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土木工程的英文是Civil Engineering ，直译是民用工程，它是建造各种工程的统称。它既指建设的对象，即建造在地上，地下，水中的工程设施，也指应用的材料设备和进行的勘测，设计施工，保养，维修等专业技术。土木工程随着人类社会的进步而发展，至今已经演变成为大型综合性的学科，它已经出许多分支，如：建筑工程，铁路工程，道路工程，桥梁工程，特种工程结构，给水排水工程，港口工程，水利工程，环境工程等学科。土木工程共有六个专业：建筑学，城市规划，土木工程，建筑环境与设备工程，给水排水工程和道路桥梁工程。土木工程作为一个重要的基础学科，有其重要的属性：综合性，社会性，实践性，统一性。土木工程为国民经济的发展和人民生活的改善提供了重要的物质技术基础，对众多产业的振兴发挥了促进作用，工程建设是形成固定资产的基本生产过程，因此，建筑业和房地产成为许多国家和地区的经济支柱之一。古代的土木工程有很长的时间跨度，大致从公元前500年新石器时代出现原始的土木工程活动到16世纪末意大利的文艺复兴，导致土木工程走上迅速发展的道路为止，前后经历了两千多年。在这段时间内，由于科学理论发展及其缓慢，土木工程也没有突破习惯的发展。从17世纪中页开始到20 世纪40年代第二次世界大战结束为止的300年间，国外的建筑取得了长足的进步。土木工程进入了定量分析阶段。一些理论的发展，新材料的出现，新工具的发明，都使土木工程科学日渐完善和成熟。到了近代，二战结束之后，许多国家经济起飞，现代科学日益进步，从而为进一步发展提供了强大的动力和物质基础。人们生活水平的不断提高，必然要求越来越舒适的居住环境，在这种情况下，建筑的发展直接推动了土木工程的发展。总的来说土木工程是一门古老的学科，它已经取得了巨大的成就，未来的土木工程将在人们的生活中占据更重要的地位。地球环境的日益恶化，人口的不断增加，人们为了争取生存，为了争取更舒适的生存环境，必将更加重视土木工程。在不久的将来，一些重大项目将会陆续兴建，插入云霄的摩天大楼，横跨大样的桥梁，更加方便的交通将不是梦想。科技的发展，以及地球不断恶化的环境必将促使土木工程向太空和海洋发展，为人类提供更广阔的生存空间。近年来，工程材料主要是钢筋，混凝土，木材和砖材，在未来，传统材料将得到改观，一些全新的更加适合建筑的材料将问世，尤其是化学合成材料将推动建筑走向更高点。同时，设计方法的精确化，设计工作的自动化，信息和智能话技术的全面引入，将会是人们有一个更加舒适的居住环境。一句话，理论的发展，新材料的出现，计算机的应用，高新技术的引入等都将使土木工程有一个新的飞跃English is the Civil Engineering Civil Engineering， civil engineering is literally， it is the construction of the project It means building objects that the construction on the ground， underground， water works facilities， equipment and materials to use in surveying， design construction， maintenance， repair and other professional Civil Engineering with the progress of the human society， has been transformed into large integrated disciplines， it has a number of branches， such as : construction， rail projects， road projects， bridge projects， special project structure， water drainage works， the port project， water， environmental engineering A total of six professional Civil Engineering : architecture， urban planning， civil engineering， construction and environmental engineering equipment， water drainage works and road bridge Civil Engineering as an important foundation subjects， its important attribute : an integrated， social， practicality， Civil Engineering for the development of the national economy and improve the living standards of the people provided important material and technological foundation for the revitalization of many industries played a catalytic role in the construction of fixed assets is a basic production process， the construction and real estate in many countries and regions become a pillar of the economyAncient Civil Engineering has a long time span， roughly 500 years before Christ from the original date in civil engineering activities to the 16 century Italian Renaissance， resulting in the rapid development of the Civil Engineering on the road today， and has experienced more than 2，000 During this period， due to the development of scientific theories and slow， there is no breakthrough in civil engineering Century from 17 pages to 40 years in the 20th century end of the Second World War 300 years， foreign construction made great Civil Engineering has entered a phase of quantitative Some theoretical development， the emergence of new materials， new tools of invention， the Civil Engineering Science is perfection and In modern times， after the end of World War II， many countries economic takeoff， the increasing advances of modern science， so as to provide a powerful impetus to further development and material People's living conditions continue to improve， more and more comfortable living environment for the inevitable in the circumstances， the construction of development directly to the Civil Engineering

Uniaxial stress–strain relationship of concrete confined by various shaped steel tubesKAS Susantha， Hanbin Ge， Tsutomu Usami *Department of Civil Engineering， Nagoya University， Chikusa-ku， Nagoya 464-8603， JapanReceived 31 May 2000; received in revised form 19 December 2000; accepted 14 February 2001AbstractA method is presented to predict the complete stress–strain curve of concrete subjected to triaxial compressive stresses caused by axial load plus lateral pressure due to the confinement action in circular， box and octagonal shaped concrete-filled steel Available empirical formulas are adopted to determine the lateral pressure exerted on concrete in circular concrete-filled steel To evaluate the lateral pressure exerted on the concrete in box and octagonal shaped columns， FEM analysis is adopted with the help of a concrete–steel interaction Subsequently， an extensive parametric study is conducted to propose an empiricalequation for the maximum average lateral pressure， which depends on the material and geometric properties of the Lateral pressure so calculated is correlated to confined concrete strength through a well known empirical For determination of the post-peak stress–strain relation， available experimental results are Based on the test results， approximated expressions to predict the slope of the descending branch and the strain at sustained concrete strength are derived for the confined concrete in columns having each type of sectional The predicted concrete strength and post-peak behavior are found to exhibit goodagreement with the test results within the accepted The proposed model is intended to be used in fiber analysis involving beam–column elements in order to establish an ultimate state prediction criterion for concrete-filled steel columns designed as earthquake resisting •2001 Elsevier Science L All rights Keywords: Concrete-filled tubes; Confinement; Concrete strength; Ductility; Stress–strain relation; Fiber IntroductionConcrete-filled steel tubes (CFT) are becoming increasingly popular in recent decades due to their excellent earthquake resisting characteristics such as high ductility and improved As a result， numerous experimental investigations have been carried out in recent years to examine the overall performance of CFT columns [1–11] Although the behavior of CFT columns has been extensively examined， the concrete core confinement is not yet well Many of the previous research works have been mainly focused on investigating the performance of CFT columns with various The main variables subjected to such limitations were the concrete strength， plate width-to- thickness (or radius-to-thickness) ratios and shapes of the Steel strength， column slenderness ratio and rate of loading were also additionally It is understandable that examination of the effects of all the above factors on performances of CFTs in a wider range， exclusively on experimental manner， is difficult and This can be overcome by following a suitable numerical theoretical approach which is capable of handling many experimentally unmanageable At present， finite element analysis (FEM) is considered as the most powerful and accurate tool to simulate the actual behavior of The accurate constitutive relationships for materials are essential for reliable results when such analysis procedures are For example， CFT behavior may well be investigated through a suitable FEM analysis procedure， provided that appropriate steel and concrete material models are One of the simplest yet powerful techniques for the examination of CFTs is fiber In this procedure the cross section is discretized into many small regions where a uniaxial constitutive relationship of either concrete or steel is This type of analysis can be employed to predict the load–displacement relationships of CFT columns designed as earthquake resisting The accuracy involved with the fiber analysis is found to be quite satisfactory with respect to the practical design At present， an accurate stress–strain relationship for steel， which is readily applicable in the fiber analysis， is currently available [12] However， in the case of concrete， only a few models that are suited for such analysis can be found [3，8，9] Among them， in Tomii and Sakino’s model [3]， which is applicable to square shaped columns， the strength improvement due to confinement has been Tang et [8] developed a model for circular tubes by taking into account the effect of geometry and material properties on strength enhancement as well as the post-peak Watanabe et [9] conducted model tests to determine a stress–strain relationship for confined concrete and subsequently proposed a method to analyze the ultimate behavior of concrete-filled box columns considering local buckling of component plates and initial Among the other recent investigations， the work done by Schneider [10] investigated the effect of steel tube shape and wall thickness on the ultimate strength of the composite El-Tawil and Deierlein [11] reviewed and evaluated the concrete encased composite design provisions of the American Concrete Institute Code (ACI 318) [13]， the AISC-LRFD Specifications [14] and the AISC Seismic Provisions [15]， based on fiber section analyses considering the inelastic behavior of steel and In this study， an analytical approach based on the existing experimental results is attempted to determine a complete uniaxial stress–strain law for confined concrete in relatively thick-walled CFT The primary objective of the proposed stress–strain model is its application in fiber analysis to investigate the inelastic behavior of CFT columns in compression or combined compression and Such analyses are useful in establishing rational strength and ductility prediction procedures of seismic resisting Three types of sectional shapes such as circular， box and octagonal are A concrete–steel interaction model is employed to estimate the lateral pressure on Then， the maximum lateral pressure is correlated to the strength of confined concrete through an empirical A method based on the results of fiber analysis using assumed concrete models is adopted to calibrate the post-peak behavior of the proposed Finally， the complete axial load–average axial strain curves obtained through the fiber analysis using the newly proposed material model are compared with the test It should be noted that a similar type of interaction model as used in this study has been adopted by Nishiyama et [16]， which has been combined with a so called peak load condition line in order to determine the maximum lateral pressure on reinforced concrete Meanwhile， previous researches [17，18] indicate that the stress–strain relationship of concrete under compressive load histories produces an envelope curve identical to the stress–strain curve obtained under monotonic Therefore， in further studies， the proposed confined uniaxial stress–strain law can be extended to a cyclic stress–strain relationship of confined concrete by including a suitable unloading/reloading stress–strain Theoretical Characteristic points on confined concrete stress–strain curveReferring to F 1（General stress–strain curves for confined and unconfined ）， the following characteristic points have been identified to define a complete stress–strain curve when concrete is confined by surrounding steel The notation in the figure is as follows: f ’c is the strength of unconfined concrete; f ’cc is the strength of confined concrete; εc is the strain at the peak of unconfined concrete; εcc is the strain at the peak of confined concrete; εu is the ultimate strain of unconfined concrete; fu is the ultimate strength of unconfined concrete; εcu is the ultimate strain of confined concrete; and αf ’cc is the residual strength of confined concrete at very high strain The expression for the complete stress–strain curve is defined as suggested by Popovics [19]， which was later modified by Mander et [20] and given by where fc and ε denote the longitudinal compressive stress and strain， respectively; Ec stands for the tangent modulus of elasticity of It should be noted that E (1) has been defined even for the post-peak region， in this study， it is utilized only up to the peak The post-peak behavior is treated separately by assuming a linearly varied stress–strain relation as will be discussed in Section 【1-4 F 1】 Confinement action in circular CFT columnsIn short CFT columns with relatively thick-walled sections designed for seismic purposes， failure is mainly caused due to concrete The mode of failure is governed by the individual behavior of each The behavior of concrete in CFT columns under monotonically increasing axial load can be explained in terms of concrete–steel The confinement effect does not exist at the early stage of loading owing to the fact that the Poisson ratio of concrete is lower than that of steel at the initial loading At this level of loading， the circumferential steel hoop stresses are in compression and the concrete is under lateral tension provided that no separation between concrete and steel occurs (， the bond between two materials does not break) However， as the axial load increases， the lateral expansion of concrete gradually becomes greater than the steel due to the change of the Poisson ratio of concrete， and therefore a radial pressure develops at the concrete– steel At this stage， confinement of the concrete core is achieved and the steel is in hoop Load transferring from the steel tube to the concrete occurs at this It is observed that the load at this stage is higher than the sum of loads that can be achieved by steel and concrete acting In the triaxial stress state the uniaxial compressive concrete strength can be given by 【5】 where frp is the maximum radial pressure on concrete and m is an empirical In the past a lot of extensive experimental studies have been carried out to determine a value for coefficient m and it is found that for normal strength concrete， m is in the range of 4–6 [21] In this study m is assumed to be The radial pressure， fr， can be expressed by the relationship given in E (6)， which is easily derived by considering the equilibrium of horizontal forces on a circular section: 【6】Here， fsr， t and D denote the circumference stress in steel， the thickness and the outer diameter of the tube， Evaluation of confinement in various shaped CFT Circular sectionDetermination of the confinement level in circular tubes is found in the method proposed by Tang et [8] In this method， the change of the Poisson ratio of concrete and steel with column loading is An empirical factor， β， is introduced for this purpose and subsequently the lateral pressure at the peak load is given by 【7】 Factor β is defined as 【8】 where νe and νs are the Poisson ratios of a steel tube with and without filled-in concrete， Here， νs is taken as equal to 50 at the maximum strength point， and νe is given by the following expressions: 【9 10】 Here， t， D and f ’c are the same as previously defined and fy stands for the yield stress of The above equation is applicable for (f ’c/fy) ranging from 04 to 20 where most of the practically feasible columns are found A detailed description of the method can be found in Tang et [8] It is clear that frp given by E (7) depends on both the material properties and the geometry of the Subsequently， frp calculated from E (7) is substituted into E (5) to determine the confined concrete strength， f ’摘要部分的翻译：各种断面形状钢管混凝土的单轴应力应变关系KAS Susantha ， Hanbin Ge， Tsutomu Usami*土木工程学院，名古屋大学， Chikusa-ku ，名古屋 464-8603，日本收讫于2000年5月31日 ; 正式校定于2000年12月19日; 被认可于2001年2月14日¬¬摘要一种预测受三轴压应力混凝土的完全应力-应变曲线的方法被提出，这种三轴压应力是由环形、箱形和八角形的钢管混凝土中的限制作用导致的轴向荷载加测向压力所产生的。有效的经验公式被用来确定施加于环形钢管混凝土柱内混凝土的侧向压力。FEM（有限元）分析法和混凝土-钢箍交互作用模型已被用来估计施加于箱形和八角形柱的混凝土侧向压力。接着，进行了广泛的参数研究，旨在提出一个经验公式，确定不同的筒材料和结构特性下的最大平均侧向压力。如此计算出的侧向压力通过一个著名经验公式确定出侧向受限混凝土强度。对于高峰之后的应力-应变关系的确定，使用了有效的试验结果。基于这些测试结果，和近似表达式来推算下降段的斜度和各种断面形状的筒内侧向受限混凝土在确认的混凝土强度下的应变。推算出的混凝土强度和后峰值性能在允许的界限内与测试结果吻合得非常好。所提出的模型可用于包括梁柱构件在内的纤维分析，以确定抗震结构设计中混凝土填充钢柱筒的极限状态的推算标准。 •版权所有2001 Elsevier科学技术有限公司。关键词: 钢管混凝土；限制；混凝土强度；延性；应力应变关系；纤维分析这是当年毕业时我的翻译，因为原文有图表等原文也超过10000字，没法在这里发，如需要原文（pdf版及word版）及全部翻译（5000字，中文），请留下邮箱。

Along with the our country economic development rapid development， the lives of the people level unceasing enhancement， the city uses to be day by day anxious， urges the building to face the direction is This kind of high level civil construction repair needed materials and the way also more hasten the diversification， and along with uses electricity the load and coal gas consumption quantity enlarging， proposed to the fire auto-alarm system design is higher， a stricter In order to guarantee the people life and property the security， the fire auto-alarm system design has become in the high level civil construction design one of most important design Presently based on the author fire of auto-alarm system design overseeing work in the high level civil building experience， proposed in present national related standard and standard unclear true detail shallow opinion， by for the colleagues to discuss and to point out First， design basis The fire auto-alarm system design is a specialized very strong technology work， at the same time also has the very strong policy- Therefore， first should be clear about the following design basis: 1st， must grasp the architectural design fire protection standard， the system design standard， the equipment manufacture standard， the installment construction approval standard and the administration laws and regulations and so on five big aspects fire laws and regulations， and in practical understanding present country related standard and standard positive word: "Must"， "be supposed"， "to be suitable"， "may" and the reverse side word: "Strictly prohibits"， "should not"， "not have"， "not to be suitable" the 2nd， must aim at high level civil building function， use and the protection object fire protection rank， earnestly carries out the present national related standard and the standard， earnestly treats the public security fire prevention surveillance department the examination and approval Second， fire auto-alarm system equipment establishmentFire detector establishmentOpens wide either the seal or the stair hall should alone divide the search coverage， and each 2 ~ 3 establish a fire The first room (including guards against in front of smoke stair hall in front of room， fire elevator room， fire elevator with guards against the front room which smoke stair hall comes in handy) and the aisle should distinguish alone to divide the search coverage， specially front the room and the lift well， the scattered stair hall and the aisle are interlinked， has time the fire haze to be easier to gather or to flow， is the personnel disperses which saves goal with the fire prevention， therefore should install the fire Regarding common elevator in front of room although is not the personnel disperses ， but this front room and the lift well are interlinked， has time the fire haze to be also easy to gather or to flow， suitably alone divides the search coverage and installs the fire The electric cable shaft therefore is easy to form pulls out the smoke inflammation the channel; Has when the fire the fire intensity not easily extends along the electric cable burns， for this， "the high level civil construction design fire protection standard" and "the civil construction electricity design standard" separately proposes the detailed specific stipulation in the construction and in the electric wire or on the electric cable But considered implements specifically the difficulty and the present situation， the electric cable shaft installs the fire detector is extremely essential， and coordinates the shaft the fire protection separation request， each 2 ~ 3 or each level The elevator machine room should install the fire detector， its elevator is the important vertical transportation vehicle; Its two elevator machine room has has the fire risk; Its three lift well existence essential opens the hole， like the level gate opens between the hole， the air vent， the between permanence opens the hole with the elevator machine room or the pulley and so on; Its four when has the fire， the lift well often becomes the fire intensity spread the channel， is easy to threaten the elevator machine room the Therefore， the elevator machine room establishes the fire detector is necessary， crown of also suitable establishment fire detector lift 2nd， the manual fire reports to the police the button establishment(Including guards against in front of smoke stair hall in view of various floors front room in front of room， fire elevator room， fire elevator with guards against which smoke stair hall to come in handy the front room) is has when the fire the personnel to disperse which saves goal with fire prevention， should report to the police the button first choice spot as the establishment manual In addition， the room also should establish the manual fire to the common elevator in front of to report to the police the In the public active place (including hall， hall， dining room， multi-purpose hall and so on) and the main thoroughfare and so on place， the personnel very is all centralized， and mainly disperses the Therefore should report to the police the button in these public active places main access establishment manual fires; The manual fire establishes which in the main thoroughfare reports to the police the button to guarantee "to a manual fire which most is close to reports to the police the button distance from a fire protection district any position not to be supposed to be bigger than 30 meters"3rd， the fire emergency broadcasts the speaker the establishmentThe aisle， the hall， the dining room and so on the public place personnel very are all centralized， and mainly disperses the Therefore should press in these public places "to a recent speaker distance is not bigger than 25 meters from a fire protection district any spot" and "in the aisle last should not be bigger than 5 meters the speaker to the aisle terminal distance" the establishment fire emergency to broadcast the speaker; Next also should establish the fire in the public bathroom place emergency to broadcast the The first room (including guards against in front of smoke stair hall in front of room， fire elevator room， fire elevator with guards against which smoke stair hall to come in handy the front room) is has when the fire the personnel to disperse which saves goal with fire prevention， also has the fire door separation and the sounds of people is confused and noisy， therefore should establish the fire emergency to broadcast the In front of the common elevator the room also should establish the fire emergency to broadcast the Disperses the stair hall also is has when the fire the personnel to disperse which saves goal with the fire prevention， also the sounds of people are confused and noisy， therefore should establish the fire emergency to broadcast the speaker， by favors the fire emergency broadcast to disperse the 4th， fire alarm installment establishmentThe establishment fire emergency broadcast fire auto-alarm system， the author thought also should install the fire alarm installment， but its control procedure should be: The alarm apparatus should confirm after the fire， uses manual or the automatic control mode unification to the fire correlation region transmission warning， stops the alarm apparatus work in the stipulation time， the rapid linkage fire emergency broadcast and broadcasts to the people disperses the The fire alarm installment establishment position， the author thought should report to the police the button position with the manual fire to be same， its wall surface installment should for be apart from the ground 8 meters highly5th， fire special use telephone establishmentInstalls the fire special use telephone extension telephone， should be located the engine room which related also some people is on duty frequently with the fire linkage control (including fire water plant， spare electricity generation engine room， matches substation， mainly ventilates with air conditioning engine room， discharges fume engine room， fire prevention elevator machine room and other)， the fire fighting control system operates the equipment place or the control room， the fire duty officers observation room， the security manages spot and so on public Sedan of theater box the fire elevator and in the ordinary elevator all should suppose the special use telephone， requests the elevator machine room and the elevator sedan theater box， the elevator machine room and the fire control room， the elevator sedan theater box and the fire control room and so on three compositions is reliable to speaks the correspondence telephone Usually in fire control room; The establishment elevator monitoring demonstration plate (including position indicator， direction indicating lamp， to speaks correspondence telephone， trouble lamp and so on)， in order to carries on the necessity to the elevator running status which in the surveillance and the emergency case Is equipped with the manual fire to report to the police position and so on button， fire hydrant button also should install the fire special use telephone Third， fire linkage control 1st， the fire linkage control should include the control fire pump to open， to stop， also should demonstrate opens pumps the button the position and the fire pump work and the When the fire hydrant is equipped with the fire hydrant button， its electric installation work spot also should demonstrate the fire pump the working mode active status (namely establishment fire pump work indicating lamp) 2nd， the fire linkage control should include the control spraying of water and the water atomization fire fighting system opens， stops， also should demonstrate the fire pump the work and the malfunction and the fluent display， reports to the police the valve， the safety signal valve working mode active In addition， to the basin， the water tank water level also should carry on the demonstration monitor; In order to prevent the overhaul signal valve is shut down， the author thought should use the belt electric signal the control signal valve by to demonstrate it opens the 3rd， the fire linkage control other controls and the demonstration function， should carry out the present national related standard and the standard specific Fourth， fire auto-alarm system wiringIn order to prevent the fire occurs when the fire control， the correspondence and the warning line severance， causes the fire fighting work to be unable to carry on， creates the bigger economic loss; Also for the suppression electronmagetic interference (for example transformer， electric motor， electric cable and so on) the influence which produces to the fire auto-alarm The fire auto-alarm system transmission line and the fire control， the correspondence and the warning line should use the being flame-resistant electric cable， and should use the metal tube or the enclosed metal trunking The fire manual positive governing installment line should use the fireproof electric cable， its electric cable also should use the metal tube or the enclosed metal trunking Uses Ming Fushi， should takes the fire protection protective measures on the metal tube or the enclosed metal Fifth， concluding remarkThe author rests on the concrete project to implement the experience， elaborated the design basis， fire auto-alarm design actual problem and so on system equipment establishment， fire linkage control and its wiring pulls out some shallow opinions， its goal is enhances the fire auto-alarm system the design quality， discovered early and the notification fire， prevented and reduces the fire to harm， by protects the person and the property 随着我国经济发展快速发展，人民生活的水平不断提高，城市使用是每天着急，敦促建设面临着发展的方向。这种高层次的民间建筑维修所需的材料和方式也更加多样化加快，而且随着使用电力负荷和煤气消费量扩大，提议消防自动报警系统设计较高，更严格的要求。为了保证人民生命和财产的安全，消防自动报警系统的设计已经成为在高级别民间建筑设计的一个最重要的设计内容。目前的基础上撰文火灾自动报警系统设计监督工作的高层次的民间建设的经验，建议在目前国家相关标准和标准不清楚真正详细浅见解，为同事们的讨论，并指出错误。首先，设计依据火灾自动报警系统的设计是一家专业非常强的技术工作，同时还具有很强的政策性。因此，首先应明确以下设计依据：第一，必须紧紧抓住的建筑设计防火标准，该系统的设计标准，标准的设备制造，安装施工审批标准和管理的法律和规章等五大方面的消防法律法规，并在实际了解国家有关本标准和标准积极字： “必须” ， “必须假定” ， “不适合” ， “可能”和反面词： “严格禁止” ， “不应该” ， “没有” ， “不适合“的含义。第二，必须着眼于高层次的民间建筑的功能，利用和保护对象的防火等级，认真开展本标准和国家有关标准，认真对待公安防火监督部门的审批意见。其次，火灾自动报警系统设备的建立建立火灾探测器要么全打开的印章或楼梯大厅应单独划分搜索范围，每个2 〜 3建立火灾探测器。第一个房间（包括防前面的烟雾大厅楼梯前室，消防电梯间，消防电梯防前面房间烟雾楼梯大会堂来用场）和过道应区分单独划分搜索范围，特别是前面的房间，以及电梯，分散楼梯大厅和走道都是相互关联的，有时间的火灾烟雾比较容易收集或流动，是人员分散保存目标与防火，因此，应该安装火警探测器。关于共同电梯前室虽然不是人员分散，而且这方面的空间和良好的电梯是相互关联的，有时间的火灾烟雾也很容易被收集或流动，适当地划分为单独的搜索覆盖面和安装消防探测器。电缆轴因此很容易形成掏出烟炎症渠道，拥有火灾时的火强度不容易延伸沿电缆燃烧，为此， “高级别民间建筑设计防火标准”和“民用建筑电气设计标准“分别提出了详细具体的规定，在建筑和在电线或电缆塑造。但认为具体实施的难度和目前的情况下，电缆竖井安装了火灾探测器是非常必要的，坐标轴的防火分隔要求，每2 〜 3或每一级安装。电梯机房应安装火灾探测器，它的电梯是重要的垂直交通工具，其两个电梯机房已具有火灾危险性，其存在的三个基本解除以及打开洞，像打开闸门的水平之间的球洞，在气孔，持久的关系打开了洞与电梯机房或滑轮等，其时，有四个火，升降机以及往往成为火灾强度传播渠道，很容易危及电梯机房设施。因此，电梯机房建立了火灾探测器是必要的，也适用于皇冠建立火灾探测器举井。 2 ，手动火警报警按钮建立（包括防前面的烟雾楼梯大厅鉴于各层前房间前面的房间，消防电梯间，消防电梯防这些烟雾楼梯大会堂派上用场前室）是有火灾时人员驱散节省目标，防火，应立即向警方举报的按钮，首选地点设立手动火警。此外，该室也应建立防火手册的共同电梯前，向警方报案的按钮。在公共活动场所（包括会堂，礼堂，餐厅，多功能厅等）和主要通道等场所，是所有工作人员非常集中，主要是分散的渠道。因此，应立即向警方举报的按钮，在这些公共活动场所主要通道设立手册火灾;该手册规定的火灾中的主要通道报警按钮，以保证“ ，以手动火警最接近报警按钮距离防火区的任何位置不应该超过30米。 “ 第三，消防紧急广播喇叭建立走道，大厅，餐厅等公共场所的工作人员都非常集中，主要是分散的渠道。因此，应该按这些公共场所的“最近的一项发言距离不超过25米的防火保护区的任何位置”和“在走道上不应大于十二点五米扬声器的过道末端距离”建立消防应急广播喇叭;下一步还应当建立消防在公共浴室的地方紧急广播喇叭。第一个房间（包括防前面的烟雾大厅楼梯前室，消防电梯间，消防电梯防这些烟雾楼梯大会堂派上用场前室）是有火灾时的人员驱散节省目标与防火，也有分离和防火门的声音，人民的混乱和嘈杂，因此，应建立消防应急广播喇叭。在前面的共同电梯房也应建立消防应急广播喇叭。分散大厅楼梯也已经火灾时的人员驱散节省目标与防火，也是人民的声音和嘈杂的混淆，因此应建立消防应急广播喇叭，由主张消防紧急广播驱散指令。第四，建立火灾报警装置建立消防应急广播火灾自动报警系统，笔者认为还应该安装消防报警装置，但它的控制程序应该是：该报警器应确认火灾后，利用手动或自动控制模式统一消防相关区域传输预警，报警器停止工作时间的规定，迅速联系消防应急广播和电视节目，并且分散了人们的指示。火警警报装置建立的立场，笔者认为应该向警方报案的按钮位置的手动火警是相同的，它的墙面安装应为距地面8米高度第五，消防专用电话设立安装消防专用电话分机电话，应设机房其中也涉及一些人是在工作地点经常与消防联动控制（包括消防给水设备，备件发电机房，火柴变电站，主要ventilates空调引擎室，排放烟气轮机室，防火电梯机房及其他），消防控制系统的经营场所或设备的控制室，消防责任人员观察室，现场的安全管理等公共空间。轿车的影院中消防电梯和普通电梯应假设所有使用的特殊电话，请电梯机房和电梯轿车影院中，电梯机房及消防控制室，电梯轿车影院方块和消防控制室等三个成分是可靠的讲通信电话系统。通常在消防控制室;建立电梯监测演示板（包括位置指示器，显示方向灯，以讲信函电话，麻烦灯等），以进行必要的电梯在运行状态的监视和紧急情况下的控制。配备了手动火警报警位置等按钮，消火栓按钮，还应该安装消防专用电话插座。第三，消防联动控制第一，消防联动控制应包括控制消防泵开启，停止，也应表现出的按钮，打开泵的位置和消防泵的工作和故障。当消火栓设有消火栓按钮时，其电气安装工程现场也应表现出的消防泵的工作模式有效状态（即建立消防泵工作表明灯）。第二，消防联动控制应包括控制喷洒水和水雾化灭火系统打开，停止，也应表现出的消防泵的工作和故障和流利显示，报警阀，安全信号阀工作模式积极的地位。此外，该盆地，水箱水位也应进行示范监测;为了防止检修信号阀关闭，作者认为应该使用带电信号控制信号阀证明它打开条件。第三，消防联动控制其他控制和示范作用，应进行本标准和国家有关标准的具体规定。第四，火灾自动报警系统布线为了防止火灾发生时，消防控制，通信和警戒线遣散，使灭火工作无法进行，造成了更大的经济损失，也为抑制electronmagetic干扰（例如变压器，电电机，电缆等）的影响而产生的火灾自动报警系统。火灾自动报警系统的输电线路和消防控制，通信和预警线应使用被阻燃电缆，并应使用金属管或封闭式金属线槽保护。消防手册积极理事分期付款行应使用防火电缆，其电缆也应使用金属管或封闭式金属线槽保护。使用明复，应采取防火保护措施的金属管或封闭金属Fifth ，结论备注作者取决于具体的项目实施经验，阐述了设计依据，火灾自动报警设计和实际问题，以便建立系统设备，消防联动控制及其接线拿出一些肤浅的意见，其目的是增强了火灾自动报警系统的设计质量，早期发现，并通知消防，预防和减少火灾危害，通过保护个人和财产安全。

有关建筑设计的论文范文初中英语

建筑论文轻风论文网很多的哦，之前我就找上面的老师帮忙指导的。相对于网上很多个人和小机构要好很多，我之前找的轻风论文王老师咨询的，非常专业的说这里还有些资料，你看看超长高层建筑结构温度问题研究一些高层建筑由于功能上的需要，一般要求不设或少设伸缩缝，致使高层钢筋混凝土结构长100m以上者日见增多。对超长结构的温度变形与温度应力若在结构设计中处理不当，将使结构产生裂损，严重者将影响结构的正常使用。由于高层建筑体形复杂，计算高层钢筋混凝土结构温度应力存在着很大困难，这就使得研究和设计人员采取简化的计算方法，得出的结论粗糙。我国的高层建筑结构设计中甚至不考虑温度作用，只做构造处理。因此，温度问题是超长高层建筑结构设计中的重要研究课题之一，本论文研究正是在此背景下开展，主要完成以下几项工作： 1 超长高层建筑结构温度问题有限元建模研究将有限元方法应用于超长高层建筑结构温度应力计算，对超长高层建筑结构进行整体温度应力分析，克服简化手算方法误差较大、构件局部计算缺乏结构整体性等不足。选取超长高层建筑整体结构为研究对象，采用国际通用的大型结构分析程序Super SAP93 对超长高层建筑结构进行有限元离散，结构的梁和柱采用空间梁单元模型，楼板和剪力墙及简体采用空间板单元模型，建立实用的超长高层建筑结构整体结构分析模型。 2 结构温度作用分析完善温度作用和温差取值的计算原则，给出计算温差ΔT的表达式，建立超长高层建筑结构在温度作用下方程，提出相应的求解策略。 3 超长高层建筑结构温度效应的计算与分析通过计算给定温度对超长高层建筑结构的影响，探讨超长高层建筑结构在温度作用下的不利工况，给出超长高层建筑结构由于温度变化造成结构梁柱、楼板、剪力墙以及筒体内力变化的范围，便于超长高层建筑结构的设计。本文以郑州第二长途电信枢纽工程为研究对象，理论与实际相结合，研究结果可直接用于实际工程之中。不懂的你上轻风论文网自己看吧

有关建筑设计的论文范文英文版

去这里找建筑论坛

我把我以前的作业法给你了，你看一下吧。

有关建筑设计的论文范文初中

来范文之家看看，有一个你可以参考的，你看看

古往今来，历朝历代，上至真命天子，下到州官县府，都喜欢修建楼阁。中国古代的楼阁，或用来纪念大事、或用来宣扬政绩、或用来镇妖伏魔、或用来求神拜佛，其中又以湖北武汉黄鹤楼、湖南岳阳岳阳楼、江西南昌滕王阁最为出名，并称“中国三大名楼”。中国古代多在临水之地建楼，取凭高远眺，极目无穷之妙。达官显贵墨客骚人登楼一游，或际会四方之客，或酬唱应和之曲，放悲声，抒情怀，低吟浅唱，壮怀激烈，皆可乘兴而来，尽兴而去。故中国历代名楼皆有名诗佳作千古传唱。三大名楼能够享誉海内外，是和文人墨客、迁客骚人的文化活动分不开的。范仲淹的“岳阳楼记”、王勃的“滕王序”、崔颢的“黄鹤楼”在成为千古绝唱的同时，三大文化名楼的盛名也就随之而来了。除了赫赫有名的“三大文化名楼”外，我国的名楼还有：位于山东烟台的“蓬莱阁”、广西容县境内的“真武阁”、安徽马鞍山的“太白楼”、浙江嘉兴的“烟雨楼”、广州越秀山上的“镇海楼”、贵州贵阳的“甲秀楼”、四川成都的“望江楼”、云南昆明的“大观楼”、山西永济的“鹳雀楼”等等。

GOOLE搜索引擎里面有

题目：贵阳市金阳新区五星级酒店设计一、研究的现状金阳新区是近年来贵阳市的重点建设项目，新区的五星级酒店的建设在提升城市形象，改善地方旅游环境、投资环境，满足豪华消费需求方面能够发挥作用。建五星级酒店，在一定程度上也反映了当地经济发展良好态势与市场前景。二、研究目的和意义通过该五星级酒店的规划设计任务，合理解决设计中所遇到的问题。提高综合运用所学的理论知识独立分析和解决问题的能力。了解当代建筑领域的新技术和新形势，使现有学习的理论适应时代的发展。三、研究内容(内容、结构框架以及重点、难点)区位说明该用地位于金阳新区，是贵阳市锐意开发建设的城市新区，位于贵阳市域地理中心，地处百花山脉与黔灵山脉之间，环绕观山水库，拥有山环水抱的优越自然环境;距中心区仅12公里，通过贵遵高等级公路和川黔、滇黔公路与云南、重庆、四川相联系，交通便利，地势平坦，是投资建设的理想境地。各类重要建设项目概述金阳新区是未来贵阳市级领导机关所在地，市级体育中心位于新区南部，占地约73公顷;市级文化中心位于新区中部，占地28公顷;未来的贵阳大学城位于新区西部占地170公顷;高新科技工业园区位于新区东南部，占地约190公顷。金阳新区是园林式生态型可持续发展的新区，是塑造贵阳城市新形象的广阔空间。区位优势金阳新区地形平坦、地质条件优越、气候宜人、环境优美、交通便捷、拥有60平方公里集中的丘陵用地，是贵阳市周围难得的开发新区的理想境地。四、研究方法、手段通过前期调研掌握大量资料为下一部进行设计做好基础，从功能及形象入手布置平面，同时对结构有初步定位，逐步完善建筑单体的同时兼顾整个场地的规划，最终完善方案各项目标，最终绘制正式图。研究方法、手段：通过前期调研掌握大量资料为下一部进行设计做好基础，从功能及形象入手布置平面，同时对结构有初步定位，逐步完善建筑单体的同时兼顾整个场地的规划，最终完善方案各项目标，最终绘制正式图。以上就是小编分享的关于建筑设计论文的开题报告的一个优秀的范文，小伙伴们可以仔细研究其中的内容，为自己的毕业论文寻找一些灵感，更多论文相关内容，请关注本平台，小编会做及时的整理与发布。

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目前，在一般民用建筑中，砖混结构房屋因其造价相对较低，且具有较好的隔热、隔音性能，仍被广泛采用。但其砌体强度较小，结构自重大，砂浆和砖石之间的粘结力较差，抗拉、抗弯和抗剪强度较低，砌体易于开裂。砌体裂缝不仅种类繁多，形态各异，而且较普遍，轻微者影响建筑物美观，造成渗漏水，严重者降低建筑结构的承载力、刚度、稳定和整体性、耐久性，甚至还会导致整体倒塌的重大质量事故。因此，正确分析原因、切实加以防治十分必要，十分迫切。造成砖混结构砌体开裂的原因很多，但其主要原因有两点：一是温度变化；二是地基不均匀沉降。本文就如何防止砖混结构墙体开裂谈一些看法。一、温度变化引起墙体开裂的原因剖析当温度变化时，由于材料热胀冷缩，房屋各部分构件将产生各自不同的变形，引起彼此制约而产生应力。因屋面混凝土与墙体的线膨胀系数不一致，屋面变形较大；当屋盖和墙体之间构造处理不当，会使墙体受拉，当其剪力和拉应力大于砌体的抗剪抗拉强度时，墙体便被拉裂。这类裂缝普遍是在建筑物的（特别是那些纵向较长的）顶层两端内外纵墙上，其形态呈“八”字或“X”型，且显对称性，但有时仅一端有，轻微者仅在两端1～2个开间内出现，严重者会发展至房屋两端1/3纵长范围内，并由顶层向下几层发展。此类型缝对那种刚性屋面平屋顶、未设变形缝、隔热层的房屋，更易发生。温差裂缝的轻重程度与屋顶保温情况、室内外温差和施工质量有关，如砌体砂浆标号太低，在以往的设计中只考虑砌体的抗压强度，砂浆标号越到上层越低。另外，当房屋越高，温度变化时变形越大，墙体开裂情况越严重。二、温度变化引起墙体开裂的预防为了防止温度变化引起墙体开裂，可根据具体情况采取下列措施：适当调整温度伸缩缝间距。设计规范《砌体结构设计规范》GB50003-2001中对有保温层或隔热层的屋楼盖规定每50米设一道伸缩缝，无保温层或隔热层的屋[ABC论文坊： ]盖规定每40米设一道伸缩缝，这个规定是从整体结构考虑的，但对温差较大且温度变化频繁地区和严寒地区的房屋及构筑物不适用，特别对于冬天有严寒，夏天有酷暑的地区，伸缩缝的最大间距除应满足《砌体结构设计规范》GB50003-2001中的规定外，伸缩缝的间距不宜大于当房屋的屋盖和楼板不在同一标高时，如错层房屋，应在错层处纵横墙相交点设置钢筋混凝土构造柱并设双道圈梁与构造柱相连，以帮助墙体抵抗拉剪应力。适当加大屋面层圈梁和房屋四角构造柱的配筋和提高顶层砌体的砂浆标号。当有女儿墙时，女儿墙的抗风构造柱应与楼层的构造柱上下连通。在建筑物的两端的1～2个开间内或总长1/4范围内的屋面板底设置滑动支座，让其自由伸缩。做好屋面保温隔热层，这是最关键的一点。传统的做法是设一道架空隔热板，但效果不理想，笔者建议采用种植屋面和储水屋面，或者使屋面做成太阳能集热器，把太阳能转化为电能或其他能量，这样既符合可持续发展战略，又能取得非常理想的隔热效果。三、基础不均匀沉降引起墙体开裂的原因剖析砖混结构房屋墙体开裂的另一个主要原因是建筑工程基础不均匀沉降引起建筑物横向不规则变形，当建筑物的主体刚度较差，基础不足以调整因沉降差而产生应力时，便会使砖砌体的薄弱部位产生不同程度的拉应力和剪应力，当砌体的抗拉抗剪强度不足以抵抗变形应力时，墙体便会产生裂逢，基础不均匀沉降引起的裂缝一般在建筑物下部，由下往上发展，呈“八”字、倒“八”字、水平及竖缝。当长条形的建筑物中部沉降过大，则在房屋两端由下往上形成正“八”字缝，且首先在窗对角突破。反之，当两端沉降过大，则形成的两端由下往上的倒“八”字缝，也首先在窗对角突破，还可在底层中部窗台处突破形成由上至下竖缝。当某一端下沉过大时，则在某端形成沉降端高的斜裂缝。当纵横墙交点处沉降过大，则在窗台下角形成上宽下窄的竖缝，有时还有沿窗台下角的水平缝。当外纵墙呈凹凸形时，由于一侧的不均匀沉降，还可导致在此处产生水平推力而组成力偶，从而导致此交接处的竖缝。引起基础不均匀沉降的原因主要有如下几点：房屋建于土质差别较大的地基上；建筑物基础深浅不一；房屋相邻部分的高度、荷重、结构刚度差别较大及基础处理不当造成不均匀沉降；建于软弱土质上，如在淤泥、淤泥质土、杂填土上，即使上部结构均匀，但由于压缩模量较小，强度较低，变形较大，因荷载差异也会引起不均匀沉降；建筑物平面形状复杂，立面变化过大，长度过大等，也会产生不均匀沉降。四、基础不均匀沉降引起的裂缝预防根据以上原因，在建筑设计和施工过程中，应结合地基基础的具体情况，做好以下预防措施：当房屋建于土质差别较大的地基上，或房屋相邻部分的高度、荷重、结构刚度、地基基础的处理方法等有显著差别时，应在差异部位设置沉降缝，将其划分成刚度较好、长度变化较小的几个单元，可以减少因基础不均匀沉降在样体内引起的应力，避免墙体裂缝。规范规定《建筑地基基础设计规范》GB50007-2002的沉降缝宽度一般应大于5厘米，为避免上部结构在地基沉降后相互顶撞，房屋较高时应加宽，最大可达12厘米以上。加强门窗洞口外的刚度，将门窗洞口上的钢筋混凝土过梁与内墙钢筋连接起来，形成一个连续过梁，以增强房屋整体刚度。尽量避免用软弱土层做持力层，若无法避免，可调整上部结构刚度，或采用筏式基础，以减少建筑的沉降。房屋的纵墙宜贯通，横墙的间距不宜过大，一般小于建筑宽度的5倍左右。对于地基持力层不均匀的建筑物，应根据实际情况，将局部基础适当加深或加宽，或局部设计成板带基础，降低基底应力，尽量达到地基均匀沉降。在施工过程中应尽量避免对地基土的扰动，做好排水处理，完工后建筑物四周做好散水坡及排水地沟，避免地表水浸泡基础而引起局部下沉。设计时严格按规范设置构造柱和圈梁，必要时可增加圈梁道数，以增加上部结构的刚度，当建筑物屋层较高且大时，在窗顶增设一道圈梁，效果更好。总之，在房屋建设中，除施工时严格按设计和规范操作外，设计人员还应根据建筑物的特点、当地的地质条件和气候特征等做好设计工作，严把设计关，就一定能够降低和防止砖混结构墙体开裂的现象发生

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