与汽车有关的毕业论文范文英语初中

与汽车有关的毕业论文范文英语初中

厢式汽车底盘改装设计【摘要】根据用户需求，使厢式汽车具有各种功能，必须对其底盘进行改造。文章在分析底盘改装设计内容和要求的基础上，对车架后悬的改装，千斤顶的安装，油箱的移位等提出改造设计方案，并提出了操作注意事项。【关键词】底盘;改装设计;注意事项0引言厢式汽车是具有独立的封闭结构车厢或与驾驶室联成一体的整体式封闭结构车厢，装备有专用设施，用于载运人员、货物或承担专门作业的专用汽车厢式汽车主要由二类汽车底盘、车厢，连接装置等组成。多数情况下，生产厢式汽车的专用汽车改装厂自己不生产底盘，而是从生产汽车的主机厂购买二类汽车底盘，回厂后根据需要对底盘进行改装设计。为了满足用户提出的要求，保证厢式车具有各种各样的功能，需要对底盘进行这样那样的改装设计总结笔者多年来的工作经验，底盘改装项目主要有车架后悬的改变、加装千斤顶、油箱移位、移动横梁、移动汽液管等。改装时，总的原则是不影响、不降低原二类底盘的性能，不允许随意改变底盘轴距、轮距，保证改装后底盘的强度性能。改装设计应使原来底盘的保养部位、润滑点、注油口、蓄电池和驾驶室翻转操纵机构易于接近，便于操作，不能损坏原底盘上为用户正确使用而设置的各种标识，不应使底盘的维修及保养变得困难[1]。1车架后悬的改造1后悬改装设计车架后悬的改造有两种情况，1)后悬缩短。2)后悬加长。按照GB7258《机动车运行安全技术条件》[2]要求，客车及封闭式车厢的车辆后悬不得超过轴距的65%，最大不得超过5m。对于特殊改装汽车，除了满足上述条件外，为了保证车辆越野性，还要满足离去角要求，GJB219B《军用通信车通用规范》[3]中规定，底盘改装后离去角不得小于26°。一般情况下，车架后端至上装车厢后端的距离不得超过400 mm。当缩短车架后悬时，要保留后横梁或直接利用后横梁附近之前的横梁，同时注意不能损坏板簧后吊耳的连接。当加长车架后悬时，后横梁至前一横梁的距离不应大于1 200mm～1 400 mm，必要时在延长的空间内纵向增加辅助横梁。不论缩短还是加长车架后悬，改制后的后横梁在车架大梁前大约50mm左右(见图1)。后悬加长设计时，为了保证车架的强度，要采用与原车架纵横梁同型号、规格的材料，材料的性能、质量应符合相应标准的规定，一般车架都选用16MnL专用材料。2后悬改装操作注意事项后悬改装时要移动后横梁或增加辅助横梁，横梁与纵梁上下翼联接最好采用铆接方式。铆接具有工艺简单、抗震、耐冲击和牢固可靠等优点。如果采用螺栓联接，要注意螺栓应采用强度等级不低于8级的螺栓，螺母应采用自锁螺母，整体上要保证强度和防松要求。纵梁加长一般采用焊接方式，为了确保车架加长不出现质量问题，一般企业都制定了《车辆改装车架接长专用工艺规程》，其中规定了焊接人员、设备、材料、操作方法等，每批产品改装前都要做焊缝强度试验，试验合格后，才允许按照工艺要求进行施工。试样材料与被接长的纵梁一致，一般都是16MnL，按照下图制作两件(见图2)。两件对接立焊，采用J507或J502焊条，分两次焊完，底层采用!(2 mm焊条，顶层采用(!4 mm焊条，电流I=110～170A。焊缝要求如下(图3)。

Guide the future development of the concept of automotive vehicles Summary of high-tech popularization and application makes the pace of replacement automotive products faster and faster， also makes the Chinese automotive industry independent research and development level and technical level with the international on the growing gap in the development of the concept car is even more the difference between the very WTO accession for China car alarm sounded， but also tremendous opportunity， our government， as well as automotive companies must increase their research and automotive design input， to establish a positive right car design concept， the concept of extensive vehicle design Keywords concept car designed to develop science， technology and culture Technology start-ups PIONEERINGWITHSCIENCE & TECHNOLOGYMONTHLY The 21st century， in order to lead and performance of the new century， the development of future automotive trends， a number of international auto companies， one after another at the major auto show in the world to launch its own concept car and new There is， however， must be caused by a phenomenon we are concerned about: As a car big country， but few Chinese car makers to launch its own development and design concept Are one of the main reasons for China's automotive design concepts and methods， as well as the lack of research and development of concept cars do not pay enough It can be said that a self-designed and self-development capacity of the automobile industry， it is difficult to say that is a complete auto Thus we must intensify the study of automotive design and input， to establish a positive right car design concept， the concept of extensive vehicle 1 "concept car" is defined The so-called "concept cars" that have not yet begun to enter the market with a design unique and must advance the awareness of the new Its main characteristics are: it must give people are to consider that can guide the new concept It has just the design in general at the time， people's aesthetic ideas， the purchasing power and even the level of motor vehicle manufacturing industry is also Generally it will be it avant-garde design， innovative materials， bold use of a more perfect performance， the new car interior design indicates that the direction of development of the automobile Some of the world's largest car company every year to spend many human and material resources to design their own concept car， and in some large auto exposition on It can be said that with the continuous introduction of concept cars， the near future may occur on some concept cars have today， some features or functions of the But not necessarily a concept car will each eventually evolve into mass production cars to enter the market， the majority of concept cars are finally only a "concept" for people to discuss the 2 concept car， in reality the meaning of 1 concept car design and development of automotive products reflected the development trend of 1 the performance of the highest scientific level and the most sophisticated technology in concept car At the International Motor Show the previous， and the major automotive companies and the introduction of the concept of lot of cars， concept cars to remove these sleek， but also more integrated into a large number of high-tech and modern means of the introduction of the concept car to become Motor Company takes pride in the idea of the concept of automotive research and development are often accompanied by new technologies and the use of new materials with certain forward-looking， herald a new stage of development and the beginning for this reason that car companies the development of the concept car has invested great human and material resources， with its show car the company's strong momentum of Various high-tech applications， making car slowly evolved into information， communications， entertainment centers and the exchange of information with the outside world， the computer functions and Internet all-round involvement， in-car information and entertainment equipment， advanced navigation equipment， real-time traffic information function of the growing popularity of the inevitable demand of these high-tech automotive designers transcend time and space to establish a new value system， the emergence of various new technologies for the automotive design freely given to a wider Function of motor vehicles for further expansion and development of the concept car， the car gradually from the cold machinery into human information exchange platform， if the concept car has its own way of expressing their emotions with pregnant， anger， sadness and joy， such as facial expression make the concept car than in high volume production cars， become a new symbol of Concept Car Design of automotive products have greater and greater impact， it represents the development direction of the automobile industry and the basic idea of the automobile company design standards and a symbol of scientific and technological 2 human physiological needs and psychological needs of the largest Satisfied --- Automotive Engineering in the Ergonomics Ergonomics are 50 in the early 20th century with the rapid development of a new subject with the aim of research， design and engineering technology to solve the relationship between the human Car body design in ergonomics， it is to people (drivers and passengers) as the center， from the body's physiology， psychology， and exercise the human body， the research body design， layout and equipment in terms of how to adapt to people need to create a manipulation convenient， safe， reliable， beautiful and comfortable driving environment and take the environment， that is the best person to design a - vehicle - environment Automotive Design Human-Computer analysis of the first ministries to human size required for measurement， statistics and analysis， conducting interior layout design as a basis to determine the effective space vehicle， as well as parts， assemblies (seats， dashboard ， steering wheel， ) position and dimensions of the relationship between Through the study of human physiological structure， so that the seat design in full compliance with the requirements of human Based on the manipulation of human manipulation of the scope and power to determine the layout of the manipulator position and force size， so that when the human body to manipulate natural， rapid， accurate and lightweight， so as to reduce the degree of manipulation of Through the visual characteristics of the human eye， the effect of vision research， testing， checking driver information system， to ensure that drivers have access to proper driving Exercise in accordance with the characteristics of the human body to study the automobile collision on the human body， a reasonable protection， the right to determine the hinged point seat belts and binding on the human body to study the vibration of the impact on ride comfort， research on and get off at the convenience of passengers， and door openings in order to determine location and According to the body's physiological requirements， reasonable certainty that the air-conditioning system and Research on the psychological characteristics and requirements， to design a comfortable， beautiful， relaxed by the 3 virtual product development technology At present， a growing number of automotive design companies and manufacturing companies to start using virtual product development technology， using three-dimensional virtual reality 3D technology development concept Opel car using 3D virtual reality technology concept car design and Designers can experience floating in the air of a virtual image of car design and manufacturing， saving considerable development costs， and plans to be extended to its North American assembly plant to Britain's Rolls-Royce， Renault， France， Germany Audi， as well as Italy， Sweden and other auto plants are actively engaged in this virtual design and Over the past automotive research and development centers to develop new or modified are first shaped body sludge physical model， is extremely time-consuming Now automotive R & D， in particular the development of concept cars are increasingly seeking the shortest development If the introduction of virtual product development technologies， as long as the computer input data to construct a model figure model， in the laboratory can show an ideal vehicle images， as long as the engineers wear eyepiece， you can see clearly， there is such as a car in front of us true， after all the discussion of design engineers modifications， you can quickly design an ideal new Stereotypes， the computer can use the data， outsourcing trial and trial fitted the new parts and components， assembly achieve zero error， and the development of aging more rapidly than in the 4 the concept of green environment-friendly vehicles to the development trend of Since entering the 21st century， countries around the world have been produced about 5 billion vehicles， according to expert estimates that in 2010 global vehicle production will reach 75 People sigh at the rapid development of automobile industry， but also an increasing awareness of pollution from motor vehicles to harm human beings， so many countries of the vehicle to develop environmental protection measures and regulations to protect the environment for human survival， so automotive environmental protection the design of this new concept car design to be placed in a prominent position on the Improve energy efficiency， improved engine configurations， including electronically controlled fuel injection system， secondary air injection， thermal reactor， exhaust gas recirculation system， catalytic purification device， crankcase ventilation systems， fuel evaporation control The development of alternative fuels， research and development of new environmentally-friendly energy， including natural gas， liquefied petroleum gas， fast charging batteries， hybrid power， hydrogen In the automotive manufacturing process， use of green materials， green packaging， green manufacturing processes and equipment and equipment Green car recycling 2 Concept car indicates road traffic in the evolution of human behavior 1 Concept foretells the future of the way road traffic trends Along with the development of automobile， the vehicle status is also slowly change， now car in people's minds as a symbol， a symbol of wealth and the embodiment of a status， but the car as a way of the nature of road traffic has Concept car design is based on the nature of a car's innovative design Concept car at the design of the way through the daily life of mankind， human beings in road traffic in the use of methods such as behavior and ways of life all aspects of prediction and analysis， it is envisaged to solve the future in the way road traffic between the object harmonious Strong and high-speed in today's technology enables the development of means of transport have a much broader space for development， more and more high-tech continuously applied at a new At present many of the world's major auto companies have realized that the development of the next car is no longer the biggest obstacles are technical limitations， but limits the designers Now appearing in major auto show concept cars are generally two types: one is based on the latest available technology can achieve another kind of concept cars are those who put forward some innovative technology options but is still in the research phase of the concept Able to express their feelings such as car， truck can random shell replacement car， be able to easily change the driving mode of motor vehicles， be able to swim in the water of the amphibious vehicle， able to fly in space vehicles， be able to change Like from Toyota and Sony jointly developed by "POD" cars， will be able to through the car before the lights， mirrors， antenna， as well as the rear seat to the car owners to express their "" Like Volkswagen's Seat International Auto Show in the United States on the introduction of multi-functional concept car "Sal? Juancheng sa"， there are sports， comfort and three kinds of urban-type driving mode selection for 2 Concept of culture differences in performance The United States as a world leader in the auto industry， concept cars at the manufacturing are on the forefront in the At the United States because of cultural blending， collision， so the concept car embodies the greater the diversity of cultures; are also caused by a highly developed country commercial， commercial design and pragmatism prevailed， so the design is set up at a deep aesthetic Ethics on the real and solve practical With the American cars are in sharp contrast to the Japanese concept Japan as the world's output of the second car big country， its concept car many practical and imagination， technology is better than art， more concerned about solving technical problems， it can be said in Japan This is the premise of the concept of car design， each model is to solve one kinds of technical problems The Japanese car model to maintain a small， simple， style characteristics of the economy and harmonious relations between man-machine deal with the Japanese are reflected as a delicate oriental thinking and compromise approach to solve the The United States put the design of commercial operation as an important aspect， Japan put out of Products Designed to accelerate as a tool， Germany put Designed as a social and cultural foundation， while the French took the design as a designer of stage From various countries so the concept of car design in different styles， we can see different countries， different concepts， as well as their different cultural backgrounds 3 Concluding remarks The future of automotive design as the development of the inevitable progress of Automotive Technology with each passing day， many of the artistic style of the designer will make it even more widely and more strongly reflected in the car design， and give people a wider Under high-tech， and personality of the car more humane 21st century will be the necessity of the development of the automobile industry， because it is consistent with human culture， the pursuit of individuality and Therefore， the increase in automobile design concept of the attention and input， will be the development of China's automobile industry has played a great role in pushing References 1尹定邦 Introduction to Study Design [M] Hunan: Hunan Science and Technology Press， 1999 2张洪欣 Auto Design [M] Beijing: Mechanical Industry Press， 1997 3 Tang Jia-Ti， Han Xiao Jian had --- Product conceptual design theory， methods and techniques [M] Beijing: Mechanical Industry Press， 2002 Tang Shu-Min Concept cars and car design development and innovation [J] Shenyang Institute of Aeronautical Engineering Journal， 2002 (6)

Cars in America(美国的汽车)Cars in AmericaCars are an important part of lifein the United S The car made the UnitedStatesanationon Andit helped to make the United States what it is There are three main reasons why the car became so popular in the United S First of all the country is a huge one and Americans like to move around in The cars provide the most comfortable and cheapest form of The second reason that cars are popular is the fact that the United States never really developed an efficient and inexpensive form of public Long-distance trains have never been as common in the United States as they are in other parts of the Nowadays there is a good system of air service provided by But it is too expensive to be used The third reason is the most important one， The American spirit of independence is what really made cars Americans don't like to wait for a bus， or a train or even a They don't like to have to follow an exact And the freedom a car gives them is what Americans want most to The decrease of gas supplies has caused a big problem for A But the answer will not be a bigger system of public The real solution will have to be a new kind of car， one that does not use so much 美国的汽车汽车是美国生活的重要组成部分。汽车使得美国成为轮子上的国家，它也帮助美国成为现在的样子。汽车在美国如此盛行有三个主要原因。首先这个国家地域辽阔，而美国人喜欢在其间来回走动。汽车提供了最舒适最便宜的交通方式。汽车如此盛行的第二个原因是美国从未真正发展过有效廉价的公共交通这一事实。美国的长途火车从未像世界上其它地方那么普及。如今飞机提供了空中服务的良好体系。但是飞机太贵了，不能频繁使用。而第三个原因是最为重要的。美国人的独立精神是使得汽车盛行的真正原因。美国人不喜欢等公共汽车、火车甚至飞机。他们不喜欢必须遵循精确的时间表。汽车给予他们的自由正是美国人最想得到的。汽油供给的减少已经给美国人带来了巨大的问题。但答案不是发展更大型的公交体系。真正的解决方式必须是一种新型的汽车，那种不需要使用很多燃料的汽车。Car PollutionEach year there is an increasing number of cars on the roads as millions of new cars are One out of six Americans works at making cars， driving trucks， building roads or filling up Americans couldn't live without cars!Most Americans would find it hard to imagine life without a However， some have realized the serious problem of air pollution caused by The polluted air becomes poisonous and dangerous to One way to get rid of the polluted air is to make a car without But to build a clean car is easier said than Progress in this field is Another way is to replace car engines with something Inventors are now working on steam cars as well as electric Many makers believe that it will take years to develop a practical model for To prevent the world from being polluted by cars， we have to make some changes in our Americans， for example， have to cut down on the number of their total They are encouraged to use bicycles， which are thought to help keep the air But this change does not come A large number of workers may find themselves without jobs if a car factory cioses Thus the problem of air pollution would become less important than that of Although cars have led us to a better life， they have also brought us new 汽车污染上路的汽车数量逐年增长，同时，每年都会生产出几百万辆新车。在美国，每六个人中就有一个从事与汽车相关的工作：造车、开车、修路、加油等等。离开汽车，美国人无法生活!大部分美国人简直无法想象没有车的生活会是什么样子。但是一些人也已经意识到汽车造成的空气污染已成为严重的问题。被污染的空气具有毒性，并且危害健康。解决空气污染的方法之一就是制造无污染汽车。但是生产清洁汽车说来容易做来难。目前，这一领域的进展十分缓慢。另一个方法就是使用其他东西替代汽车发动机。发明家正在研制蒸汽汽车和电车。但是许多厂家认为我们可以使用的实用型汽车的诞生可能还需要几年时间。要想阻止全球化的汽车污染，我们需要对自己的生活方式做出适当的改变。例如，在美国，需要缩减汽车总量。鼓励人们使用有助空气清洁的自行车。但这种改变不能一蹴而就。一旦汽车工厂关闭，就会有大量工人失去工作。与失业相比，空气污染似乎就不再那么重要了。尽管汽车为我们带来了更加舒适的生活，同时，它也带来了新的问题。

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与汽车有关的毕业论文范文英语

Guide the future development of the concept of automotive vehicles Summary of high-tech popularization and application makes the pace of replacement automotive products faster and faster， also makes the Chinese automotive industry independent research and development level and technical level with the international on the growing gap in the development of the concept car is even more the difference between the very WTO accession for China car alarm sounded， but also tremendous opportunity， our government， as well as automotive companies must increase their research and automotive design input， to establish a positive right car design concept， the concept of extensive vehicle design Keywords concept car designed to develop science， technology and culture Technology start-ups PIONEERINGWITHSCIENCE & TECHNOLOGYMONTHLY The 21st century， in order to lead and performance of the new century， the development of future automotive trends， a number of international auto companies， one after another at the major auto show in the world to launch its own concept car and new There is， however， must be caused by a phenomenon we are concerned about: As a car big country， but few Chinese car makers to launch its own development and design concept Are one of the main reasons for China's automotive design concepts and methods， as well as the lack of research and development of concept cars do not pay enough It can be said that a self-designed and self-development capacity of the automobile industry， it is difficult to say that is a complete auto Thus we must intensify the study of automotive design and input， to establish a positive right car design concept， the concept of extensive vehicle 1 "concept car" is defined The so-called "concept cars" that have not yet begun to enter the market with a design unique and must advance the awareness of the new Its main characteristics are: it must give people are to consider that can guide the new concept It has just the design in general at the time， people's aesthetic ideas， the purchasing power and even the level of motor vehicle manufacturing industry is also Generally it will be it avant-garde design， innovative materials， bold use of a more perfect performance， the new car interior design indicates that the direction of development of the automobile Some of the world's largest car company every year to spend many human and material resources to design their own concept car， and in some large auto exposition on It can be said that with the continuous introduction of concept cars， the near future may occur on some concept cars have today， some features or functions of the But not necessarily a concept car will each eventually evolve into mass production cars to enter the market， the majority of concept cars are finally only a "concept" for people to discuss the 2 concept car， in reality the meaning of 1 concept car design and development of automotive products reflected the development trend of 1 the performance of the highest scientific level and the most sophisticated technology in concept car At the International Motor Show the previous， and the major automotive companies and the introduction of the concept of lot of cars， concept cars to remove these sleek， but also more integrated into a large number of high-tech and modern means of the introduction of the concept car to become Motor Company takes pride in the idea of the concept of automotive research and development are often accompanied by new technologies and the use of new materials with certain forward-looking， herald a new stage of development and the beginning for this reason that car companies the development of the concept car has invested great human and material resources， with its show car the company's strong momentum of Various high-tech applications， making car slowly evolved into information， communications， entertainment centers and the exchange of information with the outside world， the computer functions and Internet all-round involvement， in-car information and entertainment equipment， advanced navigation equipment， real-time traffic information function of the growing popularity of the inevitable demand of these high-tech automotive designers transcend time and space to establish a new value system， the emergence of various new technologies for the automotive design freely given to a wider Function of motor vehicles for further expansion and development of the concept car， the car gradually from the cold machinery into human information exchange platform， if the concept car has its own way of expressing their emotions with pregnant， anger， sadness and joy， such as facial expression make the concept car than in high volume production cars， become a new symbol of Concept Car Design of automotive products have greater and greater impact， it represents the development direction of the automobile industry and the basic idea of the automobile company design standards and a symbol of scientific and technological 2 human physiological needs and psychological needs of the largest Satisfied --- Automotive Engineering in the Ergonomics Ergonomics are 50 in the early 20th century with the rapid development of a new subject with the aim of research， design and engineering technology to solve the relationship between the human Car body design in ergonomics， it is to people (drivers and passengers) as the center， from the body's physiology， psychology， and exercise the human body， the research body design， layout and equipment in terms of how to adapt to people need to create a manipulation convenient， safe， reliable， beautiful and comfortable driving environment and take the environment， that is the best person to design a - vehicle - environment Automotive Design Human-Computer analysis of the first ministries to human size required for measurement， statistics and analysis， conducting interior layout design as a basis to determine the effective space vehicle， as well as parts， assemblies (seats， dashboard ， steering wheel， ) position and dimensions of the relationship between Through the study of human physiological structure， so that the seat design in full compliance with the requirements of human Based on the manipulation of human manipulation of the scope and power to determine the layout of the manipulator position and force size， so that when the human body to manipulate natural， rapid， accurate and lightweight， so as to reduce the degree of manipulation of Through the visual characteristics of the human eye， the effect of vision research， testing， checking driver information system， to ensure that drivers have access to proper driving Exercise in accordance with the characteristics of the human body to study the automobile collision on the human body， a reasonable protection， the right to determine the hinged point seat belts and binding on the human body to study the vibration of the impact on ride comfort， research on and get off at the convenience of passengers， and door openings in order to determine location and According to the body's physiological requirements， reasonable certainty that the air-conditioning system and Research on the psychological characteristics and requirements， to design a comfortable， beautiful， relaxed by the 3 virtual product development technology At present， a growing number of automotive design companies and manufacturing companies to start using virtual product development technology， using three-dimensional virtual reality 3D technology development concept Opel car using 3D virtual reality technology concept car design and Designers can experience floating in the air of a virtual image of car design and manufacturing， saving considerable development costs， and plans to be extended to its North American assembly plant to Britain's Rolls-Royce， Renault， France， Germany Audi， as well as Italy， Sweden and other auto plants are actively engaged in this virtual design and Over the past automotive research and development centers to develop new or modified are first shaped body sludge physical model， is extremely time-consuming Now automotive R & D， in particular the development of concept cars are increasingly seeking the shortest development If the introduction of virtual product development technologies， as long as the computer input data to construct a model figure model， in the laboratory can show an ideal vehicle images， as long as the engineers wear eyepiece， you can see clearly， there is such as a car in front of us true， after all the discussion of design engineers modifications， you can quickly design an ideal new Stereotypes， the computer can use the data， outsourcing trial and trial fitted the new parts and components， assembly achieve zero error， and the development of aging more rapidly than in the 4 the concept of green environment-friendly vehicles to the development trend of Since entering the 21st century， countries around the world have been produced about 5 billion vehicles， according to expert estimates that in 2010 global vehicle production will reach 75 People sigh at the rapid development of automobile industry， but also an increasing awareness of pollution from motor vehicles to harm human beings， so many countries of the vehicle to develop environmental protection measures and regulations to protect the environment for human survival， so automotive environmental protection the design of this new concept car design to be placed in a prominent position on the Improve energy efficiency， improved engine configurations， including electronically controlled fuel injection system， secondary air injection， thermal reactor， exhaust gas recirculation system， catalytic purification device， crankcase ventilation systems， fuel evaporation control The development of alternative fuels， research and development of new environmentally-friendly energy， including natural gas， liquefied petroleum gas， fast charging batteries， hybrid power， hydrogen In the automotive manufacturing process， use of green materials， green packaging， green manufacturing processes and equipment and equipment Green car recycling 2 Concept car indicates road traffic in the evolution of human behavior 1 Concept foretells the future of the way road traffic trends Along with the development of automobile， the vehicle status is also slowly change， now car in people's minds as a symbol， a symbol of wealth and the embodiment of a status， but the car as a way of the nature of road traffic has Concept car design is based on the nature of a car's innovative design Concept car at the design of the way through the daily life of mankind， human beings in road traffic in the use of methods such as behavior and ways of life all aspects of prediction and analysis， it is envisaged to solve the future in the way road traffic between the object harmonious Strong and high-speed in today's technology enables the development of means of transport have a much broader space for development， more and more high-tech continuously applied at a new At present many of the world's major auto companies have realized that the development of the next car is no longer the biggest obstacles are technical limitations， but limits the designers Now appearing in major auto show concept cars are generally two types: one is based on the latest available technology can achieve another kind of concept cars are those who put forward some innovative technology options but is still in the research phase of the concept Able to express their feelings such as car， truck can random shell replacement car， be able to easily change the driving mode of motor vehicles， be able to swim in the water of the amphibious vehicle， able to fly in space vehicles， be able to change Like from Toyota and Sony jointly developed by "POD" cars， will be able to through the car before the lights， mirrors， antenna， as well as the rear seat to the car owners to express their "" Like Volkswagen's Seat International Auto Show in the United States on the introduction of multi-functional concept car "Sal? Juancheng sa"， there are sports， comfort and three kinds of urban-type driving mode selection for 2 Concept of culture differences in performance The United States as a world leader in the auto industry， concept cars at the manufacturing are on the forefront in the At the United States because of cultural blending， collision， so the concept car embodies the greater the diversity of cultures; are also caused by a highly developed country commercial， commercial design and pragmatism prevailed， so the design is set up at a deep aesthetic Ethics on the real and solve practical With the American cars are in sharp contrast to the Japanese concept Japan as the world's output of the second car big country， its concept car many practical and imagination， technology is better than art， more concerned about solving technical problems， it can be said in Japan This is the premise of the concept of car design， each model is to solve one kinds of technical problems The Japanese car model to maintain a small， simple， style characteristics of the economy and harmonious relations between man-machine deal with the Japanese are reflected as a delicate oriental thinking and compromise approach to solve the The United States put the design of commercial operation as an important aspect， Japan put out of Products Designed to accelerate as a tool， Germany put Designed as a social and cultural foundation， while the French took the design as a designer of stage From various countries so the concept of car design in different styles， we can see different countries， different concepts， as well as their different cultural backgrounds 3 Concluding remarks The future of automotive design as the development of the inevitable progress of Automotive Technology with each passing day， many of the artistic style of the designer will make it even more widely and more strongly reflected in the car design， and give people a wider Under high-tech， and personality of the car more humane 21st century will be the necessity of the development of the automobile industry， because it is consistent with human culture， the pursuit of individuality and Therefore， the increase in automobile design concept of the attention and input， will be the development of China's automobile industry has played a great role in pushing References 1尹定邦 Introduction to Study Design [M] Hunan: Hunan Science and Technology Press， 1999 2张洪欣 Auto Design [M] Beijing: Mechanical Industry Press， 1997 3 Tang Jia-Ti， Han Xiao Jian had --- Product conceptual design theory， methods and techniques [M] Beijing: Mechanical Industry Press， 2002

How Manual Transmissions Work by Marshall Brain ­If you drive a stick-shift car， then you may have several questions floating in your ­How does the funny "H" pattern that I am moving this shift knob through have any relation to the gears inside the transmission? What is moving inside the transmission when I move the shifter? When I mess up and hear that horrible grinding sound， what is actually grinding? What would happen if I were to accidentally shift into reverse while I am speeding down the freeway? Would the entire transmission explode? In this article， we'll answer all of these questions and more as we explore the interior of a manual Cars need transmissions because of the physics of the gasoline First， any engine has a redline -- a maximum rpm value above which the engine cannot go without Second， if you have read How Horsepower Works， then you know that engines have narrow rpm ranges where horsepower and torque are at their For example， an engine might produce its maximum horsepower at 5，500 The transmission allows the gear ratio between the engine and the drive wheels to change as the car speeds up and slows You shift gears so the engine can stay below the redline and near the rpm band of its best Photo courtesy DaimlerChrysler Mercedes-Benz Actros， manual See more transmission Ideally， the transmission would be so flexible in its ratios that the engine could always run at its single， best-performance rpm That is the idea behind the continuously variable transmission (CVT) A CVT has a nearly infinite range of gear In the past， CVTs could not compete with four-speed and five-speed transmissions in terms of cost， size and reliability， so you didn't see them in production These days， improvements in design have made CVTs more The Toyota Prius is a hybrid car that uses a CVT The transmission is connected to the engine through the The input shaft of the transmission therefore turns at the same rpm as the engine

Electronic brakeforce distribution or EBD or EBFD is an automobile brake technology that automatically varies the amount of force applied to each of a vehicle's brakes， based on road conditions， speed， loading， Always coupled with anti-lock braking systems， EBD can apply more or less braking pressure to each wheel in order to maximize stopping power whilst maintaining vehicular [1][2] Typically， the front end carries the most weight and EBD distributes less braking pressure to the rear brakes so the rear brakes do not lock up and cause a [3]How ABS worksUnder heavy braking， vehicle wheels may lock- The anti-lock braking system (ABS) monitors wheel speeds and releases pressure on individual wheel brake lines， rapidly pulsing individual brakes to prevent lock- During heavy braking， preventing wheel lock-up helps the driver maintain steering Modern ABS has four individual brake lines for each wheel， enabling different braking pressure on different road For example， less braking pressure is needed to lock a wheel on ice than a wheel which on bare If the left wheels are on asphalt and the right wheels are on ice， during an emergency stop， ABS detects the right wheels about to lock and reduces braking force on the right wheels， helping to avoid lock-up and loss of vehicle How EBD worksAs per SAE technical paper #920646 - Buschmann et "The job of the EBD as a subsystem of the ABS system is to control the effective adhesion utilization by the rear The pressure of the rear wheels is approximated to the ideal brake force distribution in a partial braking To do so， the conventional brake design is modified in the direction of rear axle overbraking， and the components of the ABS are EBD reduces the strain on the hydraulic brake force proportioning valve in the EBD optimizes the brake design with regard to: adhesion utilization; driving stability; wear; temperature stress; and pedal "EBD may work in conjunction with ABS and Electronic Stability Control ("ESC") to minimize yaw accelerations during ESC compares steering wheel angle to vehicle turning rate using a yaw rate "Yaw" is the vehicle's rotation around its vertical center of gravity (turning left or right) If the yaw sensor detects more/less yaw than the steering wheel angle should create， the car is understeering or oversteering and ESC activates one of the front or rear brakes to rotate the car back into its intended For example， if a car is making a left turn and begins to understeer (the car plows forward to the outside of the turn) ESC activates the left rear brake， which will help turn the car The sensors are so sensitive， and the actuation is so quick that the system may correct direction before the driver ABS helps prevent wheel lock-up and EBD helps apply appropriate brake force to make ESC work

Guide the future development of the concept of automotive vehicles Summary of high-tech popularization and application makes the pace of replacement automotive products faster and faster， also makes the Chinese automotive industry independent research and development level and technical level with the international on the growing gap in the development of the concept car is even more the difference between the very WTO accession for China car alarm sounded， but also tremendous opportunity， our government， as well as automotive companies must increase their research and automotive design input， to establish a positive right car design concept， the concept of extensive vehicle design Keywords concept car designed to develop science， technology and culture Technology start-ups PIONEERINGWITHSCIENCE & TECHNOLOGYMONTHLY The 21st century， in order to lead and performance of the new century， the development of future automotive trends， a number of international auto companies， one after another at the major auto show in the world to launch its own concept car and new There is， however， must be caused by a phenomenon we are concerned about: As a car big country， but few Chinese car makers to launch its own development and design concept Are one of the main reasons for China's automotive design concepts and methods， as well as the lack of research and development of concept cars do not pay enough It can be said that a self-designed and self-development capacity of the automobile industry， it is difficult to say that is a complete auto Thus we must intensify the study of automotive design and input， to establish a positive right car design concept， the concept of extensive vehicle 1 "concept car" is defined The so-called "concept cars" that have not yet begun to enter the market with a design unique and must advance the awareness of the new Its main characteristics are: it must give people are to consider that can guide the new concept It has just the design in general at the time， people's aesthetic ideas， the purchasing power and even the level of motor vehicle manufacturing industry is also Generally it will be it avant-garde design， innovative materials， bold use of a more perfect performance， the new car interior design indicates that the direction of development of the automobile Some of the world's largest car company every year to spend many human and material resources to design their own concept car， and in some large auto exposition on It can be said that with the continuous introduction of concept cars， the near future may occur on some concept cars have today， some features or functions of the But not necessarily a concept car will each eventually evolve into mass production cars to enter the market， the majority of concept cars are finally only a "concept" for people to discuss the 2 concept car， in reality the meaning of 1 concept car design and development of automotive products reflected the development trend of 1 the performance of the highest scientific level and the most sophisticated technology in concept car At the International Motor Show the previous， and the major automotive companies and the introduction of the concept of lot of cars， concept cars to remove these sleek， but also more integrated into a large number of high-tech and modern means of the introduction of the concept car to become Motor Company takes pride in the idea of the concept of automotive research and development are often accompanied by new technologies and the use of new materials with certain forward-looking， herald a new stage of development and the beginning for this reason that car companies the development of the concept car has invested great human and material resources， with its show car the company's strong momentum of Various high-tech applications， making car slowly evolved into information， communications， entertainment centers and the exchange of information with the outside world， the computer functions and Internet all-round involvement， in-car information and entertainment equipment， advanced navigation equipment， real-time traffic information function of the growing popularity of the inevitable demand of these high-tech automotive designers transcend time and space to establish a new value system， the emergence of various new technologies for the automotive design freely given to a wider Function of motor vehicles for further expansion and development of the concept car， the car gradually from the cold machinery into human information exchange platform， if the concept car has its own way of expressing their emotions with pregnant， anger， sadness and joy， such as facial expression make the concept car than in high volume production cars， become a new symbol of Concept Car Design of automotive products have greater and greater impact， it represents the development direction of the automobile industry and the basic idea of the automobile company design standards and a symbol of scientific and technological 2 human physiological needs and psychological needs of the largest Satisfied --- Automotive Engineering in the Ergonomics Ergonomics are 50 in the early 20th century with the rapid development of a new subject with the aim of research， design and engineering technology to solve the relationship between the human Car body design in ergonomics， it is to people (drivers and passengers) as the center， from the body's physiology， psychology， and exercise the human body， the research body design， layout and equipment in terms of how to adapt to people need to create a manipulation convenient， safe， reliable， beautiful and comfortable driving environment and take the environment， that is the best person to design a - vehicle - environment Automotive Design Human-Computer analysis of the first ministries to human size required for measurement， statistics and analysis， conducting interior layout design as a basis to determine the effective space vehicle， as well as parts， assemblies (seats， dashboard ， steering wheel， ) position and dimensions of the relationship between Through the study of human physiological structure， so that the seat design in full compliance with the requirements of human Based on the manipulation of human manipulation of the scope and power to determine the layout of the manipulator position and force size， so that when the human body to manipulate natural， rapid， accurate and lightweight， so as to reduce the degree of manipulation of Through the visual characteristics of the human eye， the effect of vision research， testing， checking driver information system， to ensure that drivers have access to proper driving Exercise in accordance with the characteristics of the human body to study the automobile collision on the human body， a reasonable protection， the right to determine the hinged point seat belts and binding on the human body to study the vibration of the impact on ride comfort， research on and get off at the convenience of passengers， and door openings in order to determine location and According to the body's physiological requirements， reasonable certainty that the air-conditioning system and Research on the psychological characteristics and requirements， to design a comfortable， beautiful， relaxed by the 3 virtual product development technology At present， a growing number of automotive design companies and manufacturing companies to start using virtual product development technology， using three-dimensional virtual reality 3D technology development concept Opel car using 3D virtual reality technology concept car design and Designers can experience floating in the air of a virtual image of car design and manufacturing， saving considerable development costs， and plans to be extended to its North American assembly plant to Britain's Rolls-Royce， Renault， France， Germany Audi， as well as Italy， Sweden and other auto plants are actively engaged in this virtual design and Over the past automotive research and development centers to develop new or modified are first shaped body sludge physical model， is extremely time-consuming Now automotive R & D， in particular the development of concept cars are increasingly seeking the shortest development If the introduction of virtual product development technologies， as long as the computer input data to construct a model figure model， in the laboratory can show an ideal vehicle images， as long as the engineers wear eyepiece， you can see clearly， there is such as a car in front of us true， after all the discussion of design engineers modifications， you can quickly design an ideal new Stereotypes， the computer can use the data， outsourcing trial and trial fitted the new parts and components， assembly achieve zero error， and the development of aging more rapidly than in the 4 the concept of green environment-friendly vehicles to the development trend of Since entering the 21st century， countries around the world have been produced about 5 billion vehicles， according to expert estimates that in 2010 global vehicle production will reach 75 People sigh at the rapid development of automobile industry， but also an increasing awareness of pollution from motor vehicles to harm human beings， so many countries of the vehicle to develop environmental protection measures and regulations to protect the environment for human survival， so automotive environmental protection the design of this new concept car design to be placed in a prominent position on the Improve energy efficiency， improved engine configurations， including electronically controlled fuel injection system， secondary air injection， thermal reactor， exhaust gas recirculation system， catalytic purification device， crankcase ventilation systems， fuel evaporation control The development of alternative fuels， research and development of new environmentally-friendly energy， including natural gas， liquefied petroleum gas， fast charging batteries， hybrid power， hydrogen In the automotive manufacturing process， use of green materials， green packaging， green manufacturing processes and equipment and equipment Green car recycling 2 Concept car indicates road traffic in the evolution of human behavior 1 Concept foretells the future of the way road traffic trends Along with the development of automobile， the vehicle status is also slowly change， now car in people's minds as a symbol， a symbol of wealth and the embodiment of a status， but the car as a way of the nature of road traffic has Concept car design is based on the nature of a car's innovative design Concept car at the design of the way through the daily life of mankind， human beings in road traffic in the use of methods such as behavior and ways of life all aspects of prediction and analysis， it is envisaged to solve the future in the way road traffic between the object harmonious Strong and high-speed in today's technology enables the development of means of transport have a much broader space for development， more and more high-tech continuously applied at a new At present many of the world's major auto companies have realized that the development of the next car is no longer the biggest obstacles are technical limitations， but limits the designers Now appearing in major auto show concept cars are generally two types: one is based on the latest available technology can achieve another kind of concept cars are those who put forward some innovative technology options but is still in the research phase of the concept Able to express their feelings such as car， truck can random shell replacement car， be able to easily change the driving mode of motor vehicles， be able to swim in the water of the amphibious vehicle， able to fly in space vehicles， be able to change Like from Toyota and Sony jointly developed by "POD" cars， will be able to through the car before the lights， mirrors， antenna， as well as the rear seat to the car owners to express their "" Like Volkswagen's Seat International Auto Show in the United States on the introduction of multi-functional concept car "Sal? Juancheng sa"， there are sports， comfort and three kinds of urban-type driving mode selection for 2 Concept of culture differences in performance The United States as a world leader in the auto industry， concept cars at the manufacturing are on the forefront in the At the United States because of cultural blending， collision， so the concept car embodies the greater the diversity of cultures; are also caused by a highly developed country commercial， commercial design and pragmatism prevailed， so the design is set up at a deep aesthetic Ethics on the real and solve practical With the American cars are in sharp contrast to the Japanese concept Japan as the world's output of the second car big country， its concept car many practical and imagination， technology is better than art， more concerned about solving technical problems， it can be said in Japan This is the premise of the concept of car design， each model is to solve one kinds of technical problems The Japanese car model to maintain a small， simple， style characteristics of the economy and harmonious relations between man-machine deal with the Japanese are reflected as a delicate oriental thinking and compromise approach to solve the The United States put the design of commercial operation as an important aspect， Japan put out of Products Designed to accelerate as a tool， Germany put Designed as a social and cultural foundation， while the French took the design as a designer of stage From various countries so the concept of car design in different styles， we can see different countries， different concepts， as well as their different cultural backgrounds 3 Concluding remarks The future of automotive design as the development of the inevitable progress of Automotive Technology with each passing day， many of the artistic style of the designer will make it even more widely and more strongly reflected in the car design， and give people a wider Under high-tech， and personality of the car more humane 21st century will be the necessity of the development of the automobile industry， because it is consistent with human culture， the pursuit of individuality and Therefore， the increase in automobile design concept of the attention and input， will be the development of China's automobile industry has played a great role in pushing References 1尹定邦 Introduction to Study Design [M] Hunan: Hunan Science and Technology Press， 1999 2张洪欣 Auto Design [M] Beijing: Mechanical Industry Press， 1997 3 Tang Jia-Ti， Han Xiao Jian had --- Product conceptual design theory， methods and techniques [M] Beijing: Mechanical Industry Press， 2002 Tang Shu-Min Concept cars and car design development and innovation [J] Shenyang Institute of Aeronautical Engineering Journal， 2002 (6)

与汽车有关的毕业论文范文初中

汽车ABS技术的发展趋势研究 在汽车防抱死制动系统出现之前，汽车所用的都是开环制动系统。其特点是制动器制动力矩的大小仅与驾驶员的操纵力、制动力的分配调节以及制动器的尺寸和型式有关。由于没有车轮运动状态的反馈信号，无法测知制动过程中车轮的速度和抱死情况，汽车就不可能据此调节轮缸或气室制动压力的大小。因此在紧急制动时，不可避免地出现车轮在地面上抱死拖滑的现象。当车轮抱死时，地面的侧向附着性能很差，所能提供的侧向附着力很小，汽车在受到任何微小外力的作用下就会出现方向失稳问题，极易发生交通事故。在潮湿路面或冰雪路面上制动时，这种方向失稳的现象会更加严重。汽车防抱死制动系统（Anti-lock Braking System简称ABS）的出现从根本上解决了汽车在制动过程中的车轮抱死问题。它的基本功能就是通过传感器感知车轮每一瞬时的运动状态，并根据其运动状态相应地调节制动器制动力矩的大小以避免出现车轮的抱死现象，因而是一个闭环制动系统。 它是电子控制技术在汽车上最有成就的应用项目之一，汽车制动防抱死系统可使汽车在制动时维持方向稳定性和缩短制动距离，有效提高行车的安全性。 一、ABS的工作原理 汽车制动时由于车轮速度与汽车速度之间存在着差异，因而会导致车轮与路面之间产生滑移，当车轮以纯滚动方式与路面接触时，其滑移率为零；当车轮抱死时其滑移率为100％。当滑移率在8％～35％之间时，能传递最大的制动力。制动防抱死的基本原理就是依据上述的研究成果，通过控制调节制动力，使制动过程中车轮滑移率控制在合适的范围内，以取得最佳的制动效果。ABS系统硬件构成主要由传感器（包括轮速传感器、减速度传感器和车速传感器）、电子控制装置、制动压力调节器三大部分组成，形成一个以滑移率为目标的自动控制系统。传感器测量车轮转速并将这一数据传送至电子控制装置上，控制装置是一个微处理器，它根据车轮转速传感器信号来计算车速。在制动过程中，车轮转速可与控制装置中预先编制的理想减速度的特性曲线相比较。如果控制装置判断出车轮减速度太快和车轮即将抱死时，它就发出信号给液压调节器，液压调节器可根据来自控制装置的信号对制动器的卡钳或轮泵的油压进行控制（作用、保持、释放、重新作用）。这一动作，每秒钟能出现10次以上。 二、ABS技术的发展及应用现状 基于制动防抱理论的制动系统首先是应用于火车和飞机上。1936年，德国博世公司（BOSCH）申请一项电液控制的ABS装置专利，促进了ABS技术在汽车上的应用。汽车上开始使用ABS始于1950年代中期福特汽车公司，1954年福特汽车公司在林肯车上装用法国航空公司的ABS装置，这种ABS装置控制部分采用机械式，结构复杂，功能相对单一，只有在特定车辆和工况下防抱死才有效，因此制动效果并不理想。机械结构复杂使ABS装置的可靠性差、控制精度低、价格偏高。ABS技术在汽车上的推广应用举步艰难。直到70年代后期，由于电子技术迅猛发展，为ABS技术在汽车上应用提供了可靠的技术支持。ABS控制部分采用了电子控制，其反应速度、控制精度和可靠性都显著提高，制动效果也明显改善，同时其体积逐步变小，质量逐步减轻，控制与诊断功能不断增强，价格也逐渐降低。这段时期许多家公司都相继研制了形式多样的ABS装置。 进入90年代后，ABS技术不断发展成熟，控制精度、控制功能不断完善。现在发达国家已广泛采用ABS技术，ABS装置已成为汽车的必要装备。北美和西欧的各类客车和轻型货车ABS的装备率已达90％以上，轿车ABS的装备率在60％左右，运送危险品的货车ABS的装备率为100％。ABS装置制造商主要有：德国博世公司（BOSCH），欧、美、日、韩国车采用最多；美国德科公司（DELCO），美国通用及韩国大宇汽车采用；美国本迪克斯公司（BENDIX），美国克莱斯勒汽车采用；还有德国戴维斯公司（TEVES）、德国瓦布科（WABCO）、美国凯尔西海斯公（KELSEYHAYES）等，这些公司的ABS产品都在广泛地应用，而且还在不断发展、更新和换代。 近年来，ABS技术在我国也正在推广和应用，1999年我国制定的国家强制性标准GB12676-1999《汽车制动系统结构、性能和试验方法》中已把装用ABS作为强制性法规。此后一汽大众、二汽富康、上海大众、重庆长安、上海通用等均开始采用ABS技术，但这些ABS装置我国均没有自主的知识产权。 国内研究ABS主要有东风汽车公司、交通部重庆公路研究所、济南捷特汽车电子研究所、清华大学、西安交通大学、吉林大学、华南理工大学、合肥工业大学等单位，虽然起步较晚，也取得了一些成果。在气压ABS方面，国内企业包括东风电子科技股份有限公司、重庆聚能、广东科密等都已形成了一定的生产规模。液压ABS由于技术难度大，国外技术封锁严密，国内企业暂时不能独立生产，但在液压ABS方面也在做自主研发，力图突破国外跨国公司的技术壁垒，已经取得了一些新的进展和突破。如清华大学和浙江亚太等承担的汽车液压防抱死制动系统（ABS）“九五”国家科技攻关课题，在ABS控制理论与方法、电子控制单元、液压控制单元、开发装置和匹配方法等关键技术方面均取得了重大成果。采用的耗散功率理论，避免了传统的逻辑门限值研究方法的局限性，取得了理论上的突破，研发ABS成功且进入产业化、批量生产阶段。其试样在南京IVECO轻型客车上匹配使用全面达到了国家标准GB12676-1999和欧洲法规EECR13的要求。这对振兴我国汽车工业与汽车零部件业具有划时代意义，标志着我国汽车液压ABS国产化已迈出坚实的一步。同时合肥工业大学也研制出国内具有自主知识产权的液压制动电子防抱系统，率先在HF6700轻型汽车上匹配使用获得成功。国内液压ABS技术含量与国外虽有一定的差距，但在政府的大力支持和国内丰富的人力资源配合下，相信国内可以在较短的时间内在ABS技术某些领域赶超国际水平

哇，找相关材料自己整理

不断增加的城市空气污染 经过20年的改革开放，中国私人汽车数量迅速增加，汽车开始进入普通人的家庭生活。汽车需求的迅猛增长是推动2002年中国经济增长的重要力量。去年汽车制造商制造并销售了325万辆，比2001年增长了37%。此外，去年载客汽车的销售首次突破了100万大关，猛增56%，达到了6万辆。 2001年后加入世界贸易组织（WTO），中国已经将汽车的进口关税从70-90%降低到44-51%，到2005年将进一步降低到25%。随着汽车价格的下降以及中国人较低的汽车拥有量，中国的汽车市场将会进一步繁荣。 随着轿车进入家庭，主要城市及近郊的交通拥挤状况会进一步加剧，从而使汽车废气排放问题更加严重。中国有2000万辆汽车和1亿辆摩托车，而其中大多数都在城市。在城市环境污染物中，汽车所排放的氮氧化物占到了45至60%，而一氧化碳则占到了85%。因此，中国城市居民所吸入的劣质空气主要是由汽车所排放的废气造成的。 除非政府愿意牺牲这方面的经济支柱产业，限制上路汽车数量。因此，要控制汽车废气排放问题，利用电子技术来减少汽车的废气排放是解决方案之一。 排放标准 2001年底，中国政府宣布对中国三大汽车制造商降低30%的汽车消费税，前提是他们所制造的汽车得满足欧II标准。六个月后，在第三届中国亚洲清洁燃料国际会议上，政府的另一项声明进一步表明了控制汽车排放的决心。声明称，北京将从2003年1月开始对在北京销售的机动车辆实行欧II标准，并计划于2005年实施欧III标准。 要控制废气排放所面临的挑战并不仅仅是要设计一个具有清洁燃烧能力的完美发动机，还要利用合适的半导体电子器件对发动机的燃烧过程进行合理的控制。英飞凌为今天的发动机管理平台提供了所需要的单片机、传感器和功率半导体器件。 用于动力总成系统的半导体器件 为控制废气排放量，可利用半导体传感器来精确测量吸入空气的成份。利用单片机快速计算出所使用的燃料数量，然后再起动燃料喷射器。由于有正确的空气-燃料比，因此可以达到近乎完美的燃烧状态，从而使废气的排放达到最少。 汽车动力总成应用中需要多个传感器来将"真实"环境与电子部分连接起来。基于半导体的传感器专用于测量速度、位置、温度和压力。对于动力总成应用来说，最大的变化趋势是利用集成了传感器单元和信号处理部分的有源传感器来代替过去的被动式传感器。由于需要更精确地测量发动机的状态，因此这一趋势发展很快。 在通过传感器测量到发动机的状态以后，单片机就可以处理这些数据并提供合适的控制信号来控制致动器的动作。单片机是利用逻辑技术制造的，而集成度的提高使得可以将功能强大的处理器与外设集成在一起。目前的趋势是将DSP功能集成进来，从而允许实现更为复杂和精确的信号处理软件算法。这样就可用软件实现以前采用硬件实现的功能。 一旦单片机"知道"下一步该做什么，单片机就发送合适的信号到致动器。通常，致动器需要高电压或者大电流才能动作。因此，需要利用功率半导体器件来驱动致动器，如燃料喷射器或火花塞。过去几年里，功率半导体技术的发展主要集中于优化现有系统的成本和部分集成。这产生了能够集成功率输出级（DMOS或双极）、模拟电路和数字逻辑的混合集成技术（BCD）。高集成度功率器件的优势是可以支持诊断，从而可使系统具有更好的可靠性（动力总成是汽车中的关键应用）。同时，这还可使最终产品所需要的外部器件数量大大降低。 系统解决方案 目前的动力总成电子控制单元（ECU）中，电子器件部分主要是半导体器件。 半导体传感器 传感器位于动力总成系统的前端。传感器用来测量物理参数，如水温、空气压力以及发动机曲轴的转动速度。这些数据非常关键，它们为闭环控制系统提供了关键信息。除了温度传感、压力传感和霍尔传感器以外，微机械技术还带来了崭新的加速和偏向角速度传感器，同时还允许利用标准晶圆制造工艺集成信号处理电路和数字化电路。 温度传感器 根据扩展电阻原理，线性和稳定的半导体传感器可低成本地替代镍或铂金属膜传感器，同时还可提供比PTC热电阻技术上更优越的器件。 位置和速度传感器 动态差分霍尔IC可以测量曲轴或凸轮轴速度、传动速度和车轮速度。通过使用位于单个芯片上的两个霍尔单元，一个差分放大器和处理电路，可以测量到磁场差。这意味着可以将温度漂移、制造容差和外部电磁环境等破坏性环境影响降到最小。同样的信号水平，与单片机的接口要比采用旧式的有感线圈简单得多、便宜得多。 英飞凌新开发的TLE4925C特别适合曲轴应用。其集成电路（基于霍尔效应）提供了频率与转速成正比的数字信号输出。额外的自校正模块提供最优的精度。利用新的模块型封装所集成的滤波器电容器可以减少干扰。 进气管绝对压力/大气绝对压力传感器 在新一代传感器中，复杂的处理电路完全集成在传感器芯片上。随着表面微机械技术得以在标准BiCMOS工艺进行微机械加工，利用其技术制造的传感器称为MEMS(微电子机械系统)。利用微机械技术，可以制作出厚度仅有400 m的多晶硅薄膜。这些薄膜构成在芯片上的多个电容器和两个参考电容器。信号则源于压感区域和参考区域的差别。 由于需要利用模拟的绝对压力传感器来测量进气管绝对压力和大气绝对压力，因此标准BiCMOS技术就特别重要。这是因为需要复杂的电路来提供模拟输出信号，进行线性化和偏差补偿。一个MAP传感器测量进气管中空气的绝对压力，并为发动机管理系统提供一个重要的参数（空气体积）。另一方面，一个BAP传感器则测量环境空气压力（是汽车高度的函数），这也是发动机管理系统所需要的同样重要的一个参数（空气密度）。有了这两个参数，就可算出空气的质量，并利用算出的空气质量来决定喷入多少燃料以实现最佳的燃烧。英飞凌的BAP传感器KP120适用于柴油和汽油发动机的管理。 单片机 单片机是动力总成系统的大脑。实时运行的高度复杂的算法用来在各种情况下管理发动机及传送动作。由于系统位于发动机罩下的恶劣环境中，因此除了合适的CPU以外，单片机的整个系统架构对于系统性能来说非常重要。目前在动力总成应用中使用的CPU架构有8位、16位和32位。 8位架构主要用于非常低端的汽车产品，但在摩托车ECU中的应用前景看起来很好。英飞凌提供低成本的增强8位C500核心，以及适合在成本敏感的摩托车市场中应用的高性能外设。由于相应的软件和工具集与业界标准的80C51单片机完全兼容，因此可加快软件开发周期。 32位单片机的市场份额正越来越大。但是，大批量生产的16位产品仍然在目前的汽车中有很大的市场。英飞凌的16位C167系列旨在满足实时嵌入式控制应用的高性能要求。该系列单片机的架构针对大指令吞吐量和对外部刺激（中断）的快速响应而优化。集成的智能外设子系统可将所需要的CPU干预降低到最低的程度。这还减少了对通过外部总线接口进行通信的需要。C167系列的成功源于其CPU，以及对于动力总成应用的要求来说非常理想的外设组合。 称为C166v2内核的新一代C166内核采用了单时钟周期执行技术，因此性能提升了一倍。内置的高级乘法和累加指令（MAC）执行单元极大地提高了DSP性能。 目前功能最强大的单片机采用了32位CPU。此类CPU中的一些源于单片机架构。而象英飞凌TriCore这样的CPU则是针对实时环境中的嵌入式控制应用而设计的，因此非常适用于象动力总成这样的应用。 功率半导体器件 在动力总成应用中，需要开关驱动喷射器、氧气传感器加热器、放气阀、冷却风扇以及一些继电器等负载。在单片IC中集成多个开关可以缩小电路板尺寸，从而降低成本。目前可提供2至18通道的多通道开关器件。根据特定的应用，可驱动从50mA直到30A的电流。负载可以是欧姆负载、容性负载或感性负载。 越来越多的数字逻辑可以在功率输出级一起实现。随着BCD技术的发展，可以在器件中集成许多此前必须由专用ASIC或单片机完成的新功能。 除了这一控制功能外，目前的开关器件还集成了保护和检测功能，如短路、过载、超温、过压、负载开路、静电放电（ESD）和反向电流保护等。此外，还可通过实现在过载时断路以及限流模式等故障保护模式来进一步提高系统可靠性。多通道开关器件通常可利用标准通信接口（SPI）进行控制。诊断信息通过SPI传输回单片机。英飞凌公司还提供了一种高速点到点通信接口，可为未来时间关键的应用（如PWM电流调整）提供更大的数据带宽，并降低微控制器和功率开关器件（如超过 8通道的器件）的I/O端口数量。

与汽车有关的毕业论文范文英语版

Guide the future development of the concept of automotive vehicles Summary of high-tech popularization and application makes the pace of replacement automotive products faster and faster， also makes the Chinese automotive industry independent research and development level and technical level with the international on the growing gap in the development of the concept car is even more the difference between the very WTO accession for China car alarm sounded， but also tremendous opportunity， our government， as well as automotive companies must increase their research and automotive design input， to establish a positive right car design concept， the concept of extensive vehicle design Keywords concept car designed to develop science， technology and culture Technology start-ups PIONEERINGWITHSCIENCE & TECHNOLOGYMONTHLY The 21st century， in order to lead and performance of the new century， the development of future automotive trends， a number of international auto companies， one after another at the major auto show in the world to launch its own concept car and new There is， however， must be caused by a phenomenon we are concerned about: As a car big country， but few Chinese car makers to launch its own development and design concept Are one of the main reasons for China's automotive design concepts and methods， as well as the lack of research and development of concept cars do not pay enough It can be said that a self-designed and self-development capacity of the automobile industry， it is difficult to say that is a complete auto Thus we must intensify the study of automotive design and input， to establish a positive right car design concept， the concept of extensive vehicle 1 "concept car" is defined The so-called "concept cars" that have not yet begun to enter the market with a design unique and must advance the awareness of the new Its main characteristics are: it must give people are to consider that can guide the new concept It has just the design in general at the time， people's aesthetic ideas， the purchasing power and even the level of motor vehicle manufacturing industry is also Generally it will be it avant-garde design， innovative materials， bold use of a more perfect performance， the new car interior design indicates that the direction of development of the automobile Some of the world's largest car company every year to spend many human and material resources to design their own concept car， and in some large auto exposition on It can be said that with the continuous introduction of concept cars， the near future may occur on some concept cars have today， some features or functions of the But not necessarily a concept car will each eventually evolve into mass production cars to enter the market， the majority of concept cars are finally only a "concept" for people to discuss the 2 concept car， in reality the meaning of 1 concept car design and development of automotive products reflected the development trend of 1 the performance of the highest scientific level and the most sophisticated technology in concept car At the International Motor Show the previous， and the major automotive companies and the introduction of the concept of lot of cars， concept cars to remove these sleek， but also more integrated into a large number of high-tech and modern means of the introduction of the concept car to become Motor Company takes pride in the idea of the concept of automotive research and development are often accompanied by new technologies and the use of new materials with certain forward-looking， herald a new stage of development and the beginning for this reason that car companies the development of the concept car has invested great human and material resources， with its show car the company's strong momentum of Various high-tech applications， making car slowly evolved into information， communications， entertainment centers and the exchange of information with the outside world， the computer functions and Internet all-round involvement， in-car information and entertainment equipment， advanced navigation equipment， real-time traffic information function of the growing popularity of the inevitable demand of these high-tech automotive designers transcend time and space to establish a new value system， the emergence of various new technologies for the automotive design freely given to a wider Function of motor vehicles for further expansion and development of the concept car， the car gradually from the cold machinery into human information exchange platform， if the concept car has its own way of expressing their emotions with pregnant， anger， sadness and joy， such as facial expression make the concept car than in high volume production cars， become a new symbol of Concept Car Design of automotive products have greater and greater impact， it represents the development direction of the automobile industry and the basic idea of the automobile company design standards and a symbol of scientific and technological 2 human physiological needs and psychological needs of the largest Satisfied --- Automotive Engineering in the Ergonomics Ergonomics are 50 in the early 20th century with the rapid development of a new subject with the aim of research， design and engineering technology to solve the relationship between the human Car body design in ergonomics， it is to people (drivers and passengers) as the center， from the body's physiology， psychology， and exercise the human body， the research body design， layout and equipment in terms of how to adapt to people need to create a manipulation convenient， safe， reliable， beautiful and comfortable driving environment and take the environment， that is the best person to design a - vehicle - environment Automotive Design Human-Computer analysis of the first ministries to human size required for measurement， statistics and analysis， conducting interior layout design as a basis to determine the effective space vehicle， as well as parts， assemblies (seats， dashboard ， steering wheel， ) position and dimensions of the relationship between Through the study of human physiological structure， so that the seat design in full compliance with the requirements of human Based on the manipulation of human manipulation of the scope and power to determine the layout of the manipulator position and force size， so that when the human body to manipulate natural， rapid， accurate and lightweight， so as to reduce the degree of manipulation of Through the visual characteristics of the human eye， the effect of vision research， testing， checking driver information system， to ensure that drivers have access to proper driving Exercise in accordance with the characteristics of the human body to study the automobile collision on the human body， a reasonable protection， the right to determine the hinged point seat belts and binding on the human body to study the vibration of the impact on ride comfort， research on and get off at the convenience of passengers， and door openings in order to determine location and According to the body's physiological requirements， reasonable certainty that the air-conditioning system and Research on the psychological characteristics and requirements， to design a comfortable， beautiful， relaxed by the 3 virtual product development technology At present， a growing number of automotive design companies and manufacturing companies to start using virtual product development technology， using three-dimensional virtual reality 3D technology development concept Opel car using 3D virtual reality technology concept car design and Designers can experience floating in the air of a virtual image of car design and manufacturing， saving considerable development costs， and plans to be extended to its North American assembly plant to Britain's Rolls-Royce， Renault， France， Germany Audi， as well as Italy， Sweden and other auto plants are actively engaged in this virtual design and Over the past automotive research and development centers to develop new or modified are first shaped body sludge physical model， is extremely time-consuming Now automotive R & D， in particular the development of concept cars are increasingly seeking the shortest development If the introduction of virtual product development technologies， as long as the computer input data to construct a model figure model， in the laboratory can show an ideal vehicle images， as long as the engineers wear eyepiece， you can see clearly， there is such as a car in front of us true， after all the discussion of design engineers modifications， you can quickly design an ideal new Stereotypes， the computer can use the data， outsourcing trial and trial fitted the new parts and components， assembly achieve zero error， and the development of aging more rapidly than in the 4 the concept of green environment-friendly vehicles to the development trend of Since entering the 21st century， countries around the world have been produced about 5 billion vehicles， according to expert estimates that in 2010 global vehicle production will reach 75 People sigh at the rapid development of automobile industry， but also an increasing awareness of pollution from motor vehicles to harm human beings， so many countries of the vehicle to develop environmental protection measures and regulations to protect the environment for human survival， so automotive environmental protection the design of this new concept car design to be placed in a prominent position on the Improve energy efficiency， improved engine configurations， including electronically controlled fuel injection system， secondary air injection， thermal reactor， exhaust gas recirculation system， catalytic purification device， crankcase ventilation systems， fuel evaporation control The development of alternative fuels， research and development of new environmentally-friendly energy， including natural gas， liquefied petroleum gas， fast charging batteries， hybrid power， hydrogen In the automotive manufacturing process， use of green materials， green packaging， green manufacturing processes and equipment and equipment Green car recycling 2 Concept car indicates road traffic in the evolution of human behavior 1 Concept foretells the future of the way road traffic trends Along with the development of automobile， the vehicle status is also slowly change， now car in people's minds as a symbol， a symbol of wealth and the embodiment of a status， but the car as a way of the nature of road traffic has Concept car design is based on the nature of a car's innovative design Concept car at the design of the way through the daily life of mankind， human beings in road traffic in the use of methods such as behavior and ways of life all aspects of prediction and analysis， it is envisaged to solve the future in the way road traffic between the object harmonious Strong and high-speed in today's technology enables the development of means of transport have a much broader space for development， more and more high-tech continuously applied at a new At present many of the world's major auto companies have realized that the development of the next car is no longer the biggest obstacles are technical limitations， but limits the designers Now appearing in major auto show concept cars are generally two types: one is based on the latest available technology can achieve another kind of concept cars are those who put forward some innovative technology options but is still in the research phase of the concept Able to express their feelings such as car， truck can random shell replacement car， be able to easily change the driving mode of motor vehicles， be able to swim in the water of the amphibious vehicle， able to fly in space vehicles， be able to change Like from Toyota and Sony jointly developed by "POD" cars， will be able to through the car before the lights， mirrors， antenna， as well as the rear seat to the car owners to express their "" Like Volkswagen's Seat International Auto Show in the United States on the introduction of multi-functional concept car "Sal? Juancheng sa"， there are sports， comfort and three kinds of urban-type driving mode selection for 2 Concept of culture differences in performance The United States as a world leader in the auto industry， concept cars at the manufacturing are on the forefront in the At the United States because of cultural blending， collision， so the concept car embodies the greater the diversity of cultures; are also caused by a highly developed country commercial， commercial design and pragmatism prevailed， so the design is set up at a deep aesthetic Ethics on the real and solve practical With the American cars are in sharp contrast to the Japanese concept Japan as the world's output of the second car big country， its concept car many practical and imagination， technology is better than art， more concerned about solving technical problems， it can be said in Japan This is the premise of the concept of car design， each model is to solve one kinds of technical problems The Japanese car model to maintain a small， simple， style characteristics of the economy and harmonious relations between man-machine deal with the Japanese are reflected as a delicate oriental thinking and compromise approach to solve the The United States put the design of commercial operation as an important aspect， Japan put out of Products Designed to accelerate as a tool， Germany put Designed as a social and cultural foundation， while the French took the design as a designer of stage From various countries so the concept of car design in different styles， we can see different countries， different concepts， as well as their different cultural backgrounds 3 Concluding remarks The future of automotive design as the development of the inevitable progress of Automotive Technology with each passing day， many of the artistic style of the designer will make it even more widely and more strongly reflected in the car design， and give people a wider Under high-tech， and personality of the car more humane 21st century will be the necessity of the development of the automobile industry， because it is consistent with human culture， the pursuit of individuality and Therefore， the increase in automobile design concept of the attention and input， will be the development of China's automobile industry has played a great role in pushing References 1尹定邦 Introduction to Study Design [M] Hunan: Hunan Science and Technology Press， 1999 2张洪欣 Auto Design [M] Beijing: Mechanical Industry Press， 1997 3 Tang Jia-Ti， Han Xiao Jian had --- Product conceptual design theory， methods and techniques [M] Beijing: Mechanical Industry Press， 2002 Tang Shu-Min Concept cars and car design development and innovation [J] Shenyang Institute of Aeronautical Engineering Journal， 2002 (6)

学术堂整理了一份汽车系毕业论文范文，供大家进行参考：　　范文题目《浅谈混合动力汽车的检测与维修》　　摘要：目前已研制成功并投入使用的混合动力电动汽车主要是内燃机与蓄电池混合的混合动力电动汽车，它被称为油电混合动力汽车。首先，随着汽车电控化程度的提高，特别是未来混合动力汽车、纯电动汽车以及燃料电池汽车的发展，汽车的主要故障将出现在电路方面，面对复杂、纷乱的汽车电路时，只有具备了过硬的理论知识后才有可能将它们理清楚、弄明白，才有可能进一步的形成正确的诊断思路，找到正确的维修方法。我们知道不同的混合动力系统其结构和工作原理各不相同，这就使得不同的混合动力汽车其检测与维修的方法也会有很大的差异。　　关键词：混合动力汽车，检测，维修　　混合动力电动汽车的英文是“Hybrid Electric Vehicle”，简称“HEV”。根据国际机电委员会下属的电力机动车技术委员会的建议，混合动力电动汽车是指有两种或两种以上的储能器、能源或转换器作驱动能源，至少有一种能提供电能的车辆称为混合动力电动汽车。目前已研制成功并投入使用的混合动力电动汽车主要是内燃机与蓄电池混合的混合动力电动汽车，它被称为油电混合动力汽车。本论文所述的混合动力汽车也只局限于这类油电混合动力汽车。　　所谓油电混合动力电动汽车(以下简称混合动力汽车)，是指采用传统的内燃机和电动机(电池) 做为动力源，通过使用热能和电力两套系统驱动汽车。混合动力汽车采用的内燃机既可是汽油机也可以是柴油机，而使用的电动系统包括高效强化的电动机、发电机和蓄电池。两套系统的联合使用使得内燃机、电动机都可在高效区经济内运行，输出功率相对稳定。燃油提供了车辆运行所需的大部分能量来源，而辅助动力单元即动力电池通过电机使车辆具有更好的动力性和经济性。　　一、混合动力汽车的检测与维修概述　　汽车维修工作主要分为保养、机械维修、电器及电控系统维修、钣金和喷漆这几个部分。对于混合动力汽车来说，它与传统的内燃机汽车的主要差别在于增加了一套电驱动系统，这套系统的增加使得原本就复杂的电控系统变得更加复杂，电器及电控系统的维修难度之大不言而喻。由于增加了一套电驱动系统并对原有内燃机汽车的结构作了相应的改造，这决定了混合动力汽车必将产生出新的特有的故障类型，原本适用于传统内燃机汽车的一些维修经验、诊断思路和检测方法在混合动力汽车上可能将不再适用，所以，作为一名维修人员如果墨守成规、依赖经验，不注重理论知识的学习和诊断思维的培养，将很快被淘汰。那么我们应该如何来面对接下来的挑战呢?　　首先，随着汽车电控化程度的提高，特别是未来混合动力汽车、纯电动汽车以及燃料电池汽车的发展，汽车的主要故障将出现在电路方面，面对复杂、纷乱的汽车电路时，只有具备了过硬的理论知识后才有可能将它们理清楚、弄明白，才有可能进一步的形成正确的诊断思路，找到正确的维修方法。　　其次，多观察、多比较。在掌握相关理论知识的基础上要回到实践当中来，多观察、多比较。仔细观察汽车的结构，认真的比较它与传统的内燃机汽车的异同点，将理论与实践紧密的连接起来。　　再次，勤总结。混合动力汽车必然会出现不同于现有传统内燃机汽车的特有的故障类型，应该在维修实践中将其详细的记录下来并认真的分析和总结，日积月累便能形成一套适合于混合动力汽车的行之有效的维修方法。　　二、混合动力汽车的检测与维修　　我们知道不同的混合动力系统其结构和工作原理各不相同，这就使得不同的混合动力汽车其检测与维修的方法也会有很大的差异。本文以丰田普锐斯混合动力汽车为例简单的介绍一下与混合动力汽车的检测与维修相关的问题。　　1、普锐斯混合动力汽车检测与维修注意事项　　普锐斯采用的是高压电路，动力电池组的额定电压为6V，发电机和电动机发出(或使用)的电压为500V。在普锐斯的电路系统中，高压电路的线束和连接器都为橙色，而且蓄电池等高压零件都贴有“高压”的警示标志，注意!不要触碰这些配线。论文格式。在检修过程中一定要严格按照正确的操作步骤操作。在检修过程中(如安装或拆卸零部件、对车辆进行检查等)必须注意以下几点：　　(1)对高压系统进行操作时首先应将车辆电源开关关闭;　　(2)穿好绝缘手套(戴绝缘手套前一定要先检查手套，不能有破损，哪怕针眼大的也不行，不能有裂纹，不能有老化的迹象，也不能是湿的);　　(3)将辅助蓄电池的负极电缆断开(在此之前应先查看故障码，有必要的化将故障码保存或记录下来，因为与传统内燃机汽车一样，断开蓄电池负极电缆故障码将被清除);　　(4)拆下检修塞，并将检修塞放在衣袋里妥善保管，这样可以避免其他人员误将检修塞装回原处，造成意外;　　(5)拆下检修塞后不要操作电源开关，否则可能损坏混合动力ECU;　　(6)拆下检修塞后至少将车辆放置5分钟后再进行其他操作，因为至少需要5分钟的时间对变频器内的高压电容器进行放电;　　(7)在进行高压系统的作业时，应在醒目的地方摆放警告标志，以提醒他人注意安全;　　(8)不要随身携带任何金属物体或其他导电体，以免不小心掉落引起线路短路;　　(9)拆下任何高压配线后应立刻用绝缘交代将其包好，保证其完全绝缘;　　(10)一定要按规定扭矩将高压螺钉端子拧紧。扭矩过大或过小都有可能导致故障;　　(11)完成对高压系统的操作后，在重新安装检修赛前，应再次确认在工作平台周围没有遗留任何零件或工具，并确认高压端子已拧紧，连接器已插好。论文格式。　　2、普锐斯的基本检修程序　　(1)车辆进入车间。　　(2)分析各户所述的故障。　　(3)将智能诊断仪II连接到车辆的诊断插座上。　　(4)读取故障码和定格数据，并将其记录下来。如果出现与CAN通信系统有关的故障码则应首先检查并修复CAN通信。　　(5)清除故障码。　　(6)故障症状确认。若故障未出现则进行故障症状模拟;若故障出现则查看故障码及相关数据流以获取相关信息。　　(7)进行基本检查，查阅相关资料。　　(8)根据故障现象、故障码、相关数据流并结合其他的检测手段进行故障诊断，找出故障原因。　　(9)排除故障。　　(10)确认故障排除。　　3、普锐斯混合动力汽车混合动力控制系统的检测与维修　　(1)对混合动力汽车控制系统进行操作前必须弄清楚混合动力汽车控制系统的组成和工作原理并结合电路图和相关的维修资料严格按规范的操作步骤进行。　　(2)普锐斯混合动力系统的相关检查　　①检查变频器　　查看故障码;清除故障码;戴上绝缘手套;关闭电源开关;拆下检修塞;拆下变频器盖，断开端子A和B。　　将电源开关拨到IG位置，此时会产生互锁开关系统的故障码;在线束侧用电压表测电压，同时用欧姆表测电阻。　　②检查转换器(戴上绝缘手套操作)　　若混合动力系统警告灯、主警告灯和充电警告灯同时点亮，则检查故障码并进行相应的故障排除。　　③检查速度传感器　　用欧姆表测量端子间的电阻，其值应符合标准值，否则更换变速驱动桥总成。　　④检查温度传感器　　用欧姆表测量端子间的电阻，应符合标准值，否则更换变速驱动桥总成。　　⑤检查加速踏板位置信号　　将电源开关拨到IG位置;用电压表测量混合动力车辆控制ECU连接器B中相应端子的电压，应符合标准值，否则更换加速踏板连杆总成。　　4、普锐斯混合动力汽车电池系统的检测与维修　　普锐斯混合动力汽车电池系统主要由以下几部分组成：动力电池组、12V辅助电池、电池ECU、冷却系统、电流传感器、检修塞系统主继电器等组成。　　动力电池组：普锐斯采用的是镍-氢动力电池组，它具有高功率密度和常使用寿命的特点。该电池组由28个电池模块串联而成，每个模块由6个1V或2V的单节电池串联而成。所以整个电池组共168个单节电池，可以得到6V的高电压。论文格式。　　电池ECU：电池ECU的功能是用来检测电池组的充电状态(SOC)、温度、电压、电流以及是否漏电，并将这些信息发送到HV ECU(混合动力ECU)。电池ECU还负责控制冷却风扇的工作，确保电池组处于正常的温度范围内。　　电池组冷却系统：电池组冷却系统由冷却风扇，一个进气温度传感器和3个位于电池内的温度传感器以及通风管路组成。3个温度传感器和一个进气温度传感器随时检测蓄电池及进气口的进气温度，若温度升高到一定值，电池ECU将启动冷却风扇，直到温度下降到规定值，从而使电池组的温度始终保持在正常的范围内。　　检修塞：检修塞位于电池组第19模块和第20模块中间，在检查或维修前拆下检修塞便可以切断电池组中部的高压电路，可以保证维修期间的人员安全。　　系统主继电器(SMR)：系统主继电器的作用是按照HV ECU的指令连接和断开到高压电路的动力。系统主继电器共由3个继电器组成，两个位于正极分别为SMR1、SMR2，一个位于负极SMR3。电路接通时，SMR1和SMR3工作，而后SMR2工作而SMR1关闭。　　辅助蓄电池：普锐斯采用的是12V的免维护电池，它与传统的汽车用蓄电池类似，负极也是通过车身接地的。该电池对高压很敏感，对其充电时应将它从车上拆下，用丰田专用的充电机充电，普通充电器没有专用的电压控制功能，有可能毁坏电池。　　参考文献　　[1] 陈清泉，孙逢春 编译 混合电动车辆基础[M] 北京：北京理工大学出版社，　　[2] 张金柱 混合动力汽车结构、原理与维修[M] 北京：化学工业出版社，　　[3] 耿新 混合动力技术的原理和应用[J] 汽车维修与保养，　　[4] Jon M 用于混合动力/电动汽车的可靠锂离子电池监视系统[J] CompoTechChina，2008(10)　　[5] 陈宗璋，吴振军 电动汽车动力源类型[J] 大众英雄，2008，(3)

让你同学帮你在一些高校的图书馆里找，那里都有电子档的

How Manual Transmissions Work by Marshall Brain ­If you drive a stick-shift car， then you may have several questions floating in your ­How does the funny "H" pattern that I am moving this shift knob through have any relation to the gears inside the transmission? What is moving inside the transmission when I move the shifter? When I mess up and hear that horrible grinding sound， what is actually grinding? What would happen if I were to accidentally shift into reverse while I am speeding down the freeway? Would the entire transmission explode? In this article， we'll answer all of these questions and more as we explore the interior of a manual Cars need transmissions because of the physics of the gasoline First， any engine has a redline -- a maximum rpm value above which the engine cannot go without Second， if you have read How Horsepower Works， then you know that engines have narrow rpm ranges where horsepower and torque are at their For example， an engine might produce its maximum horsepower at 5，500 The transmission allows the gear ratio between the engine and the drive wheels to change as the car speeds up and slows You shift gears so the engine can stay below the redline and near the rpm band of its best Photo courtesy DaimlerChrysler Mercedes-Benz Actros， manual See more transmission Ideally， the transmission would be so flexible in its ratios that the engine could always run at its single， best-performance rpm That is the idea behind the continuously variable transmission (CVT) A CVT has a nearly infinite range of gear In the past， CVTs could not compete with four-speed and five-speed transmissions in terms of cost， size and reliability， so you didn't see them in production These days， improvements in design have made CVTs more The Toyota Prius is a hybrid car that uses a CVT The transmission is connected to the engine through the The input shaft of the transmission therefore turns at the same rpm as the engine

与汽车有关的毕业论文范文初中生

ABS与汽车制动系统 汽车的制动性也是汽车的主要性能之一。自从汽车诞生之日起，汽车的制动性就显得至关重要；并且随着汽车技术的发展和汽车行驶车速的提高，其重要性也显得越来越明显。制动性直接关系到交通安全，重大交通事故往往与制动距离太长、紧急制动时发生侧滑等情况有关。所以，汽车的制动性是汽车行驶的重要保障。 汽车的制动性及其评价指标 汽车行驶时能在短距离内停车并且维持行驶方向稳定性和在下长坡时能维持一定车速的能力，以及汽车在一定坡道上能长时间停车不动的驻车制动器性能称为汽车的制动性。 汽车的制动性主要由制动效能、制动效能的恒定性和制动时汽车的方向稳定性三方面来评价。 一、提高汽车安全性的制动控制系统 有汽车参与的交通事故中，事故的预防、事故的回避、乘客保护等安全领域与汽车的运动性能有密切的关系。事故预防中起主要作用的是驾驶员，事故发生瞬间对乘客保护主要是汽车的被动安全设备起作用，而事故的回避则与汽车的制动控制系统有紧密的关系。在事故预防环节中人和环境的作用是主要的，在事故回避环节中车的作用是主要的。在汽车中，提高安全性的制动控制系统除了ABS、TCS、ESP（VSC、VDS）等，另外还有BAS（Brake Assist System，制动器辅助系统）。 制动辅助系统BAS是当紧急刹车时，根据踩的速度、力度，制动系统自动感知而输出更强的制动力。它的工作原理是，令刹车泵里的真空量增加，使你一脚踩下去，制动力度大大提高，从而提高了驾驶安全性。即使车子已经熄火了，它还会使刹车制动能力保持一段时间。它的功能是在紧急制动时，提供一个附加的制动力来帮助没能及时形成较大制动力的驾驶员，制动助力加快制动踏板的移动；当司机施加在制动踏板上的制动力不太大时，增加制动力，使车辆的紧急制动性能最佳。有关调查显示，约有90％的汽车驾驶员紧急情况刹车时缺乏果断，而BAS则能从驾驶员踩下制动踏板的速度，探测车辆行驶情况。紧急情况下，当驾驶员迅速踩下制动踏板力度不足时，BAS便会启动，并在不足1秒的时间内把制动力增至最大，从而缩短紧急制动刹车距离。 ABS虽然能够缩短刹车距离，但如果驾驶员采用点刹时，车轮往往不会抱死，ABS没有机会发挥作用。而制动辅助BAS，则让现有的ABS具有一定的智能。当驾驶者迅速用力踩下刹车踏板时，BAS就会判断车辆正在紧急刹车，从而启动ABS，迅速增大制动力。 二、 ABS系统的保养与正确使用 ABS(防抱死制动系统)作为一种主动安全装置，在现代汽车上运用已经很广泛了。由于其在制动过程中的控制方式及工作过程与以往普通的制动系统有所区别，因此在使用保养方面也与传统的制动系统有所不同，否则会引发ABS系统故障。 总结多年的维修经验，笔者认为车主在使用装有ABS系统的汽车时要做到“四要”、“四不要”。 四要 (1)要始终将脚踩住制动踏板不放松。这样才能保证足够和连续的制动力，使ABS有效地发挥作用。 (2)要保持足够的制动距离。当在良好路面上行驶时，至少要保证离前面的车辆有3s的制动时间；在不好的路面上行驶，要留给制动更长一些的时间。 (3)要事先练习使用ABS，这样才能使自己对ABS工作时的制动踏板振颤有准备和适应能力。 (4)要事先阅读汽车驾驶员手册。这样才能进一步理解各种操作。 四不要 (1)不要在驾驶装有ABS的汽车时比没有装ABS的汽车更随意。有些车主认为汽车装有ABS后，安全性加大，因此在驾驶中思想就会放松，为事故埋下隐患。 (2)不要反复踩制动踏板。在驾驶有ABS的车时，反复踩制动踏板会使ABS的工作时断时续，导致制动效能降低和制动距离增加。实际上，ABS本身会以更高速率自动增减制动力，并提供有效的方向控制能力。 (3)不要忘记控制转向盘。在制动时，ABS系统为驾驶者提供了可靠的方向控制能力，但它本身并不能自动完成汽车的转向操作。在出现意外状况时，还得需要人来完成转向控制。 (4)不要在制动过程中，被ABS的正常液压工作噪声和制动踏板振颤吓住。这种声音和振颤都是正常的，且可让驾驶者由此而感知ABS在工作。