有关中国戏剧的论文摘要英文怎么说

在2010版的word内就有这个功能。（选中要翻译的文字，点击鼠标右键弹出任务栏中就有“翻译”选项，点击“翻译”，选择英文翻译，再把光标置于要插入文本点点击插入就ok啦。另外还可以下载翻译小工具，直接进行翻译就搞定了。我帮你翻：The relationship between accounting regulation and tax law issues is a complex issue， market-oriented economic development in the course of the difference between the two will gradually have an adverse impact on economic development， how to better deal with the differences between the two has become China's economy reform process of the outstanding 。Differences in accounting standards and tax laws， and in the accounting and property tax measures taken by the different accounting and tax law， "the authenticity of the principle of" different， accounting "sound principle" and tax "payments to determine" the difference in accounting "importance of the principles "and tax" legal principle "and the accounting and tax 。differences on the" substance over form "understanding and implementation differen。Differences between accounting and tax accounting exist mainly due to the legislative goals and purposes of various tax， corporate accounting must adhere to the "accrual" basis， the enterprise must consider the International Accounting Standards， and economic Tax laws should be based on the provisions of this tax

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论文的摘要一般在一百到两百字左右，大论文（如四五万字的毕业论文）也可一页（七八百字）左右，要说明论文针对解决什么问题（即意义）、方法、如有实验则说明实验基本方法，研究的条件下所得出的一个至几个结论，最后一句总结结论在给定适用范围下的结论和推广意义。比如，某条件下的某事情很重要，然而对某条件下的某参数的测定准确度不高，本文通过某方式在某条件下测得某结果，准确度达到多少，在某限定范围内，本方法可以有何种效果。关键词一定是实词，一般是用来概括你的论文所涉及的一至多个领域，以及你认为重要的研究方法。没有绝对的固定格式，可以先写成中文，翻译过来就行了，必要时请教一下外语专业人士！可参照下面的格式：摘要(标题) xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx 关键词:xxx xxx xx xxxx

论文里是 Abstract 。

有关中国戏剧的论文摘要英文

Chinese and Western cultural differences in the performance of every aspect of daily life from the greeting 、 term diet and cultural differences in the way of thinking in the abstract， such as differences everywhere， from the West focus on the following colors to express the difference between Chinese and Western cultural differences in areas such as a wedding First， in the West to express the color difference Different colors in different languages is not expressed in the same The representative of China in a sense， the West has a meaning that even the "color" to understand the meaning of the (A) red (red) Whether in China or in the English-speaking countries， often in red and festive celebrations or day- Calendar， red font used these days， therefore， red letter day: refers to the "Day" or "happy " It also refers to the red "liabilities" or "loss" because people are always negative in red to So there are these phrases: red figure deficit in the red loss In common with the Chinese "red" words， translated into English， may not necessarily use the "red" for example: 　 brown sugar brown sugar red wine red wine (B) yellow Yellow in English and Chinese in the extended meaning of the differences are In English， yellow can be said that the "timid， cowardly， despicable，" meaning， for example: a yellow dog despicable， cowardly people a yellow livered coward Chinese yellow symbol of the term is sometimes vulgar， vulgar and obscene， indecent indecency means， such as yellow film， erotica， yellow CD， and so These in the name of "yellow" in English and "yellow" has nothing to However， in another English word blue is the color used to indicate the kind of meaning in Chinese， such as the blue jokes (dirty joke)， blue films (yellow film) Second， the cultural differences in Western wedding First of all， in Western wedding culture and the first in the West in thinking about the differences: the Chinese people more conservative， like excitement， more old-fashioned thinking， so in the history of China for thousands of years the entire wedding customs did not change The thinking in the West is more open to the requirements of the wedding will be lower， they will be the climax of the wedding in the church: the sacred as the "wedding march" into the red carpet， Jiao Mei's father， the bride linked hands Rose walked slowly to the groom， the bride's father， daughter to the groom's hand on hand， her daughter's life will be entrusted to the groom， all eyes followed the couple， filled with well-being in their Second， the result of cultural differences wedding in the West because the West in a different China is mainly Buddhist， but the West is mainly C Therefore， the Western wedding is to be held in the church and the priest is Zhuhun R China's traditional customs of the most important part of the Bai Tiandi is， the worship heaven and earth even after the ceremony has 中西方文化差异表现在方方面面，从日常生活的打招呼用语、饮食文化等差异到思维方式等抽象方面的差异无所不在，下面着重从中西方颜色表达的差异，中西方婚礼文化差异等方面阐述。一、中西方颜色表达的差异不同颜色在不同语言中表达的方式并不一样。在中国代表一种意义，在西方又表示一种涵义，甚至对“颜色”的涵义理解恰恰相反。（一）red（红色）无论是在英语国家还是在中国，红色往往与庆祝活动或喜庆日子有关。日历中，这些日子常用红色字体，因此，red letter day：指的是“纪念日”或“喜庆的日子”。红色还指“负债”或“亏损”，因为人们总是用红笔登记负数。于是就有了这些词组：red figure赤字 in the red亏损汉语中常用的带“红”字的词语，翻译成英语，可不一定用“red”例如：　红糖brown sugar 红酒red wine （二） yellow黄色在英语和汉语中的引申含义差别比较大。英语中，yellow可以表示“胆小、卑怯、卑鄙”的意思，例如：a yellow dog 可鄙的人，卑鄙的人a yellow livered 胆小鬼汉语中黄色一词有时象征低级趣味、色情庸俗、下流猥亵的意思，如黄色电影、黄色书刊、黄色光碟等等。这些名称中的“黄”与英语中的“yellow”无关。然而，英语中另一个颜色词blue却常用来表示汉语中这类意思，如blue jokes（下流的玩笑）， blue films（黄色电影）等。二、中西方婚礼文化差异首先，中西方婚礼文化差异首先和中西方人在思维方面的差异有关：中国人比较保守，喜欢热闹，思维较古板，所以在中国历史几千年的时间里整个婚礼的习俗并没有多大的变化。而西方人的思想则比较开放，对于婚礼的要求也比较低，他们婚礼的高潮则是在教堂中：随着神圣的《婚礼进行曲》步入鲜红的地毯，娇美的新娘挽着父亲手捧玫瑰慢慢向新郎走去，新娘的父亲将女儿的手放在新郎的手上，将女儿的一生托付给新郎，所有人的目光注视着这对新人，幸福洋溢在他们的脸上。其次，造成中西方婚礼文化差异的原因是中西方不同的宗教。中国是以佛教为主，而西方则是基督教为主的。所以西方的婚礼是在教堂中举行而主婚人则是神甫。中方的传统婚俗中的最重要环节就是拜天地，拜了天地以后就算是礼成了。

The Chinese opera is a traditional form of stage entertainment， weaving together elements of mime， dance， song， dialogue， swordplay， and acrobatics into one fluid continuous Gestures， movements and expressions incorporated within each performer's script come together to bring forth an impressive In contrast to Western stage entertainment， which is subdivided into different categories such as opera， drama and sketches， Chinese opera has remained faithful to its original format over the Although sharing a common ancestry， Chinese opera boasts over 300 various distinct forms - taking their names from their places of These forms are generally discernible by their use of local dialects and distinct 'melodies' Beijing opera is considered by most to be the most Also widespread are Pingju Opera， Kunqu Opera， Shaoxing Opera， Henan Opera， Sichuan Opera， Shanxi Opera， Huangmei Opera， Huagu Opera and Yangko O Some Chinese ethnic minority groups have some local form of 以下是网上翻译的第一段，供你参考吧。La ópera china es una forma tradicional de entretenimiento del teatro， tejiendo los elementos juntos de mimo， del baile， de la canción， del diálogo， de la esgrima， y de la acrobacia en un flujo continuo lí Los gestos， los movimientos y las expresiones incorporados dentro de cada escritura de artista se reúnen dar a luz un desempeño Por contraste al entretenimiento del teatro Occidental， que se subdivide en categorías diferentes tales como la ópera， el drama y los dibujos， la ópera china se ha quedado fiel a su formato original sobre los

Western novels in comparison First， Western novels in the history of the development of Western novels are based on myths and legends of its In ancient times， science developed， out of fear of nature， the working people out of the imagination is the key to many of the world "God"， describing the personification of God is a myth; who will describe the deified， that is China opened the world's Pan story， the story of San Juan Five Emperors， the West Greek mythology， Roman mythology， Norse mythology， and so on are all typical East and West， the original novel， is closely linked with the history， as historical records complement the China Pre-Qin prose in the fable， the Han dynasty in the history books， biographies， the Wei and Jin Zhi， Zhi-person novel; the West of ancient Babylon， "the United States and Ji Jia disabilities epic"， in ancient Greece， "Homer's epic，" "Aesop's Fables "And so on， fall into this category， fiction， novels such novels have been about the characteristics of fiction， it is still not the literary creation， directly from the private collection record， so this type of fiction plot is relatively simple， writing rough Ban Gu said， "On the Street Lane words， hearsay are made of" is a novel kind of accurate assessment of the China's Tang Dynasty， the novel is only from history and literature become a Tang Dynasty culture has developed， the author's ideas are more open， the legend came into being at this time， Li Zhaowei "Liu Yi Chuan"， Po Chu's "Everlasting Regret，" Wolf's "Everlasting Regret Chuan" And so on， are made in accordance with the creation of the For the fictional story of the Tang Dynasty more emphasis on imagination and literary talent， not just the history of the nature of things， but as the history of Zhi Zhi who is also the novel did not The Legend of the Song Dynasty to the novel on a gradual decline， which followed the rise of this so that after processing will become a scholar so many novel and Romance novels such as "Romance of the Three Kingdoms"， "Outlaws of the Marsh"， "Journey to the W" The author of such novels is the use of private creative and re-created to describe the circumstances of the touching scenes of brilliant and vivid active in shaping the character known， there are obvious story-telling style of Here by the redevelopment， it will become an independent literary creation rather than things to come together with the civil process， the representative of this type is the "Golden Lotus"， it was an open and ordinary life on the road， the reality is that literature has come a long way The development of the latter's "A Dream of Red Mansions" in ancient China Geng Shiba realism to the novels of the "54" after the novelist began to learn from China's western fiction writing practices， and gradually out a new Western novels， is the "Renaissance" after the rapid development of The development of the Middle Ages novel near-stagnation in the West， 14， the end of the century "Renaissance" to overthrow the literature of the Church of control， 15， appeared in the western end of the century to promote freedom of thought and the liberation of personality in order to describe the reality of life and portray characters from all walks of life for the content of the Humanist novels， is to tie in with this type of novel anti-feudal Europe at the time of arising at the same time it also set the novel in the West to human describing the tone of the main Jiaqiu Italy's "Decameron"， Spain's Cervantes "Don Quixote" is the kind of representative works of The resulting novel is a classical， elegant favor of its national language to standardize the writing of this novel in 17th century France's most well- As a note on behalf of Corneille's "Cid" neoclassical story of the rise of Western novels have been a language substantially The beginning of the 18th century to promote popular science knowledge， enlightenment of the public consciousness for the purpose of the Enlightenment novels， of which there are relatively well-known German Goethe's "Faust"， the United Kingdom Defoe's "Robinson Crusoe" and the Swift "Gulliver's Travels" and so on， this type of novel to the emergence of the bourgeois revolution at the time to mold public In the 19th century， romantic fiction， realistic novels and critical realism novel turn to occupy the leading position in the field of Romantic novels， such as France Victor Hugo's "Notre Dame de Paris"， Goethe's "juvenile Witt of trouble" and so on， imaginative， unusual ideas， language and imaginative， strong Efforts to reflect the reality of the novel is the essence of life， and depict typical life of a typical phenomenon in the United Kingdom Dickens， France and Germany are of such novels as a representative of the Critical realism novels exposed the efforts of the decadent feudal system and capitalist society， the dark， in-depth criticism of the reality of evil， France Balzac and Maupassant， the United Kingdom of Charlotte， Bronte， Russia's Tolstoy， Dostoevsky， the United States of a large number of writers such as Mark Twain's works belong to this Value today， the three novels in the West is still the most important of the three types of literary East-West novel on the history of the development of more or less the Second， the characteristics of the novel in the West In addition to the basic characteristics of the novel， the story of the West also have their own characteristics are as follows: 1， the traditional Chinese novel attention to the characters， language and the details of the description， in contradiction to the conflict to display the images， but the character of a single， small changes in the absence of the main Western novels are more people pay attention to the psychological description， stressed that mining figure in the subconscious mind， good at writing full， the changes in the strong sense of the main Again， "coach Lin Feng Snow Mountain Temple" in the figure is only through dialogue and action leads to contradictions and conflicts， but Anna Karenina Wogui before a series of conflicts only with his description of the psychological will be able to express their clear; for poetry in Lin In the performance of her literary talent， and Paul with his inner monologue of the ideal; Zhang Zhong-Yong has only the character， but Jane Eyre's character is the brave， strong， warm， kind-hearted， and so many of the character and rubbing and Cheng' In short， people in the area described in the West has its own unique 2， China compared with Western fiction novel plot twists and turns more and more complete Plot twists and turns， the story is complete fiction China's unique traditional The Wei and Jin Zhi Zhi people on the novel twists and turns with vivid Tang legend in the layout of many of the famous， magnificent anomaly， rigorous and clever， dramatic plot The contents of the Ming and Qing Dynasties novels scattered irregular， undulating waves， Cuoluoyouzhi， careful structure， an integral "A Dream of Red Mansions"， everywhere She Fu， Hui turning point， the story of Jia's best Western plot in respect of the outstanding works， although there are many， but it can not be compared with the Chinese 3， concise and lively Chinese language novel， rich in content and rich Western Chinese folk artists absorbed the novel language， at the same time inherited the fine traditions of ancient prose， often a few words will be able to outline the incident or the Western novels in the author includes a broad range of knowledge， involve the community in many ways， so rich in content and rich people can gain knowledge in many Engels said he was in Balzac's novel about 19th century France's domestic situation than he received any reports are Western novels have different characteristics， and also in the West different aesthetic concepts to a certain extent 4， Western novels have been the rule of the feudal culture of oppression Chinese feudal culture makes the development of the novel is extremely difficult， Ming and Qing Dynasties more people to write stories for shame， so many great writers living， creating the conditions are not covered， many of the great works of authors who do not Western novels in the feudal culture makes almost the whole of the Middle Ages in the development of extremely slow， and many talented writers were forced to church services， wrote some of the religious nature of the article dry Third， Western novels in the future prospects for the development of End of the Qing Dynasty， China and the West have begun to understand the other side of the system， the advantages of the novel in the West have been constantly learn from each Of course， due to historical reasons， the Chinese side of the draw a little To this day， the novelist in the West efforts are still two researchers in the novel's artistic charm， although the different languages of each other's appreciation of the arts to a certain extent， but the United States are We have every reason to believe that in the near future， the novel art in the West will ultimately learn from each other and integrate， develop and reach new artistic References: "Foreign Literature" Shanghai Translation Publishing House Zhou Xu Liang "Contemporary Literature election，" Zhang Zhong， such as Beijing University Publishing House "Chinese literature history of the development of" Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House Liu Jie "Literary History of Europe" People's Literature Publishing House Yangzhou Han Wu Da-yuan Zhao Rui radish "Three high school language textbook used by the five dates of the" People's Education Press仅供参考，请自借鉴。希望对您有帮助。

有关中国戏剧的论文摘要英文版

%D6%D0%CE%F7&btn=+%CB%D1%CB%F7+ 1、 (英语系毕业论文)中西戏剧发展快慢对比及其原因摘要中西戏剧都有悠久的历史，无论是西方戏剧还是中国戏剧，都起源于民间，并与原始人祭祀神灵，欢庆节日的仪式密切联系在一起的。回顾希腊戏剧产生形成的历史，它发展快，成就高，在世界上的影响很类别：毕业论文大小：95 KB 日期：2007-07-14 2、 (英语系毕业论文)从中美管理方式的不同透析中西方文化差异与整合摘要随着全球化的来临，中国与外界的交流越来越频繁，特别是在商界。本论文主要探讨中美在管理上的交流。如今的商界，如同一个大家庭，参与者遍布世界各地。正是由于这个原因，各国的管理模式也趋于一体化。但是类别：毕业论文大小：85 KB 日期：2007-06-26 3、 (英语系毕业论文)在经济全球化下中西方文化差异与跨文化管理摘要伴随着世界经济的快速增长，跨国公司的飞速发展，全球商业活动的猛烈激增，同时伴随着在文化多样化环境下的相关管理问题的出现，跨国公司的人员必须与来自不同文化背景的人打交道，这种文化差异时而会造成类别：毕业论文大小：96 KB 日期：2007-06-26 4、 (英语系毕业论文)中西服饰文化差异对语言的影响摘要中西服饰受其各自不同哲学和文化的影响体现出不同的特征：儒家思想和大陆文明使中国服饰呈现出繁冗，宽博的特征。它不注重外表的装饰，以宽松的衣服遮掩身体的曲线，在思想上追求人格的完美，以“谦谦君类别：毕业论文大小：90 KB 日期：2007-06-25 5、 (英语系毕业论文)快餐食品对中西方传统饮食文化的影响力摘要自古以来，中国就是一个以礼待人的礼仪之邦。而在不同的国家、不同的地区，礼仪的形式也有所不同。本文主要从礼仪的角度谈论了礼仪与中西方文化之间的联系及相互影响，目的是为了消除不同国家之间的不同类别：毕业论文大小：88 KB 日期：2007-06-25 6、 (英语系毕业论文)从礼仪角度谈中西文化的差异性摘要自古以来，中国就是一个以礼待人的礼仪之邦。而在不同的国家、不同的地区，礼仪的形式也有所不同。本文主要从礼仪的角度谈论了礼仪与中西方文化之间的联系及相互影响，目的是为了消除不同国家之间的不同类别：毕业论文大小：85 KB 日期：2007-06-23 7、 (英语系毕业论文)中西饮食文化及其差异摘要中国悠久历史5000年，西方世界五六百年的社会历程。中国有灿烂丰富、博大精深的饮食文化；西方国家则有精巧专维、自成体系的饮食文明。民以食为天，中国有自己独特丰富的饮食文化底蕴。然而今天除了中国类别：毕业论文大小：100 KB 日期：2007-06-21 8、 (英语系毕业论文)中西酒店文化比较及探讨摘要在经济蓬勃发展的今天，旅游业风风火火地发展起来了，作为与旅游业相配套的酒店业也相应的完善起来，且更加趋于国际化。中国已经入世，这更给中国的酒店业带来一个新的发展契机，但世界上酒店发展规模空前，

Cao Yu's "Thunderstorm" is the history of Chinese drama an outstanding contribution to the tragedy of Chinese drama and arts development， he wrote of the tragic fate of the eight characters， all of the tragic fate of their resistance， but were unable to escape from the wells of a cruel， especially The female characters in the play， they can not be hard to escape from the miserable fate in the

I am a film fan because I have seen a lot of Also I love many Several days ago， I saw an American movie and I love her Her name is IF ONLY It is a love story about a pretty girl and a handsome Samantha is in love with her boyfriend， unfortunately he doesn't pay any attention to She is living in London attending school there to be with She is a music student and aspiring Ian is wrapped up in his job and is taking her "for Granted" A twist of fate occurs and makes him realize what he The story is perfect，I was touched I think I am the man in the film and I will do what the girl The scence is beautiful in the I love the country，also I love the two wonderful song in the I recommend this film to anyone who is a film fan， or to anyone who is a romantic at This one will get your Director did a perfect job and writer is a I look forward to any projects they take on in the

有关中国戏剧的论文摘要怎么写

如果楼主觉得多，可以自己删。　　戏剧起源　　关于戏剧起源，有九种说法。在此，我们只详细讨论各种关于戏剧起源的歌舞说的观点。　　歌舞说，此说又可析为三种：　　（1）宫廷乐舞说，清代纳兰性德《渌水亭杂识》云：“梁时大云之乐，作一老翁演述西域神仙变化之事，优伶实始于此。”刘始培在《原戏》中根据古代乐舞多有妆扮人物之事实，认为“戏曲者，导源于古代乐舞者也……则固与后世戏曲相近者也。”常任侠在《在国原始的音乐舞蹈与戏剧》中，较为系统的考察了原始音乐舞蹈的戏剧因素后认为“原始社会中的简单的音乐舞蹈，便是后来做成完美戏剧的前躯”。周贻白的《中国戏剧史长编》将中国戏剧的最早源头溯至“周秦的乐舞”。　　（2）上古歌舞说，张庚、郭汉城主编《中国戏曲通史》开篇首句云：“中国戏曲的起源可以上溯到原始时代的歌舞。”我们知道一切艺术起源于劳动，中国的歌舞也不例外。《书经舜典》上说：“予击石附石，百兽率舞。”所谓百兽率舞，并不是像后来的儒家所神秘化的那样，说是在圣人当世连百兽都来朝拜舞蹈了，这种舞是用石相击或用手击石来打出节秦的，那时连鼓也没有，可见是很原始的。到后来才有了鼓，所谓“鼓之舞之，”这就进一步了。这种舞可能是出去打猎以前的一种原始宗教仪式，也可能是打猎回来之后的一种庆祝仪式，《吕氏春秋古乐》篇中说：“帝尧立，乃命质为乐，质乃效山林溪谷之音以歌，乃以鏖革置缶而鼓之，乃拊石击石以像上帝玉磬之音，以致舞百兽。”这是战国时代关于古代乐舞的一种传说。可以透过这段歌舞的描写看出一幅原始猎人在山林中打猎的景象：“一面呼啸，一面打着、各种陶器、石器发响去恐吓野兽，于是野兽们就狼奔豸突地逃走而终于落网了，这位原始时代的艺术家“质”（其实并不是一个人，而是当时全体人民）就是按生活中的实际来创造了狩猎舞，这时所谓的“百兽”实际是人披兽皮而“舞”的场景，不过是对于狩猎生活的愉快和兴奋的回忆罢了。当然，这时的场景都是已经艺术化了，音乐、舞蹈都是已经节奏化了的，这种舞蹈带着浓厚的仪式性，它是响氏族的保护神或始祖祈祷，以求这次出去打猎获得丰收，或者是打猎回来为了酬谢神祗而举行的。但不管它是什么仪式，也不管它披着多厚的原始宗教的外衣，其实际意义，乃是一种对于劳动的演习、锻炼，这不光是锻炼了猎人们的熟练程度，而且也培养了年轻的猎人，《书经舜典》中有命夔“典乐教胄子”的记载。“胄子”的注解是贵族子弟，但原始社会没有贵族，恐怕就是年轻武士了，用乐舞去教年轻武士，不是锻炼他们又是什么呢？因为它的内容就是原始人狩猎动作的模仿。　　既然是模仿劳动的动作，这也就可以说是最原始的表演了。　　原始的舞蹈总是和歌相伴的，他们决不是闷声不响地跳，而是一面跳一面欢呼歌唱。《吕氏春秋古乐》篇中还说：“葛天氏之乐，三人操牛尾。投足而歌八阕。”略可想见当时的情形。在原始社会，歌舞不止狩猎舞一种，还有战争舞，它的性质和狩猎舞是差不多的，到了进入农耕时代，又产生了一系列有关农事的祭典，如“蜡”如“雩”。蜡是在年终时，为了酬谢与农事有关的八位神灵而举行的。在这一天，公社的成员是尽情欢乐、开怀畅饮、唱歌跳舞的。这种风气一直遗留到春秋时代。《孔子家语观乡》说：“子贡观于蜡。孔子曰：赐也，乐乎？对曰：一国之人皆若狂，赐未知其为乐也。孔子曰：百日之劳，一日之乐，一日之泽，非尔所知也。”可以看出这完全是劳动农民一年辛苦后的欢乐。　　相传“蜡”是伊耆氏所首创，一说伊耆氏就是神农氏足见这是与农业发达时期密切相连的风俗。“雩”是天旱求雨的祭祀。《周礼春官》“宗伯”下记载：“司巫……若国大旱，则帅巫而舞雩。”《周记》的记载虽然是奴隶社会的事，但显然是原始时代的遗留下来的风俗，除此之外，在原始公社的许多节日也举行舞蹈。例如男女相爱，也有一个节日，大家会合在一起来唱歌跳舞。这个节日在汉民族就是祭祀氏族女始祖的日子，所跳的舞据说就叫做“万舞”现在西南少数民族的所谓“跳月”“摇马郎”“歌墟”等可能就是这种节日遗留下来的形态。　　原始歌舞的一个主要特点是它的全民性。到了奴隶社会，有了阶级，在艺术上的情况也就起了变化，这时祭祀仪式已经不复是全民性的节日歌舞，它成了只是奴隶主贵族所专有的了，第一个把天下传给自己儿子的禹，当他治水成功，做了部落联盟的首领之后，立刻“命皋陶作为夏龠九成，以昭其功”见《吕氏春秋古乐》这里的乐舞已经开始失去全民的意义，而成为夸耀个人功绩的手段了，禹的儿子启也学习他这一手，用歌舞来夸耀，并装点自己的威严。据传说他三次上天，从天上偷来了《九招》（即《九韶》）歌舞，在“大穆之野”举行表演。从此以后，奴隶主贵族们便把本是属于全民的歌舞拿来歌颂自己的功德，《吕氏春秋古乐》篇中还说：“汤乃命伊尹作为《大护》歌《晨露》修《九招》《六列》，以见其善”。而《大武》之舞却又是歌颂周武王和周公灭商及平定奴隶叛乱的武功的，这是所谓“武舞”它是手执盾牌和武器而舞蹈的，还有歌颂周朝统治者治国如何有秩序、如何天下太平的《韶舞》，这就是称为“文舞”。　　现从《史记乐书》中引一段关于《大武》之舞的记载如下：宾牟贾侍坐于孔子，孔子与之言，及乐……子曰：“……夫乐者，象成者也，总干而山立，武王之事也，发扬蹈厉，太公之志也，武乱皆坐，周召之治也，且夫《武》，始而北出，再成而灭商，三成而南，四成而南国是疆，五成而分狭。周公左，召公右，六成复缀，以崇天子，夹振之而四伐，盛威于中国也，分夹而进，事蚤济也，久立于缀，以待诸侯之志也。”从这段对于《大武》之舞的解释来看，他包涵着一段故事的内容，舞虽不足以表现它的内容，但演故事的倾向却也存在了。　　（3）西域歌舞说，陈村、霍旭初《论西域歌舞戏》中指出：汉唐间，随东西方交通之开拓、经济文化交流之频繁，西域文化艺术的一支——歌舞戏，逐步传入中原，成为我国戏剧的重要源流之一。无论汉代的百戏，唐代的乐舞，西域成分都占相当比重，尤其在唐代，戏剧的因素渗入乐舞之中，西域歌舞戏与中原传统戏剧的融合，不仅出现了唐代兴盛的歌舞戏品种，并对后世的戏剧有十分深远的影响，我国学者任半塘先生指出：唐代歌舞戏“纵面承接汉晋南北朝之渊源，横面彩纳西域歌舞戏之情调 ”早在半个多世纪以前，许地山先生就阐述了六朝时候西域诸如龟兹，康国等及伊斯兰或印度乐舞的东来，有“杂戏”也进入中土的见解。　　关于唐代歌舞戏，《旧唐书音乐志》载：歌舞戏有大面、拨头、踏摇娘、窟垒子等戏。任半塘先生认为凡唐人“俳优歌舞杂奏”皆为歌舞戏。他在《唐戏弄》第二章《歌舞戏总》中还指出：“一旦内容有故，或技艺涉说白，虽记载简略，表现模糊。亦非认为歌舞戏不可。”属西域歌舞戏者，《旧唐书》中仅举“拨、头”一戏，曰“拨头出西域，胡人为猛兽所噬，其子求兽杀之，为此舞以象之也。”任半塘考歌舞戏，涉受西域影响的戏剧很多，明确指出为西域歌舞戏“剧录”者有“西凉伎”、“苏莫遮”、“舍利弗”等，属“戏体”者有“钵头”、“弄婆罗门”等。“苏莫遮”是西域歌舞戏中有代表性的一个剧目，对苏莫遮的记载，以唐慧琳《一切经音义》四十一为详细：苏莫遮，西戎胡语也，正云飒磨遮，此戏本出西龟兹国，至今犹有此曲，此国浑脱、大面、拨头之类也，或作兽面或像鬼神，假作种种面具形状，以泥水沾沥行人，或持索搭钩，捉人为戏，每年七月初，公行此戏，七日乃停。土俗相传云：常以此法禳厌，驱趁罗刹恶鬼食啖人民之灾也。”苏莫遮，又称泼寒胡戏，从文献上看，苏莫遮在中原，大都是供统治者娱乐的，自北‘周宣帝大象元年到唐玄宗开元元看130多年，常列为宫廷内玩赏的节目，这自然要经过无数次的改造，并随政治风云而变易。　　在这里叙述了歌舞说的观点，希望关于戏剧起源有更多的人关注和研究。

皮影的意义可以用8个字概括一下：影响深远、意义重大。是中国首批非物质文化遗产（2006年被国家列为中国首批非物质文化遗产名录）皮影发源于西汉时期的陕西，距今已有一千多年的历史，是世界上较早的由人配音的影画艺术，被公认是现代“电影始祖” 。“三尺生绡做戏台，全凭十指逞诙谐，有时明月灯窗下，一笑还从掌中来”。小小的一张皮影，简单的布幕舞台，操作者灵巧的手指，加上一点光亮，就能表现出生活中的人生百态，历史中的无数逸事。皮影戏是我国古老的剧种之一，是世代民间艺人智慧的结晶，它集绘画、雕刻、文学、音乐、舞台表演于一体，有着很高的历史、文化、艺术价值，被称为中国民间艺术的“活化石”。国家大剧院的皮影戏展演吸引了很多国内外观众，展演第一周前来参观的观众就达4万多，古老的皮影戏正被更多的人了解和喜爱。皮影的收藏热度也逐渐升温。

正因为这结局大仇得报，才是悲剧，不但是窦娥的悲剧，也是整个中华民族的悲剧，中华文化的悲剧。迎合大众心理，是关汉卿的悲剧。这结局反映出我们的民族性格中悲剧性的弱点

有关中国戏剧的论文摘要英文翻译

基本没错Subject: This paper by the Chinese drama and the drama of the West， to understand different cultural Chapter 1: Introduction 1 on Chinese drama 1 Chinese drama of the origin， development 2 drama associated with the Chinese Art Chapter 2: Western drama through the understanding of similarities and differences between different cultures 1 in the Western drama in common 1 and literature is closely related to 2 use of the story are love stories 2 in the Western drama of the different 1 complex with the independent body 2 singing a different way 3 different themes 4 different roles allocation method 5 different Wumei 6 different make-up 7 different outcome 8 different audience 9 Routine and symbolic significance 3 drama of different social status Chapter 3: different cultures and in the Central and Western philosophy embodied in the drama Chapter IV: summary

多少字的呢，格式有吗