关于宝石的论文题目怎么写初中英语

这几年翡翠和田涨的厉害可以分写下写论文很有用的实用和实际接轨石家庄晶玉来珠宝行可以为您提供这方面论文

钻石（Diamond）红宝石（Ruby）绿宝石（Emerald）蓝宝石（Sapphire）黄宝石（Topaz）紫宝石（Amethyst）骷髅（Skull）

相似宝玉石的常规仪器鉴定摘要:笔者对相似宝玉石进行了论述，重点叙述了28种相似宝玉石品种的鉴别与相似宝玉石品种的区别特征。关键字:相似宝玉石鉴定特征区别 1、钻石与合成碳硅石的鉴别二者在光泽、火彩、密度上基本相同，折射率都大于78，用热导仪检测均有钻石反应。所不同的是:合成碳硅石为一轴晶正光性，放大观察时小面棱重影、白线状细长的管状包体，在电导仪下具导电反应;而钻石放大观察无小面棱重影，且具有天然矿物包体，电导仪检测无反应。2、红宝石与红色石榴子石的鉴别二者均为红色、光泽、密度又相似;红宝石为非均质体宝石，具多色性。石榴子石为均质体宝石，无多色性;前者有荧光。后者无;前者的光谱在蓝区为吸收线。后者的光谱在蓝区为吸收带;3、紫水晶、方柱石、堇青石的鉴别三者均为紫色调，折射率、密度基本相似。紫水晶与方柱石的区别在于:前者无解理，贝壳状断囗，有色带，一轴晶正光性。而后者具有解理，参差状断囗，一轴晶负光性;紫水晶与堇青石的区别:堇青石有解理，二轴晶，三色性明显。而紫水晶为弱二色性;堇青石与方柱石的区别:前者明显的三色性，二轴晶。后者弱的二色性，一轴晶;4、碧玺、磷灰石、赛黄晶的鉴别三者虽然颜色各异，但其折射率、密度基本相似。其主要区别在于:碧玺为一轴晶负光性，双折射率大，具明显的二色性，放大观察可见明显的小面棱重影;磷灰石也为一轴晶负光性，但双折射率小，多色性不明显，具解理，在580nm有双吸收线;赛黄晶虽然具解理，但为二轴晶，可见干涉图和弱的荧光;5、石英与长石的鉴别这里的石英是指具有乳光效应、半透明的种类。长石是指具有月光效应的白色品种;二者的区别在于:石英为一轴晶正光性，无解理、贝壳状断囗，折射率为544—553;长石为二轴晶，有解理、具晕彩效应;6、尖晶石与符山石的鉴别尖晶石与符山石的区别:前者均质性，有时具光性异常，无多色性，放大观察见细小八面体负晶;后者为一轴晶，有多色性，但是双折射率小，放大观察见气液包体、矿物包体;7、透辉石与矽线石的鉴别透辉石的鉴定特征为具有两组解理，断囗为参差状，外光源放大观察(凸面型的底面)，除了具明显的阶梯状断面外，还有与之垂直的裂缝，此裂缝即为另一组解理，多具星光效应;与之区别的矽线石特征为:具有一组解理，外光源放大观察(凸面型的底面)，具有向珍珠的沙丘纹状的阶梯，实为解理，没有与之垂直的裂缝，此为一组解理的特征，多具有星光效应;8、绿色柱晶石与绿色透辉石的鉴别二者均为二轴晶，也都具猫眼效应。区别在于:柱晶石具明显的多色性，双折射率小。而透辉石具有弱的多色性，双折射率较大，铬透辉石在红区有铬的吸收线;9、无色钠长石玉、无色石英岩玉、无色蛇纹石玉、无色玛瑙的鉴别无色钠长石玉主要由钠长石组成，其折射率均低于54，放大观察(凸面型的边部)，多数具柱粒状变晶结构;而石英岩玉的折射率为54以上，放大观察(凸面型的边部)为鳞片粒状或粒状变晶结构。也就是二者的折射率、结构不一样;无色蛇纹石玉为纤维状变晶结构，区别于石英岩玉、钠长石玉;而玛瑙为隐晶质结构，具同心层状、条带状组构。区别于其它玉石;10、葡萄石与软玉的鉴别葡萄石除可见到特征的放射状结构外，亦可见438nm的弱吸收带。此带位于紫区的边缘，在观察时，必须先观察分光镜紫区的宽窄，然后放上宝石观察才能观察到;软玉为纤维状变晶结构，分光镜检测，各别在蓝区有模糊的吸收线，紫区无;11、翡翠与水钙铝榴石的鉴别此二种玉石只是密度相似，折射率相差较大，二者的结构也有差别，之所以在这里提出，是因为在平时的教学中，学生常把水钙铝榴石鉴定为染色的翡翠。究其原因是学生只观测了滤色镜和密度，而没有测折射率。故二者的区别是:结构、折射率;12、菱锰矿与蔷薇辉石的鉴别二者均为锰至色，又都为粉红色。区别在于:前者的折射率在60-78之间变化，是一个动值。而后者的折射率在73左右，是一个固定的值(54除外，因测到共生物石英);前者的组构为鲕状、肾状、条带状、层纹状、粒状等。而后者为柱粒状变晶结构;前者盐酸测试有反应，后者无反应;以上是笔者在多年的教学实践中总结出来的一些经验，由于样品所限，难免有挂一漏万之嫌。故只能是抛砖引玉，以此启发、告诫同行和后人，少走或不走弯路。因为在宝玉石的鉴定过程中，要有科学的态度，严紧求实的作风。切不可对所从事的工作不负责任，我们鉴定工作者的失误，会给消费者和商家带来不必要的麻烦、社会的不和协、经济上的纠纷等，为此宝玉石鉴定是一项科学性和技术性很强的工作，必须严格地按照工作程序有步骤和有条理的进行，而不应敷衍塞责、信口开河、应付了事。宝玉石鉴定的结果应该是准确无误，即使经权威的宝玉石鉴定专家运用现代的仪器设备进行核查也仍然如此。以树立良好的信誉。珠宝鉴定工作者必须具有强烈的事业心、有为国家和社会、为人民负责任的精神，愿意为宝玉石事业发展而努力工作，做诚实守信的模范。参考文献李劲松赵松龄等。宝玉石大典北京:北京出版社2001李兆聪宝石鉴定法北京地质出版社1994

1、题目：题目应简洁、明确、有概括性，字数不宜超过20个字（不同院校可能要求不同）。本专科毕业论文一般无需单独的题目页，硕博士毕业论文一般需要单独的题目页，展示院校、指导教师、答辩时间等信息。英文部分一般需要使用Times NewRoman字体。2、版权声明：一般而言，硕士与博士研究生毕业论文内均需在正文前附版权声明，独立成页。个别本科毕业论文也有此项。3、摘要：要有高度的概括力，语言精练、明确，中文摘要约100—200字（不同院校可能要求不同）。4、关键词：从论文标题或正文中挑选3～5个（不同院校可能要求不同）最能表达主要内容的词作为关键词。关键词之间需要用分号或逗号分开。5、目录：写出目录，标明页码。正文各一级二级标题（根据实际情况，也可以标注更低级标题）、参考文献、附录、致谢等。6、正文：专科毕业论文正文字数一般应在3000字以上，本科文学学士毕业论文通常要求8000字以上，硕士论文可能要求在3万字以上（不同院校可能要求不同）。毕业论文正文：包括前言、本论、结论三个部分。前言（引言）是论文的开头部分，主要说明论文写作的目的、现实意义、对所研究问题的认识，并提出论文的中心论点等。前言要写得简明扼要，篇幅不要太长。本论是毕业论文的主体，包括研究内容与方法、实验材料、实验结果与分析（讨论）等。在本部分要运用各方面的研究方法和实验结果，分析问题，论证观点，尽量反映出自己的科研能力和学术水平。结论是毕业论文的收尾部分，是围绕本论所作的结束语。其基本的要点就是总结全文，加深题意。7、致谢：简述自己通过做毕业论文的体会，并应对指导教师和协助完成论文的有关人员表示谢意。8、参考文献：在毕业论文末尾要列出在论文中参考过的所有专著、论文及其他资料，所列参考文献可以按文中参考或引证的先后顺序排列，也可以按照音序排列（正文中则采用相应的哈佛式参考文献标注而不出现序号）。9、注释：在论文写作过程中，有些问题需要在正文之外加以阐述和说明。10、附录：对于一些不宜放在正文中，但有参考价值的内容，可编入附录中。有时也常将个人简介附于文后。

关于宝石的论文题目大全初中英语

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Gemstones have played an important role in the religious and secular life of India from very early They were used in sacred ceremonies as magical charms and for protection against all forms of evil besides being decorative or luxury They were also considered to have invaluable healing Their worth was equally tied to their spiritual qualities， their aesthetic appeal， their monetary value and their supernatural The Legend According to a legend， a powerful demon Bala conquered the kingdom of Heaven and became a tyrannical ruler of the The demi-gods， however， opposed his rule and sought to destroy Under the pretext of choosing a boon， they requested Bala to be the sacrificial animal in a ritual Once the demon was tied to the stake， the demi-gods killed His body was dismembered and the severed parts of his body were transformed into precious gem Then followed a great tussle among the demi-gods and other celestial beings over the As a result， these got Some fell into rivers， some in oceans and others into forests and As they lay buried， they began to germinate into rubies， sapphires， cat's eyes， and an endless variety of other precious On account of their intrinsic merit， some of them imbibed the power of quelling obstacles accruing from the influence of demons， poisons， serpents and sickness whereas others were devoid of any Types Of Gems As Described In PuranasVarious types of gems figure in the Puranas (ancient Sanskrit texts) and each of them is associated with specific Works on Indian chemistry proclaim nine varieties of gems: diamond， coral， pearl， emerald， cat's eye， cinnamon stone (gomedaka)， ruby， sapphire and The Puranas also refer to lapis lazuli and Modern gemologists believe that， except for the emerald， all these precious stones were mined in I The known emerald mines of this country are of modern No evidence of ancient emerald mines has been found in I It is probably that emeralds used in ancient jewelry were stones that found their way into India from ancient E In Egypt， emerald mines and working tools and other equipment dating to about 1650 BC have been The science of gem preparation in ancient India was well developed in the early centuries of the Christian era (Puranic perioid) The diamond was found in different parts of the country and at least six colors of diamonds were known， each being associated with a particular deity: green with Vishnu (the Preserver)， white with Varuna (god of Oceans)， yellow with Indra (god of Heavens)， brown with Agni (Fire god)， blue with Yama (god of Death) and copper colored with the Maruts (Storm god) A Diamond For Each CasteThe king could wear diamonds of any color， as he was the lord of all Each caste， however， was recommended a specific color and improper use of colors in diamonds by the different castes was believed to be the most Thus， for a Brahmin (the priestly class) a diamond of pure white luster was For a Kshatriya (warrior class)， a diamond of a reddish hue was considered auspicious， for a Vaisya (trading class) one with a greenish tint was appropriate and for the Sudra (working class) one， which had the luster of a well-polished sword， was believed to be A spotless diamond was considered to be the abode of A perfect diamond was considered to be the one that could float in water and had six elevated tips， eight equal sides and twelve sharp World's Greatest DiamondsSome of the world's greatest diamonds have originated in India such as the Kohinoor， the Great Mogul and O The Kohinoor， which after changing hands many times， was purchased by Britain in 1849 and now adorns the crown of the Queen of E Originally， it weighed 191 carats but when it was recut in 1852 at Garrards of London its weight was reduce to 108 The Great Mogul found in 1650 weighed 280 It was the largest diamond ever cut in India and its whereabouts are The Orlov， which had its origin in the mid-18th century Karnataka war， was stolen from an Indian temple where it formed one of the eyes of an It weighed nearly 200 carats and was sold to an English naval It was eventually bought by Russian Court and now adorns the Kremlin Testing The StonesThere are references in ancient Indian texts about the preparation of imitation diamonds by the use of iron， topaz， gomedaka， lapis lazuli， crystal and different kinds of And that is perhaps why diamonds were tested by means of alkaline solutions and the emery According to the Garuda Purana， to test whether a pearl is real or not， it should be placed in heated water mixed with some oil and salt， for one After removing it from the water， it should be rubbed with barley grains and then covered with a dry If it does not lose its luster then it is a real Methods for giving luster to a pearl are also The pearl should be placed in cavity of a fish， which is then smeared with clay and The pearl should then be boiled in milk， then in water and finally in The pearl thus treated assumes an excellent Effect On Human BodyAccording to the traditional Indian belief， the human body is composed of the seven colors of the rainbow， associated with seven kinds of Diseases enter the body when there is a deficiency or excess of any ray in our Each color is associated with a particular gem， which in turn is associated with a particular According to astrologers， a gem is beneficial when worn in the phase of a particular planet as these stones also affect our health and Besides， there are other important characteristics of gemstones in their medicinal The ruby associated with the Sun is extremely hot and releases hot waves in the form of red cosmic It should be worn only during the winter It cures ulcers， bone disorders， arthritis， blood diseases， anemia and general The pearl is associated with the Moon， which in turn is associated with fertility and Being cold， it releases cold waves capable of curing diseases arising out of hot rays - heat stroke， high blood pressure， boils and It is particularly useful for uterine The red coral is associated with Mars and is a very useful gem for every It rules over the excretory glands， kidney， urinary systems， sex organs and sweat By assuring the proper clearing out of waste products from the blood and body， it keeps the body The emerald is associated with Mercury， the planet of nerves， intellect， memory， creative ability and This gem has the power to cure all sorts of eye and ear troubles， forgetfulness， epilepsy， stammering， insanity and nervous Real emeralds can be determined by holding them for some times before the A fake stone will impart a hot or irritable sensation to the But a real emerald will soon make the eyes The blue sapphire is associated with Saturn and is believed to have miraculous and magical powers in healing all sorts of diseases of the brain and The very light blue sapphire is usually preferred for healing It cures diarrhea， dysentery， gastric ulcers， nervous disorders， heart troubles， paralysis， Parkinson's diseases， arthritis and But it is too cold and should be worn on the middle finger of the right hand along with a copper ring on the first finger of the left The copper ring will protect the wearer from the bad effects of the blue This stone strengthens concentration， precision and perfection in any During the winter months the sapphire should be worn with a red coral otherwise， there is a possibility that one will have to suffer from severe cold， cough， bronchitis and The cat's eye associated with Ketu is an extremely hot gem and heals cancer， paralysis， acne and other skin The yellow sapphire (topaz) is associated with Jupiter and is believed to have the miraculous power to bring prosperity and It cures rheumatism， arthritis， gout， sciatica， lumbago， spondylitis， impotency， frigidity and It is preferably used with one red The diamond is neither hot nor It is associated with Venus and is believed to have no real power in healing any Today， gems have increasingly acquired a commercial And given the rich tradition our society is steeped in， gems will continue to be an important part of our religious and secular Healing PropertiesEach gem in the mala was given certain attributes of healing properties， according to ancient lore， and the practice is still in vogue The ruby protects against poisonous substances and banishes any evil spirits that hover It also gives energy to the wearer and changes color if the wearer is in bad The emerald is an antidote for all stomach complaints， stings and bites; it is soothing to eyes when mixed with saffron， and a protection against poisonous insects or It was used in ancient times by mariners to prevent Emeralds are said to pale if the wearer is faced with As it is the stone of the Goddess of Love， it helps lovers in their The coral is extremely popular as it is a stone that is said to cure diseases， help the memory and act as a powerful protection against the That is perhaps why it is often used in rosaries and made into chains for little Pearls give strength to the heart and are often used in Ayurvedic In India， pearls have always been a favorite ornament in royal Blue has always been the color of enlightenment and in Buddhism， the wearing of sapphire was said to increase In the West， bishops and cardinals also wore sapphires in ancient In spite of being held in sacred esteem， sapphires can also bring bad luck if worn by a person who does not have it as a The garnet is found in many colors though the best known is deep red， almost resembling a Garnets are often used to imitate precious stones， but have not been recorded as having any special properties of On the other hand， the topaz is used for occult It is used in the Middle East， for averting the evil， and is said to bring wealth and long life to the The topaz can be golden yellow in color and sometimes The cat's eye is usually brownish There is often a light line， which shines through， giving the idea of an eye from which it derives its Many of these jewels are worn set in rings， mounted so that they touch the The stone and its weight are decided according to the individual's astrological The nine jewels of the necklace are a combination of the different gems and perhaps were originally threaded together to ensure general well There is no doubt that the variety of color looks beautiful and it would be interesting if more research were done in the meaningfulness of the Navaratna， the nine

这里有宝石的英文名字而已： Agate 玛瑙 Aguamarine 海蓝宝石 Alexandrite 亚历山大变色石 Alexandrite Cat's eye 亚历山大变色猫眼 Amber 琥珀 Amethyst 紫水晶 Andradite 钙铁榴石 Apatite 磷灰石 Apophyllite 鱼眼石 Augite 普通辉石 Axinite 斧石 Banded Agate 条纹玛瑙 Barite 重晶石 Benitoite 蓝锥矿 Beryl 绿柱石 Celesite 天青石 Cessiterite 锡石 Chiastolite 空晶石 Chrysoberyl Cat's eye 金绿宝石猫眼 Citrine 黄水晶 Coral 珊瑚 Chrysoberyl 金绿宝石 Danburite 赛黄晶 Demantoid 翠榴石 Diamond 钻石 Diopside 透辉石 Dioptase 透视石 Emerald xxx Enstatite 顽火辉石 Euclase 蓝柱石 Fluorite 萤石 Garnet 石榴石 Green Quartz 绿水晶 Grossularite 钙铝榴石 Hawk's eye 鹰眼石 Hydrogrossular 水钙铝榴石 Iolite 菫青石 Jadeite 硬玉、辉玉、翡翠 Kunzite 孔赛石 Kyanite 蓝晶石 Lapis Lazuli 青金石 Lazulite 天蓝石 Malachite 孔雀石 Marble 大理石 Moldavite 摩达曼托石、绿曜岩、暗绿玻璃 Natural Glass 天然玻璃 Obsidian 黑曜岩 Oligoclase 奥长石 Opal 蛋白石 Black Opal 黑蛋白石 Fire Opal 火蛋白石 Orthoclase 正长石 Pearl 珍珠 Mother of Pearl 贝壳 Peridot 橄榄石 Prehnite 葡萄石 Rose Quartz 粉晶 Ruby 红宝石 Sapphire 蓝宝石 Sillimanite 硅线石 Smithsonite 菱锌矿 Smoky Quartz 烟水晶 South sea Pearl 南洋珠 Spessortite 锰铝榴石 Sphene 榍石 Spinel 尖晶石 Spodumene 锂辉石 Talc 滑石 Tanzanite 丹泉石 Topaz 黄玉、拓帕石 Tourmaline 碧玺、电气石 Tremolite 透闪石 Zircon

关于宝石的论文题目怎么写高中英语

英文名称gem “宝石”一词有广义和狭义之分。广义的宝石泛指一切美丽而珍贵的石料，我国学者用“贵美石”一词替代。狭义的宝石则专指可用于制作贵重首饰的石料。一般认为它应具有瑰丽、稀罕和耐久三个特性。当今首饰市场上使用的宝石材料可按人工介入程度的不同将其分为六种：真正的天然宝石，经人工改良的天然宝石，合成宝石，人造宝石，模拟宝石和粘合宝石。

这几年翡翠和田涨的厉害可以分写下写论文很有用的实用和实际接轨石家庄晶玉来珠宝行可以为您提供这方面论文

这篇没翻译Diamond is the hardest known natural material (third-hardest known material after aggregated diamond nanorods and ultrahard fullerite)， whose hardness and high dispersion of light make it useful for industrial applications and Diamonds are specifically renowned as a material with superlative physical qualities — they make excellent abrasives because they can be scratched only by other diamonds， Borazon， ultrahard fullerite， or aggregated diamond nanorods， which also means they hold a polish extremely well and retain their About 130 million carats (26，000 kg) are mined annually， with a total value of nearly USD $9 [citation needed] About 100，000 kg are synthesized The name “diamond” derives from the ancient Greek adamas (αδάμας; “invincible”) They have been treasured as gemstones since their use as religious icons in India at least 2，500 years ago— and usage in drill bits and engraving tools also dates to early human [citation needed] Popularity of diamonds has risen since the 19th century because of increased supply， improved cutting and polishing techniques， growth in the world economy， and innovative and successful advertising They are commonly judged by the “four Cs”: carat， clarity， color， and Roughly 49% of diamonds originate from central and southern Africa， although significant sources of the mineral have been discovered in Canada， India， Russia， Brazil， and A They are mined from kimberlite and lamproite volcanic pipes， which brought to the surface the diamond crystals from deep in the Earth where the high pressure and temperature enables the formation of the The mining and distribution of natural diamonds are subjects of frequent controversy such as with concerns over the sale of conflict diamonds by African paramilitary There are also allegations that the De Beers Group misuses its dominance in the industry to control supply and manipulate price via monopolistic practices， although in recent years the company's market share has dropped to below 50% In our everyday lives， colors paint our moods and tint our Without color our lives would be bland We would endure a monochrome existence - no powder blue in the sky， no mauve in the sunset， no green in the Colored diamonds come in all of those hues and every other color in nature， sometimes combining in the most beguiling Two factors other than size help to determine the value of colored One is body color in the rough diamond crystal and the other is the quality in the cutting process expressed in the Crystalline cocktails devised by nature over tens of millions of Colors are part mystery， part scientific Blue diamonds are derived from the element boron， which， over eons， mixes within the carbon base of the Yellow diamonds acquire their vibrant colors from Grey， violet and olive diamonds contain The pink， brown and purple tinges in some diamonds derive from structural anomalies within the Some diamonds attain a green color because they came into contact with a natural source of radiation within the earth， probably uranium Each colored diamond is different not only because of its natural body color but also because of the way it is shaped and finally Most fancy color diamonds are cut into cushion or radiant shapes forms， which best bring out the depth of The most skilled cutters shorten the optical light path through the diamond， creating the bright sparkle that is reflected from Cutting deeper pavilions and creating different facets may intensify The cutting of colored diamonds is significantly important， performed by highly skilled craftsmen who combine their technical knowledge with a deep appreciation for beauty and Different regions of the earth have yielded particular types of colored diamonds， and each color requires a master cutter's knowledge and appreciation to unlock the beauty " An architect who created a beautiful edifice， an artist who painted a fine picture， a poet who composed melodious rhymes - they are all gripped with one feeling - a lapidary (gem cutter) feels the same " D Kreptiukov 1929 话说彩钻在我们生命中的每天，颜色描绘着我们的心情和表达我们的情绪。没有彩色我们的生命会是平淡的。我们将忍耐没有丁点蓝色的天空，没有紫霞的日落，没有绿色的森林。彩色钻石将自然界所有的颜色都融入自身，有时以最具欺骗性的方式结合。除大小之外还有二个因素决定着彩钻石的价值。一是钻石原始晶体本身的颜色，另一个是在加工过程中表现出来的切工等级。大自然用数千万数年设计出了晶体的鸡尾酒。颜色部份的秘密，我们用科学解析。蓝色钻石是硼元素经过千百万年与钻石内部碳元素混合而产生的颜色。黄色钻石颜色的产生是因为聚合态的氮震动的结果。灰色的，紫罗兰色的和黄绿色的钻石因为含义定量的氢离子所以产生了对应的颜色。粉红的，褐色和紫色钻石颜色的产生是钻石内部晶格变形的结果。绿色的钻石是因为他们在地球内部接触到天然的放射源，经过幅照就产生了颜色。每颗彩钻颜色的不同不仅仅是因为它所固有的天然的颜色，还因为切割成成品所选择的不同切割方式。大多数彩钻都被切割成枕型或放射型琢型，为的是让钻石的颜色有足够的饱和度。最熟练的切割技师通过缩短光穿过钻石内部的距离，使得光线的反射能够更好的体现钻石的活力。将亭部切割的较深并将刻面切割的与常规刻面的有所区别能够更好的表现彩钻的色彩。彩色钻石的切工是至为重要的，切割技师必须对美和色彩有着很深的理解，在此基础上综合运用他的技术与知识才能真正创作出好的切工。地球的不同区域产出不同类型颜色的彩色钻石，每种颜色都需要切割大师用他的知识和对彩钻的理解去开启它内在的美丽。 “…一位建筑师创造了一栋伟大的建筑，一个艺术家完成了一幅传世佳作，一位诗人构思完成了一首绝妙的诗歌——他们的心里全部都流动着同一种感觉——这种感觉与一位宝石工匠心里的(宝石切割师)一模一样。”

关于宝石的论文题目大全初中生英语

这几年翡翠和田涨的厉害可以分写下写论文很有用的实用和实际接轨石家庄晶玉来珠宝行可以为您提供这方面论文

钻石（Diamond）红宝石（Ruby）绿宝石（Emerald）蓝宝石（Sapphire）黄宝石（Topaz）紫宝石（Amethyst）骷髅（Skull）

主题：珠宝企业区域市场营销用户: 3笑内容: 珠宝企业区域市场营销珠宝企业区域市场营销论文题目 —— 《珠宝企业区域市场营销》大纲：一：什么是区域市场开发二：中国珠宝首饰行业的基本现状分析三：珠宝企业区域市场开发和规划六步走四：区域市场如何经营五：案例赏析——潮宏基珠宝成功启示录六：论文总结及致感谢辞 4．"融合贯通，共存共荣"--营销伙伴制这种方式是，企业一方面选择目标市场内信誉好、实力强的经销商作为独家营销总代理，一方面派驻得力可靠的业务代表与之使用，在厂家的指导下共同开发市场，形成利益共享、风险同担的"合作伙伴关系"，这样即可靠掌握市场行情和竞争动态，又可利用经销商的分销网络，即减少了风险度，又增加了营销的透明度。此方此较适用于外地市场的进入。上述方式孰弃孰用，需结合企业与市场实际择优而定。其次，区域市场的进入还应选择恰当的时机，恰当的时机有： 1．销售旺季到来前； 2．重大事件发生时或重要节日到来时； 3．市场总需求量增大时； 4．市场出现空缺或断档时。区域市场的进入也应注重策略的动用，如： A淡季营销，旺季销售多数产品都有销售淡旺季之分。旺季往往是同质产品广告大战、促销大战如火如荼之时，而淡季许多企业则显得无所事事，生意清冷。如何在淡季有所为，使淡中有旺，这是企业值得探索的问题。企业可以利用淡季深入市场，调查研究，或选择新客户巩固老关系，强化分销通路建设，以利下一个旺季开门红。也可以在淡季策动市场(以扣人心弦的主题、新颖独到的方式、诱人心动的卖点启动消费)，使淡中生旺。也可以在淡季提前迸行具有鲜明主题的广告、宣传活动，为旺季销售铺垫。 B浑水摸鱼，乘虚而入任何区域市场环境都有企业营销不可控因素，强势品牌或竟争对手，也不免会遇到或出现这样或那样的困厄和失误，甚至出现乱市，此时，企业如趁机进入，以攻其薄弱，伤其锐气，夺其份额，必能后来者居上。 6全面巩固与维护区域市场为什么有些企业辛辛苦苦建立的区域市场为后来者据之?这是因为企业没有全面巩固与维护之。俗话说;"打江山容易，守江山难"。区城市场的建立也同理。企业攻下某个区域市场后其市场追随者会步其后尘对其侵进。企业欲守住市场，须采用强力有效的手段。巩固市场最有效的手段之一是渗透市场，即对现有市场进行全面渗透。网络渗透。通过向广大中间商让利，加大广告促销力度，提高中间商销量。产品渗透。扩大产品使用范围(如康师傅方便面，由外食型到家食型)增加产品品种(增加了红烧牛肉面、满汉大餐)扩大产品效用(可干食的干脆面），改进产品质量。顾客渗透。根据不同顾客的不同需求，开发新的产品(如方便米饭、方便粥、微波食品等)满足不同层次的需要。巩固市场最有效的手段之二是维护市场，即对现有市场进行全面维护。以上，笔者阐述了区城市场规划的基本思路和方法，但这些还属于框架性，尚需同具体市场条件相结合进行企划，方可具有较强的操作性。愿本文所思所想能对企业，尤其是中小企业的区城市场建立有所裨益。产品定位的产品认识对现代广告策划的必要性，重要性如今我国市场正处于从未有过的激烈的“战国时代”。众多品牌的不断涌现，特别是产品间的差异性越来越小，同质性越来越高，令得市场争夺日益困难。与此同时，消费者在商品的“汪洋大海”之中选择愈来愈不容易，在越来越多的品牌面前显得无所适从，从而使不少公司更因无法博得“上帝”的欢心而焦头烂额。到底怎样才能在竞争中如何才能脱颖而出，获得成功? 这个问题的答案要从消费者出发去探究。面对这些千人一面品，消费者没工夫去一一识别，而往往只会选择那些在他们心占据一定位置的品牌。从战略上看，高明的竟争战略是“攻心为上，攻城为下”。要脱颖而出，就要击中消费者的心，在其心中占据阵地。问题是—— 如何才能击中消费者的心? 有一张获奖照片能给予我们启示：在整张照片上布满了挤得密密的牛，这上百只牛形体极其相似，唯有一只却异常引入注目，在其他的牛都低头觅食的时候，它却抬头回眸，瞪着大眼好奇地望着摄影镜头，神情趣怪可爱。每个看到这照片的人无不一下于被那头牛吸引住目光，并对其留下难以磨灭的印象，而对其他牛则难以留下记忆。这说明了一个道理：有差异的，与众不同的事物才容易吸引人的注意力。同样，要令你的品牌能吸引消费者，而不被浩如烟海的商品所淹灭，就要尽力造成差异，追求与众不同，以使消费者易于将其与其他品牌区分开来，并进而在心目中占有一定的位置。这项工作在营销理论中被称为定位。区域定位在进行营销策划时，我们应当为产品确立前景市场区域，是进入国际市场、全国市场，还是在某市场、某地等。找准了自己的市场，会使你的营销计划在轻松中获取成功。否则，你便有可能失败。职业定位职业定位是考虑将产品或劳务销售给什么职业的人。饲料售给农民及养殖户，文具售给学生，这是非常明显的，而真正能产生营销效益的往往是那些不明显的，不易被察觉的定位。因此，你在进行市场定位时要有一双明察秋毫的眼睛，及时发现竞争者的视觉盲点，这样你便可以在定位领域内获得巨大的收获。住宾馆免不了床，但对于商务旅游者——大大小小的经理们来说，除了床，他还需要一个像样的办公室，而满足这些要求的宾馆房间就会成为这些人的首要选择。上海南京西路有家不大的宾馆就以职业定位方式，巧妙占领了这块市场。白天你走进这些外地经理们的“办公室”，看不出有什么两样：电话、沙发、写字台……而到了夜晚，轻轻按一下机关，暗墙里就会缓缓伸出两张席梦思床，办公室于是变成了标准客房。对于经理们来说，既不需要多付房租，又不掉身份，花了标准间的钱，享受了套房的便利，真可谓一举两得。该宾馆的入住率又怎么能不提高呢？阶层定位每个社会都有许多社会阶层，不同的阶层有不同的消费特点和消费需求，你所推销的产品究竟面向什么阶层，这是你在制定营销计划时应当认真考虑的事。按照不同的标准，可以对社会上的人进行不同的阶层划分，如按知识划分，就有高知阶层、中知阶层和低知阶层；按收入不同划分，就有高薪阶层、中薪阶层和低薪阶层；按职位不同划分，又可分为领导阶层和职员阶层。进行阶层定位，就是要牢牢把握住某一阶层的需求特点，从营销的各个层面上满足他们的需求。个性定位个性定位是考虑把自己的产品如何销售给那些具有特殊个性的人。每个人都有自己的个性，一种产品不可能满足所有的人的要求，尤其是某些个人消费品。这时，选择一部分具有相同个性的人作为自己的定位目标，针对他们的爱好实施营销策略，可以取得最佳的营销效果。例如，北京皮件四厂是一个专门制作皮衣的企业，在皮衣的生产过程中，总是免不了留下许多残料。能不能将这些废料充分利用，并生产出一种富有个性的产品呢？经过市场分析，他们发现目前社会上有一些年轻人，有一种寻求刺激，不满足传统，爱追新潮的性格，如果把这些残料制成“乞丐包”出售，肯定会受这些人的欢迎。很快“乞丐包”面市了，果然不出所料，销量很大，一时间还供不应求。

关于宝石的论文题目怎么写初中

"黄金有价玉有价"——翡翠质量等级鉴定与市场价格指数研究。

蓝宝石及其鉴别传统意义上的蓝宝石的(Sapphire)矿物学名称为刚玉，化学成分为Al2O3，一般是靛蓝、蓝、浅蓝乃至绿、灰蓝等。广义的蓝宝石是指除红宝石(Ruby)以外的所有宝石级的刚玉。狭义上的蓝宝石则专指呈现蓝色的透明且杂质较少并不影响石质的宝石级刚玉。蓝宝石的矿物学物理性质同普通刚玉一样，折光率为762~770，双折射率008~10，均具有明显的二色性，其密度大约在95g/cm3-10g/cm3之间，其硬度仅次于金刚石，摩氏硬度为9。宝石级刚玉若在加工过程中，垂直刚玉光轴切割，则可能出现六道放射状星线，呈现星光效应，故称之为星光蓝宝石。产生星光效应的原因是蓝宝石中含有金红石绢丝状包体，将其加工成高弧面形，在点光源的照射下，便会出现这种光学效应。星光蓝宝石一般价格较昂贵，总体来讲，蓝宝石颜色的优劣，依次是紫罗兰色、蓝色、淡蓝色、灰蓝色，而对于其它颜色的蓝宝石，其商品名称各不相同;白色蓝宝石、绿色蓝宝石、黄色蓝宝石、黄绿色蓝宝石、紫色蓝宝石等。蓝宝石重量应在6ct以上，优质者甚至可以更小。蓝宝石的主要产出国是澳大利亚、泰国、柬埔寨、缅甸、斯里兰卡、印度及中国。澳大利亚是世界上最大的蓝宝石原料产出国，约占世界蓝宝石产量的75%，产值50%，但澳大利亚的蓝宝石质地较差。克什米尔盛产优质蓝宝石，开采却颇不正常，产出量较少。斯里兰卡以产出星光蓝宝石而驰名。世界蓝宝石加工中心为泰国。澳大利亚所产出的蓝宝石90%输入泰国，因澳大利亚蓝宝石中含铁较高，并具有尘埃状包体，致使宝石颜色发暗，常显暗色条纹和带有绿、黄、褐色色调，在泰国加工过程中多将其进行热改色处理。我国市面上所见蓝宝石大都产于国内。国内蓝宝石的主要产地为山东昌乐县、海南省文昌县、黑龙江省干沟子地区，其中山东省昌乐县蓝宝石单粒在3~5g之间，最大单粒重达71g，属国内外罕见。与天然蓝宝石相似的矿物主要有蓝锥矿、蓝晶石、尖晶石、黝帘石、电气石、堇青石(水蓝宝石)及人工合成蓝宝石。当前市面上到处可见以非天然蓝宝石冒充天然蓝宝石，以与蓝宝石相似的低档宝石冒充高档蓝宝石和以假宝石冒充天然蓝宝石等现象。因此必须认真加以鉴别。当前世界上人工合成蓝宝石已大批量产出，其化学成分、物理光学性质几乎与天然蓝宝石无多大区别，用物理、化学方法和仪器进行检验是难以区别的，但可以参照下列方法加以鉴别:①天然的蓝宝石有直线状、平行的六方色带，而人造的蓝宝石所具有的28 珠宝检测是弯曲的色带或条纹，如把人工合成的蓝宝石放在白色的背景上用肉眼观察，它的弯曲条纹通常是很明显的，若把它放到盛有浸液的半透明白色容器中，然后把容器放在光源上方，在放大的条件下从几个方向观察，均可看到弯曲的条带。②天然蓝宝石具有“丝绢状”和“指纹状”包裹体，而人工合成蓝宝石常有球形气泡。③天然蓝宝石有彩色的环带，颜色分布往往不均匀，而人工合成的蓝宝石颜色过于均一，内部缺陷较少。④利用吸收光谱进行检验时，天然蓝宝石在450μm、460μm、670μm谱线区总有被吸收谱带出现，或强或弱，而合成蓝宝石上述吸收光谱相对模糊。⑤在紫外线辐射下，天然和合成蓝宝石都可能发出荧光，但合成的蓝宝石所发出的荧光较强，天然蓝宝石的荧光非常弱。⑥在偏光显微镜下测量聚片双晶交角，合成蓝宝石交角为60度角，而天然蓝宝石却无此现象。⑦当通过宝石顶面观察时，天然蓝宝石很少显示二色性，而合成蓝宝石呈现很强的二色性。蓝宝石与相似矿物可通过各自的矿物晶体特性加以正确区别。宝石级蓝锥矿只有美国一个产地，产量较少，虽然颜色与蓝宝石较为相近，但其硬度较小，摩氏硬度仅为6-5，因此单凭硬度即可与蓝宝石区别;天然蓝宝石具有双折射而尖晶石则为单折射，如若蓝色宝石中能出现红色的闪光，则可断定此蓝色宝石为尖晶石或黝帘石;蓝宝石的高硬度、高密度、高折射率可与电气石、堇青石、黝帘石加以区别。以假宝石冒充蓝宝石，在市场上也较为常见，冒充蓝宝石的假宝石一般为玻璃。玻璃为非晶体二氧化硅，在融熔过程中若加入适量的钴，即可制成钴蓝玻璃，青蓝色泽与蓝宝石极相似而得以冒充。对以钴蓝玻璃冒充的蓝宝石赝品较易鉴别，在偏光镜下呈全消光的即为钴蓝玻璃，另外由