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关于经济全球化的论文高三英语作文

发布时间:2024-07-05 14:31:02

关于经济全球化的论文高三英语作文

Economic opportunities of globalization on developing countries: First, economic globalization for developing countries to attract more foreign investment conditions and To attract foreign investment scale will no doubt help to solve the problem of shortage of funds in developing Second, economic globalization for developing countries outside of the capital voted to create a favorable external environment and conditions, so that foreign direct investment scale is continually expanding and growing Third, economic globalization brought about a worldwide economic and technological development zones and bonded areas and free trade zones and other forms of development of free economic Fourth, the economic globalization so that the worldwide industrial restructuring was further deepened, the pace of Developing countries can take advantage of this opportunity to follow based on reality and focus on the future of the organic unity and take the initiative to coordinate the worldwide industrial restructuring and upgrading of domestic industries Fifth, economic globalization has promoted the development of transnational corporations in developing countries so that in the world market However, the development trend, as a result of economic globalization for developing countries in the broader field of active participation in international competition opportunities for transnational corporations in developing countries more actively active in the world economic stage of the era just around the Sixth, the economic globalization has driven the rapid development of international Although developed countries are the biggest beneficiaries of international trade, but developing countries, especially developing countries in Asia also benefited from international trade, its trade volume of world trade accounted for about 20% of the Economic challenges of globalization on developing countries The challenges posed by economic globalization is tough, developing countries and developed countries brought about by economic globalization to share some interests, but under pressure from economic globalization brought about by the negative effects of even a serious blow to their Economic globalization on developing countries, the challenges are: First, developing countries in the current process of economic globalization in a disadvantageous With the global trade and the global production system of rapid development, as well as multinational corporations and capital expansion of the national economy of developing countries are faced with increasing pressure and the impact of dependence on the developed countries is also increasing Developed countries to control the international economic system, holds the hands of capital, technology and other advantages, in economic globalization to the majority of developing countries far Secondly, under the economic globalization of financial globalization in developing countries in promoting economic growth, brought about the financial risks can not be ignored and economic At present, 24 hours of electronic transactions in the global financial market has taken shape, in order to provide greater facilitation of market transactions, but also for the financial sector has provided many opportunities for Second, because under the conditions of economic globalization, market forces around the world to strengthen, as well as developed countries, the expansion of large multinational companies, there may be some impact on domestic industries of developing countries, threatening the safety of its domestic market to enable developing countries in economic affairs the relative decline in

引用放逐的哈飞恩的回答:With the development of economy and technology ,more and more people come to realize that the contact between countries has become more and more closely 随着经济和技术的发展,越来越多的人开始意识到国与国之间的联系变得越来越密切频繁。Nowadays almost everyone knows Coca-cola,and when we want to pursue all aspects of all-around development,we can't avoid staying in contact with other So globalization has become a unstoppable Different people have different point of Some people believe that globalization is a good thing ,because they enjoy the convenience and quality life globalization brings, whereas others argue that the developed countries are the only beneficiaries of globalization,and the developing countries in the course of globalization suffered a series of environmental pollution Globalization is a double-edged 现在,几乎每个人都知道可口可乐,当我们追求全面发展的时候,我们不能避免与其他国家联系。因此,全球化已经变成一种无法停止的趋势。不同的人有不同的观点。有的人相信全球化是件好事,因为他们享受全球化带来的方便和品质生活;而其他人认为,发达国家是全球化的唯一受益者,发展中国家在全球化过程中遭受一系列的环境污染问题。全球化是一把双刃剑。As far as I'm concerned,we should look at both sides of Only when we seize the opportunity of development and meet the challenges can we gain the upper hand in the 在我看来,我们应该看到全球化的双面。只有当我们抓住发展的机遇,迎接挑战,我们才可以在竞争中

下面是一篇经济全球化利与弊的中英文对照的作文: 文化多样性的减少 一、全球化会抹平社会间的多样性,但会增加社会内部的多样性。因为人们可供选择的菜单增加了。想想哪个更重要。 二、多样性是一个悖论。全球化确实会使某些局部上的多样性减少。太多的知识会限制我们的创造力。某种程度的隔绝可以将自信和某种魔术感注入到艺术中。这种局部多样性的减少又意味着人们可供选择的菜单的减少。 三、这是一个“度”的问题。 First, globalization will smooth out the diversity among the community, but will increase the diversity within Because people increased choice of Think about which is more Second, diversity is a Globalization does make some partial reduction of Too much knowledge will limit our Some degree of isolation can inject a sense of confidence and a certain magic to the This diversity of local people to reduce the mean reduction in choice of Third, this is a "degree" of the 传统节日渐渐被西方节日占领,传统习俗的遗忘,传统古建筑在经济的发展下不断被拆除摧毁。 The traditional festival has gradually been occupied by Western festivals, traditions and customs be forgotten, the traditional ancient buildings continue to be demolished to destroy in the development of the People in the world today are facing complicated Art and culture even be used to achieve the Hollywood, United States, for example, Hollywood annually produces about 700 films the Hollywood audience all over the In fact, the Hollywood movie has now become a tool of the United States to achieve the purposes of aggression and 文化既是民族的,又是世界的 各民族都有自己文化的个性和特征。 各民族文化都是世界文化中不可缺少 Culture is national, but also the world's All ethnic groups have their own culture and personality The national culture is indispensable to world culture Accounted for over 1/5 of the population lives in countries with the highest income levels, they have 86% of the global gross domestic product (GDP), 82% of the global export market, 68% of the foreign direct investment, 74% of the total number of telephone; while the share of the world's populationonly about 1% of the share of 1/5 of the total number of poor in the above-mentioned items The difference between rich and poor countries in terms of average income, 74 times, in 1960, this gap is only 30 In addition, the 200 richest assets accounted for 41% of the world's total population, more than the total 200 millionaire property increased twice in the past four years, more than one trillion US dollars, to the contrary, the daily income of less than $ poor remained at around 3 Globalization undoubtedly contributed to the overall growth of the world economy, the global distribution of economic interests is A handful of national and multinational monopolies rules of the game and control the world Multinational corporations are an important driving force of economic globalization, the world's 100 largest economies, and yet there are 51 multinational (2000 data) and the vast majority of multinational companies from developed Seen by the state power embodied in national wealth gap is still In economic output, few countries are expected to challenge the middle or even smaller industrialized Even the third world to maintain the momentum of rapid development, the absolute gap can be so large that in the foreseeable future is unlikely to be At present, the persons concerned are to promote economic globalization on developed countries' damage "However, the world economy and the greater impact of the international system is globalization has increased inequality between First, the past accumulated inequalities between countries not only failed to eliminate or mitigate a result of globalization, but Population of high-income countries account for only about 15% of the world's population, their home is the world's biological capacity by 28% but 55% of global consumption of This is how to achieve it? However, political independence, economic independence they are still nowhere in International division of labor under globalization, third world countries are still at the bottom of the global industrial chain, excessive consumption in developed countries to provide the resources and cheap An indigenous leader from the Philippines has sharply pointed out that "the so-called economic globalization, but the latest manifestation of " Colonial past is a direct plunder, colonists had to directly face the dissatisfaction of the colonists and resistance; the current economic globalization is the scam together, the old masters and the elite conspiracy third World countries, third World countries continue to produce low-cost output, raw materials and labor (in processing, ), and in exchange, often and interests of the majority of unrelated or even negatively related to luxury goods and weapons and the " In 1964, the world-renowned US company Union Carbide in India opened a production of pesticides farm 1975 years, finally built a large Pesticide Factory, 750 kilometers south away from the capital city of New D In the 1984, this Pesticide Factory, liquid, highly toxic gas leakage from the tank, and The accident put 45 tons of highly toxic gas inside the tank to leak Only two days alone, more than 2,500 people were killed and another 60 million people affected by the poison damage of varying In 1994,The number of death has reached 6495 , there are 40,000 people Globalization the values conflict, main performance for different nationalities and countries, especially between the values of western values and non-western values of the conflict And for non-western behind countries, western values and the conflict between the national values and is often and traditional values and the modem values is the process of modernization, the formation and development of the conflict between the values and intertwined, and often with the latter for Although "globalization" and "modernization" have different content, the former has some kind of space or geographic category of nature, it is to point to from regional to global; While the latter has some time or historical category of nature, it is to point to from tradition to modern times, but since modern times of globalization and the whole world of modernization process is actually the same It is in this process, the western capitalist countries to take the lead in realizing the modernization of the endogenous type, according to the capitalist expansion immanent logic and with its start advantage, forced or seduce non-western national identity western value, tries hard to western values, a generalized and globalization; Some non-western countries the hand behind efforts to start or DuoCi start forced type, such as the modernization of the ZhuiGanXing exogenous type, and thus in different degree approbation west value, on the other hand, a generalized expansion in western values under the weight of national culture and appear constantly identity crisis and identity pursuit, and national cultural identity in the final analysis or for the ethnic traditional culture, especially to the core value of Therefore, in the globalization of the world modernization and basic collocated process, "" western" is no longer a geographical term but 'common code of', 'modern western' is' the symbol of modernization " Through such conversion, identity 'western' into identity 'modern'" J correspondingly, globalization china-africa western countries face behind the national values and the western the conflicts of values, often also direct the performance for the traditional values and the modem values of the conflict As the expansion of the generalized to western values and fight against extreme form of response, fundamentalism was "the modern", lies in its saw and special emphasis on globalization in the modern values and the exterior-interior relationship between western Also because of this, so native and outland, traditional and modern this two category and their mutual relationships become the contemporary culture study and cultural philosophy in the debate a focal In the face of all these contemporary globalization in complex culture values conflict, cultural evolution in different cultural and understand that values will geographic category (native and outland) into historical category (the traditional and modern), and cultural relativism then requires the people will historical category (the traditional and modern) into geographic category (native and outlands) Although cultural evolution and cultural relativism each has its drawbacks, of which, the former have obviously the theory of color, the latter has the cultural conservatism properties, but both see the modern globalization in different national values, especially the conflict between western values and non-western values is the conflict between the traditional values and the modem values and the conflict is profoundly intertwined with the facts, and to make a fact to own understanding and 增加是随着经济全球化的正常运作过程而产生的,它同时又是全球化发展不均衡的结果。 With the globalization of economy increase is the normal operation of the process and of generation, it is also the result of the unbalanced development of 全球化带来的收益与支付的成本在不同的国家之间和一国之内不同人群之间的分配也是不均衡的。 The benefits of globalization and the cost of pay in different countries and different groups within one country between the distribution is not balanced 也就是说发达国家和发展中国家在全球化发展中参与游戏的角色是不同的,所获得的利益是不 That is the developed countries and developing countries in global development in the game role is different, benefit from is not 均衡的,这样的倾斜导致了发展中国家大量的非法移民流入发达国家 A balanced, so the tilt of the developing countries in a large number of illegal immigrants into the developed countries

你好,我的英语已经6级了,在英国留学3年,我翻译的百分之百正确,请相信我。Hello, my English has 6, studying in the UK for 3 years, I translated the one hundred percent correct, please believe

关于经济全球化的论文高三英语

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下面是一篇经济全球化利与弊的中英文对照的作文: 文化多样性的减少 一、全球化会抹平社会间的多样性,但会增加社会内部的多样性。因为人们可供选择的菜单增加了。想想哪个更重要。 二、多样性是一个悖论。全球化确实会使某些局部上的多样性减少。太多的知识会限制我们的创造力。某种程度的隔绝可以将自信和某种魔术感注入到艺术中。这种局部多样性的减少又意味着人们可供选择的菜单的减少。 三、这是一个“度”的问题。 First, globalization will smooth out the diversity among the community, but will increase the diversity within Because people increased choice of Think about which is more Second, diversity is a Globalization does make some partial reduction of Too much knowledge will limit our Some degree of isolation can inject a sense of confidence and a certain magic to the This diversity of local people to reduce the mean reduction in choice of Third, this is a "degree" of the 传统节日渐渐被西方节日占领,传统习俗的遗忘,传统古建筑在经济的发展下不断被拆除摧毁。 The traditional festival has gradually been occupied by Western festivals, traditions and customs be forgotten, the traditional ancient buildings continue to be demolished to destroy in the development of the People in the world today are facing complicated Art and culture even be used to achieve the Hollywood, United States, for example, Hollywood annually produces about 700 films the Hollywood audience all over the In fact, the Hollywood movie has now become a tool of the United States to achieve the purposes of aggression and 文化既是民族的,又是世界的 各民族都有自己文化的个性和特征。 各民族文化都是世界文化中不可缺少 Culture is national, but also the world's All ethnic groups have their own culture and personality The national culture is indispensable to world culture Accounted for over 1/5 of the population lives in countries with the highest income levels, they have 86% of the global gross domestic product (GDP), 82% of the global export market, 68% of the foreign direct investment, 74% of the total number of telephone; while the share of the world's populationonly about 1% of the share of 1/5 of the total number of poor in the above-mentioned items The difference between rich and poor countries in terms of average income, 74 times, in 1960, this gap is only 30 In addition, the 200 richest assets accounted for 41% of the world's total population, more than the total 200 millionaire property increased twice in the past four years, more than one trillion US dollars, to the contrary, the daily income of less than $ poor remained at around 3 Globalization undoubtedly contributed to the overall growth of the world economy, the global distribution of economic interests is A handful of national and multinational monopolies rules of the game and control the world Multinational corporations are an important driving force of economic globalization, the world's 100 largest economies, and yet there are 51 multinational (2000 data) and the vast majority of multinational companies from developed Seen by the state power embodied in national wealth gap is still In economic output, few countries are expected to challenge the middle or even smaller industrialized Even the third world to maintain the momentum of rapid development, the absolute gap can be so large that in the foreseeable future is unlikely to be At present, the persons concerned are to promote economic globalization on developed countries' damage "However, the world economy and the greater impact of the international system is globalization has increased inequality between First, the past accumulated inequalities between countries not only failed to eliminate or mitigate a result of globalization, but Population of high-income countries account for only about 15% of the world's population, their home is the world's biological capacity by 28% but 55% of global consumption of This is how to achieve it? However, political independence, economic independence they are still nowhere in International division of labor under globalization, third world countries are still at the bottom of the global industrial chain, excessive consumption in developed countries to provide the resources and cheap An indigenous leader from the Philippines has sharply pointed out that "the so-called economic globalization, but the latest manifestation of " Colonial past is a direct plunder, colonists had to directly face the dissatisfaction of the colonists and resistance; the current economic globalization is the scam together, the old masters and the elite conspiracy third World countries, third World countries continue to produce low-cost output, raw materials and labor (in processing, ), and in exchange, often and interests of the majority of unrelated or even negatively related to luxury goods and weapons and the " In 1964, the world-renowned US company Union Carbide in India opened a production of pesticides farm 1975 years, finally built a large Pesticide Factory, 750 kilometers south away from the capital city of New D In the 1984, this Pesticide Factory, liquid, highly toxic gas leakage from the tank, and The accident put 45 tons of highly toxic gas inside the tank to leak Only two days alone, more than 2,500 people were killed and another 60 million people affected by the poison damage of varying In 1994,The number of death has reached 6495 , there are 40,000 people Globalization the values conflict, main performance for different nationalities and countries, especially between the values of western values and non-western values of the conflict And for non-western behind countries, western values and the conflict between the national values and is often and traditional values and the modem values is the process of modernization, the formation and development of the conflict between the values and intertwined, and often with the latter for Although "globalization" and "modernization" have different content, the former has some kind of space or geographic category of nature, it is to point to from regional to global; While the latter has some time or historical category of nature, it is to point to from tradition to modern times, but since modern times of globalization and the whole world of modernization process is actually the same It is in this process, the western capitalist countries to take the lead in realizing the modernization of the endogenous type, according to the capitalist expansion immanent logic and with its start advantage, forced or seduce non-western national identity western value, tries hard to western values, a generalized and globalization; Some non-western countries the hand behind efforts to start or DuoCi start forced type, such as the modernization of the ZhuiGanXing exogenous type, and thus in different degree approbation west value, on the other hand, a generalized expansion in western values under the weight of national culture and appear constantly identity crisis and identity pursuit, and national cultural identity in the final analysis or for the ethnic traditional culture, especially to the core value of Therefore, in the globalization of the world modernization and basic collocated process, "" western" is no longer a geographical term but 'common code of', 'modern western' is' the symbol of modernization " Through such conversion, identity 'western' into identity 'modern'" J correspondingly, globalization china-africa western countries face behind the national values and the western the conflicts of values, often also direct the performance for the traditional values and the modem values of the conflict As the expansion of the generalized to western values and fight against extreme form of response, fundamentalism was "the modern", lies in its saw and special emphasis on globalization in the modern values and the exterior-interior relationship between western Also because of this, so native and outland, traditional and modern this two category and their mutual relationships become the contemporary culture study and cultural philosophy in the debate a focal In the face of all these contemporary globalization in complex culture values conflict, cultural evolution in different cultural and understand that values will geographic category (native and outland) into historical category (the traditional and modern), and cultural relativism then requires the people will historical category (the traditional and modern) into geographic category (native and outlands) Although cultural evolution and cultural relativism each has its drawbacks, of which, the former have obviously the theory of color, the latter has the cultural conservatism properties, but both see the modern globalization in different national values, especially the conflict between western values and non-western values is the conflict between the traditional values and the modem values and the conflict is profoundly intertwined with the facts, and to make a fact to own understanding and 增加是随着经济全球化的正常运作过程而产生的,它同时又是全球化发展不均衡的结果。 With the globalization of economy increase is the normal operation of the process and of generation, it is also the result of the unbalanced development of 全球化带来的收益与支付的成本在不同的国家之间和一国之内不同人群之间的分配也是不均衡的。 The benefits of globalization and the cost of pay in different countries and different groups within one country between the distribution is not balanced 也就是说发达国家和发展中国家在全球化发展中参与游戏的角色是不同的,所获得的利益是不 That is the developed countries and developing countries in global development in the game role is different, benefit from is not 均衡的,这样的倾斜导致了发展中国家大量的非法移民流入发达国家 A balanced, so the tilt of the developing countries in a large number of illegal immigrants into the developed countries

你好,我的英语已经6级了,在英国留学3年,我翻译的百分之百正确,请相信我。Hello, my English has 6, studying in the UK for 3 years, I translated the one hundred percent correct, please believe

关于经济全球化的论文高三英语答案

Economic opportunities of globalization on developing countries: First, economic globalization for developing countries to attract more foreign investment conditions and To attract foreign investment scale will no doubt help to solve the problem of shortage of funds in developing Second, economic globalization for developing countries outside of the capital voted to create a favorable external environment and conditions, so that foreign direct investment scale is continually expanding and growing Third, economic globalization brought about a worldwide economic and technological development zones and bonded areas and free trade zones and other forms of development of free economic Fourth, the economic globalization so that the worldwide industrial restructuring was further deepened, the pace of Developing countries can take advantage of this opportunity to follow based on reality and focus on the future of the organic unity and take the initiative to coordinate the worldwide industrial restructuring and upgrading of domestic industries Fifth, economic globalization has promoted the development of transnational corporations in developing countries so that in the world market However, the development trend, as a result of economic globalization for developing countries in the broader field of active participation in international competition opportunities for transnational corporations in developing countries more actively active in the world economic stage of the era just around the Sixth, the economic globalization has driven the rapid development of international Although developed countries are the biggest beneficiaries of international trade, but developing countries, especially developing countries in Asia also benefited from international trade, its trade volume of world trade accounted for about 20% of the Economic challenges of globalization on developing countries The challenges posed by economic globalization is tough, developing countries and developed countries brought about by economic globalization to share some interests, but under pressure from economic globalization brought about by the negative effects of even a serious blow to their Economic globalization on developing countries, the challenges are: First, developing countries in the current process of economic globalization in a disadvantageous With the global trade and the global production system of rapid development, as well as multinational corporations and capital expansion of the national economy of developing countries are faced with increasing pressure and the impact of dependence on the developed countries is also increasing Developed countries to control the international economic system, holds the hands of capital, technology and other advantages, in economic globalization to the majority of developing countries far Secondly, under the economic globalization of financial globalization in developing countries in promoting economic growth, brought about the financial risks can not be ignored and economic At present, 24 hours of electronic transactions in the global financial market has taken shape, in order to provide greater facilitation of market transactions, but also for the financial sector has provided many opportunities for Second, because under the conditions of economic globalization, market forces around the world to strengthen, as well as developed countries, the expansion of large multinational companies, there may be some impact on domestic industries of developing countries, threatening the safety of its domestic market to enable developing countries in economic affairs the relative decline in

Globalization`s dual power Globalization has found a significant place in the lives of the During the process of globalization, we have made a bridge where ideas and beliefs can cross the borders, and the walls of distrust and the barriers of suspicion between countries have gradually Though globalization is seen as a sign of a hopeful future by some, there are others who believe that it can cause a horrible disaster for the world Counties benefit a lot from globalization, especially the developing With it, there is a global market for companies to trade their products which can make the production sector develop This gives lots of options to the manufacturers as Besides, competition keeps prices relatively low and it can provide a wider range of options for people, to choose from among the products of different In addition, there is a sound flow of money, as a result, inflation is less likely to But the disadvantages brought by globalization cannot be Globalization is causing Europeans to lose their jobs as work is being swerved to the Asian The cost of labor in the Asian countries is low as compared to other countries which is often argued that poor countries are exploited by the richer countries where the work force is taken advantage of and low wages are Moreover, companies are as opening their counterparts in other countries which can result in transferring the quality of their product to other countries, thereby increasing the chances of poor Simply put, globalization is an ongoing process of integration of regional economies into global network of communication which the human being cannot hold So we should keep a positive attitude toward it, take good use of it and avoid disadvantages at the same Thus there will be a better world where all the people can have a brighter 全球化`的双电源全球化已发现在人们的生活中一个重要的地方。在全球化的过程中,我们已经有了一个桥梁,想法和信念可

我可以帮你写。我是专业写手。国内的英文论文和国外学校的英文论文格式,以及要求的不同,重点的不同我都知道。我最近帮一人写全球文化对中国文化的冲击。你可以给我发短信。但是我要钱的。不合格不要钱。

With the development of economy and technology ,more and more people come to realize that the contact between countries has become more and more closely 随着经济和技术的发展,越来越多的人开始意识到国与国之间的联系变得越来越密切频繁。Nowadays almost everyone knows Coca-cola,and when we want to pursue all aspects of all-around development,we can't avoid staying in contact with other So globalization has become a unstoppable Different people have different point of Some people believe that globalization is a good thing ,because they enjoy the convenience and quality life globalization brings, whereas others argue that the developed countries are the only beneficiaries of globalization,and the developing countries in the course of globalization suffered a series of environmental pollution Globalization is a double-edged 现在,几乎每个人都知道可口可乐,当我们追求全面发展的时候,我们不能避免与其他国家联系。因此,全球化已经变成一种无法停止的趋势。不同的人有不同的观点。有的人相信全球化是件好事,因为他们享受全球化带来的方便和品质生活;而其他人认为,发达国家是全球化的唯一受益者,发展中国家在全球化过程中遭受一系列的环境污染问题。全球化是一把双刃剑。As far as I'm concerned,we should look at both sides of Only when we seize the opportunity of development and meet the challenges can we gain the upper hand in the 在我看来,我们应该看到全球化的双面。只有当我们抓住发展的机遇,迎接挑战,我们才可以在竞争中

关于经济全球化的论文高三政治

一、哲学联系观点 马克思主义认为,世界是普遍联系的整体,任何事物内部各要素之间以及事物之间都存在着相互影响、相互制约和相互作用的关系。 任何一个事物的联系,按马克思主义的看法,都包括内外两个向度,也就是内部联系和外部联系。所谓内部联系,是指任何事物本身都是由内部的不同部分和要素构成的,并且这些不同的部分和要素之间都存在着相互影响、相互制约和相互作用的关系;所谓外部联系,是指任何事物都不能孤立存在,都同其本身外部的其它事物处于一定的相互联系之中,这些不同的事物之间也都存在着相互影响、相互制约和相互作用的关系。 很明显,根据马克思主义事物普遍联系的原理,一个国家、一个民族要取得很好的发展,必须处理好它的内部联系和外部联系,不断深化对内改革,扩大对外开放。世界各国近现代以来的历史也充分说明,闭关自守、闭门造车、因循守旧、固步自封、保守自大、断绝外部联系、不向别人学习、完全关起门来搞建设是没有出路的,所以我们需要融入经济一体化。 二、金融危机与联系观点 金融危机又称金融风暴,是指一个国家或几个国家与地区的全部或大部分金融指标(如:短期利率、货币资产、证券、房地产、土地(价格)、商业破产数和金融机构倒闭数)的急剧、短暂和超周期的恶化。而之所以会影响很多国家,就是因为“经济全球化”的影响。经济全球化是指在现代科技革命和生产力巨大发展的推动下,把世界的生产、贸易、金融等活动紧密地联系起来,使各个国家和地区之间的经济关系逐步走向相互开放、相互依存的阶段。而跨国公司就是生产国际化和资本国际化的产物和载体。 经济全球化在有助于各国经济发展的同时,也起着消极作用。经济全球化把市场经济的盲目性、自发性、滞后性等消极功能扩展到世界范围,造成了资本主义所固有的周期性波动和金融危机爆发的世界性。 下面我根据自己的理解来让这个过程简单些,由于美国政府出台的利息政策很利于购房,所以想要赚取更多利润的美国公司就向那些信用较差的人群提供了贷款买房的资金(次贷),于是有人就借着这个机会买的多或少,而随着政府后来通过17次加息,使得某些人的还贷压力丧失,于是房子被银行收回,但随之房地产开始降温,等于是银行赔了钱(危机),事情本应就此结束,但银行因为在贷款前找了另外的银行或保险公司(其中许多是跨国公司)进行了贷款的违约保险,而这保险最终被各公司做为“原始股”在金融市场上进行了反反复复的交易,但最后一家公司买进后,次贷危机爆发,其违约赔偿大大超乎了原先的预算,所以这家公司宣告破产,而根据投资原理和经济全球化,从而导致了连锁影响,也就是全球经济体之间的相互联系,爆发了“金融危机”。 三、中国政府的对策 政府在这场战争中,一定要果断和用强有力手段执行政策或者操作。就象果断终止中国投行(CIC)投资美国花旗银行一样。CIC已经投了两家美国金融公司,第一操作非常失败。第2次投资一般。鸡蛋不能放到一个篮子里。CIC实在蠢的可爱。 (1)政府成立预防金融危机小组,协调央行和香港金融政策和分享信息和资源。同时与周边国家建立密切联系。 (2)成立反地下钱庄小组。最好组织为其一年的严打地下钱庄。就像1997年和1998年打击走私一样。 (3) 控制好证券市场,避免大的波动。 (4) 安抚人民,控制物价上涨。让老百姓信任政府和支持政府。 (5) 减少短期外债,也就是说可以适当提前偿还一些外债。这样少付利息和降低金融风险。 (6) 无限期推迟股指期货和港股直通车,为政府处理好国内经济泡沫赢得时间。 (7) 由于许多大的民营企业老板已经移民到海外,国家应该出台政策限制他们在5年或者10内将资产转移到海外。以预防战争爆发后,这些老板换汇潜逃。政府无力应付。 (8) 中国情报部门加大对经济情报的搜寻能力,以便服务于国家。 (9) 减少购买美国国债,转向其它,比如购买优质国外资产,不要局限于美国等

现在大家都在谈全球化,我想今天的讲座从一个问题开始。为什么说是全球化阴影呢?因为大家都在谈阳光,所以说阴影是对全球化的反思。 我有一个基本的观点,经济全球化对中国弊大于利,风险大于机会。全球化的主导是美国,中美的战略利益对立的,基于利益上的冲突是不可避免的,尽管冲突形式可以多样。对于美国来说,中国是红黄两祸,红指意识形态的,黄是说把中国西化,分化,有根据就把中国分成五块,这便是中国的未来,而这所有的都是美国的策略与总趋势。 西方战后获得了很大发展,很大部分归于第三世界工业大开发,以中美为例,每年美国都从中国进口大量廉价商品,每年中国出口额为300多亿美元,如果当然商品按从别国输入的价格计算,将多 140亿美元,而美国从1979年到1996直接,对华投资才142亿美元,中美长期存在着不平等交换,就拿NIKE鞋来例,在美国市场售价200美元,其制造是在中国福建,出场价是20美元,工资含量2美元,还有2美元是用于支付购买气垫专利的费用。 经济全球化从表面上看是INTERNET的扩展,从生产需要上看是缩小,而生产是生产关系的统一,从生产关系看,是资本全球化,西方资本占领第三世界工业空间,形成资本的逻辑循环,在新殖民主义时代,美国人口17亿,消耗了石油的36%,以13种主要工业原材料为例,美国的依赖程度60%,欧盟90%,日本92%。现今按我的解释,全球面临着后殖民主义,再殖民化。和平与发展作为当代的两大主题,其将来的意思也是为了发达国家的利益,和平是相对于战略而言,战略的根源是争夺殖民地,现在经济殖民化解决了这一问题,要争取第三世界市场需要和平。 1995年联合国会议上,加利致辞到全球一体化和全球分裂化是21世纪面临的两大挑战,一个新的辩证关系开始了。 对第三世界来说,经济全球化初期确定有过很多有利条件,主要有:西方资本注入了传统农业,二、三产一发展空间极其大;廉价劳动力。和发达国家经济结构差距大,经济的互补性强,下面一组数据就可以说明这种发展,1956-1960年平均GDP增长9%。61年到66年1%,66年-70年6%,71年-75年6%,其中61年到75年持续保持在5%以上,这在经济学上称为经济奇迹,到70年代后期,80年代,这种强劲的局势被抑制,1976到1980年为5%-80年代是“失去的十年”,为6%,1990年到1994年就是 fu ta o 1%,最近几年东欧经济萎靡,东南亚金融危机,形势也不好,其原因有: 工业衰退和农村衰败,在资本全球化运动中,资本纷纷集中到工、商业,70%发展中国家粮食不能自给,发展中国家靠农业积累资本的方式是发展经济作物,致使结构单一在,而商业行情不断变化,农业节奏跟不上商业节奏,农村的农业制约工业、制约消费。 韩国以出口型工业结构为主的产业结构在出口受阻时遭遇了严重的危机,韩国以精体汽车业出口为主的工业是现代化的,而内需的产业是半现代化的,所以出口萎缩采取的直接结果是生产 ,这是因为没有带来国内产业链的建立。

全球化800字璧山中学高1的同学

摘要:随着经济全球化的不断深入,来自不同文化背景的人们之间的商务活动日益频繁,因而跨文化谈判中的文化障碍问题已逐渐引起广泛关注。人们已意识到,跨文化谈判失败的主要原因在于谈判双方缺乏对彼此文化背景的了解,以及忽视文化差异对谈判的影响与作用。  关键词:文化背景;文化障碍;价值观念  随着“信息时代”的来临,世界各国的经济发展越来越相互联系和互相依存,各国、各民族的文化也随之相互交融,进一步促进了世界范围的跨文化交际。  一、跨文化商务谈判中的文化障碍  随着国际贸易的增加和经济全球化的不断深入,来自不同文化背景的人们之间的商务活动日益频繁,因而跨文化谈判中的文化障碍问题已逐渐引起广泛关注。下面的案例就从多侧面体现了跨文化商务谈判中的文化障碍。  康沃公司是加拿大一家生产印刷设备的公司。公司派两名商务代表到中国江苏省上海北部的一座小城与一家印刷设备公司谈判。公司总裁查理波顿和市场主任菲比瑞内斯同行。之前该公司从未向加拿大境外销售过设备,两人对中方对他们的热情款待非常高兴。李经理亲自到上海机场接机,然后行驶九十公里开到小城,安排他们住在一个新建的宾馆里。几小时后主人盛宴招待他们,并有很重要的政府官员出席宴会。这种红地毯式的接待令他们对销售前景十分乐观。  第二天上午是观光。他们迫切地想开始谈判,但午饭后却让他们休息。下午一个会说英语的公司雇员来告诉他们说晚上将安排他们去看歌舞演出。第三天终于可以坐下来谈判了,进程非常缓慢。双方先概括介绍自己,加方认为这与销售毫无关系。中方提供翻译,虽然翻译的友好使加方感到很舒适,但翻译环节使沟通缓慢。中方还花大量时间谈论之前曾来过小城的加方贸易代表并问及他。波顿从未见过这位贸易代表,所以无话可说。当轮到加方进行陈述时,他们惊讶地发现竟有十个中方代表隔桌相坐。中方代表不停地微笑并点头赞许。波顿和瑞纳斯准备了充足的数据并有力地证明了五年之内他们公司产量将会翻一倍。最后二位满怀信心地返回了宾馆。  第二天中方代表又增加了四人,并让他们再次解释已经陈述过的事情。他们开始觉得沮丧。中方让他们解释有关技术方面的微小细节。加方两位代表均未涉入如此高科技的技术活动,这是此设备的核心。加方代表尽其所能地解释完后,疲惫地回到了宾馆。  第二天中方代表中的一员指出他们所陈述的内容与他在加拿大时生产总监工程师所说的不一致,中方抓住这一点不放。午餐时加方代表迅速向加拿大发传真索取细节和解释。下午的情景令波顿和瑞纳斯有点不安。谈判过程中一位中年女匆忙进入谈判室与中方谈判领导耳语,随后他立即起身离开。没有任何人对此做出解释。  第二天加方收到了传真,谈判就昨天的问题再次进行了讨论。进程十分缓慢,中方很欣赏加方产品的高质量,但担心一旦产品损坏,他们不会维修。他们希望加方提供维修培训服务。加方提出如果派专人在中方工作数周或数月将会增加巨额开销,他们认为设备不会有问题并且中方完全有能力维护此设备。  最终谈判进入了实质性阶段:价格。这是最艰难的阶段。中方要求打折20%。加方认为这种谈判过于粗暴,他们坚持原价格,并认为此价格非常合理,但在滚筒部件上可打3%的折扣。  尽管之前加方代表听说在中国谈判会很费时间,但他们认为一周的时间是足够宽裕的。但时间飞逝,再有两天他们就要回国了。他们开始询问究竟是什么原因使双方达不成协议,他们需要再就什么问题做进一步讨论。最后的谈判过程中他们竭力使中方讨论未解决的关键问题,但中方似乎并不愿意这么做。  第二天下午告别宴会开始之前双方仍未能达成一致。价格问题基本解决了,但付款方式没有解决,这是难以解决的难题,中方不能保证付款计划,因为这要由市政府最终决定。尽管如此,李经理还是微笑着提到了今后的合作,中加双方过去的友谊,以及他们从加方身上学到很多东西。他们再次签了九个月前已经在加拿大签过的意向书。加方代表失望地回国了,但还希望双方通过传真或邮件进一步讨论销售事宜。  两周后,加方惊愕地得到消息:中方已经从日本生产商手中买下了此设备。他们的设备质量上乘,价格合理,是什么使谈判失败呢?  二、跨文化商务谈判中文化障碍产生的原因分析  在单一文化背景下,谈判过程是可以预见、也是可以准确把握的。然而跨文化谈判则具有不确定性,更充满了挑战性,因为跨文化谈判是不同思维方式、不同沟通方式、不同行为方式之间进行的谈判行为。跨文化谈判失败的主要原因在于谈判双方缺乏对彼此文化背景的了解以及忽视文化差异对谈判的影响与作用。下面就案例中谈判失败的原因逐一进行分析。  (一)国人注意培养关系  中国人谈判焦点不在于谈判主题,而在于建立长期合作的人际关系。因此,谈判初期双方谈论的内容涉及宽泛的议题及社交活动,直到彼此建立相互信任、增进相互了解之后才进入谈判主题。而对西方人而言,谈判焦点就在于实质性的内容,在于交易,而非人际关系。  以中国为代表的东方人,在人际交往中是非常看重感情和人情的。一方面,这源于中国人古老文化和和谐相处、友好往来、团结共事、合作互利的精神和观念。这种处世态度和人际关系有利于交往双方的进一步合作,对商人说来则有利于交易的成功。从这方面讲,这种观念和行为有其有益的一面。这也是为什么中国人求人办事总是礼数先行、中国商人与他人谈生意之前总是先宴请对方的原因。  利奈尔•戴维斯说得好:“在宴席上,人们常常谈论食品,交换一些十分正式的、表示敬意或友谊的词语。从低语境文化的视角出发,人们所谈论的事都不是与个人有关的,也不含有多少信息。人们只是在比其他场合更为精确地遵循一套礼仪规范。这包括彼此敬酒,同时使用一些与相互关系和当时场景相适宜的套话。……交谈是愉悦而轻松的,来自高语境文化的赴宴者将此情景解释为:彼此之间的关系已经发展到可以开始谈生意或谈完生意的地步了。”  “合同属于低语境文化的文件类型。对于西方人说来,合同的含义全在于文字之中。在签署合同之前,一位西方人肯定会审读小号字体印刷部分,这意味着他会十分仔细地关注合同细节以确保没有不利的条款隐藏在用以撰写合同的专用法律术语中。一旦表示赞同,合同就将牢牢约束签约双方,即使签约之后发生了双方都未曾预料的事也不可违约。例如,假如市场情况发生变化,其中一方因此而遭受损失来自低语境文化的签约方不会把它当成更改合同的理由。这种态度对于来自高语境文化的签约方却似乎是不公平的,后者总是习惯于将情景事态的因素纳入考虑之中。假如一个西方人从合同中获得了超过他事先预料的利益,他仅仅会认为他一直是好运相随。假如他亏损了,他就会认为是自己运气不佳。”  “假如签约双方有了争议,则低语境文化的交际者就会竭力通过参照合同条款来解决分歧。而高语境文化的交际者则会更有可能在精确的合同条款之外去考虑公关因素和情景因素。事实上,对于高语境文化的交际者说来,情景因素要比严密的合同条款更为重要。”(Davis, 2004:68-69)  从上面这段论述中,可以清楚地看出,法制观念很重的西方人与人情观念很重的中国人之间在处理彼此关系和相互纷争时的巨大差异。当然我们也应看到,中国近年来随着改革开放的不断深入,随着社会经济的持续发展,人们在保留人情观念中有益因素的同时,正在努力摒弃那种有害的极端人情观。  (二)西方人注重时间和效率  西方人在历史上率先进入工业化时代,科技和经济都较为发达,至今生产力水平已有了迅猛的提高,每一分钟都意味着新的产品问世、新的价值产生,由此而形成的快速的工作和生活节奏使他们深切感到“时间就是金钱”,而无休无止、尽最大可能地追逐利润是他们的奋斗目标,为此他们必须要节约和利用分分秒秒,去创造最大的价值,故而他们看重和珍惜时间,认真对时间进行规划安排,也十分守时。而东方人科技和经济的发展相对滞后,长期的以农业为主的小农经济的生产方式导致其生产和生活节奏缓慢,尤其因他们相对更重视形式、礼仪,不惜在繁文缛节上花费时间,因此他们远不如西方人那么珍惜时间,守时观念相当差。约会时间、计划安排等常常随意变动。对此,萨莫瓦评论道:  “当具有不同文化背景的人们走到一起来的时候,有关时间的观念和实践的运用也颇具有重要性。大多数来自西方文化的人是依据线性空间看待时间的。我们是受时间约束的。我们的时间表和工作日程支配着我们的生活。德国人和瑞士人的时间意识甚至比我们还要强。对他们说来,火车、飞机以及一日三餐都必须始终准时。但有很多文化并非如此。在他们看来,是活动而非钟表决定人们的行动。”   (三)中西方的价值观念不同  西方人特别尊崇个人主义,这源自于西方资本主义制度下生产资料以及财产的私有制观念。美国学者萨莫瓦说:“来自非洲某些国家或地区、古巴以及中国的人多半会认为,企业以及生产手段应当归国家或人民集体所有。另一方面,一些出生在美国或加拿大的人从小到大都会认为,生产手段应该归于拥有唯一业主身份的个人所有,要么归拥有共同业主身份的几个人所有,要么归合股经营公司的许多人共同所有。”在资本主义社会里,为赚得尽可能多的资产和钱财成为绝大多数人的奋斗目标,从而逐步形成以个人为中心的“个性主义”理念以及行为方式。在西方人的心目中,个人主义指的是这样一种信条,即个人的利益应该是至高无上的,一切价值观、权利和职责都起源于个人。它强调个人的能动性、独立性、个人意愿的表达以及个人的隐私性。在西方国家,尤其是美国,个人意识是十分强烈的;个人的权利、财产、隐私、事业、目标等被摆在他人、集体、乃至国家之上,绝对不可分侵犯;而集体或团队的意识则相对淡薄。  集体主义,又称集体本位、集体意识或团队观念,是指看重集体利益、重视集体力量、强调集体作用、主张依靠集体、注重协作配合、提倡团结奋斗的观念。一般而言,贫穷落后的国家 (尤其是非资本主义的发展中国家)、民族或种族通常都崇尚集体主义精神,甚至在美国文化影响下的非洲裔美国人也尊崇集体主义。据Triandis估算,全世界70%的人口生活在具有集体主义特征的文化中(Triandis, 1990:48)。这或许是由于他们都属于弱势群体,长期以来在经济、科技等领域的发展滞后不仅造成国家的经济基础薄弱,而且导致个人的能力与机遇的极大缩水,使得个人无论是与自然作斗争,还是谋求个人在社会中的生存和发展,都更加依赖于国家、他人或社会组织的集体力量。  在中国,数千年来中国思想文化特别是儒教、道教以及佛教历来强调“以和为贵”、尊崇“天人合一”、注重人情亲情和团结友爱的传统,是导致中国人看重和依赖家庭、团体和社会力量的重要原因之一。  不同的文化、民族、国家拥有不同程度的个人主义或集体主义观念,这同样也表现为一个连续体,有些国家的人个人主义意识更强烈一些,有些国家的人则集体主义思想更浓厚一些。其中,经济越发达的国家,其个人主义观念越强烈;经济越不发达的国家,其集体主义意识越浓厚。  三、结论  随着经济全球化的不断深入,人们已意识到,跨文化谈判失败的主要原因在于谈判双方缺乏对彼此文化背景的了解以及忽视文化差异对谈判的影响与作用。在单一文化背景下,谈判过程是可以预见、也是可以准确把握的。然而跨文化谈判则具有不确定性,更充满了挑战性,因为跨文化谈判是不同思维方式、不同沟通方式、不同行为方式之间进行的谈判行为。首先,我们应正视并承认本民族以外的种种不同的民族文化;在继续弘扬本民族优良文化传统的同时,尊重其他民族的文化传统、社会习俗、风土人情,并虚心学习乃至接收吸纳其他民族的优良文化传统。其次,深入了解、认真研究其他民族文化的内涵和精髓,找出本民族文化与其他文化之间的异同,研究跨文化交际的内在规律,掌握跨文化商务谈判的知识、技能及正确策略,恰当运用这些技能与策略,在跨文化商务谈判过程中获得成功。

关于经济全球化的论文高三历史

二战后,国际形势发生了巨大而深刻的变化,首先,随世界经济全球化趋势的日益加强,帝国主义国家之间的关系出现了新的变化,即由大战前的军事争夺,转向全方位的竞争、协调与合作。从而使资本主义世界呈现相当稳定的状态。尽管帝国主义经济政治发展不平衡的规律依然存在,但这种发展不平衡所引起的矛盾和斗争不再表现在军事领域,而是集中在经济领域。因此,战争可以避免。其次,资本主义国家内部的阶级矛盾出现了相对缓和的状态。二战后,新科技的重大发明与发现,推动了社会生产力的迅速发展,人民生活水平不断提高;加上资产阶级实行了某些改良措施,增强了资本主义国家的社会经济职能,所有这些使资本主义国家的基本矛盾——资产阶级和无产阶级之间的矛盾相对缓和,无产阶级革命在段时期内难以实现。再次,殖民地、半殖民地国家同帝国主义国家之间的矛盾也随着前者的独立和解放而出现了新的变化,两者之间的矛盾已转化为发展中国家和发达国家之间的不平等的政治、经济矛盾。世界基本矛盾和国际形势的这种巨大而深刻变化使得时代主题也在悄然发生变化。战后世界矛盾的发展变化。二战后,国际政治力量的对比发生了巨大的变化,出现了发达资本主义国家、社会主义国家、发展中国家等两种制度、三种类型的国家。他们之间关系的问题构成了当今世界带有全球性的战略问题。这三类不同成员国之间的关系可以概括为“东西南北”四个字,国家社会的基本矛盾主要是“东西矛盾”和“南北矛盾”。第二、美苏两个超级大国的战略均势和全球战略部署没有完成,制约了世界大战的爆发。二战后,美苏两国为争夺世界霸权竞相发展核武器和常规武器。从总体上看,双方势均力敌,并且都大到了足以毁灭对方多次的杀伤力水平,从而形成了“核恐怖均势”状态。美苏两家打不起来,就不会有世界大战。第三、世界和平力量的增长超过战争力量的增长。20世纪,人类经历了两次世界大战的浩劫,付出了巨大的代价,世界各国人民再也不愿看到世界上任何地区战争,渴望世界永久和平。因此,反对战争、维护世界和平成为各国人民的共同追求和强烈愿望。二战后出现的一大批新兴的民族独立国家和社会主义国家,为世界和平与发展创造了极为有利的条件。第四、科学技术已取代战争成为获取经济利益的主要手段。二战后,在发达资本主义国家兴起了以原子能、电子计算机和空间技术为标志的第三次科技革命。另外,科技革命还极大地促进了经济结构的变化和调整,创造了大量新产业。二战后的国家现实表明,通过提高科学技术水平所获取的经济利益远远超过通过战争获取的经济利益。第五、经济全球化使发展问题上升为全球性的问题。一方面,世界经济全球化和区域经济集团化的发展使得各国经济相互渗透、相互制约和相互依赖的程度不断加深,共同的利益的存在推动着国际协调与国际合作机制的不断发展。另一方面,经济全球化也使发展问题成为全球性问题。经济全球化使世界经济联系进一步加深,发展中国家所面临的经济困难已不仅仅是发展中国家自身的问题,它同时也极大地影响了发达国家经济的进一步发展。 二战后,国际形势发生了巨大而深刻的变化,首先,随世界经济全球化趋势的日益加强,帝国主义国家之间的关系出现了新的变化,即由大战前的军事争夺,转向全方位的竞争、协调与合作。从而使资本主义世界呈现相当稳定的状态。尽管帝国主义经济政治发展不平衡的规律依然存在,但这种发展不平衡所引起的矛盾和斗争不再表现在军事领域,而是集中在经济领域。因此,战争可以避免。其次,资本主义国家内部的阶级矛盾出现了相对缓和的状态。二战后,新科技的重大发明与发现,推动了社会生产力的迅速发展,人民生活水平不断提高;加上资产阶级实行了某些改良措施,增强了资本主义国家的社会经济职能,所有这些使资本主义国家的基本矛盾——资产阶级和无产阶级之间的矛盾相对缓和,无产阶级革命在段时期内难以实现。再次,殖民地、半殖民地国家同帝国主义国家之间的矛盾也随着前者的独立和解放而出现了新的变化,两者之间的矛盾已转化为发展中国家和发达国家之间的不平等的政治、经济矛盾。世界基本矛盾和国际形势的这种巨大而深刻变化使得时代主题也在悄然发生变化。战后世界矛盾的发展变化。二战后,国际政治力量的对比发生了巨大的变化,出现了发达资本主义国家、社会主义国家、发展中国家等两种制度、三种类型的国家。他们之间关系的问题构成了当今世界带有全球性的战略问题。这三类不同成员国之间的关系可以概括为“东西南北”四个字,国家社会的基本矛盾主要是“东西矛盾”和“南北矛盾”。第二、美苏两个超级大国的战略均势和全球战略部署没有完成,制约了世界大战的爆发。二战后,美苏两国为争夺世界霸权竞相发展核武器和常规武器。从总体上看,双方势均力敌,并且都大到了足以毁灭对方多次的杀伤力水平,从而形成了“核恐怖均势”状态。美苏两家打不起来,就不会有世界大战。第三、世界和平力量的增长超过战争力量的增长。20世纪,人类经历了两次世界大战的浩劫,付出了巨大的代价,世界各国人民再也不愿看到世界上任何地区战争,渴望世界永久和平。因此,反对战争、维护世界和平成为各国人民的共同追求和强烈愿望。二战后出现的一大批新兴的民族独立国家和社会主义国家,为世界和平与发展创造了极为有利的条件。第四、科学技术已取代战争成为获取经济利益的主要手段。二战后,在发达资本主义国家兴起了以原子能、电子计算机和空间技术为标志的第三次科技革命。另外,科技革命还极大地促进了经济结构的变化和调整,创造了大量新产业。二战后的国家现实表明,通过提高科学技术水平所获取的经济利益远远超过通过战争获取的经济利益。第五、经济全球化使发展问题上升为全球性的问题。一方面,世界经济全球化和区域经济集团化的发展使得各国经济相互渗透、相互制约和相互依赖的程度不断加深,共同的利益的存在推动着国际协调与国际合作机制的不断发展。另一方面,经济全球化也使发展问题成为全球性问题。经济全球化使世界经济联系进一步加深,发展中国家所面临的经济困难已不仅仅是发展中国家自身的问题,它同时也极大地影响了发达国家经济的进一步发展。

任何一个国家的崛起都不是偶然的,美国也不例外。以美国一贯的经济创新能力,维持现有的、相对稳定的国际秩序和商业环境,对于美国的重要性,远远高于“用武力实现扩张并攫取经济利益”。还有一个很重要的原因就是美国的制度,最早确立的共和制,并用宪法确保其稳定,确保了美国的长治久安

道化经济即是全球经济一体化的根本[标题]1、论点在中国的道化典范;2、写美国霸权主义造成的社会现象;3、写中国的道之道非常道的原意。结尾是中国是全球经济一体化的中流抵柱。[有时间再写]

摘要:随着经济全球化的不断深入,来自不同文化背景的人们之间的商务活动日益频繁,因而跨文化谈判中的文化障碍问题已逐渐引起广泛关注。人们已意识到,跨文化谈判失败的主要原因在于谈判双方缺乏对彼此文化背景的了解,以及忽视文化差异对谈判的影响与作用。  关键词:文化背景;文化障碍;价值观念  随着“信息时代”的来临,世界各国的经济发展越来越相互联系和互相依存,各国、各民族的文化也随之相互交融,进一步促进了世界范围的跨文化交际。  一、跨文化商务谈判中的文化障碍  随着国际贸易的增加和经济全球化的不断深入,来自不同文化背景的人们之间的商务活动日益频繁,因而跨文化谈判中的文化障碍问题已逐渐引起广泛关注。下面的案例就从多侧面体现了跨文化商务谈判中的文化障碍。  康沃公司是加拿大一家生产印刷设备的公司。公司派两名商务代表到中国江苏省上海北部的一座小城与一家印刷设备公司谈判。公司总裁查理波顿和市场主任菲比瑞内斯同行。之前该公司从未向加拿大境外销售过设备,两人对中方对他们的热情款待非常高兴。李经理亲自到上海机场接机,然后行驶九十公里开到小城,安排他们住在一个新建的宾馆里。几小时后主人盛宴招待他们,并有很重要的政府官员出席宴会。这种红地毯式的接待令他们对销售前景十分乐观。  第二天上午是观光。他们迫切地想开始谈判,但午饭后却让他们休息。下午一个会说英语的公司雇员来告诉他们说晚上将安排他们去看歌舞演出。第三天终于可以坐下来谈判了,进程非常缓慢。双方先概括介绍自己,加方认为这与销售毫无关系。中方提供翻译,虽然翻译的友好使加方感到很舒适,但翻译环节使沟通缓慢。中方还花大量时间谈论之前曾来过小城的加方贸易代表并问及他。波顿从未见过这位贸易代表,所以无话可说。当轮到加方进行陈述时,他们惊讶地发现竟有十个中方代表隔桌相坐。中方代表不停地微笑并点头赞许。波顿和瑞纳斯准备了充足的数据并有力地证明了五年之内他们公司产量将会翻一倍。最后二位满怀信心地返回了宾馆。  第二天中方代表又增加了四人,并让他们再次解释已经陈述过的事情。他们开始觉得沮丧。中方让他们解释有关技术方面的微小细节。加方两位代表均未涉入如此高科技的技术活动,这是此设备的核心。加方代表尽其所能地解释完后,疲惫地回到了宾馆。  第二天中方代表中的一员指出他们所陈述的内容与他在加拿大时生产总监工程师所说的不一致,中方抓住这一点不放。午餐时加方代表迅速向加拿大发传真索取细节和解释。下午的情景令波顿和瑞纳斯有点不安。谈判过程中一位中年女匆忙进入谈判室与中方谈判领导耳语,随后他立即起身离开。没有任何人对此做出解释。  第二天加方收到了传真,谈判就昨天的问题再次进行了讨论。进程十分缓慢,中方很欣赏加方产品的高质量,但担心一旦产品损坏,他们不会维修。他们希望加方提供维修培训服务。加方提出如果派专人在中方工作数周或数月将会增加巨额开销,他们认为设备不会有问题并且中方完全有能力维护此设备。  最终谈判进入了实质性阶段:价格。这是最艰难的阶段。中方要求打折20%。加方认为这种谈判过于粗暴,他们坚持原价格,并认为此价格非常合理,但在滚筒部件上可打3%的折扣。  尽管之前加方代表听说在中国谈判会很费时间,但他们认为一周的时间是足够宽裕的。但时间飞逝,再有两天他们就要回国了。他们开始询问究竟是什么原因使双方达不成协议,他们需要再就什么问题做进一步讨论。最后的谈判过程中他们竭力使中方讨论未解决的关键问题,但中方似乎并不愿意这么做。  第二天下午告别宴会开始之前双方仍未能达成一致。价格问题基本解决了,但付款方式没有解决,这是难以解决的难题,中方不能保证付款计划,因为这要由市政府最终决定。尽管如此,李经理还是微笑着提到了今后的合作,中加双方过去的友谊,以及他们从加方身上学到很多东西。他们再次签了九个月前已经在加拿大签过的意向书。加方代表失望地回国了,但还希望双方通过传真或邮件进一步讨论销售事宜。  两周后,加方惊愕地得到消息:中方已经从日本生产商手中买下了此设备。他们的设备质量上乘,价格合理,是什么使谈判失败呢?  二、跨文化商务谈判中文化障碍产生的原因分析  在单一文化背景下,谈判过程是可以预见、也是可以准确把握的。然而跨文化谈判则具有不确定性,更充满了挑战性,因为跨文化谈判是不同思维方式、不同沟通方式、不同行为方式之间进行的谈判行为。跨文化谈判失败的主要原因在于谈判双方缺乏对彼此文化背景的了解以及忽视文化差异对谈判的影响与作用。下面就案例中谈判失败的原因逐一进行分析。  (一)国人注意培养关系  中国人谈判焦点不在于谈判主题,而在于建立长期合作的人际关系。因此,谈判初期双方谈论的内容涉及宽泛的议题及社交活动,直到彼此建立相互信任、增进相互了解之后才进入谈判主题。而对西方人而言,谈判焦点就在于实质性的内容,在于交易,而非人际关系。  以中国为代表的东方人,在人际交往中是非常看重感情和人情的。一方面,这源于中国人古老文化和和谐相处、友好往来、团结共事、合作互利的精神和观念。这种处世态度和人际关系有利于交往双方的进一步合作,对商人说来则有利于交易的成功。从这方面讲,这种观念和行为有其有益的一面。这也是为什么中国人求人办事总是礼数先行、中国商人与他人谈生意之前总是先宴请对方的原因。  利奈尔•戴维斯说得好:“在宴席上,人们常常谈论食品,交换一些十分正式的、表示敬意或友谊的词语。从低语境文化的视角出发,人们所谈论的事都不是与个人有关的,也不含有多少信息。人们只是在比其他场合更为精确地遵循一套礼仪规范。这包括彼此敬酒,同时使用一些与相互关系和当时场景相适宜的套话。……交谈是愉悦而轻松的,来自高语境文化的赴宴者将此情景解释为:彼此之间的关系已经发展到可以开始谈生意或谈完生意的地步了。”  “合同属于低语境文化的文件类型。对于西方人说来,合同的含义全在于文字之中。在签署合同之前,一位西方人肯定会审读小号字体印刷部分,这意味着他会十分仔细地关注合同细节以确保没有不利的条款隐藏在用以撰写合同的专用法律术语中。一旦表示赞同,合同就将牢牢约束签约双方,即使签约之后发生了双方都未曾预料的事也不可违约。例如,假如市场情况发生变化,其中一方因此而遭受损失来自低语境文化的签约方不会把它当成更改合同的理由。这种态度对于来自高语境文化的签约方却似乎是不公平的,后者总是习惯于将情景事态的因素纳入考虑之中。假如一个西方人从合同中获得了超过他事先预料的利益,他仅仅会认为他一直是好运相随。假如他亏损了,他就会认为是自己运气不佳。”  “假如签约双方有了争议,则低语境文化的交际者就会竭力通过参照合同条款来解决分歧。而高语境文化的交际者则会更有可能在精确的合同条款之外去考虑公关因素和情景因素。事实上,对于高语境文化的交际者说来,情景因素要比严密的合同条款更为重要。”(Davis, 2004:68-69)  从上面这段论述中,可以清楚地看出,法制观念很重的西方人与人情观念很重的中国人之间在处理彼此关系和相互纷争时的巨大差异。当然我们也应看到,中国近年来随着改革开放的不断深入,随着社会经济的持续发展,人们在保留人情观念中有益因素的同时,正在努力摒弃那种有害的极端人情观。  (二)西方人注重时间和效率  西方人在历史上率先进入工业化时代,科技和经济都较为发达,至今生产力水平已有了迅猛的提高,每一分钟都意味着新的产品问世、新的价值产生,由此而形成的快速的工作和生活节奏使他们深切感到“时间就是金钱”,而无休无止、尽最大可能地追逐利润是他们的奋斗目标,为此他们必须要节约和利用分分秒秒,去创造最大的价值,故而他们看重和珍惜时间,认真对时间进行规划安排,也十分守时。而东方人科技和经济的发展相对滞后,长期的以农业为主的小农经济的生产方式导致其生产和生活节奏缓慢,尤其因他们相对更重视形式、礼仪,不惜在繁文缛节上花费时间,因此他们远不如西方人那么珍惜时间,守时观念相当差。约会时间、计划安排等常常随意变动。对此,萨莫瓦评论道:  “当具有不同文化背景的人们走到一起来的时候,有关时间的观念和实践的运用也颇具有重要性。大多数来自西方文化的人是依据线性空间看待时间的。我们是受时间约束的。我们的时间表和工作日程支配着我们的生活。德国人和瑞士人的时间意识甚至比我们还要强。对他们说来,火车、飞机以及一日三餐都必须始终准时。但有很多文化并非如此。在他们看来,是活动而非钟表决定人们的行动。”   (三)中西方的价值观念不同  西方人特别尊崇个人主义,这源自于西方资本主义制度下生产资料以及财产的私有制观念。美国学者萨莫瓦说:“来自非洲某些国家或地区、古巴以及中国的人多半会认为,企业以及生产手段应当归国家或人民集体所有。另一方面,一些出生在美国或加拿大的人从小到大都会认为,生产手段应该归于拥有唯一业主身份的个人所有,要么归拥有共同业主身份的几个人所有,要么归合股经营公司的许多人共同所有。”在资本主义社会里,为赚得尽可能多的资产和钱财成为绝大多数人的奋斗目标,从而逐步形成以个人为中心的“个性主义”理念以及行为方式。在西方人的心目中,个人主义指的是这样一种信条,即个人的利益应该是至高无上的,一切价值观、权利和职责都起源于个人。它强调个人的能动性、独立性、个人意愿的表达以及个人的隐私性。在西方国家,尤其是美国,个人意识是十分强烈的;个人的权利、财产、隐私、事业、目标等被摆在他人、集体、乃至国家之上,绝对不可分侵犯;而集体或团队的意识则相对淡薄。  集体主义,又称集体本位、集体意识或团队观念,是指看重集体利益、重视集体力量、强调集体作用、主张依靠集体、注重协作配合、提倡团结奋斗的观念。一般而言,贫穷落后的国家 (尤其是非资本主义的发展中国家)、民族或种族通常都崇尚集体主义精神,甚至在美国文化影响下的非洲裔美国人也尊崇集体主义。据Triandis估算,全世界70%的人口生活在具有集体主义特征的文化中(Triandis, 1990:48)。这或许是由于他们都属于弱势群体,长期以来在经济、科技等领域的发展滞后不仅造成国家的经济基础薄弱,而且导致个人的能力与机遇的极大缩水,使得个人无论是与自然作斗争,还是谋求个人在社会中的生存和发展,都更加依赖于国家、他人或社会组织的集体力量。  在中国,数千年来中国思想文化特别是儒教、道教以及佛教历来强调“以和为贵”、尊崇“天人合一”、注重人情亲情和团结友爱的传统,是导致中国人看重和依赖家庭、团体和社会力量的重要原因之一。  不同的文化、民族、国家拥有不同程度的个人主义或集体主义观念,这同样也表现为一个连续体,有些国家的人个人主义意识更强烈一些,有些国家的人则集体主义思想更浓厚一些。其中,经济越发达的国家,其个人主义观念越强烈;经济越不发达的国家,其集体主义意识越浓厚。  三、结论  随着经济全球化的不断深入,人们已意识到,跨文化谈判失败的主要原因在于谈判双方缺乏对彼此文化背景的了解以及忽视文化差异对谈判的影响与作用。在单一文化背景下,谈判过程是可以预见、也是可以准确把握的。然而跨文化谈判则具有不确定性,更充满了挑战性,因为跨文化谈判是不同思维方式、不同沟通方式、不同行为方式之间进行的谈判行为。首先,我们应正视并承认本民族以外的种种不同的民族文化;在继续弘扬本民族优良文化传统的同时,尊重其他民族的文化传统、社会习俗、风土人情,并虚心学习乃至接收吸纳其他民族的优良文化传统。其次,深入了解、认真研究其他民族文化的内涵和精髓,找出本民族文化与其他文化之间的异同,研究跨文化交际的内在规律,掌握跨文化商务谈判的知识、技能及正确策略,恰当运用这些技能与策略,在跨文化商务谈判过程中获得成功。

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