青少年科技小论文初中英语作文怎么写

The new century is It can be expected that there will be a breakthrough in life sceience and space science in the 21st First， scientists will conquer incurable diseases through the transformation of With the same technology they can breed new species of animals and even human life in the Most important of all， they can decelerate aging and prolong Besides， permanent stations will be set up in the moon or other planets or stars so that scientists can make a thorough study of the moon and other planets or Most probably life will be found in other stars in universe or the planets or stars suitable for the human existence will be However， the scientific development will also bring about some social How should we regard from an ethical perspective the one who is bred through the gene technology in the How can the police identify the criminal from a group of people with the same DNA? It is quite natural that we will meet problems in the scientific and social Therefore， we should be prepared to meet new 汇众动漫学院

As we all kown， we are entering a brand new era full of opportunities and innovations，and great changes have taken place in people's attitude towards some science and technology for example，the topic of the cell phone has aroused more and more public attention，Undoubtedly，which is an dispensable part for the development of society ，has a profound impact on both individuals and There is a good side and a bad side to everything ，it goes saying that cell phone is very famous for people and plays an important in but， it spent so much time on playing games and calling specially both students and young it brings happiness and friends at the cost of falling grades To solve the problem，i hold to the belief that We should try to control your cellphone time

Nowadays， technology is everywhere around The development of technology has a significant affact toward the Several technologies that we usually use are the internet， computer， and These new technologies make our life much easier and First， the development of computer changes our Decades ago， people needed to do lots of complex calculation on hand because they did not have computer， and more obvious， they did not have the software for As the result of that， people spent hours on the equations that a computer can solve in just a Since the development of computer， people are able to use some kind of software to compute lots of complex functions and mathematical Computer becomes the most helpful equipment for the sciencists because they can use their time more In conclusion， I believe the development of technology brings significant impact to our It is very helpful to us and I believe technology will keep improving in

The conflict between technological development and tranditional culturesNowadays， conflicts between technological developments and tranditional cultures accelerate in a fierce More and more cries for saving the traditional cultures can be heard， while others urge a more rapid technological revolution in the new So， are technology and tradition so incompatible， or is there a balance point`in where we could reserve our ancestors’ legacy as well as keep on the hi-tech development?First， we must admit that conflict between technology and tradition do Urbanization and modernization sweep across the world， changing our way of cultivating corns and wheat， denouning the old way of thinking， leaving those old-day arts and handicrafts only to be seen in Despite the obvious benefits of a modern life， a considerable number people call for a rescue of traditonal culture both mathrially and But， looking deeper into the matter， we will see that this conflict is inevitable， but not fatal to either technology or In one sense， the innovation of technology is actually part of the culture we had and Without the four great inventions of china， it is impossible for chinese to own such a splendid and colorful tradtional Also it is the advanced technology that allows us to keep those ancient art crafts and masterpieces in such a good Tradition is not something already dead and It is facing a big challenge， and it will gain energy and renew itself through Good things in it shall survive and grow with the new power supplied by new (整理收集:英语作文网) Peole should not be so pessimistic about the future of our traditional Mourning too much for things that failed to survive in this challenging world will only hinder our pace to a more refined and developed

青少年科技小论文怎么写初中英语作文

Science and technology have changed our life thoroughly throughout the history， especially in the last There is a prevailing understanding about science and technology among the general public that they are the same thing of two different names but they are acutally two Science is kind of series of theorrtical concepts and people can accept it or not， and it will not affect commom people's life to a large extent， but it's a different way when it comes to technology because technology has more pratical effect on People have to endure the results of the pactical applicance of technology whether they are good or not， such as the air pollution， and it all happens without people's acceptance， for it all depends on the local governments' or even the nations' 人工翻译希望满意~

您好，可以根据字数进行自行删减：The development of science and technology makes our life more comfortable and However， scientists have created many problems， which are not easy to be resolved， such as air pollution， the deterioration of environment and the scarcity of natural resources， to which we must some Modern science and technology render people many Modern telecommunication shortens the distance between people and makes communication much Internet is widely used now not only for collection of abundant information but also for Email， the most effective communication device now， is becoming very Besides， telephone and mobile phone make contact more convenient than Modern transportation， such as airplanes and high-speed trains make our journey smooth and With the help of modern transportation， people can go everywhere they prefer The journey to outer space and other planets is not a dream any Rockets and space shuttles can help us realize the dream of space Modern medicine prolongs peoples life and relieves patients of sufferings from many Cancer and AIDS are fatal to peoples Thanks to the endeavors scientists have made， these diseases become However， the process of scientific development also arouses many sever problems to our human Internet， though widely used in modern communication， is easy to be destroyed by computer Outer space exploration has produced much waste in the A tiny metal， a screw， for example can destroy a flying man-made Industrialization is making natural resources become Confronted with these problems， scientists are seeking prompt and feasible The development of science and technology bring about both positive and negative effects to We must eliminate the positive effects to the least

The development of science and technology makes our life more comfortable and However， scientists have created many problems， which are not easy to be resolved， such as air pollution， the deterioration of environment and the scarcity of natural resources， to which we must some Modern science and technology render people many Modern telecommunication shortens the distance between people and makes communication much Internet is widely used now not only for collection of abundant information but also for Email， the most effective communication device now， is becoming very Besides， telephone and mobile phone make contact more convenient than Modern transportation， such as airplanes and high-speed trains make our journey smooth and With the help of modern transportation， people can go everywhere they prefer The journey to outer space and other planets is not a dream any Rockets and space shuttles can help us realize the dream of space Modern medicine prolongs peoples life and relieves patients of sufferings from many Cancer and AIDS are fatal to peoples Thanks to the endeavors scientists have made， these diseases become However， the process of scientific development also arouses many sever problems to our human Internet， though widely used in modern communication， is easy to be destroyed by computer Outer space exploration has produced much waste in the A tiny metal， a screw， for example can destroy a flying man-made Industrialization is making natural resources become Confronted with these problems， scientists are seeking prompt and feasible The development of science and technology bring about both positive and negative effects to We must eliminate the positive effects to the least 可以自己删减在提供一篇翻译的：现代科技使生活更加便捷(Modern Technology Makes Life More Convenient) Modern technology makes life more convenient; tools are the milestores of the technology as well as human being’ s Men used to cut trees with hand But now， by using electronic saw they can cut down a tree in only a few Another example is more vivid: You have something urgent which has to be informed to your friend whose house is two hour’s ride You probably want to make a phone But no telephone is installed in your friend’ s What could you do? Nowadays， with modern technology advanting， using internet is popular with Some years ago， people had to get what they wanted through looking into a lot of information; at last people could become tired and spent too much Now， if you use Internet， all becomes a piece of Only by clucking， you will gain what you We all hope that modern technology will reach a higher level， because modern technology makes life more convenient [参考译文] 现代科技使生活更加便捷现代科技使生活更加便捷；工具是科技进步和人类进步的里程碑。人类过去用手锯锯树，但是现在，用电锯可在几分钟内锯倒一棵树。另外一个例子更加生动形象：如果你有急事通知你的朋友，而他家距你家有2小时的路程，你可能想打个电话。但是你的朋友家又没安电话，你该怎么办?如今，随着现代科技的进步，使用网络已很流行。若干年前，人们不得不查找大量资料来搜集需要的信息，最后人累得疲惫不堪，还浪费了大量时间。现在，如果使用网络，一切就都是小菜一碟了。只要轻敲键盘，就会有求必应。我们都期待着现代科技能达到一个更高的水平，因为现代科技确实使生活变得更便捷。21st century is the century of Nowadays， technology is everywhere around The development of technology has a significant affact toward the Several technologies that we usually use are the internet， computer， and These new technologies make our life much easier and First， the development of computer changes our Decades ago， people needed to do lots of complex calculation on hand because they did not have computer， and more obvious， they did not have the software for As the result of that， people spent hours on the equations that a computer can solve in just a Since the development of computer， people are able to use some kind of software to compute lots of complex functions and mathematical Computer becomes the most helpful equipment for the sciencists because they can use their time more Also， internet is another useful tool for us The development of internet brings a great impact toward the Instead of going to library and fliping all the books to figure out some information， we can just simply use a mouse and click on the website to do The internet leads us to a place where we can find unlimited information and It makes our life much easier and The last technology is Nowadays， many people have a But it just appears on the market for about 10 It is very convenience to the users because we can talk to anyone we want with a phone as small as a Also， we can communicate with others by making a phone call instead of sending It is very fast and useful way to In conclusion， I believe the development of technology brings significant impact to our It is very helpful to us and I believe technology will keep improving in 高分范文As is vividly depicted by the picture above， a traveler happily starts his journey by high-speed railway from Guangzhou to W In the year of 2009， Wuhan-Guangzhou high-speed railway went into operation， reducing travelling time from 12 hours to 3 hours， bringing much convenience to the transportation between the two cities① No wonder the caption in the picture says “with the Wu-Guang high-speed railway， cities far away is just like a place nearby”。Science and technology are the primary productive forces② and have been playing a key role in the national economy On the one hand， progress in science and technology has promoted economic and social progress Take the high-speed railway as an Firstly， the railway becomes a new engine③ of booming of regional Secondly， the railway helps to attract a lot of tourists， so that tourism in these cities Last but not the least， the load of the existing transportation network can be released to a great On the other hand， with the development of science and technology， such as the operation of high-speed transportation， video phone， webcam meeting， the world has become smaller and smaller。It has long been a tradition for Chinese government to attach great importance to the advances④ in science and Science and technology has successfully shaped an entirely new image of China on global stage via the two grand world events， 2008 Olympic Games and 2010 Shanghai World E It is strongly advised that young people should devote themselves into the study of science and technology for “better city， better life”。佳作妙译如上图所示，一位旅客从广州踏上了去往武汉的高速铁路。2009年，武广高铁正式建成通车，将两地之间的行程从12小时缩短到3小时，极大地方便了两地的交通。难怪这幅漫画上写道“有了武广高铁，每个城市都在家门口”。科技是第一生产力，在国民经济发展中扮演着重要角色。一方面，科技的进步促进了经济社会的快速进步。高速铁路就是鲜活的例子。首先这条铁路成为地区经济发展新的引擎。其次铁路吸引了大量游客，这些城市的旅游业随之繁荣起来。再次这条铁路很大程度上缓解了现有线路的运输压力。另一方面，随着科技的发展，高速铁路，视频电话，视频会议等应用会越来越多，世界将变得越来越小。中国政府一直很重视科技的发展，通过2008北京奥运会和2010上海世博两件盛事，科技成功地重塑了中国在世界舞台上的国际形象。因此青少年要怀着“城市，让生活更美好”的信念，积极投身到对科技文化知识的学习上。

青少年科技小论文初中英语作文

我说，是科技的发展推动了人类的进程，是科技的发展才使人类有着这崭新又美好的生活。纵观千古，哪朝哪代不是重视科技的发展？科技发展是强国之路，科技发展是中华民族进步的第一动力，没有科学，我们哪来的今天的幸福生活？没有科技，我们哪来的舒适的物质生活与精神享受？没有科技的进步，我们哪能吃到杂交二号？我们哪能穿上全棉衣服，哪能住进高楼大厦？科技发展利大还是弊大？当然是利大！中华文明八千年历史文明就是铁证如山，历史每时每刻都在改变，科技每时每刻都在发展。如果是弊端大于利的话，那人类为什么都还不约而同的选择了进步？只有进步才能使明天更美好！一个人不进步是可悲的，一个国家不进步是没落的，一个世界不进步是黑暗的。只要在不断的进步中，人类的生活才可以得到升华。上天给予了人类一颗聪慧的大脑，一双勤劳的双手，人类没有坐享其成，而是选择了不断进步，几千年来，从马车变成了轿车、火车、飞机；从煤油灯变成了白炽灯、霓虹灯、节能灯；从海角天涯变成了近在咫尺、视频聊天、鼠标一点尽知天下事。所有人的不懈努力，刻苦钻研，我们今天的日子是有多少辛勤的科学家们用智慧甚至生命换来的。因为法拉第，我们生活的周围才充满了各种各样的电器；因为达尔文、因为孟德尔，我们才可以更好地了解自己，认识自己；因为扁鹊，因为华佗，因为李时珍，我们的生命才能得到保障。我们的平均寿命比古代提高了30岁，看望亲友甚至不用出家门，这不都是科学发展给我们带来的好处吗？所以说，科技改变历史，我们探讨科技的发展利大还是弊大是不需要质疑的，因为就是利大！利大！利大！科技改变历史，是科技发展救了我们，是科学把我们从水深火热的年代拯救了出来。科技改变历史，知识改变命运。我们跨入了21世纪，跨入了一个充满高科技的时代。科学改变了我们的生活，科学改变了我们的命运。“ 科技发展利大于弊，这是一个亘古不变的主题！

The Internet enables us to improve communication， erase physical barriers， and expand our Its absorption into our society has been The “Net” touches nearly every part of our lives from how we apply for jobs and where we get our news， to how we find A few Web sites have virtually replaced some things， like the encyclopedia and the phone But with acceptance comes a decrease in You may assume that the same laws or societal rules that protect your privacy in the physical world apply to the digital world as But the Internet remains largely unregulated and the policies governing it As you continue to embrace the technology it is important to be aware that in many ways it is still uncharted Knowing how to navigate through cyberspace， even if that means proceeding at your own risk， is essential to using the I

As the modern technology develops，our life is becoming more and more However，with the demand of all kind of nature resources，pollution is becoming more Unluckily，this problem is linked to our modern There is no denying that technology bring comfortable living condition to We can drive to work rather on foot，and we can surf the internet，use our phones and buy anything with debit All kind of department is blinding in the In ancient time，it’s impossible for us to do these，but now we can do it，because our wisdom make a On other hand，many habitats has been destroyed become human being has being becoming more powerful with their new tools，while other animals can do nothing to stop What’s worse，if human apply nuclear weapon to defense themselves，it may lead to a destructive In a word，modern technology can not only make our life more beautiful but also destroy our And it depend on how we use

青少年科技小论文初中英语怎么写

LPSometimesthisfeelingseemstobeoneofindifference，butitisaconventionofcitylifetocurbone‘VO城市生活和乡村和农场生活大不相同。大城市的人更注意尊重个人隐私。有时候这种感觉似乎是一种冷漠，但是它是城市生活的一个约俗，以遏制一个人对陌生人的个人事务的好奇。村民和农民有可能所有的邻居对表现出极大的兴趣。城市给聪明的年轻人提供了机会，来自村庄和农场的求职者有往大都市发展的稳定趋势

第一篇Hi，I’m I'm 13 years old and I study in xxx Middle S My school is Every morning I get up at seven and have And then I go to school at half past Lessons begin at eight o’ We have four lessons in the morning and Chinese is my favourite We usually have 10 minute's break between two lessons and at about 12 o'clock we finish our morning I have lunch at school at twelve I like school lunch and I always have rice with meat and After lunch I often talk with my friends or play basketball with In the afternoon lessons start at half past one and finish at four o’ I play games after school with my friends and then go home at half past In the evening I do my homework and then watch TV At ten o’clock I go to It’s really a busy day but I like 第二篇 As we can see， the world population is growing rapidly day by So enough fresh water is needed to feed such a big What's more， with the development of industry， factories and vehicles produce poisonous gases or wastes， which consequently results in the pollution of Though fresh， a good amount of it can no longer be Only quite limited fresh water resource is available to human So it's high time for us human beings to take quick action to protect water Stop pollution and save water， otherwise， we cannot survive on the With fresh water， the world will be prosperous第三篇保护水资源： As we can see， the world population is growing rapidly day by So enough fresh water is needed to feed such a big What's more， with the development of industry， factories and vehicles produce poisonous gases or wastes， which consequently results in the pollution of Though fresh， a good amount of it can no longer be Only quite limited fresh water resource is available to human So it's high time for us human beings to take quick action to protect water Stop pollution and save water， otherwise， we cannot survive on the With fresh water， the world will be 翻译如下：正如大家看到世界人口增长迅速日。给这类大的人口需要有足够的淡水。怎么还有与工业事务局研究工厂和车辆产生有毒气体或，因此导致污染的水的废物。虽然新鲜的可以不再使用好的量。只有很有限的新鲜水资源可供人类。因此，它是我们人类采取快速行动，保护水资源的时候了。停止污染和保存水，否则，我们不能生存在地球上。新鲜的水世界将会繁荣。改革开放：It has been thirty years since China started reform and began a policy of opening up China to the outside This has resulted in great changes taking place in various With the nine-year compulsory education(九年制义务教育) program，all children have the chance to be In the past 30 years，China has made great progress in science and In 2003，China launched its first manned spaceship and fulfilled its first space walk in As economy is developing fast，people's living conditions have greatly In addition，there have also been great changes in The 29th Olympics were successfully hosted in Beijing and Chinese athletes won the most gold I'm really proud of the great achievements in the past 30 It is the leadership of the Communist Party and the great efforts of us Chinese people that made all these Nowadays，people are working hard towards a more advanced and harmonious I'm sure China will have a brighter future and Chinese people will live a happier 第四篇保护水资源： As we can see， the world population is growing rapidly day by So enough fresh water is needed to feed such a big What's more， with the development of industry， factories and vehicles produce poisonous gases or wastes， which consequently results in the pollution of Though fresh， a good amount of it can no longer be Only quite limited fresh water resource is available to human So it's high time for us human beings to take quick action to protect water Stop pollution and save water， otherwise， we cannot survive on the With fresh water， the world will be 翻译如下：正如大家看到世界人口增长迅速日。给这类大的人口需要有足够的淡水。怎么还有与工业事务局研究工厂和车辆产生有毒气体或，因此导致污染的水的废物。虽然新鲜的可以不再使用好的量。只有很有限的新鲜水资源可供人类。因此，它是我们人类采取快速行动，保护水资源的时候了。停止污染和保存水，否则，我们不能生存在地球上。新鲜的水世界将会繁荣。改革开放：It has been thirty years since China started reform and began a policy of opening up China to the outside This has resulted in great changes taking place in various With the nine-year compulsory education(九年制义务教育) program，all children have the chance to be In the past 30 years，China has made great progress in science and In 2003，China launched its first manned spaceship and fulfilled its first space walk in As economy is developing fast，people's living conditions have greatly In addition，there have also been great changes in The 29th Olympics were successfully hosted in Beijing and Chinese athletes won the most gold I'm really proud of the great achievements in the past 30 It is the leadership of the Communist Party and the great efforts of us Chinese people that made all these Nowadays，people are working hard towards a more advanced and harmonious I'm sure China will have a brighter future and Chinese people will live a happier 翻译如下：这是三十年以来中国开始改革与开始的外部 This 中国开放政策，导致在各个领域发生的巨大变化。于九年强制 education(九年制义务教育) 程序所有孩子都有机会被 In 在 30 年中国已取得很大进展科技 In 2003、中国推出其第一次的载人的飞船和完成首次空间行走在 As 经济发展迅速、人民生活条件大大改善。此外，也有很大的变化在 The 29 奥运成功承载在北京和中国运动员赢得最大的金牌。我的确感到自豪的丰功伟绩在过去的 30 It 是共产党的领导和我们中国人作出所有这些 Nowadays，people 正在努力向更先进，和谐 I 确信中国将会有一个光明的前景和中国人民将过幸福生活的努力。电脑利弊：The main disadvantages are: some of the young people are too obsessed with the network control poor， it will trap into the Relevant data show that young people indulge in network performance is more than 89 percent Online games will have a strong young vanity has led to some young people have an unhealthy psychological， severely hampered the normal development of young There are fighting games so that some young people think that real life can be like a virtual network of the world as ruled by the law of the jungle to the world today， leading toward the path of Play the role of those villains， so that boys like girls change， but it's like boys The trap of the second network， some people because of social discontent， the network's own desire to radiation， leading to others on the network by fraud， deceived many examples， list goes Many benefits， save time and effort before the provincial lesson entirely on hand-written， time-consuming and laborious， much more will have to Preparation of a computer is now "semi-automatic"， and the school to teach all the prior knowledge input into the computer， after layout， modify， save， and finally print it out; the same can also copy the Computer is time-saving， labor-saving good helper， it gives me more time to study materials， the design of better teaching 第五篇I like badminton and basketball，basketball is my favourite sport，I like basketball I always wear a T-shirt，shorts and runners to play I can throw the basketball in the net， I think it is easy， but someone think it is hard， I can catch the basketball， On Sundays，I am a bbasketball I like to watch basketball game on TV， Yao Ming is my favourite basketball player， I want to be a real basketball player 第六篇Hello everyone !DO you like sports? Let me tell you whate my favorite sport Well I like tennis Becase of playing tennis makes me be healthy and You can run on the playgrond and enjoy it every So I really like playing tennis very mnch! 第七篇a meaningfull activity Last month I went to the hometown with my family，We decided to swim in the river where my father often swim when he was But when we got there，there was only a dirty river，so we thought we got to a wrong But there was a old man，he said:"Here is a place where you want to go"He look so sad when he said Then he said:"Two years ago，here was really a beutifu place，but one day，many visitors come here and threw rubbish The river be dirty and dirty，and it look like this now"When I heard this，I think we should protect our It was really a meaningful activity第八篇Our school has now started an activity called “Build Civilized Classes and a Harmonious C” The topic is “ Get Rid of Bad Habits and Greet Civilization” Bad habits do Some students throw rubbish everywhere or spit in Some wear long Others are even addicted to smoking and We require that the students break away from these bad We urge the students to wear their school uniform and be polite to During the activity， we’ll hold a picture show， a competition of classroom and dormitory decorations and so We all hope that we’ll build each class into a civilized one and our campus into a harmonious 第九篇My Birthday PartyIt’s J Today I am16 years I am going to have a party at home and I am waiting for all my friends to They are going to bring?lots of beautiful presents with My parents are preparing a lot of nice things to eat and At the party we are going to play games， sing songs， dance and listen to I think we will have a good

When my father was young， he practiced Chinese calligraphy every day and enjoyed Peking Opera with my grandfather on Now as his daughter， I type in English when communicating with my friends and enjoy surfing on the Internet during When I enjoy the pleasure and convenience that new technologies have brought me， some people cry out that as technology develops traditional cultures must be Is it true that we cannot have both? Different as my lifestyle is from that of my father， I still believe that the development of technology won＇t lead to the loss of On the contrary， it will facilitate the development of traditional Some people draw the conclusion that technology leads to the loss of tradition because they find nowadays many people，especially the young， take interest in new things like the Internet， thus make less contact with traditional However，decreased popularity isn＇t equal to With the development of technology， we have more choices of arts and In other words， many new forms of culture are coming into existence， which provide people with more choices rather than threaten the existence of the traditional In actuality， if we look at the tradition itself， we can find that great achievements have been made in many fields with the development of New operas are on show; new researches about history are going on; new facts about historical cities have been found; all of which can prove that technology can stay peacefully with In fact， technology works far beyond The development of technology boosts that of the On one hand，new technologies make the research for traditional cultures possible as well as provide advanced techniques of reserving historic Take calligraphy as an example， new ways of illumination， which is the fruit of Hi-tech， can prevent the color of scripts from On the other hand， the rapidly developing media such as the Internet and communication satellite provide traditional cultures with a stage to face the whole As we can see， after the short piece of ad of Shanghai E ， more people will know the beautiful melody of "J"In addition， if we look back to history， we can find out that it was always in the era when economy developed greatly that cultures prospered the No doubt that the development of technology can guarantee that of economy， which eventually influences the prosperity of As we all see， the development of technology brings us richness， making the research and development of cultures affordable brings us more leisure time， making our desire to enjoy ntertainments After all， as the great philosopher Marx aid， "economy determine

青少年科技小论文怎么写初中语文作文

初中生不需要写科技的管，至少需要本科以上学历才需要写论文，初中生就是考试读高中，高中考试，读大学。考上的本科，本科毕业之后才需要写论文。

初中生科技论文怎么写初中生科技论文是不好写的因为初中生一般都不写论文都是大学生初中生科技论文怎么写初中生科技论文是不好写的因为初中生一般都不写论文都是大学生才写论文初中生科技论文怎么写初中生科技论文是不好写的因为初中生一般都不写论文都是大学生才写论文

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科技论文的写法和格式一篇完整的科技论文应包括标题、摘要、关键词、论文的内容、参考文献。1 题目题目是科技论文的必要组成部分。它要求用简洁、恰当的词组反映文章的特定内容，论文的主题明白无误地告诉读者，并且使之具有画龙点睛，启迪读者兴趣的功能。一般情况下，题目中应包括文章的主要关键词。题名像一条标签，切忌用较长的主、谓、宾语结构的完整语句逐点描述论文的内容，以保证达到“简洁”的要求;而“恰当”的要求应反映在用词的中肯、醒目、好读好记上。当然，也要避免过分笼统或哗众取宠的所谓简洁，缺乏可检索性，以至于名实不符或无法反映出每篇文章应有的特色。题名应简短，不应很长，一般不宜超过20个汉字。2 署名著者署名是科技论文的必要组成部分。著者系指在论文主题内容的构思、具体研究工作的执行及撰稿执笔等方面的全部或局部上作出的主要贡献的人员，能够对论文的主要内容负责答辩的人员，是论文的法定权人和责任者。署名人数不该太多，对论文涉及的部分内容作过咨询、给过某种帮助或参与常规劳务的人员不宜按著者身份署名，但可以注明他们曾参与了哪一部分具体工作，或通过文末致谢的方式对他们的贡献和劳动表示谢意。合写论文的著者应按论文工作贡献的多少顺序排列。著者的姓名应给全名，一般用真实姓名。同时还应给出著者完成研究工作的单位或著者所在的工作单位或通信地址。