国际关系相关论文题目大全初中生英语

学术堂整理了十五个好写的英语论文题目，供大家进行参考：试论简奥斯汀生活对其小说的影响 (On the Impact of Jane Austen’s Life on Her Novels) “真实的诺言”与传统文化的碰撞——简析“真人秀”的实质和本地化过程 (When True Lies Challenge Tradition—An Analysis of the Reality and Localization of Reality TV) 从台湾问题看中美关系 (The Sino-US Relation—The Taiwan Issue)《傲慢与偏见》的生命力 (The Great Vitality of Pride and Prejudice) 平凡中的不平凡——《傲慢与偏见》(Significance in Commonplace—Pride and Prejudice) 萨皮尔沃夫理论 (Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis) 论格里高尔的悲剧 (An Analysis of Gregor’s Tragedy) 对大学生心理健康问题予更多关注 (More Attention to the Psychological Health of College Students) 文体学: 语言学习的科学 (Stylistics: A Scientific Approach) 佛教在西方 (Buddhism in the West) 非语言交际 (Nonverbal Communication) 国际反恐 (International Anti-Terrorism) 全球资金市场近期特征与走向 (The Character and Tendency of Global Capital Market in Recent Decades) 从《老人与海》中桑堤亚哥的性格可知——人是打不败的 (A Man Cannot Be Defeated—From the Character of Santiago in The Old Man and the Sea) 南方的失落 (The Loss of the South)

Protectionism Doesn't Pay The global financial crisis is no doubt a catalyst for trade As the world economy deteriorates， some countries try to boost growth prospects by erecting trade China calls on these governments not to replay history and revert to protectionism and economic Previous global economic crises were usually accompanied by frequent trade The United States' erection of large-scale tariffs in 1930， for example， triggered a retaliatory global trade During the two oil shocks in the 1970s and 1980s， trade frictions emerged when major economies attempted to increase exports by depreciating their And in the wake of the 1997 Asian financial crisis， there was a notable uptick in antidumping actions， countervailing duties and other protectionist The financial crisis is now spilling over into the real economy， hitting sectors like manufacturing and In almost all countries， factories are closing and unemployment is rising， creating political pressure and social More and more governments are strengthening intervention in their economies under the excuse of 'economic security' and protecting vulnerable domestic industries to curb imports from other countries， especially those in emerging Trade protectionism differs from legally acceptable measures to protect It is an abuse of remedies provided by multilateral trade This kind of protectionism is morphing into more complex and disguised forms， ranging from conventional tariff and nontariff barriers to technical barriers to trade， industry standards and industry With the economic crisis worsening， caution must be taken even in employing trade protection measures consistent with World Trade Organization At the Group of 20 Financial Summit in November 2008， world leaders called for countries to resist trade protectionism and committed themselves to refraining from erecting new barriers to trade and investment， a message strongly echoed by the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation summit at the end of last year， and the World Economic Forum held in Davos last History tells us that trade protection measures hurt not only other countries， but eventually the country that erected that trade barrier in the first To counter the Great Depression， the US adopted the Smoot-Hawley Act in 1930， which raised import duties of over 20，000 foreign products significantly and provoked protectionist retaliation from other Faced with that crisis， other countries pursued beggar-thy-neighbor policies that slashed global trade volumes from $36 billion in 1929 to $12 billion in Among the victims， not the least was the US itself， where exports shrank from $2 billion in 1929 to $2 billion in Even in the US， the Smoot-Hawley Act was widely believed to be a catalyst that aggravated the effects of Great DGlobal trade is now in dire Thanks to shrinking external demand caused by the economic crisis， major trading countries have seen their export growth tumble or have suffered huge Germany's exports dropped 6% in November 2008， compared to the same period the prior year -- the highest one-month drop since China also experienced negative export growth in November， and a 5% decline last month， when compared to the prior Protectionist policies would make things even worse and the consequences would be hard to In the heat of the crisis， it's critical that all countries refrain from pointing fingers at each other or pursuing their own interests at the expense of The financial crisis reflects a chronic illness resulting from global economic structural imbalance and financial risk accumulation， and there is no quick fix to this The fundamental interest of every country is to step up consultation and cooperation and keep international trade smoothly Healthy international trade can help revive the world During the Great Depression， the US recovered from its economic woes because the Franklin D Roosevelt administration implemented the New Deal and shunned Today's unprecedented financial crisis has inflicted a severe impact on China and other countries as China's economic growth has slowed， exports have plunged and unemployment pressure has Yet even so， China still firmly believes that trade protectionism isn't a solution to the world's In 2008， amid a contraction in global trade， China imported $133 trillion worth of goods from countries around the world -- an 5% increase over the prior These imports are boosting the economic development of China's trading Since the crisis broke out， the Chinese government has decisively put forward a series of measures aiming at stimulating domestic Given the size and openness of our country， the growth in China's domestic markets can be translated into greater market potential and investment opportunities for other This year China will continue to increase imports and send buying missions abroad for large-scale purchase of equipment， products and China has always championed our mutually beneficial opening-up policy and advocated international economic We maintain that the Doha Round of global trade negotiations should be taken forward in a way that meets the interests of members and complies with the multilateral trading system already China is ready to stand together with all nations in the world to face up to the challenges of today， tackle the financial crisis through cooperation and guide the world economy into a new period of 贸易保护主义无法拯救世界经济对贸易保护主义来说，全球金融危机无疑是一针催化剂。近一时期，随着全球经济形势恶化，一些国家自危、自利、自保倾向抬头。有识之士为此感到忧虑，呼吁各国在出台经济刺激计划时，一定要防止贸易保护主义和经济孤立主义的历史重演。历次全球经济危机往往都伴随着贸易争端的高发。1930年美国政府大范围提高关税，引发了全球范围报复性贸易战。上世纪七八十年代两次石油危机时，主要国家放任货币贬值以扩大出口的作法引发了贸易摩擦。1997年亚洲金融危机之后，全球反倾销、反补贴和保障措施案件明显增多。当前，金融危机已蔓延到制造业、服务业等实体经济领域，各国工厂倒闭剧增，失业率上升，政治压力和社会问题接踵而至。越来越多国家以“经济安全”和保护本国虚弱产业为由加强政府对经济的干预，阻挠其他国家特别是新兴国家企业出口。贸易保护主义不同于正当的贸易保护措施，它是对多边贸易规则中救济措施的滥用。从传统的关税和非关税壁垒，到技术性贸易壁垒、行业标准等，以及产业保护主义，当前贸易保护主义的形式更加复杂多样，隐蔽性更强。在危机加剧的背景下，即使符合WTO规则的保护措施也应慎用，这已成为各国共识。在2008年11月举行的G20金融峰会上，各国领导人同声呼吁抵制贸易保护主义，承诺在未来一年内，避免设置新的贸易和投资壁垒。年底的APEC领导人会议和今年初的世界经济论坛达沃斯年会，再次发出了反对保护主义强音。历史是一面镜子。任何针对他国的贸易保护举措，不仅会损害对方，最终也会伤及自身。经验告诉我们，大规模的贸易保护措施将使金融危机下本已严峻的经济形势更加困难。1930年美国为了应对经济危机，颁发了《斯姆特－霍利关税法》，大幅提高超过2万种外国商品的进口关税，结果引起了其他国家的贸易保护主义报复。面对危机，各国以邻为壑，全球贸易总额大幅缩减，从1929年的360亿美元缩小到1932年的120亿美元，美国自身也深受其害，出口总额从1929年的52亿美元左右缩减到1932年的12亿美元。这一法案即使在美国国内也被普遍认为是大萧条加剧的催化剂。如今全球贸易形势已相当严峻：经济危机导致外需衰退，各主要贸易国的出口增速已急剧下滑，甚至出现大幅萎缩。德国08年11月份出口额较前月大幅下滑6%，为1990年以来的最大单月降幅。中国08年11月以来出口连续出现负增长，其中09年1月出口下降了5%。如果未来贸易保护主义泛滥，使严峻的形势雪上加霜，造成的后果很难预料。我们应该认真思索，这样的后果世界能否承受，又是否值得承受？危机当头，重要的是各国携手共克时艰，而非互相指责，以邻为壑。金融危机是全球经济结构失衡、金融风险积聚长期积累的结果，解决问题也不可能一蹴而就。当前加强磋商、增强合作，保持国际贸易渠道畅通，才符合各国的根本利益。国际贸易的健康发展，是推动世界经济复苏的重要力量。当年罗斯福政府实行新政，与贸易保护主义决裂，带领美国经济走出低谷，推动了全球经济的增长。在这场前所未有的世界金融危机中，中国与其他国家一样都受到严重冲击。去年第三季度以来，经济增速放缓，出口大幅下滑，就业压力加大。即便如此，中国仍坚定认为，贸易保护主义是条死胡同。在全球贸易萎缩的情况下，2008年中国从各国进口11331亿美元的商品，增长5％，促进了贸易伙伴的经济发展。危机爆发以来，中国政府果断出台了一系列扩大内需的措施。作为一个开放的大国，中国内需的提升可为其他国家提供更大的市场空间和更多的投资机会。今年，中国将继续扩大进口，积极组织企业采购团，赴海外大规模采购，进口设备、商品和技术。中国始终奉行互利共赢的开放战略，倡导国际经济合作。我们主张积极推进符合各国利益与多边贸易体制的多哈回合谈判。中国愿与世界各国一道，以开放迎接挑战，以合作应对危机，共克时艰，推动世界经济走向新的繁荣。

InvestmentliberalizationandinternationaltradeAbstractThispaperestimatesthecross-Weshowthattheeffectofreducingforeigndirectinvestmentcostsonexportsdependsoncountrycharacteristicsandtradecostsaspredictedbythe[Markusen，1997andMarkusen，2002]Whencountriesdifferinrelativefactorendowmentsandtradecostsarelow，investmentliberalizationstimulatesexports，whereaswhencountriesaresimilarintermsofrelativefactorendowmentsandsize，andtradecostsaremoderatetohigh，AuthorKeywords:Exports;Foreigndirectinvestment;Internationaltrade;Investmentcosts;Investmentliberalization-----------是一个PDF，你看看摘要，觉得可以我传你还有很多，反正就是关于

国际关系相关论文题目大全初中英语

学术堂整理了9个英语教学毕业论文题目，并提供了写作思路的指导：　　1、初中英语课堂教学的开放性探究　　写作提示-写作思路:文章通过与自己多年的教学经验相结合，来谈谈中学英语课堂实践，研究中学英语课堂的开放性活动，为学生构建一个自主、自由、活跃的课堂生活。　　2、浅析初中英语教学中学生主动性的培养　　写作提示-写作思路:通过中学生学习的主体作用的发挥，可以让学生在学习的道路上取得事半功倍的学习效果。如何让它充分发挥？首先要建立协调、和谐、互补的师生关系，激发学生的主体意识，其次要尝试探尝试探究性教学，发展学生主体能力。　　3、浅析初中英语学困生的成因及其转化策略　　写作提示-写作思路:初中阶段是英语学习的重要时期，由于多方面原因，学生中途掉队的现象十分普遍。本文根据学困生的成因，针对性地提出了心理、学法、习惯等方面有效促进了学困生的转化。　　4、浅谈打造初中英语有效课堂教学的策略　　写作提示-写作思路:有效课堂就是课堂达到教师教得有效，学生学得有效，学生对知识的掌握和灵活运用达到有效，它真正实现了教学效益的最大化。教师教得不再那么累了，学生学得不再那么苦了，而学习效率却真正提高了。实施有效课堂让笔者更新了教学理念，转变了教育思想，提高了教学艺术水平。重新审视以前的教学工作，反思过去的教学行为，笔者深切感受到了有效课堂的优质效果。那么如何打造有效的课堂教学呢？笔者认为应从下面加个方面做起。　　5、有声思维法在初中英语阅读教学中的优势及运用　　写作提示-写作思路:一、前言根据克拉申（1985）所创立的二语习得输入假说理论可知，语言输入在二语或外语学习者的语言学习过程中占有极其重要的地位。对初中生而言，他们正处于英语学习的初级阶段，需要大量的英语语料的输入。输入方式有两种听力与阅读。刘润清（2002）为代表的北派观点主张中国英语教学应以“听说为本、读写并重”，而南派英语教学的代表董亚芬（2003）则主张“中国英语教学应始终以读写为本”。　　6、提高我县初中英语教学质量的建议　　写作提示-写作思路:黔西县是毕节试验区的东大门和贵阳市的后花园，享有“中国杜鹃花都” 的美誉，近年来，在县委、政府“科教兴县”战略的引领下，全县教育事业蒸蒸日上，特别是突破高中教育、义务教育均衡发展和中职教育方面取得长足的发展。但是，我县的教育发展中也凸显了许多亟待解决的问题。譬如，乡镇学校教师缺编问题严重，教育教学质量总体水平不高等。　　7、情境教学法在初中英语语法教学中的运用　　写作提示-写作思路:在英语教学过程中，英语语法的教学是一个很重要的部分，我们不能过分的强调语法的作用，又绝对不能忽视必要的语法学习。然而，长期以来，在传统的教学法的影响下，很多老师都是为了语法而教语法，学生往往学了语法而不知道怎么用。语法教学要改变过去满堂灌的现象，关键在于英语教师应具备语法教学交际化的意识和技巧，使语法在具体的语境中让学生得以体会，在实战中演练。　　8、浅析农村初中英语课堂中的合作教学　　写作提示-写作思路:在新课改背景下，教师应转变传统的“一言堂”的讲课方法，并要把主导者的身份转变成学生学习的引导者，逐渐使学生实现其学习的主体地位。为了适应这一转变，在农村初中英语课堂中，教师应适时搞好合作教学，使学生实现合作学习，从而最大限度地提高英语教学效率。　　9、初中英语课外作业创新性设计探究　　写作提示-写作思路:恰当的课后作业可以促进学生对所学知识的巩固，久而久之，会促使学生养成良好的学习习惯，强化英语学习观念。本文结合笔者的教学实践，从研究目前初中英语作业布置中存在的问题入手，探讨了改进初中英语作业布置的创新性策略。

英语语言教学方面的论文题目有很多，只是在进行选题的时候一定要针对自己的专业和对于论文中的内容事项进行，并且要按照相对应的论文选题原则来进行，有关更多的论文事项的问题，大家可以来期刊目录网看看。

应该参考教育方面的吧，教育进展等的

到了英语毕业论文选题、开题的时节，选择什么样的毕业论文题目，是非常重要的，直接关系后续论文能不能顺利完成，完成质量如何，乃至能否顺利毕业。所以选择一个新颖又易于做研究的论文至关重要。英语论文的选题范围大致都可分为以下几个方面: 文学方面的选题，文学类的论文一般以英、美国等作家的作品为主，有些经典文学作品例如《傲慢与偏见》、《了不起的盖茨比》、《飘》、《喜福会》、《简爱》这些烂大街的作品就不推荐了，当然你如果有标新立异的角度，并且只求能够以及格分数毕业，当然也可以选择哦！推荐几个文学方向的选题：1、不确定性的狂欢——《达芬奇密码》的后现代主义解读2、从文学文体学角度浅析《汤姆叔叔的小屋》中的反奴斗争3、存在主义视域下《霍乱时期的爱情》主题解读4、对《愤怒的葡萄》中美国农民“美国梦”幻灭的解读5、基于荣格原型理论对《基督山伯爵》中唐泰斯的人格转化6、分析家庭伦理视域下《推销员之死》威利悲剧命运7、分析论《外婆的日用家当》中黑人女性8、对待传统文化的继承与反叛论《天使与魔鬼》的创作手法及伦理抉择9、论《Sh'khol 》中母亲身份危机与重建10、浅析阿加莎克里斯蒂《无人生还》中的文学创作技巧11、从汤亭亭和格洛丽亚•安扎杜尔自传小说看美国少数族裔如何冲破语言禁锢12、浅析《儿子与情人》中保罗的俄狄浦斯情结13、探究≪麦琪的礼物≫中蕴含的圣经文化14、论舍伍德安德森笔下的怪诞人物形象 ——以《小镇畸人》为例15、犹太文化角度下《只争朝夕》中父子关系的探析翻译方向：一般翻译方向建议使用理论分析1、功能对等翻译理论指导下化妆品说明书的汉译2、传播学视角下电影《冰雪奇缘》字幕翻译研究3、归化与异化视角下的电影字幕翻译——《贫民窟的百万富翁》为例4、接受美学视角下《暮光之城》字幕翻译的审美再现策略5、功能对等的视角下《红高粱家族》中方言的英译研究6、从归化与异化视角看阿瑟威利的《西游记》翻译7、从翻译美学的角度研究奢侈品广告汉译8、TED演讲字幕翻译中的遣词用字分析--以文化类主题为例9、等效原则视角下的英语习语的翻译策略10、翻译伦理视角下政府工作报告的英译11、从功能对等理论看英语硬新闻的汉译12、从功能对等理论研究法律文本中长难句英汉翻译的策略教育教学方向：一般有理论研究和实践研究两种1、TPR教学法在小学英语教学中的实际使用情况 ——以XX学校为例2、词块理论在高中英语写作教学中的应用研究3、初中生英语写作中常见的错误分析及对策研究4、针对“00后”学生特点的初中英语个性化教学研究5、母语负迁移对高中英语写作教学的启示——以大同市实验中学为例6、学习者个体差异对初中生英语听力的影响——以壶关南洋中学为例7、农村小学英语教师信息化教学能力发展研究－以定阳小学为例8、语法翻译法和交际法在初中英语教学中的结合运用9、情感教学法在高中英语课堂上的应用10、任务型教学法在初中英语课堂上的应用文化方向：1、浅析不同文化背景下中美高等教育体制差异2、从清明节和万圣节的对比看中西方人的性格差异3、中美家庭教育的差异--以《士兵突击》和《阿甘正传》为例4、墓志铭中的中美价值观差异——以中美作家墓志铭为例5、跨文化视角下中美大学毕业典礼校长演讲的比较研究6、从重大突发事件的媒体报道看中美文化差异——以马航MH370坠机事件为例 7、基于双十一和网络星期一的中美网络购物节文化对比分析8、中美旅行网站的功能对比——以去哪儿网与E为例9、中英教育督导制度比较研究——以BBC纪录片《中国老师在英国》为例10、从“互联网+”营销策略看中美文化差异——以滴滴出行和优步为例

国际关系相关论文题目大全初中英语版

这个可以直接去知网看看，看一些最新的论文，反应了现在这一领域研究的重点和热点。

中国大学英语教学环境中以内容为依托的外语教学模式研究大学英语教学改革的文化哲学研究中国英语教学中的文化教学：问题与对策跨文化交际法中国英语教学模式探析母语正负迁移在英语教学中的应用大学英语口语考试对大学英语教学的反拨作用网络环境下城市高中英语阅读教学模式研究网络条件下英语教学模式的构建高中英语中的文化教学

英语本科学位论文选题国别文学研究和地域文学研究（如：英国文学、美国文学、澳大利亚文学、加拿大文学、新西兰文学/西方文学、大洋洲文学）文学流派研究（如：浪漫主义、现实主义、自然主义、超现实主义、存在主义、黑色幽默、意识流、女性主义文学等）作家研究和文本分析（如：阿瑟·米勒研究、海明威研究、狄更斯研究、论莎士比亚的“威尼斯商人”等）中外比较文学研究（如尤金·奥尼尔和曹禺戏剧作品之比较）语言学研究（如：语言研究、文字研究、词汇研究、短语和句子研究、语篇研究、语言与文化等）语言教学研究（如：语言研究与语言习惯、教学方法和技巧研究、教材分析和评估研究、测试与评估研究、课堂教学管理研究、教育技术的使用与开展研究）翻译学理论研究翻译方法个案研究（如：“从海明威的短篇小说《一个干净、明亮的地方》看简洁句的翻译”）中外翻译比较文化与外语学习中西方文化比较地域文化研究（如：“美国20世纪60年代的摇滚学――社会的晴雨表”）国外教学法研究教学方法和技巧研究（如：语法教学就一定枯燥无味吗？交际教学法和学习效果的探讨研究）教学管理研究学生个体差异研究（如：不同性格的学生的口语能力有何不同？）其他（如：国际关系类论文等）

国际关系相关论文题目大全高中生英语

学术堂精心整理了五十个新颖并好写的商务英语专业毕业论文题目，供大家参考：　　1、商务英语的特点及翻译技巧　　2、商务英语函电翻译技巧　　3、商务英语信函的语体分析　　4、浅谈商务信函的文体特征　　5、商务英语学习方法探究　　6、商务英语学习中跨文化交际能力的培养　　7、国际商务谈判中应注意的文化因素　　8、商务谈判中的跨文化冲突　　9、试论普通英语与商务英语的差异　　10、商务谈判中的语言艺术　　11、商标名称的翻译与策略　　12、广告英语的分类与分析　　13、试论文化因素对商务活动的作用　　14、商务英语听力策略研究　　15、商务英语写作问题研究　　16、商务英语考试技巧研究　　17、电子商务对国际贸易的影响及对策　　18、国际商务英语信函话语分析　　19、商务英语发展现状浅祈　　20、商务英语翻译技巧　　21、商务英语函电中的文化因素初探　　22、商务英语专业人才培养模式改革与实践　　23、试论文化导入在商务英语教学中的作用　　24、中英文广告标题的共同点　　25、中英文广告传播之语言特色及跨文化问题　　26、商品译文的品牌形象对商务英语翻译教学的启示　　27、商务英语翻译标准初探　　28、试论商务英语写作的简洁礼貌原则及写作技巧　　29、我国在国际贸易中实施反倾销的应对策略　　30、商务函电翻译的用词技巧　　31、商标名称的翻译与策略　　32、商务谈判中的语言艺术　　33、商务谈判的文化障碍　　34、商务英语课程设置的探讨　　35、商务谈判中英语的重要性　　36、商务英语学习中跨文化交际能力的培养　　37、商务谈判中的跨文化冲突　　38、商务英语写作中的错误与商务英语写作教学之间的关系　　39、英语口语或语法在商务领域中的运用　　40、浅谈英语告示语的语言特色与翻译　　41、商务英语专业毕业生就业岗位探讨　　42、浅谈高职学生英语听说技能的培养　　43、文化差异对商务汉英翻译的影响　　44、商务英语函电在对外贸易中的作用　　45、浅谈商务英语写作时避免修饰语错位的方法　　46、制单工作在国际结算中的地位　　47、国际商务单证的作用和种类　　48、浅析海运提单的风险及防范措施　　49、如何翻译好日常商务文书　　50、跨文化商务交际中的语言和非语言因素

1、论文化因素对英汉翻译的影响2、商务英语的特点及翻译技巧3、商务函电翻译的用词技巧4、商标名称的翻译与策略5、汉语中新词汇的翻译技巧6、商务谈判中的语言艺术7、商务谈判的文化障碍8、商务英语函电在对外贸易中的作用9、商务英语函电翻译技巧10、商务谈判中英语的重要性11、浅谈商务英语写作时避免修饰语错位的方法 12、礼仪在商务谈判中的作用13、浅谈涉外合同英语特色14、电子商务对国际贸易的影响及对策15、商务谈判的艺术性16、跨文化的商务谈判

国际关系相关论文题目大全初中英语作文

The key to effective cross-cultural communication is First， it is essential that people understand the potential problems of cross-cultural communication， and make a conscious effort to overcome these Second， it is important to assume that one’s efforts will not always be successful， and adjust one’s behavior For example， one should always assume that there is a significant possibility that cultural differences are causing communication problems， and be willing to be patient and forgiving， rather than hostile and aggressive， if problems One should respond slowly and carefully in cross-cultural exchanges， not jumping to the conclusion that you know what is being thought and William Ury’s suggestion for heated conflicts is to stop， listen， and think， or as he puts it "go to the balcony" when the situation gets By this he means withdraw from the situation， step back， and reflect on what is going on before you This helps in cross cultural communication as When things seem to be going badly， stop or slow down and What could be going on here? Is it possible I misinterpreted what they said， or they misinterpreted me? Often misinterpretation is the source of the problem

International trade is the exchange of capital， goods and services across international boundaries or [1] In most countries， it represents a significant share of GDP While international trade has been present throughout much of history (see Silk Road， Amber Road)， its economic， social， and political importance has been on the rise in recent Industrialization， advanced transportation， globalization， multinational corporations， and outsourcing are all having a major impact on the international trade Increasing international trade is crucial to the continuance of International trade is a major source of economic revenue for any nation that is considered a world Without international trade， nations would be limited to the goods and services produced within their own International trade is in principle not different from domestic trade as the motivation and the behavior of parties involved in a trade does not change fundamentally depending on whether trade is across a border or The main difference is that international trade is typically more costly than domestic The reason is that a border typically imposes additional costs such as tariffs， time costs due to border delays and costs associated with country differences such as language， the legal system or a different Another difference between domestic and international trade is that factors of production such as capital and labor are typically more mobile within a country than across Thus international trade is mostly restricted to trade in goods and services， and only to a lesser extent to trade in capital， labor or other factors of Then trade in good and services can serve as a substitute for trade in factors of Instead of importing the factor of production a country can import goods that make intensive use of the factor of production and are thus embodying the respective An example is the import of labor-intensive goods by the United States from C Instead of importing Chinese labor the United States is importing goods from China that were produced with Chinese International trade is also a branch of economics， which， together with international finance， forms the larger branch of international ModelsSeveral different models have been proposed to predict patterns of trade and to analyze the effects of trade policies such as [edit] Ricardian modelMain article: Ricardian modelThe Ricardian model focuses on comparative advantage and is perhaps the most important concept in international trade In a Ricardian model， countries specialize in producing what they produce Unlike other models， the Ricardian framework predicts that countries will fully specialize instead of producing a broad array of Also， the Ricardian model does not directly consider factor endowments， such as the relative amounts of labor and capital within a [edit] Heckscher-Ohlin modelMain article: Heckscher-Ohlin modelThe Heckscher-Ohlin model was produced as an alternative to the Ricardian model of basic comparative Despite its greater complexity it did not prove much more accurate in its However from a theoretical point of view it did provide an elegant solution by incorporating the neoclassical price mechanism into international trade The theory argues that the pattern of international trade is determined by differences in factor It predicts that countries will export those goods that make intensive use of locally abundant factors and will import goods that make intensive use of factors that are locally Empirical problems with the H-O model， known as the Leontief paradox， were exposed in empirical tests by Wassily Leontief who found that the United States tended to export labor intensive goods despite having a capital [edit] Specific factors modelIn this model， labour mobility between industries is possible while capital is immobile between industries in the short- Thus， this model can be interpreted as a 'short run' version of the Heckscher-Ohlin The specific factors name refers to the given that in the short-run specific factors of production， such as physical capital， are not easily transferable between The theory suggests that if there is an increase in the price of a good， the owners of the factor of production specific to that good will profit in real Additionally， owners of opposing specific factors of production ( labour and capital) are likely to have opposing agendas when lobbying for controls over immigration of Conversely， both owners of capital and labour profit in real terms from an increase in the capital This model is ideal for particular This model is ideal for understanding income distribution but awkward for discussing the pattern of trade![edit] New Trade TheoryMain article: New Trade TheoryNew Trade theory tries to explain several facts about trade， which the two main models above have difficulty These include the fact that most trade is between countries with similar factor endowment and productivity levels， and the large amount of multinational production (ie foreign direct investment) which In one example of this framework， the economy exhibits monopolistic competition， and increasing returns to [edit] Gravity modelMain article: Gravity model of tradeThe Gravity model of trade presents a more empirical analysis of trading patterns rather than the more theoretical models discussed The gravity model， in its basic form， predicts trade based on the distance between countries and the interaction of the countries' economic The model mimics the Newtonian law of gravity which also considers distance and physical size between two The model has been proven to be empirically strong through econometric Other factors such as income level， diplomatic relationships between countries， and trade policies are also included in expanded versions of the [edit] Regulation of international tradeTraditionally trade was regulated through bilateral treaties between two For centuries under the belief in Mercantilism most nations had high tariffs and many restrictions on international In the 19th century， especially in Britain， a belief in free trade became This belief became the dominant thinking among western nations since then despite the acknowledgement that adoption of the policy coincided with the general decline of Great B In the years since the Second World War， controversial multilateral treaties like the GATT and World Trade Organization have attempted to create a globally regulated trade These trade agreements have often resulted in protest and discontent with claims of unfair trade that is not mutually Free trade is usually most strongly supported by the most economically powerful nations， though they often engage in selective protectionism for those industries which are strategically important such as the protective tariffs applied to agriculture by the United States and E The Netherlands and the United Kingdom were both strong advocates of free trade when they were economically dominant， today the United States， the United Kingdom， Australia and Japan are its greatest However， many other countries (such as India， China and Russia) are increasingly becoming advocates of free trade as they become more economically powerful As tariff levels fall there is also an increasing willingness to negotiate non tariff measures， including foreign direct investment， procurement and trade The latter looks at the transaction cost associated with meeting trade and customs Traditionally agricultural interests are usually in favour of free trade while manufacturing sectors often support This has changed somewhat in recent years， In fact， agricultural lobbies， particularly in the United States， Europe and Japan， are chiefly responsible for particular rules in the major international trade treaties which allow for more protectionist measures in agriculture than for most other goods and During recessions there is often strong domestic pressure to increase tariffs to protect domestic This occurred around the world during the Great D Many economists have attempted to portray tariffs as the underlining reason behind the collapse in world trade that many believe seriously deepened the The regulation of international trade is done through the World Trade Organization at the global level， and through several other regional arrangements such as MERCOSUR in South America， NAFTA between the United States， Canada and Mexico， and the European Union between 27 independent The 2005 Buenos Aires talks on the planned establishment of the Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA) failed largely due to opposition from the populations of Latin American Similar agreements such as the MAI (Multilateral Agreement on Investment) have also failed in recent [edit] Risks in international tradeThe risks that exist in international trade can be divided into two major groups

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Campus LifeEarly in senior high school， we longed to be enrolled in a Now the dream has come But how do we college students like our campus life?Certainly， some relish it， finding it colorful and Besides study， they spend considerable amount of time improving themselves in various Yet others do not think much of their college life， thus do not benefit as In their eyes， the university is just a bigger high The only difference is that they have more time at their disposal without parents looking over their As to me， college life is ideal if only I have abundant books to read， some bosom friends to keep me company， a couple of conscientious professors to instruct me， and an easy access to the I My Favorite Teacherveryone has his favorite teacher ，so do I My favourite teacher is Miss Wei， our English We felt English very difficuit when we began to study E Miss Wei had a good idea to solve the One day， Miss Wei came into the classroom with some fruits， such as apples，bananas，and She said: “Today we are going to learn the names of the You can eat the fruits if you can tell me their names in English ”All the students listened carefully and studied hard Someone even stood up to answer Class was over ，and the fruits were all From then on ，I am more and more interested in English， and I want to say from my heart: “ Thank you， Miss Wei!”