关于建筑历史的论文题目有哪些英文

关于建筑历史的论文题目有哪些英文

Ancient Chinese architecture enjoys a long history and great achievements，and created many architectural miracles such as the Great WIn the process of its development，superior architectural techniques and artistic design were combined to make unique Chinese architecture be one of the three greatest architectural Features:present Chinese timber framework and painting which are basic characteristics of Chinese Architecture styles:feature characteristics and charms of:Imperial architecture，Religious architecture (Taoist，Buddhist)，Garden architecture and General architecture(Hutong ，Siheyuan)There is always deep relation between Architecture and Culture:It is certain you will learn some cultural facts in so-called Architectural culture in Fengshui and so-called Cultural architecture in P

Uniaxial stress–strain relationship of concrete confined by various shaped steel tubesKAS Susantha， Hanbin Ge， Tsutomu Usami *Department of Civil Engineering， Nagoya University， Chikusa-ku， Nagoya 464-8603， JapanReceived 31 May 2000; received in revised form 19 December 2000; accepted 14 February 2001AbstractA method is presented to predict the complete stress–strain curve of concrete subjected to triaxial compressive stresses caused by axial load plus lateral pressure due to the confinement action in circular， box and octagonal shaped concrete-filled steel Available empirical formulas are adopted to determine the lateral pressure exerted on concrete in circular concrete-filled steel To evaluate the lateral pressure exerted on the concrete in box and octagonal shaped columns， FEM analysis is adopted with the help of a concrete–steel interaction Subsequently， an extensive parametric study is conducted to propose an empiricalequation for the maximum average lateral pressure， which depends on the material and geometric properties of the Lateral pressure so calculated is correlated to confined concrete strength through a well known empirical For determination of the post-peak stress–strain relation， available experimental results are Based on the test results， approximated expressions to predict the slope of the descending branch and the strain at sustained concrete strength are derived for the confined concrete in columns having each type of sectional The predicted concrete strength and post-peak behavior are found to exhibit goodagreement with the test results within the accepted The proposed model is intended to be used in fiber analysis involving beam–column elements in order to establish an ultimate state prediction criterion for concrete-filled steel columns designed as earthquake resisting •2001 Elsevier Science L All rights Keywords: Concrete-filled tubes; Confinement; Concrete strength; Ductility; Stress–strain relation; Fiber IntroductionConcrete-filled steel tubes (CFT) are becoming increasingly popular in recent decades due to their excellent earthquake resisting characteristics such as high ductility and improved As a result， numerous experimental investigations have been carried out in recent years to examine the overall performance of CFT columns [1–11] Although the behavior of CFT columns has been extensively examined， the concrete core confinement is not yet well Many of the previous research works have been mainly focused on investigating the performance of CFT columns with various The main variables subjected to such limitations were the concrete strength， plate width-to- thickness (or radius-to-thickness) ratios and shapes of the Steel strength， column slenderness ratio and rate of loading were also additionally It is understandable that examination of the effects of all the above factors on performances of CFTs in a wider range， exclusively on experimental manner， is difficult and This can be overcome by following a suitable numerical theoretical approach which is capable of handling many experimentally unmanageable At present， finite element analysis (FEM) is considered as the most powerful and accurate tool to simulate the actual behavior of The accurate constitutive relationships for materials are essential for reliable results when such analysis procedures are For example， CFT behavior may well be investigated through a suitable FEM analysis procedure， provided that appropriate steel and concrete material models are One of the simplest yet powerful techniques for the examination of CFTs is fiber In this procedure the cross section is discretized into many small regions where a uniaxial constitutive relationship of either concrete or steel is This type of analysis can be employed to predict the load–displacement relationships of CFT columns designed as earthquake resisting The accuracy involved with the fiber analysis is found to be quite satisfactory with respect to the practical design At present， an accurate stress–strain relationship for steel， which is readily applicable in the fiber analysis， is currently available [12] However， in the case of concrete， only a few models that are suited for such analysis can be found [3，8，9] Among them， in Tomii and Sakino’s model [3]， which is applicable to square shaped columns， the strength improvement due to confinement has been Tang et [8] developed a model for circular tubes by taking into account the effect of geometry and material properties on strength enhancement as well as the post-peak Watanabe et [9] conducted model tests to determine a stress–strain relationship for confined concrete and subsequently proposed a method to analyze the ultimate behavior of concrete-filled box columns considering local buckling of component plates and initial Among the other recent investigations， the work done by Schneider [10] investigated the effect of steel tube shape and wall thickness on the ultimate strength of the composite El-Tawil and Deierlein [11] reviewed and evaluated the concrete encased composite design provisions of the American Concrete Institute Code (ACI 318) [13]， the AISC-LRFD Specifications [14] and the AISC Seismic Provisions [15]， based on fiber section analyses considering the inelastic behavior of steel and In this study， an analytical approach based on the existing experimental results is attempted to determine a complete uniaxial stress–strain law for confined concrete in relatively thick-walled CFT The primary objective of the proposed stress–strain model is its application in fiber analysis to investigate the inelastic behavior of CFT columns in compression or combined compression and Such analyses are useful in establishing rational strength and ductility prediction procedures of seismic resisting Three types of sectional shapes such as circular， box and octagonal are A concrete–steel interaction model is employed to estimate the lateral pressure on Then， the maximum lateral pressure is correlated to the strength of confined concrete through an empirical A method based on the results of fiber analysis using assumed concrete models is adopted to calibrate the post-peak behavior of the proposed Finally， the complete axial load–average axial strain curves obtained through the fiber analysis using the newly proposed material model are compared with the test It should be noted that a similar type of interaction model as used in this study has been adopted by Nishiyama et [16]， which has been combined with a so called peak load condition line in order to determine the maximum lateral pressure on reinforced concrete Meanwhile， previous researches [17，18] indicate that the stress–strain relationship of concrete under compressive load histories produces an envelope curve identical to the stress–strain curve obtained under monotonic Therefore， in further studies， the proposed confined uniaxial stress–strain law can be extended to a cyclic stress–strain relationship of confined concrete by including a suitable unloading/reloading stress–strain Theoretical Characteristic points on confined concrete stress–strain curveReferring to F 1（General stress–strain curves for confined and unconfined ）， the following characteristic points have been identified to define a complete stress–strain curve when concrete is confined by surrounding steel The notation in the figure is as follows: f ’c is the strength of unconfined concrete; f ’cc is the strength of confined concrete; εc is the strain at the peak of unconfined concrete; εcc is the strain at the peak of confined concrete; εu is the ultimate strain of unconfined concrete; fu is the ultimate strength of unconfined concrete; εcu is the ultimate strain of confined concrete; and αf ’cc is the residual strength of confined concrete at very high strain The expression for the complete stress–strain curve is defined as suggested by Popovics [19]， which was later modified by Mander et [20] and given by where fc and ε denote the longitudinal compressive stress and strain， respectively; Ec stands for the tangent modulus of elasticity of It should be noted that E (1) has been defined even for the post-peak region， in this study， it is utilized only up to the peak The post-peak behavior is treated separately by assuming a linearly varied stress–strain relation as will be discussed in Section 【1-4 F 1】 Confinement action in circular CFT columnsIn short CFT columns with relatively thick-walled sections designed for seismic purposes， failure is mainly caused due to concrete The mode of failure is governed by the individual behavior of each The behavior of concrete in CFT columns under monotonically increasing axial load can be explained in terms of concrete–steel The confinement effect does not exist at the early stage of loading owing to the fact that the Poisson ratio of concrete is lower than that of steel at the initial loading At this level of loading， the circumferential steel hoop stresses are in compression and the concrete is under lateral tension provided that no separation between concrete and steel occurs (， the bond between two materials does not break) However， as the axial load increases， the lateral expansion of concrete gradually becomes greater than the steel due to the change of the Poisson ratio of concrete， and therefore a radial pressure develops at the concrete– steel At this stage， confinement of the concrete core is achieved and the steel is in hoop Load transferring from the steel tube to the concrete occurs at this It is observed that the load at this stage is higher than the sum of loads that can be achieved by steel and concrete acting In the triaxial stress state the uniaxial compressive concrete strength can be given by 【5】 where frp is the maximum radial pressure on concrete and m is an empirical In the past a lot of extensive experimental studies have been carried out to determine a value for coefficient m and it is found that for normal strength concrete， m is in the range of 4–6 [21] In this study m is assumed to be The radial pressure， fr， can be expressed by the relationship given in E (6)， which is easily derived by considering the equilibrium of horizontal forces on a circular section: 【6】Here， fsr， t and D denote the circumference stress in steel， the thickness and the outer diameter of the tube， Evaluation of confinement in various shaped CFT Circular sectionDetermination of the confinement level in circular tubes is found in the method proposed by Tang et [8] In this method， the change of the Poisson ratio of concrete and steel with column loading is An empirical factor， β， is introduced for this purpose and subsequently the lateral pressure at the peak load is given by 【7】 Factor β is defined as 【8】 where νe and νs are the Poisson ratios of a steel tube with and without filled-in concrete， Here， νs is taken as equal to 50 at the maximum strength point， and νe is given by the following expressions: 【9 10】 Here， t， D and f ’c are the same as previously defined and fy stands for the yield stress of The above equation is applicable for (f ’c/fy) ranging from 04 to 20 where most of the practically feasible columns are found A detailed description of the method can be found in Tang et [8] It is clear that frp given by E (7) depends on both the material properties and the geometry of the Subsequently， frp calculated from E (7) is substituted into E (5) to determine the confined concrete strength， f ’摘要部分的翻译：各种断面形状钢管混凝土的单轴应力应变关系KAS Susantha ， Hanbin Ge， Tsutomu Usami*土木工程学院，名古屋大学， Chikusa-ku ，名古屋 464-8603， 日本收讫于2000年5月31日 ; 正式校定于2000年12月19日; 被认可于2001年2月14日¬¬摘要一种预测受三轴压应力混凝土的完全应力-应变曲线的方法被提出，这种三轴压应力是由环形、箱形和八角形的钢管混凝土中的限制作用导致的轴向荷载加测向压力所产生的。有效的经验公式被用来确定施加于环形钢管混凝土柱内混凝土的侧向压力。FEM（有限元）分析法和混凝土-钢箍交互作用模型已被用来估计施加于箱形和八角形柱的混凝土侧向压力。接着，进行了广泛的参数研究，旨在提出一个经验公式，确定不同的筒材料和结构特性下的最大平均侧向压力。如此计算出的侧向压力通过一个著名经验公式确定出侧向受限混凝土强度。对于高峰之后的应力-应变关系的确定，使用了有效的试验结果。基于这些测试结果，和近似表达式来推算下降段的斜度和各种断面形状的筒内侧向受限混凝土在确认的混凝土强度下的应变。推算出的混凝土强度和后峰值性能在允许的界限内与测试结果吻合得非常好。所提出的模型可用于包括梁柱构件在内的纤维分析，以确定抗震结构设计中混凝土填充钢柱筒的极限状态的推算标准。 •版权所有2001 Elsevier科学技术有限公司。关键词: 钢管混凝土；限制；混凝土强度；延性；应力应变关系；纤维分析这是当年毕业时我的翻译，因为原文有图表等原文也超过10000字，没法在这里发，如需要原文（pdf版及word版）及全部翻译（5000字，中文），请留下邮箱。

关于“Modern Architecture”的Modern architecture， not to be confused with 'contemporary architecture'， is a term given to a number of building styles with similar characteristics， primarily the simplification of form and the elimination of While the style was conceived early in the 20th century and heavily promoted by a few architects， architectural educators and exhibits， very few Modern buildings were built in the first half of the For three decades after the Second World War， however， it became the dominant architectural style for institutional and corporate OriginsSome historians see the evolution of Modern architecture as a social matter， closely tied to the project of Modernity and hence to the Enlightenment， a result of social and political Others see Modern architecture as primarily driven by technological and engineering developments， and it is true that the availability of new building materials such as iron， steel， concrete and glass drove the invention of new building techniques as part of the Industrial R In 1796， Shrewsbury mill owner Charles Bage first used his ‘fireproof’ design， which relied on cast iron and brick with flag stone Such construction greatly strengthened the structure of mills， which enabled them to accommodate much bigger Due to poor knowledge of iron's properties as a construction material， a number of early mills It was not until the early 1830s that Eaton Hodgkinson introduced the section beam， leading to widespread use of iron construction， this kind of austere industrial architecture utterly transformed the landscape of northern Britain， leading to the description， "Dark satanic mills" of places like Manchester and parts of West Y The Crystal Palace by Joseph Paxton at the Great Exhibition of 1851 was an early example of iron and glass construction; possibly the best example is the development of the tall steel skyscraper in Chicago around 1890 by William Le Baron Jenney and Louis S Early structures to employ concrete as the chief means of architectural expression (rather than for purely utilitarian structure) include Frank Lloyd Wright's Unity Temple， built in 1906 near Chicago， and Rudolf Steiner's Second Goetheanum， built from 1926 near Basel， SOther historians regard Modernism as a matter of taste， a reaction against eclecticism and the lavish stylistic excesses of Victorian Era and Edwardian Art NWhatever the cause， around 1900 a number of architects around the world began developing new architectural solutions to integrate traditional precedents (Gothic， for instance) with new technological The work of Louis Sullivan and Frank Lloyd Wright in Chicago， Victor Horta in Brussels， Antoni Gaudi in Barcelona， Otto Wagner in Vienna and Charles Rennie Mackintosh in Glasgow， among many others， can be seen as a common struggle between old and Modernism as Dominant Style By the 1920s the most important figures in Modern architecture had established their The big three are commonly recognized as Le Corbusier in France， and Ludwig Mies van der Rohe and Walter Gropius in G Mies van der Rohe and Gropius were both directors of the Bauhaus， one of a number of European schools and associations concerned with reconciling craft tradition and industrial Frank Lloyd Wright's career parallels and influences the work of the European modernists， particularly via the Wasmuth Portfolio， but he refused to be categorized with Wright was a major influence on both Gropius and van der Rohe， however， as well as on the whole of organic In 1932 came the important MOMA exhibition， the International Exhibition of Modern Architecture， curated by Philip J Johnson and collaborator Henry-Russell Hitchcock drew together many distinct threads and trends， identified them as stylistically similar and having a common purpose， and consolidated them into the International SThis was an important turning With World War II the important figures of the Bauhaus fled to the United States， to Chicago， to the Harvard Graduate School of Design， and to Black Mountain C While Modern architectural design never became a dominant style in single-dwelling residential buildings， in institutional and commercial architecture Modernism became the pre-eminent， and in the schools (for leaders of the profession) the only acceptable， design solution from about 1932 to about Architects who worked in the international style wanted to break with architectural tradition and design simple， unornamented The most commonly used materials are glass for the facade， steel for exterior support， and concrete for the floors and interior supports; floor plans were functional and The style became most evident in the design of Perhaps its most famous manifestations include the United Nations headquarters (Le Corbusier， Oscar Niemeyer， Sir Howard Robertson)， the Seagram Building (Ludwig Mies van der Rohe)， and Lever House (Skidmore， Owings， and Merrill)， all in New Y A prominent residential example is the Lovell House (Richard Neutra) in Los ADetractors of the international style claim that its stark， uncompromisingly rectangular geometry is Le Corbusier once described buildings as "machines for living"， but people are not machines and it was suggested that they do not want to live in Even Philip Johnson admitted he was "bored with the " Since the early 1980s many architects have deliberately sought to move away from rectilinear designs， towards more eclectic During the middle of the century， some architects began experimenting in organic forms that they felt were more human and Mid-century modernism， or organic modernism， was very popular， due to its democratic and playful Alvar Aalto and Eero Saarinen were two of the most prolific architects and designers in this movement， which has influenced contemporary Although there is debate as to when and why the decline of the modern movement occurred， criticism of Modern architecture began in the 1960s on the grounds that it was universal， sterile， elitist and lacked Its approach had become ossified in a "style" that threatened to degenerate into a set of Siegfried Giedion in the 1961 introduction to his evolving text， Space， Time and Architecture (first written in 1941)， could begin "At the moment a certain confusion exists in contemporary architecture， as in painting; a kind of pause， even a kind of " At the Metropolitan Museum of Art， a 1961 symposium discussed the question "Modern Architecture: Death or Metamorphosis?" In New York， the coup d'état appeared to materialize in controversy around the Pan Am Building that loomed over Grand Central Station， taking advantage of the modernist real estate concept of "air rights"，[1] In criticism by Ada Louise Huxtable and Douglas Haskell it was seen to "sever" the Park Avenue streetscape and "tarnish" the reputations of its consortium of architects: Walter Gropius， Pietro Belluschi and the builders Emery Roth & S The rise of postmodernism was attributed to disenchantment with Modern By the 1980s， postmodern architecture appeared triumphant over modernism， including the temple of the Light of the World， a futuristic design for its time Guadalajara Jalisco La Luz del Mundo Sede International; however， postmodern aesthetics lacked traction and by the mid-1990s， a neo-modern (or hypermodern) architecture had once again established international pre- As part of this revival， much of the criticism of the modernists has been revisited， refuted， and re-evaluated; and a modernistic idiom once again dominates in institutional and commercial contemporary practice， but must now compete with the revival of traditional architectural design in commercial and institutional architecture; residential design continues to be dominated by a traditional

有关建筑历史的论文题目有哪些

我只知道区别 中国建筑中具有审美价值的特征形式和风格。自先秦至19世纪中叶以前基本上是一个封闭的独立的体系，2000多年间风格变化不大，通称为中国古代建筑艺术。 19世纪中叶以后，随着社会性质的改变，外国建筑，特别是西方建筑的大量输入，中国建筑与世界建筑有了较多的接触和交流，建筑风格发生了急剧变化，通称为中国近现代建筑艺术。 中国古代建筑艺术 中国古代建筑艺术在封建社会中发展成熟，它以汉族木结构建筑为主体，也包括各少数民族的优秀建筑，是世界上延续历史最长、分布地域最广、风格非常显明的一个独特的艺术体系。中国古代建筑对于日本、朝鲜和越南的古代建筑有直接影响，17世纪以后，也对欧洲产生过影响。 艺术特征 和欧洲古代建筑艺术比较，中国古代建筑艺术有3个最基本的特征: ①审美价值与政治伦理价值的统一。艺术价值高的建筑，也同时发挥着维系、加强社会政治伦理制度和思想意识的作用。 ②植根于深厚的传统文化，表现出鲜明的人文主义精神。建筑艺术的一切构成因素，如尺度、节奏、构图、形式、性格、风格等，都是从当代人的审美心理出发，为人所能欣赏和理解，没有大起大落、怪异诡谲、不可理解的形象。 ③总体性、综合性很强。古代优秀的建筑作品，几乎都是动员了当时可能构成建筑艺术的一切因素和手法综合而成的一个整体形象，从总体环境到单座房屋，从外部序列到内部空间，从色彩装饰到附属艺术，每一个部分都不是可有可无的，抽掉了其中一项，也就损害了整体效果。 这些基本特征具体表现为： 重视环境整体经营 从春秋战国开始，中国就有了建筑环境整体经营的观念。《周礼》中关于野、都、鄙、乡、闾、里、邑、丘、甸等的规划制度，虽然未必全都成为事实，但至少说明当时已有了系统规划的大区域规划构思。《管子·乘马》主张，“凡立国都，非于大山之下，必于广川之上”，说明城市选址必须考虑环境关系。中国的堪舆学说起源很早，除去迷信的外衣，绝大多数是讲求环境与建筑的关系。古代城市都注重将城市本体与周围环境统一经营。秦咸阳北包北坂，中贯渭水，南抵南山，最盛时东西达到二三百里，是一个超级尺度的城市环境。长安（今陕西西安）、洛阳（北魏）、建康（今江苏南京）、北京（明清）等著名都城，其经营范围也都远远超过城墙以内；即使一般的府、州、县城，也将郊区包容在城市的整体环境中统一布局。重要的风景名胜，如五岳五镇、佛道名山、邑郊园林等，也都把 环境经营放在首位；帝王陵区，更是着重风水地理，这些地方的建筑大多是靠环境来显示其艺术的魅力

这几年绿色建筑、智慧城市、后工业化等一系列话题比较火，你找你自己喜欢的话题或关键词然后去数据库里搜索文献

智能建筑、建筑设计、工业园区、学校设计等等。开始我也不会，还是学长给的文方网，帮写的《山地风景区特色度假酒店建筑设计研究——以某度假酒店项目为例》，很专业的说西安市老年公寓建筑设计研究建筑设计创新方法研究面向节能建筑设计的计算机能耗模拟从二维走向三维的计算机辅助建筑设计城市地铁及地铁的建筑设计——以深圳地铁为例当代市政办公建筑设计理论及方法研究天津大学建筑学院建筑设计教学改革方法研究初探回应地域自然环境的生态建筑设计策略初探大型幼儿园建筑设计问题及模式研究——以玉溪市澄江县幼儿园研究型设计为例西北地区农村中小学校建筑设计中生态设计方法的研究——以关中地区农村中学建筑设计为例建筑设计项目风险管理分析SketchUp软件在建筑设计构思中的应用研究建筑设计中的生态化模式及策略FOA建筑师事务所建筑设计观念及设计方法研究信息时代大学图书馆建筑设计研究数字技术对建筑设计影响初探基于手牵手计划的中国贫困地区农村幼儿园建筑设计研究建筑气候分析与设计策略研究基于关键链理论的GOA建筑设计公司多项目进度控制研究模块化策略在建筑优化设计中的应用研究被动式太阳能建筑设计气候分区研究自然景观旅游建筑设计与旅游、环境的共生初探建筑设计中的经济性理念数字化设计技术研究——基于信息的建筑设计现代建筑设计作品分析的源流与模式研究山地度假区亲水建筑设计研究——以“达哈·水恋”度假村设计为例个人—组织价值观契合对员工忠诚的影响研究——以南宁市建筑设计企业为例分形建筑设计方法研究走向反思建筑设计学——建筑设计知识批判与重建酒店式公寓的建筑设计初探及其实例分析——以北京地区为例经济性连锁酒店建筑设计研究——以北京和上海为例信息时代建筑设计的互动性与历史环境相协调的酒店建筑设计——以阙里宾舍、唐华宾馆和苏州喜来登大酒店为例当代中国青年建筑师创新思维类型研究现阶段我国高校新建图书馆建筑设计研究——西安思源学院图书馆设计实践探索历史文化遗产资源周边环境中的建筑设计研究

建筑的发展历史论文题目有哪些

简单写论文的方式，首先要确定自己的主题有关[这很可能是决定教师提供给您]，具体可以和我谈。

建筑工程毕业论文可以写工程质量管理、进度或者成本管理。开始也不咋会，还是学姐给的文方网，写的《基于全寿命周期的建筑工程质量监管模式及方法研究》，十分顺利就过了我国建筑业实施Partnering模式的合作策略选择与管理机制问题研究建筑工程造价管理信息系统的设计与实现境外建筑工程质量管理分析及案例研究EPC模式下我国国际建筑工程投资风险管理成效研究基于WEB的建筑工程业务管理系统设计与实现建筑工程施工质量管理的研究与实践我国建筑工程总承包项目管理中的问题及对策研究建筑工程施工数字化管理研究工程文化的系统复杂性及其演化机理研究基于建筑工程领域分包工程的质量控制研究现代建筑工程信息管理系统的设计与实现基于灰色理论的建筑工程全过程绿色管理方法与评价研究龙华建筑公司工程造价管理研究现代园林工程管理调查研究——以上海为例建筑工程质量管理新技术推广策略研究建筑节能施工现场监管流程优化研究建筑工程前期阶段造价的控制与管理建筑工程安全管理影响因子及评价模型研究广东宏达建设工程项目管理信息系统的分析与设计高层房屋建筑工程施工安全风险管理研究JC建筑工程项目质量管理研究四季花园项目质量管理现状及对策研究建筑工程施工阶段成本管理与控制研究建筑业主施工安全管理模式研究高速科研楼建筑工程项目质量控制研究建筑工程项目文档管理平台的设计与实现建筑工程项目成本管理研究建筑工程造价管理系统的分析与设计建筑工程自组织施工管理模式研究中石化X采油厂办公楼建设项目进度管理研究左丞建筑公司工程管理信息系统低碳生产管理模式在建筑工程中的应用研究

智能建筑、建筑设计、工业园区、学校设计等等。开始我也不会，还是学长给的文方网，帮写的《山地风景区特色度假酒店建筑设计研究——以某度假酒店项目为例》，很专业的说西安市老年公寓建筑设计研究建筑设计创新方法研究面向节能建筑设计的计算机能耗模拟从二维走向三维的计算机辅助建筑设计城市地铁及地铁的建筑设计——以深圳地铁为例当代市政办公建筑设计理论及方法研究天津大学建筑学院建筑设计教学改革方法研究初探回应地域自然环境的生态建筑设计策略初探大型幼儿园建筑设计问题及模式研究——以玉溪市澄江县幼儿园研究型设计为例西北地区农村中小学校建筑设计中生态设计方法的研究——以关中地区农村中学建筑设计为例建筑设计项目风险管理分析SketchUp软件在建筑设计构思中的应用研究建筑设计中的生态化模式及策略FOA建筑师事务所建筑设计观念及设计方法研究信息时代大学图书馆建筑设计研究数字技术对建筑设计影响初探基于手牵手计划的中国贫困地区农村幼儿园建筑设计研究建筑气候分析与设计策略研究基于关键链理论的GOA建筑设计公司多项目进度控制研究模块化策略在建筑优化设计中的应用研究被动式太阳能建筑设计气候分区研究自然景观旅游建筑设计与旅游、环境的共生初探建筑设计中的经济性理念数字化设计技术研究——基于信息的建筑设计现代建筑设计作品分析的源流与模式研究山地度假区亲水建筑设计研究——以“达哈·水恋”度假村设计为例个人—组织价值观契合对员工忠诚的影响研究——以南宁市建筑设计企业为例分形建筑设计方法研究走向反思建筑设计学——建筑设计知识批判与重建酒店式公寓的建筑设计初探及其实例分析——以北京地区为例经济性连锁酒店建筑设计研究——以北京和上海为例信息时代建筑设计的互动性与历史环境相协调的酒店建筑设计——以阙里宾舍、唐华宾馆和苏州喜来登大酒店为例当代中国青年建筑师创新思维类型研究现阶段我国高校新建图书馆建筑设计研究——西安思源学院图书馆设计实践探索历史文化遗产资源周边环境中的建筑设计研究

关于建筑工程毕业论文如果选题，学术堂提出了下面几点建议:　　1、要选择有意义的题目　　选题的时候，大家要注意的是，一定要选择有意义的题目有意义的题目能得到的分数一般不会很低因而选题的时候，可以选择和社会生活相关，或者人民群众比较关注的题目研究这类题目，比较有意义　　2、选题不能过于特殊　　选题不能过于特殊，过于特殊的选题不利于后期的研究，写起来也比较难此外还要避开一些范围广并且较为复杂的题目，总之要量力而行　　3、要选择自己感兴趣又能做的题目　　此外，还要选择自己感兴趣并且又能做的题目有了兴趣，才有研究的功力，才能更好克服后面的困难但是呢，如果这个选题你很感兴趣，但是目前你的知识储备或实验条件无法支持你完成这个选题的话，最好选择放弃，重新选择　　再感兴趣的选题，自己无法完成的话，也是白搭所以最好在能做的基础上，选择自己较为感兴趣的选题

建筑历史论文题目有哪些类型的

亲，可以去百度文库里面找然后根据你自己的情况进行选择撰写毕业论文是检查总结学生在校期间学习成果的一个重要教学环节，其目的是训练学生综合运用所学的理论知识和技能，分析和解决实际问题的能力，培养学生科学研究的本领。毕业论文是学生掌握专业知识的程度，学术水平，分析问题和解决问题能力的综合反映，是衡量学生能否取得毕业和学位资格的一个重要依据。为此，毕业班同学应在指导老师的辅导下认真完成此项学习任务。撰写毕业论文要求有正确的指导思想，认真严谨的态度，独立钻研的精神，理论联系实际的作风，深入实际进行调查研究。文章应观点明确，论据充分，分析合理，结构清晰，理论联系实际，语句通顺，文字精练。

智能建筑、建筑设计、工业园区、学校设计等等。开始我也不会，还是学长给的文方网，帮写的《山地风景区特色度假酒店建筑设计研究——以某度假酒店项目为例》，很专业的说西安市老年公寓建筑设计研究建筑设计创新方法研究面向节能建筑设计的计算机能耗模拟从二维走向三维的计算机辅助建筑设计城市地铁及地铁的建筑设计——以深圳地铁为例当代市政办公建筑设计理论及方法研究天津大学建筑学院建筑设计教学改革方法研究初探回应地域自然环境的生态建筑设计策略初探大型幼儿园建筑设计问题及模式研究——以玉溪市澄江县幼儿园研究型设计为例西北地区农村中小学校建筑设计中生态设计方法的研究——以关中地区农村中学建筑设计为例建筑设计项目风险管理分析SketchUp软件在建筑设计构思中的应用研究建筑设计中的生态化模式及策略FOA建筑师事务所建筑设计观念及设计方法研究信息时代大学图书馆建筑设计研究数字技术对建筑设计影响初探基于手牵手计划的中国贫困地区农村幼儿园建筑设计研究建筑气候分析与设计策略研究基于关键链理论的GOA建筑设计公司多项目进度控制研究模块化策略在建筑优化设计中的应用研究被动式太阳能建筑设计气候分区研究自然景观旅游建筑设计与旅游、环境的共生初探建筑设计中的经济性理念数字化设计技术研究——基于信息的建筑设计现代建筑设计作品分析的源流与模式研究山地度假区亲水建筑设计研究——以“达哈·水恋”度假村设计为例个人—组织价值观契合对员工忠诚的影响研究——以南宁市建筑设计企业为例分形建筑设计方法研究走向反思建筑设计学——建筑设计知识批判与重建酒店式公寓的建筑设计初探及其实例分析——以北京地区为例经济性连锁酒店建筑设计研究——以北京和上海为例信息时代建筑设计的互动性与历史环境相协调的酒店建筑设计——以阙里宾舍、唐华宾馆和苏州喜来登大酒店为例当代中国青年建筑师创新思维类型研究现阶段我国高校新建图书馆建筑设计研究——西安思源学院图书馆设计实践探索历史文化遗产资源周边环境中的建筑设计研究

关于建筑工程毕业论文如果选题，学术堂提出了下面几点建议:　　1、要选择有意义的题目　　选题的时候，大家要注意的是，一定要选择有意义的题目有意义的题目能得到的分数一般不会很低因而选题的时候，可以选择和社会生活相关，或者人民群众比较关注的题目研究这类题目，比较有意义　　2、选题不能过于特殊　　选题不能过于特殊，过于特殊的选题不利于后期的研究，写起来也比较难此外还要避开一些范围广并且较为复杂的题目，总之要量力而行　　3、要选择自己感兴趣又能做的题目　　此外，还要选择自己感兴趣并且又能做的题目有了兴趣，才有研究的功力，才能更好克服后面的困难但是呢，如果这个选题你很感兴趣，但是目前你的知识储备或实验条件无法支持你完成这个选题的话，最好选择放弃，重新选择　　再感兴趣的选题，自己无法完成的话，也是白搭所以最好在能做的基础上，选择自己较为感兴趣的选题

学术堂整理了二十个建筑工程类毕业论文题目供大家参考:　　1、招标控制价模式下建设工程投标报价规律研究　　2、建设工程招投标过程中围标现象探讨　　3、地方政府对公共建设工程监督过程现状及问题研究　　4、基于并行工程的建设工程项目管理模式研究　　5、建设工程施工合同纠纷案件审判实务研究　　6、建设工程价款优先受偿权问题研究　　7、实验室建设工程项目进度管理研究　　8、建设工程项目设计信息安全风险管理和对策研究　　9、场地建设工程地质灾害危险性评估研究　　10、建设工程价款优先受偿权问题研究　　11、建设工程造价信息管理系统集成研究　　12、建设工程施工进度BIM预测方法研究　　13、建设工程质量政府监督管理研究　　14、建设工程项目承包商索赔研究　　15、建设工程招投标社会成本研究　　16、建设工程生命周期信息管理(BLM)的理论与实现方法研究　　17、建设工程项目总承包风险管理研究　　18、建设工程合同效率研究　　19、建设工程契约信用制度与体系构建　　20、建设工程项目管理模式的对比分析与研究

关于建筑历史的论文题目高中英语

世纪末的中国建筑史研究 论文摘要： 自70 年代末国门打开以来，战后西方已流行2O一3O年乃至晚近的10、2O年的各种哲学方法论和思潮流派蜂拥而人。其中以二元分立的方法论模式首当其中，如结构主义的“表层结构一深层结构”模式，符号学的“能指——所指”模式，现象学的“科学客观的物理世界一纯粹意识的生活世界”模式，及其衍生的各种建筑历史与理论学说。还有格式塔心理学、环境心理学、新史学、贡布里希的艺术史理论、甚至自然科学方法等等，不一而足，使入耳目一新，视野大开。 关键词： 中国建筑史 现状 对我们这些青年学者群来说，整个80年代可以说是一个方法论的年代，建筑历史与理论研究亦不例外。自70年代末国门打开以来，战后西方已流行2O一3O年乃至晚近的10、2O年的各种哲学方法论和思潮流派蜂拥而人。其中以二元分立的方法论模式首当其中，如结构主义的“表层结构一深层结构”模式，符号学的“能指——所指”模式，现象学的“科学客观的物理世界一纯粹意识的生活世界”模式，及其衍生的各种建筑历史与理论学说。还有格式塔心理学、环境心理学、新史学、贡布里希的艺术史理论、甚至自然科学方法等等，不一而足，使入耳目一新，视野大开。在这些方法论的影响下，青年学术导向着眼于对建筑历史的宏观概括，抽象思辨，及大胆的诠释和推论，希冀启迪现实，预见未来，而不甘于传统的考据与实证式的“做学问”。一批才华横溢，西学中用，推古论今的佳作就此涌现出来。 但是在正统的历史科学看来，正如任何历史理论研究一样，建筑史研究无论采用什么方法，其目的都应是解决某种问题，引发某种思考，或提供某种借鉴。而如果没有较深厚的实证基础和学术素养，各种有关建筑的“历史哲学”、“理论框架”、“模式”等终不过是昙花一现，多雷电而少雨露。因为推论仓促，于史无补；思辩高寒，于世无缘。这些看法对青年学子未免苛刻了些，也未必就能言中，但却反映了一个事实，即对建筑哲理的“论”偏多，尽管其中层次高下悬殊，而对建筑史的探究则少人问津，至于对建筑现实的评论更是少的可怜。这里先撇开“论”，从“史”的一方面来说，应该承认，哲学方法论层次上对逻辑实证的批判与具体问题研究上对实证方法的否定从来不是一回事，建筑历史研究上的“先锋派”是很难担当的。确实，10余年来以这些“新方法论”、“新角度”来研究中国建筑史的高水平成果并不多。这是否说明，方法论本身虽自有其生命力，但建筑史研究上片面对待方法论的时代却应该结束了。然而中国建筑史研究的真正危机还不在于此。以中国古代建筑史研究为例即可说明。首先，这方面研究的任何实质性进展，都倚重于扎实的实物及文献资料功底，有时甚至还会借助于音韵、训诂等旧国学考证方法。但实际情况则往往是“大胆假设”有余，“小心求证”不足，尤其对于不少青年学者来说，由于主客观原因而在这方面显得薄弱。其次，“全国一盘棋”的协作奉献式研究局面已难维持。而造就信息共享的当代研究条件却为期尚远。再加上社会乃至有关机构对建筑史研究的实用主义态度，以及经费来源的枯竭等。使这门学问愈来愈显冷僻、萎缩，且后继乏人。 尽管如此，近些年来中国建筑史研究方面依然成绩裴然，令人振奋。如傅熹年先生对元、明清皇家建筑型制、构图与象征的研究。杨鸿勋先生对古代著名建筑的复原研究，潘谷西先生、郭湖生先生及其学术梯队分别进行的建筑文化和中外建筑关系系列研究，汪宁生先生对古代明堂的文化人类学分析，龙庆忠先生及其学术梯队的古建筑防灾系列研究，陆元鼎先生、黄汉民先生、路秉杰先生等各自对华南一些典型传统民居的调查研究、曹汛先生对古建命题的缜密考证，张良皋先生对华夏建筑亚文化圈的推论，萧默先生的敦煌建筑研究，王其亨先生等对风水内涵的发掘诠释，以及各地民居和古建筑的研究拓展等，当然还应特别提到汪坦先生主持的中国近代建筑史研究，陈志华先生等所进行的乡土建筑调查研究等。凡此种种，举不一一，都对中国建筑史的领域拓展和深化研究产生了很大影响。即将付梓的五卷集《中国建筑史》和《中国建筑艺术史》将全面反映近年来的中国古代建筑研究水平和成果。 前景 建筑史研究的对象是历史上建筑所包含的思想和技巧（或曰意匠），其时空发展序列，其历史价值以及对后世、对现实以至对未来的影响。太史公的“究天入之际、通古今之变”至今也依然是治建筑史的要旨。当然还可以加上“辨中外之异同”等。跨世纪的中国建筑史研究仍存在两大方面。一是史的方面，以中国古代建筑史为例，近 l0余年来随着新的考古资料的不断增加，如大汉口原始社会建筑群遗址和广汉上古三星堆遗址的性质，郑州邙山早期城市遗址对版筑技术的上移。歧山周原遗址对造砖技术的推前，始皇陵遗址对陵寝制度的佐证，唐九成宫建筑布局和型制的发现，以及各地民居的深入研究等，都为补充和部分改写中国古代建筑史提供了新的资料基础。应该指出的是，未来的中国建筑史或应更多地渗入和吸收考古学、文化人类学、文化史、艺术史、科技史等相关学科的知识、方法和研究经验。另一个方面的研究涉及建筑历史与现实的关系。面向社会，接触实践，是使建筑历史研究走出困境的契机。如乡土建筑的研究，不仅是对民居资料的调查，也不仅是对人文景观的记录，而且应该是在乡村迅速的城市化中，对一些曾与自然生态相适应的中国传统聚居方式进行保护性改造的对策研究。这一任务可能部分地要由中国建筑史研究来担当。当然这些工作需要社会学、文化人类学、乡村规划等方面的知识准备。再如文物建筑的保护及其技术研究，国外许多建筑院系都设有建筑保护专业 （preservation），笔者曾在科伦坡参加“国际纪念遗址理事会”（ICOMOS）第十届大会，亲眼看到一些第三世界国家对其历史建筑具有很强的保护意识，保护措施中技术含量很高，研究相当深入。这些研究主要由考古学家和建筑史专家来完成。而且不仅是保护文物建筑本身，随着城乡改造的大规模开展，历史地段人文景观的保护性改造与开发利用课题亦会愈来愈多，是改造项目一揽子研究计划的组成部分。因而想到我国的一流建筑院系亦应设置历史建筑保护专业，以便深入进行这方面研究，和培养高层次的专门人才提供基地。这一领域应引入电脑辅助研究，建立历史建筑数据、图像库等，以配合维修、复原及保护性设计。 此外，还有对建筑文化和现实建筑创作关系的讨论，这也是未来中国建筑历史与理论研究的一大领域。一些建筑文化理论常用“三段式”，先释何为“文化”，再论何为“建筑文化”。最后再谈及一点建筑。其实建筑自古就是文化的载体，是文化史留下烙印最集中、最深刻的东西。建筑文化的讨论应从建筑本身谈开去，然后向其他相关文化领域延展与交织，并且形成关于社会、文化，与空间、建筑间相互关系的评论及批评氛围。应该指出，建筑历史和建筑文化研究与现实创作脱节的最明显表征之一，就是近几年来北京高层建筑上泛滥的“小亭子”。建筑学界由于对大半个世纪的传统与创新之争没有一个理论与实践层面的总结与升华，缺乏城市空间及其历史理论的多元批评和价值判断；城市设计控制作用的滞后，对使传统建筑语言转译为现代建筑语言的迷茫，从而导致修辞手法上的平庸与退化；以及决策方面在城市景观历史意识与现代观念上的误解和误导，从而提出对古今生硬“嫁接”的强制性要求等。都使现在的“高层十小亭子”形体中相当大的一部分，犹如旧“民族形式”概念的回光返照，但又远不及中国现代建筑史上几次复古思潮及其作品来的明亮。这显然也涉及今后一个重要的历史理论研究课题——城市景观脉络的“可持续发展”而不仅是一个“古都风貌”如何保留的问题。中国建筑史研究如能从一个角度对此有所贡献将是颇有现实意义的。 跨世纪的中国建筑史研究需要顾后而瞻前，领会整体而又深谙一隅，在总结古今建筑意匠的同时，并对形成新的城乡景观脉络关系进行探索。笔者认为，这是未来中国建筑史研究的两个主要方向论文天下

《授予页之共同德- Stijl流程，因为城市建筑师的鹿特丹的绝好例子提供和他的Kiefhoek理性主义建筑住宅房地产和社区的钩子荷兰。早在1921年他增进了建筑如下，的紧张，因为它正以审美的眼光意识到在大的节奏，在均衡复杂的相互借鉴和影响部分，将一个支持审美的意图，在那里没有其他可以添加和移除中各部分，藉此工作的地位和测量有关的完全本身其他部分和作为一个整体，任何——即使是最小的——变化的结果完全破坏的平衡。今天的建筑上缺乏达到平衡和自己的资源，它纠正运用点缀。一个ornament-free建筑的最大的纯度要求建筑组成”。这将是一个客观的没有蜕变成的贫瘠的理性主义“但是在说:“将立即看到某事物的”、“精英展吸引栽培资料，清晰的闪光的玻璃，四舍五入的表面，闪耀的、卓越的颜色，闪亮的钢等。”，从而“能够超过古典纯度通过缺乏所有你们”

关于“绿色建筑”和适宜技术“绿色建筑”也称为生态建筑、可持续建筑，最早是在1992年联合国环境与发展大会上明确地提出来的。用建设部仇保兴副部长的总结——“绿色建筑”就是指为人们提供健康、舒适、安全的居住、工作和活动的空间，同时在建筑全生命周期(物料生产、建筑规划、设计、施工、运营维护及拆除、回用过程)中实现高效率地利用资源(能源、土地、水资源、材料)、最低限度地影响环境的建筑物。可见，绿色建筑理念的提出，就是为了使得建筑在满足人类不断提高的健康、舒适、安全的需要基础上。对环境、资源影响最小，最终做到可持续发展．前提都是为了人类的永久利益。社会上有一些观点把绿色建筑看得很片面、绝对化，要不就是极端限制人的合理需求，以保护环境为唯一目的；而另一些观点就是把绿色建筑当成是仅仅是为人类的眼前利益、健康或舒适(像绿色建材、绿色蔬菜一样看待)而不怎么从整体上、长期上考虑对环境的影响。这两种观点可能都不利于“绿色建筑”的健康发展和推广。绿色建筑最终的目标是以“绿色建筑”为基础，进而扩展至“绿色社区”、 “绿色城市”层面。达到促进建筑永续发展的目标。这意味着建筑不仅被作为非生命元素来对待，更被视为自然生态循环系统的一个有机组成部分。 中国的国情 中国作为最大的发展中国家，二氧化碳排放居第二位，根据《京都议定书》的要求，中国要采取一系列减少温室气体排放的政策和措施，包括努力提高能源利用效率，改善能源结构，促进新能源和可再生能源的利用等。 就能源消费而言，在我国化石能源资源探明储量中，90％以上是煤炭，人均储量也仅为世界平均水平的二分之一；人均石油储量仅为世界平均水平的1 1％；天然气仅为4 5％；而目前我国单位建筑面积能耗水平是发达国家的2～3倍以上。就土地的情况而言，我国人均耕地只有世界人均耕地的1／3，水资源仅是世界人均占有量的1／4；实心黏土砖每年毁田12万亩；物耗水平与发达国家相比，钢材消耗高出10％～25％，每拌和1立方米混凝土要多消耗水泥80公斤；卫生洁具的耗水量高出30％以上，而污水回用率仅为发达国家的25％。严峻的事实表明，中国不仅要走可持续发展道路，发展节能与绿色建筑也刻不容缓。 我们应该认识到我国不仅经济上“穷”，在资源和环境上更“穷”，但要想做到可持续发展的目标就要摆脱狭隘的“唯经济穷论”，全面在“四节一环保”上提高标准，用强有力的税收、金融、土地政策鼓励有条件的地区或开发绿色建筑项目，走在地区、国内甚至国际的前列。同时，强制要求经济发达地区和大型城市的节约标准，提到一个和自身地区资源相符合的程度。 成本问题 从全国范围里来讲。绝大多数普通的民用建筑在节能等方面存在巨大的缺陷和不足，因此需要我们进行综合的设计来增加建筑这些方面的品质和性能，每一方面的改善基本上都需要增加一定的成本，比如成本增加10％以上，是必然的。 就住宅而言，一说到因为“节能要增加成本”，就有许多人说会增加购房人的负担，好像以后使用过程中的使用成本对老百姓无关紧要一样。因此，我们不仅要关注建造的经济成本，更要关注今后使用中的经济成本以及生态成本和社会成本。就生态成本来讲，今天对环境的污染今后需要花费更大的代价去治理；就社会成本来说，绿色建筑由于改善了室内的环境，使人的疾病发生率大幅度下降，因为人有80％的时间是在室内活动，这样疾病发生率将会大幅度下降．寿命将会延长，生存质量也大大提高，这就是另一方面的节约；同时，在建筑数十年的使用过程中．使用成本将高于建造成本数倍以上。，因此，我们应该把注意力放在生态成本、社会成本和全寿命周期的经济成本上，况且现在的房价即使没有技术含量和“四节”，性能的提高也在不断的增加，这种价格的增加加大了房地产泡沫的可能性，因此房地产价格的理性回归应该是建立在价值的增加基础上的。我认为可以鼓励各个地方的高档住宅或其他民用建筑通过适当的高投入，带来项目的内外环境质量、提升“绿色”性能，从而提高房子的品质，以品质来支撑高于其他普通房子的价格，让这些高价房成为“绿色建筑”的榜样，以此带动地方住宅技术及产业化的发展，最终让更多的普通房子更容易实现“绿色”梦想。 绿色建筑需要什么样的技术? 在探索绿色建筑的技术路线时．经常会听到一些专家主张应该采用“低技术”，有些认为应该采用“适宜技术”，还有些认为应该采用“适宜技术结合高技术”等等不同的观点，我个人认为这种争论没有意义。技术是用来解决我们所面临的具体问题的，应该根据具体项目的具体情况和实际需求来选择。更多技术选择的可能性一方面能够满足建筑师的创造需要，另一方面能够满足市场的需求。。在我们国家目前普遍技术非常落后的今天，如果不是大力去发展高新技术而一味强调低技术，只能是更落后，离我们自己的标准也会越来越远。 在技术选择上，我们应该从所需要的建筑性能和全寿命周期的观点去分析、判断、计算、选择。汪光焘部长说过，要充分认识资源环境问题已成为国民经济和社会发展的重大制约因素。，我们当前在经济增长方式方面主要还存在“高投入、高消耗、高排放、不协调、难循环、低效率”的问题。这些问题如果低技术能够解决还需要拖到今天吗?高低是相对的，适宜不适宜也是相对的，如果站在国际的水平上看，我们国内有些专家认为的“高技术”早已经是“低技术”和“适宜技术”了。所以根据我们的国情，恰恰需要去大力鼓励开发绿色高新技术甚至是自主知识产权的高新技术，同时去大力鼓励使用高新技术，工程实践能促使技术的发展，使之变成适宜技术。只有这样．到2020年我们的住宅和公共建筑的能源资源消耗水平才有可能接近或达到现阶段中等发达国家的水平，这是我们国家建筑发展的总目标。 总之，绿色建筑的发展建设需要正确看待卫生、安全、健康、舒适的问题和当地资源情况，目前各地的节能标准里面所假定的舒适度，前提是小康标准的，是最基本的，不能完全体现今后的发展方向。随着生活水平的提高，舒适度的标准也会提高，能源等资源的消耗也将会大幅提高。因此应该根据当地气候和生活习惯、经济水平分级，适应不同收入阶层和满足不同的需求，要有一定的前瞻性。同时，绿色建筑的设计需要将有关今后使用费用(如采暖制冷等)或能耗等定量化，要具体到单位使用者，这样有利于老百姓的选择权、知情权和监督。有了老百姓的参与，绿色建筑才会更加迅速和健康地发展。 On the "green building" and appropriate technology "Green building" also known as eco-architecture， sustainable construction， was first at the 1992 United Nations Conference on Environment and Development clearly put With the Ministry of Construction Qiu Baoxing， vice minister of the summing up - "green building" refers to provide people with healthy， comfortable， safe living， work and activities in space， while the entire life cycle in the construction (of material production， construction planning， design， construction， operational maintenance and dismantling， reuse process) to achieve efficient use of resources (energy， land， water， materials)， the minimum impact on the environment of This shows that green building concept proposed， is to allow construction to meet the ever-increasing human health， comfort， safety needs On the environment， resources， the least impact， and ultimately to achieve sustainable Premised on the permanent interests of That there are some points to green building can see that very one-sided， absolutized， or is the extreme limit of a reasonable person needs to protect the environment for the sole purpose; while others point of view is that as a green building is only for human eyes interests， health or comfort (such as green building materials， look like green vegetables) instead of how a whole， to consider the long-term impact on the These two views may not be conducive to "green building" the healthy development and The ultimate goal of green building is "green building" as the basis， and then extended to the "green communities" and "Green City" The promotion of sustainable development to achieve the goal of This means that the building not only as a non-life element to treat， but also be seen as the natural ecology of the circulatory system an integral China's national conditions As the largest developing country， ranked second in carbon dioxide emissions， according to the "Kyoto Protocol"， China should adopt a series of reducing greenhouse gas emissions policies and measures， including efforts to improve the efficiency of energy use， improve energy structure， promote the development of new and renewable sources of energy use， such On energy consumption， in China's proven reserves of fossil energy resources， 90% of which is coal， the per capita reserves are only half the world average; oil reserves per capita world average is only 1 1 percent; natural gas only 4 5%; and the current construction area of China's unit energy consumption levels in developed countries more than 2 ~ 3 On the land's case， China's per capita arable land per capita cultivated land is only the world's 1 / 3， is the world's water resources per capita is only 1 / 4; solid Clay eradication 12 million mu each year; material level with the developed countries， steel consumption has risen by 10% to 25%， every one cubic meters of concrete mixing more cement consumption of 80 kilograms; sanitary water consumption by more than 30% higher， while the wastewater reuse rate was only 25 percent in developed The grim fact that China has not only take the road of sustainable development， development of energy-saving and green building is also We should be aware that our country not only economically "poor" in terms of resources and the environment more "poor"， but in order to achieve the goal of sustainable development will be out of narrow "Only the poor economic theory"， fully in the "4 A environmental protection "to improve standards， with strong revenue， finance， land policy to encourage the development of regional or conditional green building projects in the region， domestic and even international At the same time， mandatory for economically developed areas and large cities， saving standards， referring to a region and their own resources in line with the Cost From across the country in terms The vast majority of ordinary civil construction in such areas as energy saving was greatly flawed and inadequate， so we need an integrated design to increase the quality of construction in these areas and performance improvement in every aspect of almost all the need to increase some costs， such as increase the cost of more than 10%， are inevitableResidential is concerned， I said because "energy-saving to increase the cost"， there are many people that will increase the burden on home buyers who， like later use in the process of using the cost of ordinary people as Therefore， we must not only concern the construction of the economic cost， but also concerned about the future use of the economic costs and ecological costs and social On the ecological cost is concerned， the pollution of the environment today， the future will take an even higher price to governance; on social costs， green building as a result of improved indoor environment in which the significant decline in the incidence of disease， because 80 % of the time in indoor activities， so that the incidence of disease will fall significantly． Life will be extended， which has greatly improved the quality of life， that is， on the other hand， savings; At the same time， in the construction for several decades the use of the Cost will be higher than the construction costs over several Therefore， we should focus our attention on the ecological costs， social costs and the whole life-cycle economic costs Besides， now that housing prices even in the absence of technical content and "4"， performance improvement has been an increase in such The increase in prices has increased the possibility of the real estate bubble， real estate prices is therefore rational regression should be based on the value of the increase on the basis I think we can encourage each of the local high-end residential or other civil construction through appropriate high input， internal and external environment brought about by the project quality， and enhance the "green" performance， thereby enhancing the quality of the house， to support quality higher than that of other ordinary house prices to enable thesebecome a "green building" an example to stimulate local technology and industrialization of residential development， and ultimately allow more ordinary house easier to achieve "green" Green building what kind of technology? Green Building in exploring the technical Often heard some experts advocate should adopt a "low-tech"， and some think we should adopt "appropriate technology"， and some think we should adopt "appropriate technology combines high-tech" and so on different points of view， I personally think that this argument no Technology is used to solve our specific problems faced by， and should be based on the specific circumstances of specific projects and the actual demand to More on the one hand， the possibility of technical options to meet the needs of architects to create， on the other hand to meet the needs of the In our country is now generally very backward technology today， if not vigorously to develop high-tech and low-skilled blindly emphasizes， can only be even more backward， away from our own standards will become farther and Technology choice， we should be required for building performance and life-cycle perspective to analyze， judge， calculated Wang Guangtao， minister said， should fully understand the resources and the environment has become a national economic and social development of the major Our current mode of economic growth in the main there are still "high input， high consumption， high emission， lack of coordination， difficult cycle， low-efficiency" These problems can be solved if the low-skilled today also need to drag it? Is relative low， and suitable for inappropriate relative， if the level of standing on the international point of view， our domestic and some experts believe that the "high-tech" have been "low Technology "and" appropriate technology "has Therefore， in accordance with our national conditions， it needs to vigorously encourage the development of green and even their own intellectual property rights of high-tech high-tech， at the same time to strongly encourage the use of high technology， engineering practice to promote technological development， make the appropriate Only in this By 2020， our residential and public buildings of energy resource consumption level will it be possible to approach or reach the level of moderately developed countries at this stage， this is our country's overall goal of building In short， the development of green building-building needs a correct view of health， safety， health， comfort issues and local resources， the current energy efficiency standards around the inside of the supposed comfort， the premise that a well-off standard， is the most fundamental and can not be fully reflected the future direction of With the improvement of living standards， comfort of the standards will also increase the consumption of energy and other resources will also be greatly And should therefore be based on local climate and living habits， economic level of classification， to adapt to different income groups and to meet different needs， it must be forward-At the same time， green building design needs to be used for future costs (such as heating refrigeration， ) or the quantification of energy consumption to specific units of the user， so that is conducive to people's right to choose， the right to information and With the participation of ordinary people， green building will be more rapid and healthy

Building a culture rooted in the natural environment of Habitat　　Different geographical They certainly have different natural environment: topography， sunshine point of view， sun and tides， currents and winds， temperature， pressure， food， land， water， vegetation and so As an intermediary between man and nature of the construction， the external should be conducive to the formation of district external environment should be conducive to the protection of the domestic indoor environment H These buildings， like plants， the roots， making a day， or geographical areas of the natural environment suitable for the requirements of integration with 　　In Southeast Asia and South Asia， in China's Hainan Island and Taiwan Island， Coconut Grove dense， hot weather， people with palm leaves， palm-leaf built to adapt to the tropical rainforest of thatched rooms， small， ventilation， cool， lightweight， simple ， built a tropical rain forest 　　In Central Asia， West Asia， in China's western alpine region， people with stones， the mountain has been built on the powerful stone building， take shelter from the wind， blocking snow， heat， warm， building construction has become Such as China， Tibet， Qinghai， Sichuan and other ethnic minorities in China's western mountains and on the potential to build a wide variety of mountain 　　Loess Plateau in China， the Gobi Mobei， low rainfall， dry climate， people use the hillside slopes built tunneling room， built with distinct characteristics of immature soil Gansu Dunhuang Art Exhibition Hall of the building buried in the hillside， the semi-open entrance connected hillside retaining wall， construction features of immature soil is very 　　In the eastern part of the United States， in Australia， in China's south， rainfall， mild climate， people use wood， brick and mountains on the potential， in line with local conditions， build a shade shelter from the rain， ventilation， styling and unique architectural humid 　　These architectural forms， of various styles， suitable for different regions of the natural environment， with the landscape， vegetation， terrain together， forming a natural environment is rooted in a variety of architectural Building both rooted in the natural environment， but also subject to the natural environment， this is the architects must follow a basic 　　Second， the social space-time caused by environmental differences in the diversification of architectural culture　　Different regions， different countries， different nations have different social and historical European countries， the Americas， Asia and Africa and other developing countries， land of different religious beliefs， economic development of the different regions have different cultural Habitat in different parts of the social differences in time and space environment， resulting in the architectural culture and the diversity of time and space， resulting in ancient or modern Chinese architectural culture， the Russian architectural culture， architectural culture in Southeast Asia， Europe and the United States Architectural Culture， the African Architectural Culture and so Ancient Greek architecture in Europe， North Africa， the ancient Egyptian architecture， the South Asian Association for the ancient Indian architecture， ancient Chinese architecture is the world's architectural and cultural history of ethnic Catholic， Jesus taught， Hinduism， Islam， Buddhism， such as the formation and development of religion， a profound impact on the religious beliefs of countries and regions， but also a profound impact on those areas of construction， forming a rich and colorful culture of religious 　　China several thousand years long history， has followed so far， both ancient and extensive， since ancient times by Confucianism， Taoism， Buddhism， Zen， such as the impact of ethical Especially Confucianism ruled China for 2 000 years， deep- To this culture of Confucianism， Taoism， Buddhism and Zen eclectic variety of ideas， together brilliant， independent nations of the 　　Architectural Culture under certain conditions， can be Geographical， ethnic and cultural construction under certain conditions， can be transformed into international architectural culture， and international architectural culture can also be absorbed， the integration of the region and the national character of the new architectural In today's world， building a culture of development and progress， both the transformation of the former to the latter， which also includes the absorption and integration of the The two also both opposing reunification， complement each other， affect each other and common development， only the protection and development of a variety of architectural culture of all ethnic groups， the promotion of world architectural culture of pluralism， and ultimately to create a "different and" the human society 　　Three Chinese and foreign construction and cultural development and blend　　Architectural Culture in the global "big culture" systems， all nationalities， all geographical construction symbiotic culture in this form the world's architectural culture S Social process of globalization has brought to the cultural collision with the rendezvous， conflict and 　　For thousands of years， the Chinese culture to external sources of Buddhist culture have originated in India， Zhang Qian as envoy to the Western Regions of the Western Han Dynasty， Tang Dynasty Master Xuan Zang went to India to learn from their experience Chuan-by， the impact of China's 2，000 years of B However， the contents of Buddhism， Buddha， like Maung， the shapes with the Chinese Buddhist temple in cultures， the formation and development of a unique Chinese Buddhist architectural 　　As early as the 20th century， 20 years， China's modern architects returned from studying abroad， most of whom are scholars in the United States， they are building at the time of Western academic and cultural concepts and China Architectural Culture nationalistic concept of the double impact， emphasizing cultural exchange between Chinese and Western architecture focused on the architectural style for the first time a creative way to design a number of products， creating a cultural exchange between Chinese and foreign construction of a new For example， the first batch of US architect M Lv Yanzhi Canton 20's design Zhongshan Memorial Hall， D Sun Yat-sen in Nanjing and so on， in the Chinese construction industry has played a really ground-breaking effect in stimulating the Chinese and foreign architectural culture of the integration 　　The early founding of New China， the Chinese government， mechanisms copied the Soviet model， the Chinese all over the building of a group of Russian cultural identity building construction， the formation and development of China's 50's "socialism" of architectural Since reform and opening up， China's open-door once again， the introduction of Western economic management model to imitate， "European style"， RTHK construction， post-modernism almost swept the country， the formation and development of China's 80's "reform and opening-up" construction It goes without saying that all countries in the world of architectural culture at that time are subject to local political systems， economic conditions， technical level of restraint， in conflict with each other， mutual exchanges， mutual influence， mutual However， what kind of fusion and exchange with vitality， stand the test of time and space? Only those who learned the essence of eastern and western cultures， integration-oriented areas of national culture and national character of the construction only has great 　　Fourth， cultural exchange between old and modern architectural exploration and the pursuit of　　Ancient and modern cultures， the past serve the present， what? Need to analyze the "ancient" and "today" in the construction of content changes that have taken These qualitative change is the social system， production technology， living habits， work， cultural values， building materials in the construction sector caused by the inevitable As M Wu Yurong in the evaluation of the French engineer G Eiffel designed the Eiffel Tower noted: "People are trying to adapt to every human life an art form the new direction of development and to make all the human activities and the rapidly changing era of emotion caused by the new "　　To explore ancient and modern blend of traditional architecture and modern architecture combining China's traditional architectural culture has many features， such as the overall layout of buildings， in line with local conditions， and be full of change; architectural style， rich and colorful; space separated， flexible and diverse; interior decoration， pay attention to the connotation; color to use， colorful; garden green， it is implicitly lively， changeable， unique in the In the creation of modern architecture， the contemporary architects should learn from ancient architecture and cultural wealth of nutrition， according to the modernization of a wide range of requirements， from the analysis of the various contradictions in the exploration and pursuit of people's lives to adapt to the new direction of development and people's construction activities and the rapid caused by the changing times adapt to new 　　Since the founding of New China， focusing on the succession of Chinese tradition， carry forward the， creative architectural art of the problems the United States experienced a number of exploration and Experienced the liberation of the early to imitate the "big roof" retro nostalgia period; experienced a critical retro， and copy the Soviet "model" dogmatism stage; experienced the Cultural Revolution， servility to foreigners critical philosophy， the implementation of "dry-base hit，" the poor during the transition; experienced early advocate of reform and opening up the West， the popular "Hong Kong style" After exploring the difficulties and setbacks， China began to follow the traditional architect， to adapt to function， the use of high-tech， to explore ancient and modern cultures， the realization of the modernization of architectural creation of the correct 　　In this paper， talking about building a culture of environment and blend only preliminary study， many deep theoretical issues need further Our generation of architects should be firmly established the "scientific concept of architectural culture" to the Chinese culture as the main body， to accelerate the construction of culture and environment， and the nation， and society， and the blending process with the 　　=================================================　　一 建筑文化根植于人居自然环境之中　　不同的地域自然有不同的自然环境：地形地貌、日照角度、日月潮汐、水流风势、气温、气压、食物、土地、水质、植被等等。作为人与自然中介的建筑，对外应有利于形成小区外部环境，对内应有利于保障人居的室内环境。这些建筑像植物一样，落地生根，合天时，合地利，适宜于地区自然环境的要求，与大自然融为一体。　　在东南亚和南亚各国，在中国的海南岛和台湾岛，椰林茂密，气候炎热，人们用椰树叶、棕榈叶盖起了适应热带雨林的茅草房、小木楼，通风、凉爽、轻盈、简洁，建起了热带雨林建筑。　　在中亚、西亚，在中国的西部高寒地区，人们用石块垒砌、依山就势盖起了石板建筑，避风、挡雪、保温、御寒，筑成了高原山地建筑。如中国的西藏、青海、四川等少数民族在中国西部依山就势建起了各式各样的山地建筑群。　　在中国的黄土高原，漠北戈壁，雨量稀少，气候干燥，人们利用山边、土坡挖洞筑房，建起了具有鲜明特色的生土建筑。甘肃敦煌艺术陈列馆把建筑埋入山坡下，半开敞式入口，山坡挡墙甬道，生土式建筑特征十分明显。　　在美国的东部，在澳大利亚，在中国的南方，雨量充沛，气候温和，人们用木材、砖瓦依山就势，因地制宜，盖起了遮阳避雨、通风透气、造型别致的湿热地区建筑。　　这些建筑形式多样，风格各异，适宜于不同地区自然环境，与风景、林木、地形融为一体，形成了根植于自然环境的各种建筑文化。建筑既要根植于自然环境，又要服从于自然环境，这是建筑师必须遵循的一条基本原则。　　二 社会时空环境差异造成建筑文化的多元化　　不同的地域、不同的国家、不同的民族，有不同的社会历史形态。欧洲国家、美洲国家、亚洲与非洲等发展中国家，国度不同，宗教信仰不同，经济发展状况不同，各地区的文化习俗也不同。不同地区的人居社会时空环境的差异，造成了建筑文化的时空性和多元性，因而产生了古代的或现代的中国建筑文化、俄罗斯建筑文化、东南亚建筑文化、欧美建筑文化、非洲建筑文化等等。欧洲的古希腊建筑、北非的古埃及建筑、南亚的古印度建筑、古代中国建筑是世界民族建筑文化的历史源流。天主教、耶稣教、印度教、伊斯兰教、佛教等宗教的形成和发展，深刻地影响到信仰宗教的国家和地区，也深刻地影响到这些地区建筑，形成了丰富多彩的宗教建筑文化。　　中国几千年悠久的历史文化，沿袭至今，既古老又博大，自古以来受到儒家、道家、佛教、禅宗等思想伦理的影响。特别是儒教统治中国2 000多年，根深蒂固。这种文化把儒、道、佛、禅各种思想观念兼收并蓄，融为一体，光辉灿烂，独立于世界民族之林。　　建筑文化在一定条件下是可以转化的。地域、民族性的建筑文化在一定条件下可以转化为国际性建筑文化，国际性建筑文化也可吸收、融合新的地区与民族性建筑文化。在当今世界里，建筑文化的发展和进步，既包含前者向后者的转化，也包含后者对前者的吸收与融合。这两者既对立又统一，相互补充，彼此影响，共同发展，只有保护和发展丰富多彩的各民族建筑文化，促进世界建筑文化的多元化构成，最终才能建立一个 “和而不同”的人类社会。　　三 中外建筑文化的发展与交融　　建筑文化处于全球“大文化”系统之中，各民族、各地域的建筑文化在此共生共荣，组成了世界建筑文化的交响曲。全球化的社会进程给文化交流带来了碰撞与会合，冲突与交融。　　几千年来，中国受外来文化的影响渊源流长。佛教文化本来发源于印度，随着西汉张骞出使西域，唐代玄奘法师赴印度取经传经，佛教影响中国2000多年。但是，佛教的内容，佛祖的像貌，佛庙的形制与中国文化交融，形成和发展了独特的中国佛教建筑文化。　　早在20世纪20年代，中国近代出国留学归国的建筑师，大多数是留美的学者，他们受当时西方学院派建筑文化观念和中国国粹主义建筑文化观念的双重影响，强调中西建筑文化交融的重点在建筑风格上，第一次创造性地设计出了一批精品，开创了中外建筑文化交融的新纪元。例如由第一批留美建筑大师吕彦植先生20年代设计的广州中山纪念堂、南京中山陵等等，在当时中国建筑界的确起到了石破天惊的影响，推动了中外建筑文化的融合进程。　　新中国建国初期，中国政体、机制照搬苏联模式，中国各地建设了一批具有俄罗斯建筑文化特征的建筑，形成和发展了中国50年代“社会主义”建筑文化。改革开放以来，我国又一次打开国门，引入西方经济管理模式，模仿“欧陆风格”、港台建筑，后现代主义几乎风靡全国，形成和发展了中国80年代“改革开放”建筑文化。不言而喻，世界各国的建筑文化均要受到当时当地政治体制、经济状况、技术水平的约束，相互冲突，相互交流，相互影响，相互融合。然而，什么样的交融和交流具有生命力，经受得起时空的考验？只有那些吸取了东西方文化精髓，融合为本民族的地区与民族性建筑文化，才具有强大的生命力。　　四 古今建筑文化交融的探索和追求　　古今交融，古为今用，用什么？必须分析“古”与“今”在建筑内容上所发生的变化。这些质的变化是社会制度、生产技术、生活习惯、工作方式、文化观念、建筑材料在建筑领域引发的必然结果。正如吴裕容先生在评价法国工程师古斯塔夫。艾菲尔设计的艾菲尔铁塔时指出的：“人们试图让每一种艺术适应人类生活发展的新方向，并且使所有的人类活动与迅速变化中的时代所造成的新情感相适应。”　　古今交融探索的是传统建筑与现代建筑相结合的问题。我国传统建筑文化有着许多特点，如建筑群的总体布局，因地制宜，富于变化；建筑造型，丰富多彩；空间分隔，灵活多样；室内装饰，讲究内涵；色彩运用，五彩缤纷；庭园绿化，更是含蓄活泼，变化万千，在世界上独树一帜。在创作现代建筑当中，当代建筑师应吸取古代建筑文化丰富的营养，按现代化多方面的要求，从分析各种矛盾中探索和追求适应人们生活发展的新方向，并且使人们的建筑活动与迅速变化中的时代造成的新情感相适应。　　新中国成立以来，围绕继承中国传统，发扬民族形式，创作建筑艺术美的问题经历过多少次探索和讨论。经历了解放初期模仿“大屋顶”的怀旧复古时期；经历了批判复古主义，照搬苏联“模式”的教条主义阶段；经历了文革批判洋奴哲学，推行“干打垒”穷过渡的年代；经历了改革开放初期崇尚西方，风靡“欧陆风情”时期。经过反复摸索的艰难曲折以后，中国建筑师开始走继承传统，适应功能，采用高新技术，探索古今交融，实现建筑创作现代化的正确之路。　　本文所谈建筑文化的环境与交融只是初步探讨，许多深层理论问题还须进一步研究。我们这一代建筑师应当牢固地树立起“科学的建筑文化观”，以中国文化为主体，加速建筑文化与环境、与民族、与社会、与时代的交融进程。