理面临的一系列问题,重点要在创新工商管理观念、创新工商管理体系、创新工商管理方法“三个创新”方面取得突破,努力为企业科技创新奠定坚实基础、创造良好条件、提供坚实保障。  参考文献  [1]李晓燕浅谈工商管理对企业科技创新的推进作用[J]河北企业,2019(7)  [2]单寅鑫工商管理在企业发展当中的科学应用和实践方法[J]现代经济信息,2018(20)  [3]米素娟工商管理在企业管理中的理念实施[J]现代商业,2018(28)  作者:鲍宇 单位:对外经济贸易大学国际商学院

跨国公司文化管理论文范文初中英语

你可以去看下(现代管理)、(服务科学和管理)、(管理科学与工程)等等这样的期刊~看下里面的参考范文吧~

Chinese and Western cultural differences in the performance of every aspect of daily life from the greeting 、 term diet and cultural differences in the way of thinking in the abstract, such as differences everywhere, from the West focus on the following colors to express the difference between Chinese and Western cultural differences in areas such as a wedding First, in the West to express the color difference Different colors in different languages is not expressed in the same The representative of China in a sense, the West has a meaning that even the "color" to understand the meaning of the (A) red (red) Whether in China or in the English-speaking countries, often in red and festive celebrations or day- Calendar, red font used these days, therefore, red letter day: refers to the "Day" or "happy " It also refers to the red "liabilities" or "loss" because people are always negative in red to So there are these phrases: red figure deficit in the red loss In common with the Chinese "red" words, translated into English, may not necessarily use the "red" for example:   brown sugar brown sugar red wine red wine (B) yellow Yellow in English and Chinese in the extended meaning of the differences are In English, yellow can be said that the "timid, cowardly, despicable," meaning, for example: a yellow dog despicable, cowardly people a yellow livered coward Chinese yellow symbol of the term is sometimes vulgar, vulgar and obscene, indecent indecency means, such as yellow film, erotica, yellow CD, and so These in the name of "yellow" in English and "yellow" has nothing to However, in another English word blue is the color used to indicate the kind of meaning in Chinese, such as the blue jokes (dirty joke), blue films (yellow film) Second, the cultural differences in Western wedding First of all, in Western wedding culture and the first in the West in thinking about the differences: the Chinese people more conservative, like excitement, more old-fashioned thinking, so in the history of China for thousands of years the entire wedding customs did not change The thinking in the West is more open to the requirements of the wedding will be lower, they will be the climax of the wedding in the church: the sacred as the "wedding march" into the red carpet, Jiao Mei's father, the bride linked hands Rose walked slowly to the groom, the bride's father, daughter to the groom's hand on hand, her daughter's life will be entrusted to the groom, all eyes followed the couple, filled with well-being in their Second, the result of cultural differences wedding in the West because the West in a different China is mainly Buddhist, but the West is mainly C Therefore, the Western wedding is to be held in the church and the priest is Zhuhun R China's traditional customs of the most important part of the Bai Tiandi is, the worship heaven and earth even after the ceremony has 中西方文化差异表现在方方面面,从日常生活的打招呼用语、饮食文化等差异到思维方式等抽象方面的差异无所不在,下面着重从中西方颜色表达的差异,中西方婚礼文化差异等方面阐述。 一、中西方颜色表达的差异 不同颜色在不同语言中表达的方式并不一样。在中国代表一种意义,在西方又表示一种涵义,甚至对“颜色”的涵义理解恰恰相反。(一)red(红色)无论是在英语国家还是在中国,红色往往与庆祝活动或喜庆日子有关。日历中,这些日子常用红色字体,因此,red letter day:指的是“纪念日”或“喜庆的日子”。红色还指“负债”或“亏损”,因为人们总是用红笔登记负数。于是就有了这些词组:red figure赤字 in the red亏损汉语中常用的带“红”字的词语,翻译成英语,可不一定用“red”例如: 红糖brown sugar 红酒red wine (二) yellow黄色在英语和汉语中的引申含义差别比较大。英语中,yellow可以表示“胆小、卑怯、卑鄙”的意思,例如:a yellow dog 可鄙的人,卑鄙的人a yellow livered 胆小鬼汉语中黄色一词有时象征低级趣味、色情庸俗、下流猥亵的意思,如黄色电影、黄色书刊、黄色光碟等等。这些名称中的“黄”与英语中的“yellow”无关。然而,英语中另一个颜色词blue却常用来表示汉语中这类意思,如blue jokes(下流的玩笑), blue films(黄色电影)等。 二、中西方婚礼文化差异 首先,中西方婚礼文化差异首先和中西方人在思维方面的差异有关:中国人比较保守,喜欢热闹,思维较古板,所以在中国历史几千年的时间里整个婚礼的习俗并没有多大的变化。而西方人的思想则比较开放,对于婚礼的要求也比较低,他们婚礼的高潮则是在教堂中:随着神圣的《婚礼进行曲》步入鲜红的地毯,娇美的新娘挽着父亲手捧玫瑰慢慢向新郎走去,新娘的父亲将女儿的手放在新郎的手上,将女儿的一生托付给新郎,所有人的目光注视着这对新人,幸福洋溢在他们的脸上。其次,造成中西方婚礼文化差异的原因是中西方不同的宗教。中国是以佛教为主,而西方则是基督教为主的。所以西方的婚礼是在教堂中举行而主婚人则是神甫。中方的传统婚俗中的最重要环节就是拜天地,拜了天地以后就算是礼成了。

Managing people effectively in extension programmes is a skill that requires constant planning and An extension programme manager can be defined as the person who is vested with formal authority over an organization or one of its sub He or she has status that leads to various interpersonal relations, and from this comes access to Information, in turn, enables the manager to devise strategies, make decisions, and implement action (Mintzberg, 1988) Management is concerned with the optimum attainment of organizational goals and objectives with and through other Extension management organizations are characterized by many strategies, wide spans of control, democracy, and Their management practices cannot be reduced to one standard set of operating guidelines that will work for all organizations However, all managers of professional organizations face the same challenge: to manage one's time, objectives, and resources in order to accomplish tasks and implement ideas (Waldron, 1994) Managers of extension programmes are painfully aware of the need for revision and development of the new skill sets held by today's high If change is not handled correctly, it can be more devastating then ever High performers reflect, discover, assess, and They know that a new focus on connecting the heads, hearts, and hands of people in their organization is Astute managers know what needs to be done but struggle with how to do Quite often they prefer to consider themselves as teachers or communicators rather than This results in under-utilization of the increasing amount of literature on management theory and The root of the problem is They must learn how to motivate others and build an efficient More formally defined, management is the process by which people, technology, job tasks, and other resources are combined and coordinated so as to effectively achieve organizational A process or function is a group of related activities contributing to a larger Management functions are based on a common philosophy and They centre around the following: Developing and clarifying mission, policies, and objectives of the agency or organization Establishing formal and informal organizational structures as a means of delegating authority and sharing responsibilities Setting priorities and reviewing and revising objectives in terms of changing demands Maintaining effective communications within the working group, with other groups, and with the larger community Selecting, motivating, training, and appraising staff Securing funds and managing budgets; evaluating accomplishments and Being accountable to staff, the larger enterprise, and to the community at large (Waldron, 1994b)The management functions listed above can be categorized by using the acronym POSDCORB (Bonoma & Slevin, 1978, from Gulick & Urwick, 1959): · Planning: outlining philosophy, policy, objectives, and resultant things to be accomplished, and the techniques for accomplishment · Organizing: establishing structures and systems through which activities are arranged, defined, and coordinated in terms of some specific objectives · Staffing: fulfilling the personnel function, which includes selecting and training staff and maintaining favourable work conditions · Directing: making decisions, embodying decisions in instructions, and serving as the leader of the enterprise · Coordinating: interrelating the various parts of the work · Reporting: keeping those to whom you are responsible, including both staff and public, informed · Budgeting: making financial plans, maintaining accounting and management control of revenue, and keeping costs in line with objectivesPlanningPlanning is the key management function of any extension It is the process of determining in advance what should be accomplished, when, by whom, how, and at what Regardless of whether it is planning long-term program priorities or planning a two-hour meeting, the planning aspect of management is the major contributor to success and Stated simply, "If you don't know where you are going, then you won't know when you have arrived!" Planning is the process of determining the organization's goals and objectives and making the provisions for their It involves choosing a course of action from available Planning is the process of determining organizational aims, developing premises about the current environment, selecting the course of action, initiating activities required to transform plans into action, and evaluating the The types of planning that managers engage in will depend on their level in the organization and on the size and type of the Generally there are four major types of planning exercises: strategic, tactical, contingency, and Strategic planning involves determining organizational goals and how to achieve This usually occurs at the top management Tactical planning is concerned with implementing the strategic plans and involves middle and lower Contingency planning anticipates possible problems or changes that may occur in the future and prepares to deal with them effectively as they arise (Marshall, 1992) Managerial planning is usually considered as microlevel It helps in combining resources to fulfil the overall objectives of the extension A needs assessment may initiate a need for developing a The planning process begins with the creation of a philosophy that consists of statements describing the values, beliefs, and attitudes of the Its mission statement is a proclamation of its purpose or reason for After the philosophy and mission statements have been established, various goals and objectives are Goals are usually general statements that project what is to be accomplished in the An objective is a concrete statement describing a specific Policies are predetermined guides to decision making; they establish boundaries or limits within which action may be Managers are related to policy formation in two First, they play a crucial role in implementing organizational policies that have been established by higher Second, they create policies within their departments as guides for their own work Procedures outline the series of steps to be followed when carrying out a designed policy or taking a particular course of Rules are used to provide final and definite Usually they are Planning is designing the future, anticipating problems, and imagining In short, planning is essential for anyone who wants to The functions of organizing, leading, staffing, and budgeting are means of carrying out the decisions of Everyone is a planner - a planner of meals, of work time, Of vacations, of Formal planning, however, distinguishes managers from non-managers, effective managers from ineffective Formal planning forces managers to think of the future, to set priorities, to encourage creativity, to articulate clear objectives, and to forecast the future in terms of anticipated problems and political Long-Range Planning Long-range planning is vitally important in that it focuses attention on crucial future issues which are vitally important to the It involves studying societal trends and issues, surveying current and anticipated learners' needs, and being aware of long-term research directions and changes in Many extension workers may think that such management is beyond their level of authority, control, or They may feel that such management is the prerogative of the director, the deputy minister, or the However, while senior levels of management must be involved, those who implement the objectives resulting from long-range planning should also be

Enterprise Management IncentivesA guide for employees, employers and advisersThis guidance aims to take you through the qualifying requirements for Enterprise Management Incentives (EMIs) It is divided into sections which explain each part of the legislation contained in Schedule 5 Income Tax (Earnings and Pensions) Act Detailed points are covered in a question and answer It also explains some key terms Unless otherwise stated, the statutory references in this guidance are to the Income Tax (Earnings and Pensions) Act 2003, and the abbreviations ITEPA 2003 and Sch 5 have been used Remember that if you grant EMI options you may also have to consider other laws and For example, there may be company law and regulatory requirements to comply Such matters are not covered in this guide so you should consider whether you need to take relevant professional The information contained here is for guidance EMI options must at all times comply with the provisions of Schedule 5 ITEPA What’s in this guidance * What are Enterprise Management Incentives (EMIs)? * How EMIs work * Qualifying companies * What makes an employee eligible? * About the options * Notification of grants of options * Income tax and National Insurance contributions * Capital gains tax * What happens when a company reorganises? * Useful contacts * EMI terms explainedWhat are Enterprise Management Incentives (EMIs)?EMIs are tax advantaged share They are designed to help small, higher risk companies recruit and retain employees who have the skills to help them grow and They are also a way of rewarding employees for taking a risk by investing their time and skills to help small companies achieve their How EMIs workTax advantaged share options with a market value of up to £100,000 may be granted to a qualifying employee of a qualifying company, subject to a total share value of £3 million under EMI options to all The shares must be in an independent trading company that has gross assets of no more than £30 The grant of the option is tax-free and there will normally be no tax or National Insurance contributions (NICs) for the employee to pay when the option is There will normally be no NICs charge for the If the shares are sold at a gain, any capital gains tax (CGT) charge may be reduced because taper relief will normally start from the date that the option is The employer must notify HMRC of an award of EMI options within 92 days of the grant of the Throughout this guidance all references to employer are to the employing How companies qualify for EMIFor companies to qualify they must have maximum gross assets of no more than £30 million; for groups, this applies to the assets of the group as a The company whose shares are the subject of the option must be independent, and the company or group must be Companies carrying on certain trades will not There is more detail on qualifying How options qualify for tax relief under EMIIf an option is to qualify for tax relief: * the option has to be notified to HMRC in time and as required * the company whose shares are under option has to be a qualifying company * the type of share under option has to qualify * the employee has to be eligible * the terms of the option have to What makes an employee eligibleTo qualify for EMI an employee has to be employed by the company whose shares are the subject of the option, or by a An employee must spend at least 25 hours a week working for the company or the If his hours are shorter, he must spend at least 75% of his working time working as an employee for the company or There are more details on employee How EMIs workThis section outlines the main requirements for options to qualify under EMI, they are: * the purpose of the option * the maximum entitlement of the employee and * the overall limit on options to be granted by the The purpose of the optionThe options must be granted for commercial reasons to recruit or retain employees in a company, and not as part of an arrangement one of the main purposes of which is to avoid (Para 4 Sch 5)Can a company cancel existing options and replace them with EMI options?If the option is granted to recruit or retain employees the purpose test is This will depend on the facts and all the Maximum entitlementNo employee may hold unexercised qualifying EMI options with a market value of more than £100, The market value is taken at the date of The value to be used is the unrestricted market value, that is, the value of shares under option without taking into account any restrictions or the risk of forfeitureIf an option granted to an employee causes the £100,000 limit to be exceeded, the excess will not qualify as an EMI Are there limits on the number of qualifying options that an employee may be Granted within a particular period?Y Once an employee has been granted EMI, or EMI and Company Share Option Plan (CSOP) options up to the £100,000 limit, he must wait until 3 years after the last of these options was granted before he can be granted any more EMI qualifying options, even if he has exercised or released some of the He can then be granted further EMI options to the extent that any other EMI or CSOP options then held by him are below the £100,000 (Para 6 Sch 5)How are shares valued for the purposes of the £100,000 limit?The market value of any shares for this purpose is the price they might reasonably be expected to fetch on the open market, free from any restrictions or risk of forfeiture to which they may be If the shares under option are quoted on the London Stock Exchange, the market value is based on the prices on the Stock Exchange’s Daily Official L If shares are not quoted on the London Stock Exchange, the company may offer its own In that case, HMRC may enquire into the Alternatively, the company can ask HMRC Shares and Assets Valuation (SAV) to agree a valuation with them before the option is granted or whenever a valuation is Companies, or advisers, may find this If the exercise of the option is subject to performance conditions will this affect the determination of market value?N Performance conditions are not taken into account when determining the market value of the shares under Is there a limit on the number of employees who may hold EMI options?N Any number of employees may hold EMI options in a company or group, subject to a maximum of £3 million as the total value of shares under EMI option in a Qualifying CompaniesThis section sets out the conditions a company has to meet to qualify for EMI, they are: * independence * having only qualifying subsidiaries (including qualifying property managing subsidiaries after 17 March 2004) * gross assets * trading The requirements that companies have to meet for options to qualify under EMI are similar to the requirements for the Enterprise Investment Scheme, the Corporate Venturing Scheme and Venture Capital T However, both quoted and unquoted companies can qualify for EMIIndependenceA company whose shares are subject to EMI options must not be: * a 51% subsidiary (more than 50% of its ordinary share capital owned by another company), or * controlled by another company (or another company and persons connected with it)Arrangements must not exist which could result in the company becoming a 51% subsidiary or otherwise being (Para 9 Sch 5)Control in this context means the power of one company to ensure that the affairs of another company whose shares are subject to EMI option are conducted in accordance with that company’s This may be through share ownership, voting power, or because of any powers conferred by Articles of Association or other Qualifying subsidiaries (before 17 March 2004)For options granted before 17 March 2004, all of a company’s subsidiaries must be qualifying That is, the company whose shares are subject to EMI options must: * possess, directly or indirectly, at least 75% of the share capital and the voting power of the subsidiary * be entitled to receive at least 75% of the assets of the subsidiary, in the event of a winding up or in any other circumstances, if they were all distributed * be entitled to at least 75% of profits of the subsidiary available for distribution to No other person must be able to control the subsidiary (control having the same meaning as it has for the independence )There must be no arrangements in existence by virtue of which any of these conditions would cease to be If a subsidiary company itself has subsidiaries, shares will not qualify to be used in an EMI option unless all these subsidiaries are also qualifying subsidiaries, as defined Example 1Company A has a 75% shareholding in subsidiary company B, and the same % rights to votes, assets and Company B is therefore a qualifying Company B has a 75% shareholding in subsidiary company C, and the same % rights to votes, assets and Company C it also therefore a qualifying Company A meets the EMI requirements in relation to its Example 2Company X has a 75% shareholding in subsidiary company Y, and the same % rights to votes, assets and Company Y is therefore a qualifying Company X also has a 60% shareholding in subsidiary company Z, and the same % rights to votes, assets and Company Z is not a qualifying Company X therefore fails to meets the EMI requirements, as not all of its subsidiaries are qualifying Qualifying subsidiaries (after 17 March 2004)For options granted on or after 17 March 2004 all of a company’s subsidiaries must be qualifying That is, the company whose shares are subject to EMI options must hold, directly or indirectly, more than 50% of the share capital of the (Para 11(2) Sch 5)No other person must be able to control the subsidiary (control having the same meaning as it has for the independence )There must be no arrangements in existence by virtue of which any of these conditions would cease to be There is a further requirement if the company has subsidiaries that manage Qualifying property managing subsidiariesFor options granted on or after 17 March 2004, a company will not qualify if it has a property managing subsidiary which is not a 90% subsidiary of the (Para 11A(1) Sch 5)A property managing company is one whose business consists wholly or mainly in the holding of managing of land, buildings or interest in To be a qualifying property managing subsidiary, the company whose shares are subject to EMI options must: * possess, directly, at least 90% of the issued share capital and the voting power in the subsidiary * be entitled to receive at least 90% of the assets of the subsidiary, in the event of a winding up or in any other circumstances, if they were all distributed * be entitled to at least 90% of profits of the subsidiary available for distribution to No other person must be able to control the subsidiary (control having the same meaning as it has for the independence )There must be no arrangements in existence by virtue of which any of these conditions would cease to be Gross assetsThe value of the company’s gross assets must not exceed £30 million at the date the EMI option is If the company is a member of a group of companies, the limits are applied to the gross assets of the group as a 由于篇幅有限,网址在这里-new-htm,你可以在那里看到完整。这是一篇关于企业管理的学术性文章。

跨国公司跨文化管理论文范文初中生

国有大中型企业技术创新机制的若干问题和对策 摘要:我国国有大中型企业在国民经济中占有十分重要的地位,伴随着我国加人WTO,我国国有大中型企业面临国外企业产品技术和价格的双重压力,企业只有通过持续的技术进步和大力加强自主创新,不断地提高产品的技术含量和品质,才能适应激烈的国际竞争。关键词:技术创新,,国有大中型企业,对策改革开放20几年来,我国国有大中型企业有了很大的发展,但从总体上看,大部分国有大中型企业技术创新能力依然薄弱,产品技术含量低,缺乏国际竞争力。人类正步人知识经济时代,一个国家的综合国力在很大程度上取决于这个国家的技术创新能力和创造力,世界经济发展的历程已经雄辩地证明技术创新是人类财富之源,是经济发展的巨大动力。我国国有大中型企业在国民经济中占有十分重要的地位,伴随着我国加人WTO,我国国有大中型企业面临国外企业产品技术和价格的双重压力,企业只有通过持续的技术进步和大力加强自主创新,不断地提高产品的技术含量和品质,才能适应激烈的国际竞争。一、我国国有大中型企业技术创新面临的国际国内环境1.国际环境(1)发达国家强有力地扶植企业技术创新在发达国家中企业是技术创新的主体,但政府在技术创新中仍占有重要地位。如美国在2O世纪9o年代开始加大了国家对企业技术创新的扶持,并在1993年1月成立了国家科学技术委员会,全面负责整个国家创新系统,促进政府参与民间科技开发。1997年美国政府与企业界投在R&D 上的金额高达2 056亿美元,超过了日、德、法、英、意5国研究与开发经费的总和。在日本,政府也十分重视对企业技术创新的扶持,主要表现在以下3个方面:积极的经济资助政策和组织协调政策;为企业技术创新提供技术服务支持,包括技术指导、技术信息及技术培训;金融政策和法律法规的支持。(2)国外大企业持续维持对技术创新的高投入为保持企业强有力的竞争力,在国际市场上立于不败之地,国外大企业每年在R&D方面投人巨资,不断推出创新产品。世界百强企业的R&D投人一般占其销售收人的10% ,有的甚至高达15% 以上。以国际商用机器公司(IBM)为例,1992年该公司R&D经费高达51亿美元, 比我国同期R&D经费总投人(约25.37亿美元)高出1倍;到1997年,该公司R&D经费增加到73亿美元,而我国同期R&D经费总投人约58.27亿美元。(3)全球经济一体化日益增强的趋势进一步加强了科技人才的流动性 伴随着全球经济一体化的趋势,跨国公司对中国人才的争夺也日趋激烈。由于我国国有大中型企业的工资水平及整体工作、生活环境普遍远低于跨国公司的水平,因此,在留住和吸引人才方面,我国国有大中型企业将面临日趋严峻的挑战。(4)企业技术创新必须适应世贸规则 在我国加人WTO后 我国企业技术创新受到世贸规则的制约。根据中国加人WTO的协议,我国享有以下4个方面的权利: 多边的和稳定的最惠国待遇;“普惠制” 待遇及其他给予发展中国家的特殊照顾;充分利用争端解决机制;在多边贸易体制中“参政议政”的权利。同时,也必须承担以下7个方面的义务:①削减关税;② 逐步取消非关税壁垒;③ 取消出口补贴,规范对研究与开发的补贴;④ 开放服务业市场;⑤ 扩大知识产权的保护范围;⑥ 调整外资政策;⑦增加贸易政策的透明度。其中① ② ③ ⑤ ⑥ 5个方面均对我国企业技术创新有着直接的影响。2.国内环境b(1)我国政府的职能尚处在转变和完善之中改革开放2O几年来,政府从直接组织企业进行技术创新活动为主的方式已开始逐步转向宏观调控、创造环境和条件、制定相应的法律法规、提供政策指导和服务、促进产学研3者合作为主的方式,但这些都还在转变和完善当中。(2)国内市场结构不完善。同行产品差异化程度低。价格竞争激烈美国经济学家卡曼和施瓦茨从市场结构角度对企业技术创新作了研究,并且提出最有利于企业技术创新的市场结构是介于垄断和完全竞争之间的“中等程度的竞争”。我国市场结构不完善,地方保护主义依然不同程度地存在,国内市场被人为因素不同程度地分割;企业缺乏具有市场力的垄断、缺乏有效竞争。这种市场结构既不利于创新资源的优化配置,也不利于技术创新。具体表现在以下几方面。一是市场集中度过低,即产业组织或企业规模结构不合理。一般而言,企业规模越大,创新努力程度越强,而我国“大而全,小而全” 的市场结构很难推进技术创新。二是规模经济效益较差。企业技术创新需要一定的规模条件,这是由技术创新过程和市场的风险或不确定性决定的。低水平的重复建设不仅造成资源浪费,使企业成本上升、缺乏较好的财务绩效,而且也不可能获得投资、生产、研究和开发等生产技术方面和销售、咨询等服务方面的规模经济。较大的企业规模,才能集中和利用自身优势,加快技术创新步伐。三是我国同一产业的企业产品差别化程度较低。这一方面造成同业间的过度竞争,最终两败俱伤;另一方面则易造成较高的模仿率。四是企业进退壁垒较高。该破产的企业由于地方政府干预迟迟不退出市场,同时这也阻碍了优势企业的扩张。(3)现代企业制度尚未真正建立现代企业制度的核心是公司治理结构,由于真正意义上的公司治理结构还没有建立或行为不规范,致使企业仍然是产权不清、政企不分,缺乏一套相对科学有效的激励一约束机制。其后果是,一方面使企业难以成为自主型的创新主体,缺乏创新的动力和压力,从表1中即可看出我国企业技术创新的主体地位并不明显;另一方面企业的产权愈加不明晰,滋生了经营者的“道德问题”。(4)教育科研体制落后于企业技术创新的需要我国教育体制相对落后,创新型人才短缺,教育、科研、企业之间缺乏必要的信息联系, 产学研脱节。一方面人才培养不适应技术、经济发展的需要;另一方面,技术、经济发展所需人才又不足。

三、我国国有大中型企业技术创新的现状1.企业技术创新资金投入严重不足一般来讲,R&D投入占销售额的1% ,企业就难以在竞争中生存; 占销售额的2% ,企业可勉强在竞争中维持;占销售额的5% ,企业才有竞争力。而1999年,我国大中型国有企业R&D经费投人仅为40.6亿美元,占产品销售收人的1.1% 。近年来发达国家的平均R&D投人占GDP的比例一直稳定在2% 以8 Science and Technology Review 1 2/2002上。2000年全世界R&D经费投人约5 870亿美元,其中,美、日、德、英、法等7个发达国家约占5 280亿美元,占了90% 。而同期我国全部R&D经费支出约896亿元(约108.3亿美元),占GDP的1.0%。2.企业技术创新机构不健全 目前我国2 400多家国有大中型企业中,有近2/3的企业没有自己的R&D机构,在国家512家重点企业中,约有1/3的企业R&D机构研究开发职能不健全。3.企业技术创新起点低,产品结构不合理,技术含量低 以我国钢铁行业为例。从钢铁的产品结构上看,一方面,线材、螺纹钢、中小型材、普通中板、焊管等严重供过于求;另一方面,钢板类、石油管、不绣钢、工具钢等13类品种钢材每年又需进口700万吨以上。我国现有钢铁产品中,高科技含量、高附加值产品所占比例明显比国外大型钢铁企业低,在出口产品中钢铁初级产品占了很大一部分。四、企业创新机制的内涵及当前我国国有大中型企业技术创新机制存在的几个问题1.企业创新机制的内涵企业的创新机制。应包含以下几个方面的内容:决策机制、组织构架、激励机制、R&D机制和企业文化。(1)决策机制是企业进行技术创新的指挥系统,负责将企业的各种决策信息传递到企业的各个部门。对于企业的技术创新,决策机制首先要解决的就是企业技术创新的战略问题。(2)组织构架任何一个企业技术创新的能力很大程度上依赖企业技术创新的组织构架。高效的组织结构可以使各种创新资源配置得到优化,各种职能界面的交流和整合得到完善,信息流通、企业员工间的交流和自我学习的渠道、质量 效率得到提高。技术创新组织架构是各种政策执行 项目实施、管理、监督的载体。(3)激励机制人才激励是人力资源开发的重要环节,是激活人力资本存量和吸引增量的关键。激励机制不仅仅指报酬分配问题, 也包括声誉激励、竞争激励和控制权激励。(4)R&D机制 是企业x,/开展R&D活动的项目小组的管理系统,包括R&D项目的审批、过程的监控以及R&D成果的鉴定等内容。R&D机制是执行企业技术创新战略的具体环节。(5)企业文化企业文化体系是支持技术创新的一整套“软件”系统。它作为一种无形的精神内聚力,体现于企业组织内的方方面面,其作用是无法估量的。任何成功的企业必然有其独特的企业文化。2.当前我国国有大中型企业技术创新机制存在的几个问题 目前我国国有大中型企业技术创新能力薄弱,有许多人将其归咎于资金投人不足、基础研究薄弱等方面的原因。但笔者认为,资金投入不足、基础研究薄弱是企业技术创新能力不足的结果,企业技术创新能力薄弱主要的原因在于企业技术创新系统内部反馈机制和运行机制的滞后。以研究技术发展而闻名于世的美国经济学家罗森堡和小伯尔泽在其名著《西方致富之路— — 工业化国家的经济演变》中指出,就科学技术而言,直到15世纪中国和阿拉伯国家显然领先于西欧,但西方国家很快就后来居上,在经济上大大超过了东方国家,原因就在于西欧在中世纪后期建立了一种有利于不断创新的社会机制。再看美国高新技术的发展,美国的高新技术产业最先在环波士顿的128公路地区和硅谷发展起来的,美国学者安纳利�6�1萨克森在《硅谷和128公路地区的文化与竞争》一书中,对两地的高新技术发展作了深刻的比较分析。她认为,20世纪80年代后期,128公路地区的高新技术发展开始走下坡路,而硅谷地区却方兴未艾,不断走向新的高涨。其主要原因在于:决定一个地区高新技术产业发展的主因不在于新技术发明的多少,而在于它的制度安排、社会环境和文化氛围是否有利于发挥专业人员的积极性和创造性。从实际调查情况来看,我国国有大中型企业技术创新机制不完善主要表现在以下几个方面。(1)技术人员所从事的研究课题大部分是“短平快” 的小型项目 技术人员偏向于选择高成功率的项目,研究开发活动的短期行为非常严重,刻意.回避高层次的理论研究,其结果就是“低水平、高成功率” 的研究项目得以大量铺开,低水平和简单重复的成果屡见不鲜;而另一方面市场化意识不强,导致科技成果的低市场转化率。(2)企业内部的民主气氛不够技术人员在技术问题上往往不轻易发表意见,一是担心说了也没用,二是不敢说。技术人员在课题的审批过程中发言权少;审批过程中民主化、透明化程度低。(3)年轻人不满于自身工作现状的比例相当高不少年轻的技术人员不安心本职工作,跳槽的也不少,尤其是热门专业的人才跳槽比例比较高。笔者采访了一些跳槽或者已离职的技术人员,问及跳槽原因时,他们的回答几乎都是:钱不是主要原因,最主要的是感觉到自己的发展机会少、空间少。(4)科技人员在技术上的“藏私”现象非常普遍科技人员之间的学术交流非常有限,无论是内部的还是与外部的交流都非常少,甚至有不少科技人员不愿与人交流自己的研究成果与心得。正如一位被采访者说的“我会的,人家都会了,那我也快下岗了”。同时,技术人员普遍缺乏再学习的动力,经常主动地查阅相关领域文献的技术人员不多,对本学科前沿技术有所了解的科技人员也不多。另外有些技术人员反映,许多人在参加各种各样的培训班时,表现为被动地吸收知识,这样的培训对提高技术人员的理论与实践水平实际上益处不是很大。科技人员靠“吃老本”做研究的比例相当高。(5)大部分的领导和职工承担创新风险的能力差,不愿承担创新风险决策层在处理一些重大项目的创新时,往往采用最保守的方法,顾虑重重。有相当一部分技术人员认为,许多技术创新机会就这样被决策层的迟疑而耽搁了,他们还抱怨领导情愿花钱引进设备和技术, 也不愿冒大的创新风险。有技术人员反映,研究项目所需的实验材料统一到采购部申请采购,手续繁多、时间太长,-延误研究进展,希望上级部门能够将采购权下放,但上级考虑到采购权下放后带来的财务风险,迟迟不批。(6)“官本位”思想影响严重相当比例的科技人员认为科研岗位的提升和管理岗位的提升机会不均等, 管理岗位更容易得到提升和获得好的待遇,造成许多科技人员不安于本职研究工作,希望转向行政岗位。另外一些科技人员在研究岗位干得很出色,上级往往将其提拔到管理岗位上工作,本人也很愿意从事管理工作,结果造成了科技人员从科研岗位向管理岗位的流失,削弱了研发工作。(7)企业与外部研究单位、高校的合作研究大多属于短期行为 企业与外单位之间的合作缺乏长远的考虑,合作方式限于企业出钱、外单位出成果,项目完成后合作则结束。这种临时的课题制的合作方式,一定程度上阻碍了项目进一步的研究和发展,对企业技术的长期发展不利。

这个我可以先帮你拟题,题目满意了我再帮你继续做,4000字一天的时间就差不多了

I HAVE A DREAM 我有一个梦想 如下:Five score years ago, a great American, in whose symbolic shadow we stand signed the Emancipation P This momentous decree came as a great beacon light of hope to millions of Negro slaves who had been seared in the flames of withering It came as a joyous daybreak to end the long night of But one hundred years later, we must face the tragic fact that the Negro is still not One hundred years later, the life of the Negro is still sadly crippled by the manacles of segregation and the chains of One hundred years later, the Negro lives on a lonely island of poverty in the midst of a vast ocean of material One hundred years later, the Negro is still languishing in the corners of American society and finds himself an exile in his own So we have come here today to dramatize an appalling In a sense we have come to our nation's capital to cash a When the architects of our republic wrote the magnificent words of the Constitution and the Declaration of Independence, they were signing a promissory note to which every American was to fall This note was a promise that all men would be guaranteed the inalienable rights of life, liberty, and the pursuit of It is obvious today that America has defaulted on this promissory note insofar as her citizens of color are Instead of honoring this sacred obligation, America has given the Negro people a bad check which has come back marked "insufficient " But we refuse to believe that the bank of justice is We refuse to believe that there are insufficient funds in the great vaults of opportunity of this So we have come to cash this check -- a check that will give us upon demand the riches of freedom and the security of We have also come to this hallowed spot to remind America of the fierce urgency of This is no time to engage in the luxury of cooling off or to take the tranquilizing drug of Now is the time to rise from the dark and desolate valley of segregation to the sunlit path of racial Now is the time to open the doors of opportunity to all of God's Now is the time to lift our nation from the quicksands of racial injustice to the solid rock of It would be fatal for the nation to overlook the urgency of the moment and to underestimate the determination of the N This sweltering summer of the Negro's legitimate discontent will not pass until there is an invigorating autumn of freedom and Nineteen sixty-three is not an end, but a Those who hope that the Negro needed to blow off steam and will now be content will have a rude awakening if the nation returns to business as There will be neither rest nor tranquility in America until the Negro is granted his citizenship The whirlwinds of revolt will continue to shake the foundations of our nation until the bright day of justice But there is something that I must say to my people who stand on the warm threshold which leads into the palace of In the process of gaining our rightful place we must not be guilty of wrongful Let us not seek to satisfy our thirst for freedom by drinking from the cup of bitterness and We must forever conduct our struggle on the high plane of dignity and we must not allow our creative protest to degenerate into physical Again and again we must rise to the majestic heights of meeting physical force with soul The marvelous new militancy which has engulfed the Negro community must not lead us to distrust of all white people, for many of our white brothers, as evidenced by their presence here today, have come to realize that their destiny is tied up with our destiny and their freedom is inextricably bound to our We cannot walk And as we walk, we must make the pledge that we shall march We cannot turn There are those who are asking the devotees of civil rights, "When will you be satisfied?" we can never be satisfied as long as our bodies, heavy with the fatigue of travel, cannot gain lodging in the motels of the highways and the hotels of the We cannot be satisfied as long as the Negro's basic mobility is from a smaller ghetto to a larger We can never be satisfied as long as a Negro in Mississippi cannot vote and a Negro in New York believes he has nothing for which to No, no, we are not satisfied, and we will not be satisfied until justice rolls down like waters and righteousness like a mighty I am not unmindful that some of you have come here out of great trials and Some of you have come fresh from narrow Some of you have come from areas where your quest for freedom left you battered by the storms of persecution and staggered by the winds of police You have been the veterans of creative Continue to work with the faith that unearned suffering is Go back to Mississippi, go back to Alabama, go back to Georgia, go back to Louisiana, go back to the slums and ghettos of our northern cities, knowing that somehow this situation can and will be Let us not wallow in the valley of I say to you today, my friends, that in spite of the difficulties and frustrations of the moment, I still have a It is a dream deeply rooted in the American I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed: "We hold these truths to be self-evident: that all men are created " I have a dream that one day on the red hills of Georgia the sons of former slaves and the sons of former slaveowners will be able to sit down together at a table of I have a dream that one day even the state of Mississippi, a desert state, sweltering with the heat of injustice and oppression, will be transformed into an oasis of freedom and I have a dream that my four children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their I have a dream I have a dream that one day the state of Alabama, whose governor's lips are presently dripping with the words of interposition and nullification, will be transformed into a situation where little black boys and black girls will be able to join hands with little white boys and white girls and walk together as sisters and I have a dream I have a dream that one day every valley shall be exalted, every hill and mountain shall be made low, the rough places will be made plain, and the crooked places will be made straight, and the glory of the Lord shall be revealed, and all flesh shall see it This is our This is the faith with which I return to the S With this faith we will be able to hew out of the mountain of despair a stone of With this faith we will be able to transform the jangling discords of our nation into a beautiful symphony of With this faith we will be able to work together, to pray together, to struggle together, to go to jail together, to stand up for freedom together, knowing that we will be free one This will be the day when all of God's children will be able to sing with a new meaning, "My country, 'tis of thee, sweet land of liberty, of thee I Land where my fathers died, land of the pilgrim's pride, from every mountainside, let freedom " And if America is to be a great nation, this must become So let freedom ring from the prodigious hilltops of New H Let freedom ring from the mighty mountains of New Y Let freedom ring from the heightening Alleghenies of Pennsylvania! Let freedom ring from the snowcapped Rockies of Colorado! Let freedom ring from the curvaceous peaks of California! But not only that; let freedom ring from Stone Mountain of Georgia! Let freedom ring from Lookout Mountain of Tennessee! Let freedom ring from every hill and every molehill of M From every mountainside, let freedom When we let freedom ring, when we let it ring from every village and every hamlet, from every state and every city, we will be able to speed up that day when all of God's children, black men and white men, Jews and Gentiles, Protestants and Catholics, will be able to join hands and sing in the words of the old Negro spiritual, "Free at last! free at last! thank God Almighty, we are free at last!" 几年前,一位伟大的美国人,在其象征的阴影我们签署了解放宣言。这一重要的法令是一个伟大的指路明灯的希望数以百万计的黑人奴隶谁已经烙在火焰枯萎不公正。这是一个欢乐的黎明,结束漫漫长夜的囚禁。但是,百年之后,我们必须面对的悲惨事实,即黑人仍然没有自由。 一百多年后,生活的黑人仍是可悲的残废了手铐的隔离和歧视的锁链。一百多年后,黑人生活在一个孤独的岛屿贫困正处在远隔重洋的物质繁荣。 100年后的今天,黑人仍挣扎在弯道中的美国社会,并认为自己是流亡在自己的土地。 因此,我们今天来到这里,开始表现令人震惊的状况。从某种意义上讲,我们来到我们国家的首都,以现金支票。当我们共和国的缔造者的宏伟话写在宪法和独立宣言,他们签署了期票的每一个美国人是属于继承人。 这说明是一个承诺,所有的人将得到保障不可剥夺的权利,生命权,自由权和追求幸福。很显然,美国今天已经拖欠本本票,因为她的公民的颜色感到关切。不是纪念这一神圣的义务,美国的黑人提供了一个坏的人检查了回来标有“足够的资金。 ”但是,我们拒绝相信,正义是银行破产。我们拒绝认为,没有足够的资金在大拱顶的机会,这个国家。 所以,我们来兑现这张支票-支票这将给予我们的需求财富的自由和安全的正义。我们还来到这个神圣的位置,提醒美国的紧迫性,现在激烈。这是没有时间去从事豪华降温或采取安定药物的渐进。现在是时候

跨国公司跨文化管理论文范文初中数学

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华林证券公司绩效管理现状分析 绩效管理没有贯彻“以人为本”的思想路线一方面公司在新员工(主要是证券经纪人)入职前的几个月实习当中,没有给实习员工以任何的经济上的补助,包括奖金,交通补助,饭补等,而对于任何一位实习员工,吃食住行都是他们的基本需要,并且好多实习员工都是本科毕业生或者是刚毕业的员工,他们在经济上往往不是很有实力,这个时候公司却没有给予任何的补助,只有在实习员工开发到客户时才给予相应的提成。在这种情况下,实习员工不能全身心的投入到这个开发市场当中,这自然影响他们的工作效率和工作热情。另外一方面公司在实习员工入职前设置的门槛过高,不太符合人本管理的理念。公司要求任何一位实习员工在入职前必须开发到三个有效户(市值一万元以上),这个要求无疑是比较高。对于那些刚要走出校门的本科毕业生,他们没有深厚的社会关系,也没有什么工作经验,再加上这个时候市场行情不是特别号,入市的人本身就少,对于他们来说,开发到一个有效户已经够难了,更不用说开发到三个有效户,这无疑是给实习员工设置高门槛,也给员工增加了巨大的压力。在这种情况下,公司无法真正调动工作地积极性,员工也就不能以十分的热情来融入到开发客户过程当中。这也无形中降低了员工的工作热情度和参与度,实习员工也不能真正的融入到公司整个团队的市场开发业务当中。 绩效管理缺乏有效地绩效沟通和绩效辅导长期以来,公司的中层管理人员(比如区域经理)往往忙于业务工作,把所有的精力放在市场开发过程当中,同时呢,自己的部门员工或者团队员工也是遵循着一切用业绩说话的思想路线,把全部精力放在开发客户过程当中;这样直接的后果就是中层管理人员疏于对自己的部门员工进行有效地绩效沟通和绩效辅导等管理工作,在任何一个业务部门中都不同程度的存在着以下达任务指标来代替绩效管理,以考核来代替绩效管理的现象,使一线员工不能得到及时、有效的业务指导,这样一方面影响了员工个人绩效目标的达成及业务技能的提高和工作积极性的发挥,另外一方面也会影响到公司部门任务指标以致公司整体经营目标的实现。绩效管理只是简单的停留在绩效考评和采用绩效工资这个也是公司在实际的绩效管理实践中表现出来的不足和缺陷吧,而其实绩效考评只是绩效管理的一部分,但不是绩效管理的全部。就好比如公司在给见习客户经理和一些老客户经理进行一些绩效考评时,很多时候都是以业绩说话,没有业绩一切都免谈,公司给员工的一切薪水待遇都是建立在良好的业绩上面,这种绩效管理明显没有完全考虑到工作态度及工作表现等其他方面。公司采用绩效工资,这个绩效工资是以绩效考评机制为基础,而且在适当的条件下,它可以作为绩效管理的一个激励措施来使用。不同的是,相对于绩效考核,绩效工资它更注重绩效和工资之间建立正式的联系,绩效管理的后端来讲,它有一定的激励效果。但是,本公司实施绩效工资也有很大的局限性。绩效与工资的关系如何确定,绩效如何考核,采用绩效工资的面有多大,对象应该是哪些,公司都很难把握。 绩效管理缺乏一套全面有效的评估考核体系 I 不同时期不同阶段的业务团队没有采用相应的评估考核方式 业务团队按照不同的发展阶段可以分为创利期团队,培育期团队,特殊期团队,公司在这三种不同的业务团队,一直是采用单一的绩效考核模式,这个所谓的绩效考核方式就是以业绩为中心,公司在对这些团队进行绩效考核时,很多时候只有在员工开发到客户时才有可能进行一些必要绩效奖励,就好比如对培育期团队,要是团队里面的实习员工不能在实习期间开发到客户,则公司就对这些实习员工没有任何的绩效奖励,在这种情况下公司无法真正调动起员工的工作热情和工作积极性,当然调动起整个团队的工作积极性也就无从谈起。所以呢,这种绩效考核方式不是以人为本的管理理念所倡导的绩效考核方式,因为它不是以人为本,而是以客户为本,以客户为中心,这种考核方式有着比较强的功利色彩。II 在中层管理人员绩效考核上,是通过营业部总经理、营销中心市场总监、部门正职、同事等多个角度,采取“自我述职+多角度考评打分”的方式,对中层管理人员进行全方位综合考评,这种考评方式不够全面,也不够科学,我们可以把公司的考核方式简化为以下三种类型:①上级考核下级②同事之间的相互考核③自我评价 这三种方式在考核中层管理人员上都能起到一定得考核效果,但是各个方式都有自己的局限性,所以在这个中层管理人员的考核上也需要一定的改进。绩效管理没有与员工的职业生涯规划结合起来 绩效管理没有将员工的个人目标和组织目标很好的结合起来,没有帮助员工良好建立职业生涯规划,导致很多员工在工作的过程当中士气低落,热情度不高,人员流失率也高。公司在要求很多见习客户经理实习的过程中,没有帮助员工解答职业困惑,帮助员工对自己的兴趣、爱好、能力、特长、经历及不足等进行综合分析与权衡,结合员工自己的职业倾向,从而确定最佳的职业奋斗目标。这种情况下对员工来说无法真正了解自己,没能对自己的主客观条件及自己的优劣势进行理性的分析,不利于员工筹划未来并及早确立自己的职业生涯规划;对公司来说员工没有清晰地职业生涯认识,无法调动员工的积极性和热情,这样也就无法充分发挥员工的潜能。2华林证券公司绩效管理问题探讨 没有以人为本的管理理念 鉴于公司在资产规模不是特别大,在行业中只能算中等水平,在竞争日趋激烈的市场环境里面,要获取一定得市场竞争优势,需要不断开拓市场,提高市场占有率,提高企业的竞争力;同时,在这个开拓市场的过程中,借用现在的廉价劳动力这个人才市场优势,降低员工的薪水待遇及相关的补助奖励,这样便能大幅度的降低公司的财务成本和人力成本,以增加市场收益,并提高公司的盈利水平。这种在激烈的市场竞争中为了提高公司的盈利水平和收益而不断在员工上面的薪水待遇降低成本,这无疑不是一个明智的做法。 在当今经济已步入知识经济的时代,知识、智力、无形资产无所不在,知识成为经济诸要素中的决定要素,成为最重要的社会力量,决定社会和经济发展的前途和命运;而公司作为一个有效地经济组织,公司与公司之间的竞争也就是组织与组织之间的竞争,而组织之间的竞争毫无疑问是人才之间的竞争,在这个层面上,公司应该把人才当做公司的第一资源;只有把公司的人才使用好了,才能使员工为公司本身开拓更多的市场,不断提高公司的市场占有率,以不断提升公司的竞争优势。伟大的管理学家彼得 德鲁克曾说:经营者的信任不在于改变人,而在于有效活用个人的长处以增强组织的工作效果。每个人心中都认为“我是与众不同的”,管理者用人时,就得考虑员工的个性、特长、价值观,以便有的放矢。建立以人为本的组织文化,让每个管理者都将员工的智慧和创造力看作更为宝贵的财富;让每个员工都树立起这样的理念:我很棒,这里不能没有我!惟有如此,绩效管理才更有效。2 绩效管理缺乏有效地绩效沟通和绩效辅导在这个信息时代,没有沟通是不可想象的在某种程度上,沟通是绩效管理的本质与核心,它贯穿了绩效管理循环的始终——制定绩效计划与目标要沟通,帮助员工实现目标要沟通,年终评估要沟通,分析原因寻求进步要沟通。总之,绩效管理的过程就是员工和经理持续不断沟通,以提升绩效的过程。离开了沟通,企业的绩效管理将流于形式。也就是说,沟通是无处不在的,它存在于绩效管理的全过程,包括沟通绩效理念绩效目标沟通 绩效过程沟通绩效结果沟通。 而绩效辅导这个阶段在整个绩效管理过程中处于中间环节,也是绩效管理循环中耗时最长、最关键的一个环节,它是体现管理者和员工共同完成绩效目标的关键环节,这个过程的好坏直接影响着绩效管理的成败。 它强调员工与经理人员的共同参与,强调员工与经理人员之间形成绩效伙伴关系,共同完成绩效过程和绩效目标。这种员工的参与和绩效伙伴关系在绩效辅导阶段主要表现为持续不断的沟通。 绩效管理只是简单的停留在绩效考评和采用绩效工资 在企业实践中,这是常犯的错误。绩效考评是绩效管理不可或缺的一部分,但不是绩效管理的全部。有效地绩效管理应该是从建立以人为本的企业绩效文化开始,结合员工的个人发展意愿以及公司的发展总体目标确定个人工作计划、目标;然后才是绩效考评,而且这种绩效考评应该是经常性,制度性;考评结果作为激励和发展的依据。本公司却很多时候只是以员工的业绩说话,然后按照业绩不不同给予不同的绩效工资,这种绩效管理只是停留在绩效考评上,只是简单把绩效考评当做绩效管理的一种手段,既没有以以人为本的企业绩效文化作支撑,在这种情况下,公司员工的主动性没有发挥出来,工作热情和参与度也都不会很高,也容易引发员工的抵触情绪。绩效工资很多时候有一定得激励作用。绩效工资将重点放在工作效果上,这样无形中鼓励了员工的短期行为。为突出个人业绩,员工可能会将个人利益凌驾于组织利益上,不利于团队文化的建设,造成员工之间的不和睦,理由有以下两条:绩效工资鼓励员工之间的竞争,破坏员工之间的信任和团队精神。员工之间会封锁信息,保守经验,甚至可能会争夺客户。对那些一定需要团队合作才能有好的产出的企业,这种方法就不适用。 绩效工资鼓励员工追求高绩效。如果员工的绩效同组织(部门、公司)的利益不一致,就可能发生个人绩效提高,组织的绩效反而降低的情况,这时候这种方法就失去了价值。 绩效管理缺乏一套全面有效的评估考核体系在公司的绩效管理实践当中,建立一套全面有效地评估体系对公司的制度建设和文化建设的作用无疑是巨大的。而公司之所以缺乏一套全面有效地评估考核体系,一方面是是因为公司在实际的运作中没有根据不同部门的不同发展阶段和业务基础、赢利能力来区别对待,导致一些培育期的业务团队在绩效考核上没有得到很好的评价,同时在分配资源上也难以达到激励和促进部门业务发展的的目的。这样不利于大团队的建设和组织文化的建设另一方面公司在给中层管理人员绩效考核采取上级评估下级也有一定得缺陷,因为频繁的日常接触,很容易使考核掺杂个人感情,损害评价结果的客观公正性。这种考核方式会出现两个常见的问题:一是由于上级掌握着切实的奖惩权,容易引起下级的本能的防御、抵制。二是上级因怕影响与员工的关系而不愿考核或者敷衍了事。为了解决此类问题,公司在对中层管理人员进行考核前,要加强与员工的沟通;公司没有让员工参与到评估自己的上级,没有让员工参与到公司的组织管理当中,这样员工的主动性不强,所以公司在评估中层管理人员的时候应该让员工参与评估,这样给了员工一个参与组织管理的机会。员工对于自己组织上级主管的授权、计划、组织和沟通等方面的能力都有切身体会,因此能把上级主管的不足之处揭示出来,有利于主管工作方式的完善。同时呢,员工评价能使主管在行驶权利时有所制衡,可以有效地避免武断失误。此外,还有让专家来参与考评和客户来参加考评两种方式,综合以上数种考评方式,会使考评更加科学,更加公正,更加客观的。 绩效管理没有与员工的职业生涯规划结合起来公司在绩效管理过程中没有将个人和组织目标很好的结合起来,没有在员工进入公司之后对其进行相关的职业生涯指导。其实上级及相关人力资源经理可以和他们一起分析员工自己的优势劣势等,帮助其客观、全面、深入的了解自己,这样他们对自己的能力和水平都有一个清醒的认识,这样员工就可以更好的进行自我定位,然后在正确的自我定位的基础上,才可以设立更清晰更具体明确的职业目标。 同时公司在与员工一起规划其职业生涯时,要注意员工目标与组织目标往一个方向发展。科学的绩效管理要从企业的战略目标向下进行层层分解,到部门到个人。对部门经理及员工的考核指标都是要以实现企业的战略目标或当期重点工作任务来确定的,有效的目标是可衡量的,具体的,结果与企业的发展方向一致的,在制定各层员工的个人目标时,要由其上级主管与被考核者共同协商一致,目标要切合实际,使员工可以通过努力能达到,对员工起到激励作用,对于绩效差的情况,上级主管要与员工进行绩效面谈,及时对员工行为偏差或绩效指标的偏于组织战略的情况进行纠正,通过科学的管理使个人工作朝着组织发展的目标前进。 为何高薪留不住人才【案例】A公司是一家著名民营家电企业,公司老总一直对该公司在行业中颇具竞争力的薪资水平引以为豪。他认为优厚的薪水必然会吸引和留住人才并激发他们的创造力,从而依靠人才优势促进公司快速发展。但是十余名技术骨干员工的集体跳槽促使该公司老总认真思考原有的人力资源体系是否存在问题。【分析】为什么高额薪酬留不住人才呢?A公司协同某咨询公司对中高级管理人员、技术人员、业务骨干以及部分离职的员工进行了问卷调查和座谈,调查结果显示:(1)虽然薪酬在同行业中处于较高水平,但A公司员工对经常加班加点的高强度劳动产生厌倦;(2)公司没有明显的经营理念和文化导向,员工不知道为什么劳动,从而薪酬成为他们追求的唯一目标;(3)市场竞争压力造成的公司内部紧张节奏,使得经理人员没有时间或者忽视了与员工的沟通,员工感到不受重视,个人价值难以体现;(4)固定的工作岗位、重复的工作,缺少系统培训使员工感到个人能力很难提高,发展空间有限。通过调查分析,A公司老总认识到员工的需求是多方面的,工作一方面是为了获得收入以满足生存的需要,同时他们还追求良好的工作环境、融洽的人际关系、能力提高、个人发展、他人的重视理解等,从而现实中影响员工流动的因素也是多种多样的,包括企业文化、薪资水平、工作内容、学习机会、发展前途、同事关系以及家庭、社会环境、生活方式等多方面(如表所示)。影响员工流动的因素影响因素 内 容工作因素 工资总数;工资的公平性;相对竞争者的工资水平;未来预期收入(即股票增值收入,股票期权收入等);工作时数及换班制;工作条件;直接上司的管理技能;直接上司的人格因素;合作伙伴;工作的安全性;工作的意义;运用技术和能力的情况;职业生涯的发展机会;教育培训情况;企业文化;政策与规定生活因素 住房;交通;照看孩子;健康设施;闲暇活动;物质环境;社会环境;受教育机会个人因素 生活方式;配偶调动;结婚;家庭成员生病或死亡;健康状况;开始自己的事业针对人力资源体系存在的问题,咨询公司建议A公司在保持其薪酬优势的同时,从多方面做工作留住人才。具体而言:一、 以激励机制留人1、薪酬机制。收入既是员工谋生的手段和精神、文化需要的基础,也是个人价值的体现,因此薪酬成为影响员工对工作的满意度、从而影响员工流动的最关键因素。中国社会调查事务所1998年的一项调查也显示,国有企业人才流失的主要原因是待遇问题。A公司在继续保持薪酬优势的同时,初步建立动态的薪酬体系,既保证员工的基本生活水平,又要体现多劳多得原则,把薪酬与员工的业绩挂钩。比如对销售人员把他们的收入与销售额挂钩,对研究开发人员把收入与研究成果挂钩。对企业高层经理,由于他们的努力程度既关系到企业经营成败又难以监督,因此在奖金、津贴等固定收入外,还应对他们实行经营者持股、尤其是股票期权以调动他们的积极性。2、奖励。薪酬并不是唯一的激励机制,企业的任何主管都掌握着一个重要的奖励资源:赞扬和鼓励。通过对员工工作成就的肯定,对进步的鼓励,员工会感到被尊重、被重视,获得成就感,从而提高对工作的兴趣和热情。企业既可以通过仪式和盛典对优秀的员工个人、团队和部门进行表彰来鼓舞士气,更经常的是通过对员工日常成长的帮助和对进步的鼓励来激励他们。二、 以事业留人1、工作设计。对于许多员工来说,工作内容是决定工作满意度和影响流动的一项重要指标,因此科学合理的安排工作和工作内容对留住员工具有重要作用。职位的单调性、工作任务的重复性、工作任务的挑战性、职务的自主权和责任等都会影响到员工对工作的评价。一般而言,工作越具有挑战性、越需要创造性,员工享有的自主权越大,则他对工作的满意度就越高。因此如果在职位设计时能考虑这些因素,就能相应提高员工对职位的满意度,从而降低员工的流失率。2、职业生涯规划。职业生涯规划是企业协助员工发展各种知识和技能,向员工提供实现个人专长的契机,对今后从事的职业、要去的工作组织、要担负的职务和工作职权等一系列发展道路做出设想和计划。员工职业生涯规划既有利于人尽其才,避免企业人力资源的浪费;又有利于明确员工在企业中的发展前景和努力方向,使员工认识到他的发展是与企业的兴盛分不开的,从而把促进员工发挥潜能并自觉地把个人利益与企业的长远发展结合起来。3、内部流动,竞聘上岗。虽然员工内部流动会带来一定成本,但是适度的流动可以满足员工求知、求新的愿望,避免长期从事单一工作给员工带来的生理、心理劳疾和情绪,激发员工热情和动力,有利于增加员工的满意度和投入感,提高员工的综合能力,满足员工的流动需求,从而达到通过人才内流抵减人才外流的作用。A公司建立了空缺职务海报制度,出现的空缺职位向全体员工公布,优先在公司内部选拔人员,所有在原工作岗位满一年并且表现良好的员工均可参与选拔。同时A公司开始着手建立公正、公平、公开的内部竞争环境,“庸者下,能者上”,对员工进行业绩考核和竞聘上岗以使优秀人才早日脱颖而出。三、 以感情留人企业内最重要的资源是人,因而建立以人为本的管理制度,尊重人及其需求,通过情感纽带留人并激励人成为一项重要的工作。然而许多企业往往致力于发展具有优势的专业与技术,以适应讲求高效率、高竞争力的时代,而忽视了企业内管理沟通、情感交流的作用。A公司苦心积累的专业技术优势随着十余名骨干人员的离职几乎丧失殆尽,这就是一个教训。松下幸之助曾说:“要成为一位成功的企业家,必须去看别人看不到的东西,去听别人听不到的声音。”这说的就是感情沟通的重要作用。企业除了营建一个硬件设施先进完备的办公环境,还要注意倾听员工的意见,经常与员工进行情感交流。如果各层主管能够关心和重视雇员,经常与他们进行沟通,帮助他们解决工作中遇到的困难,形成上下级之间融洽的人际关系,提供多种渠道让员工的了解公司的发展情况,积极倾听他们的意见和想法,让他们参与决策、尤其是关系自身利益的决策中来(譬如实施绩效面谈),员工的工作意愿即被点燃,内在的活力与动力也将迸发出来。这既激励了员工,又留住了人。据此A公司在内部网(Intranet)上建立了BBS提供员工表达自己意见和建议的空间,在各部门和子公司建立起经理接待日制度、意见反馈制度、合理化建议表彰制度。这样管理层就可以及时掌握员工的动态并采取解决办法。四、 以企业文化留人通过企业文化留住人才是企业留人的最高境界。如果说企业的组织结构是企业的躯体,人员是企业的血液,则企业文化就是企业的灵魂。一个被全体员工所共同认同的基本价值观,直接决定着员工的行为方式,使员工产生主人翁意识和归属感,在企业内形成一种向心力、凝聚力,在很大程度上减弱个人目标和企业目标的矛盾,阻止大型企业内各个小部门的离心倾向。鉴于A公司企业文化建设几乎是空白,员工企业文化意识淡薄,咨询公司建议A公司在企业文化建设初期,不空喊口号,而是通过相关制度建设来约束和激励员工,从而当共同的理念潜移默化的形成后,再把它诉诸文字形成企业宪法。从现存问题着手,企业文化建设主要针对增强团队精神,加强沟通,体现个人价值等方面。因此绩效考核内容既包括员工的业绩,又增加了客户满意度和内部相关部门和员工满意度指标,意在激发员工积极性的同时,促进团队精神和客户满意意识的逐步形成;在培训体系建设方面,根据企业发展战略和个人职业生涯规划,公司为每个人度身定做了系统的培训计划,并开通网上学院使每个员工都可以随时随地选择自己喜欢的课程,从而促进员工的自我改进和自我完善并为今后的个人发展打下基础,逐步建立学习型的企业文化;在薪酬体系建设中,有意识地提高员工工资与公司业绩和部门业绩挂钩的比重,使员工感受到收入会随公司业绩而变化,旨在促进员工的奉献精神和集体责任感。痛定思痛,A公司经过一年多的时间对人力资源管理体系从多方面进行了改革,制定了一系列具体措施,初步重塑起一个和谐而富有活力的组织,增强了公司的凝聚力,渐渐地吸引到更多的人才加盟,有几个离职的骨干员工也被“新的公司”打动重新回到了A公司。 以上内容仅供参考!如果不满意,可以在网上搜一搜,自己有侧重点的进行选择!祝顺!

中小企业如何建立和形成核心竞争力 面对强手如林的市场竞争,特别是大企业和跨国公司咄咄逼人的攻势,中小企业要提高核心竞争能力,笑到最后,必须致力于企业内部的管理提升。管理的重要性众人皆知,美国著名的通用电器公司之所以能够成长为如今的企业巨擎,关键在于其在不断变革过程中采用新的发展模式与管理方法。管理本身就是一门庞大而复杂的学科,同时管理又派生出许许多多的管理种类,对于中国的中小企业而言,究竟应该如何通过管理提高其竞争能力呢?针对中国中小企业的现状,“中小企业竞争力工程”呼吁中国的中小企业要重视企业文化管理、企业发展战略管理、人力资源管理以及客户关系管理,通过对这四个影响企业发展的重要因素的管理来缩小与大中型企业的差距,并形成自己的核心竞争力。企业文化管理企业文化(CORPORATE CULTURE),也可称为“公司文化”,它是企业成员主流价值观念的总和,是企业在长期的生存和发展过程中所形成的,为企业多数成员所共同遵循的基本概念、价值标准和行为规范的总和。不同的企业,必然会有不同的企业文化,这是企业最为重要的核心竞争力之一。企业文化可以看成是企业成员主流价值观念的总和,是企业中为企业多数成员所共同遵循的基本信念、价值标准和行为规范的总和。在不同的文化背景,不同的社会制度下,企业中每个人的价值观念都可能存在很大的差异。虽然对企业管理而言,高效的组织机构,制定健全的规章制度等硬性因素可以起到很好的作用,可以解决大部分管理问题,但是,作为一种软性管理因素,企业文化对于成功的企业管理而言也是必不可少的“中小企业竞争力工程”建议中国的中小企业进行企业文化管理时,要对员工的价值观念的建设,即员工的思想建设,通过一系列专门的、具体的措施、方法,改造员工不符合企业要求的思想、行为,建立起企业员工所共同的核心价值观念,共同的信念和行为规范,将全体员工的思想,行为调整到企业所希望的方向上来。企业发展战略管理企业发展战略是关于企业发展的谋略,企业不断发展壮大的过程中,既包括量的增加,也包括质的变化。企业发展战略的管理,就是对企业发展整体性、长期性、基本性的谋略。企业发展战略因时而异、因地而异、因人而异、因事而异,内容主要涉及企业中长期干什么、靠什么和怎么干等三大方面的问题。一般而言,企业发展战略管理要经过战略调查、战略提出、战略咨询、战略决策等四个阶段。由于企业发展战略的决策对企业发展具有里程碑意义,为了企业的整体利益和长远利益,“中小企业竞争力工程”建议在决策企业发展战略时要充分发扬民主,广泛听取各部门意见,尤其是不同意见。与技术、管理、营销等需要不断创新一样,“中小企业竞争力工程”强调企业发展战略也需要不断创新,研究制定新的企业发展战略以应对外部环境和内部条件的重大变化。我们所处的时代是变化速度空前加快的时代,中国入世又使中国企业融入了变化多端的国际市场,这就使企业发展战略创新显得格外重要。人力资源管理现代人力资源管理思想由西方传入中国后,迅速得到传播和认同。“21世纪最贵的是人才”,“以人为本”已经成为当今企业的共识,人力资源的重要性也已被各企事业单位和组织所认可。随着中小企业规模的不断扩大,企业最高决策层希望把自己更多的有限精力投入到市场营销和企业战略上,日益繁重而又不可缺少的人力资源管理则交由企业内部的专门机构来处理,这首先使得人力资源以一个相对独立的环节走到企业管理的前台。人事管理正在向人力资源管理的转变,也预示着继知识经济时代后人力资源管理时代的到来。人力资源管理的基本原则是绩效和能力原则,“中小企业竞争力工程”认为中小企业应该依据每个人的贡献来给予员工回报,同时依据每个人的能力来量才使用,提拔使用和奖励有能力、贡献大的员工。另外,“中小企业竞争力工程”还建议在某些时候请专业公司来做一些事情,中小企业在合作中不仅可以分享到一些很好的经验,成本也会比较低。客户关系管理客户关系管理(即CRM)其定义是企业与顾客之间建立管理双方接触活动的信息系统,它是最近几年发展起来的一个新的管理方法,强调和客户建立长久、和谐、忠诚的共生共赢关系,以实现企业的长期稳定发展。企业生存的根本在于有客户与之进行交易,通过这种交易企业实现了利润,保持了发展与增长。“中小企业竞争力工程”警告国内的很多中小企业虽然现在可以利用原有业务积累起来的客户关系开展业务,随着市场的竞争和客户偏好的改变,客户将有更多的选择,没有良好和谐的客户关系,其将丧失客户资源,将没有生意可做。所以公司必须引入客户关系管理,以保证将来老客户的维护和新客户的开发。实施客户关系管理(CRM),会带来企业内外的改变。“中小企业竞争力工程”认为企业应用CRM系统,不应当仅仅是信息部门或销售部门内部的事情,而应当是整个企业在高层领导的直接参与指导之下的多方协同调整。后记:管理是中小企业重要的核心竞争力之一,也是最容易被忽视的一种竞争力,当企业发展壮大的过程表现得愈发明显。“中小企业竞争力工程”强调中国的中小企业必须通过自身的不断实践和创新来获得自己的管理经验,最终形成自己的核心竞争力。来源:中小企业竞争力工程

开题报告包括综述、关键技术、可行性分析和时间安排等四个方面 。由于开题报告是用文字体现的论文总构想,因而篇幅不必过大,但要把计划研究的课题、如何研究、理论适用等主要问题写清楚。开题报告一般为表格式,它把要报告的每一项内容转换成相应的栏目,这样做,既避免遗漏;又便于评审者一目了然,把握要点。开题报告的内容一般包括:题目、理论依据(毕业论文选题的目的与意义、国内外研究现状)、研究方案(研究目标、研究内容、研究方法、研究过程、拟解决的关键问题及创新点)、条件分析(仪器设备、协作单位及分工、人员配置)、课题负责人、起止时间、报告提纲等。

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