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英美文学论文范文1500字怎么写

发布时间:2024-07-06 11:37:25

英美文学论文范文1500字怎么写

爱迪生  Edison  Edison,Thomas Alva was an American To the creation of factory laboratories, technology development and to open up avenues of scientific research in close connection with the name lowered February 11, 1847 in the Ohio Mailan a Dutch immigrant October 18, 1931 in New Jersey Xiaolan in Produced only three months of formal education 12-year-old has done Bao Tong, hawkers, Rapporteur, to fend for Because M  Faraday effect in life science research experiments and In 1868 he invented a recording device to sell to Taiwan votes Congress, but has not been Edison first invented so that he did not find the market more attention to the relevance of the 1869, Edison moved to New York from B He improved the indicators cable companies telegraph, the recognition by the manager of the company, employed 300 US dollars monthly salary (which at the time was very high salary) 1870, moved to New Jersey to begin his efficient invention 1874 improved 1876, to the   Bell invented the telephone with a carbon Reap route, and raised the words 1876, founded his famous In the laboratory, he broke the previous individual scientists to engage in research tradition, organized a group of professionals (including N  Tesla and others), and the subject of his assignment, a common commitment to the invention, thus creating the correct way to modern scientific 1877, invented gramophone, which makes him 1878, the study began incandescent lamp in the 10 months after many failures, October 21, 1879 in the successful location of incandescence light lights carbon silk, stable location between two 1882, in New York pearl Street Block communal fire was the world's second plant, built in New York Urban Electric lighting, a modern electricity system to take Mar lighting achievement has not only greatly improved the working conditions of production, but also herald an era of daily life electrification 1883, Edison bulbs in a vacuum test, accidentally discovered the cold, there is a current hot This phenomenon was called the Edison effect, become electron tube and electronic 1887, from Xiaolan government, and in the same year in a larger city, the laboratory equipment is also updated the famous Edison Laboratory (later known as the invention factory) Here, according to G  School invention, produced its own 1914, by Gramophone and camera film produced by the first audio Old age, his inventions and innovations including batteries, cement mixer, sound recording telephone, double - and multi-type cable system, railways used First World War, he served as Chairman of the Technical Advisory Committee to guide torpedoes and anti-submarine equipment research, invented dozens of To this end, the United States government in 1920 conferred on him the Distinguished Services Medal serving, the French government awarded honorary medals to his Corps 1928, the United States Congress to grant him honorary Throughout their entire life cycle, Edison and his laboratory received 1,093 patents for their Edison invented many life, but he is after all a system of scientific knowledge, and thus to the development of modern technology can not make the right In the 19th century, the exchange of transmission system has emerged, but he still insisted on direct current transmission, and with G  Westinghouse Niehaus fierce competition occurred lost Niagara hydropower project contracts; He blindly testing laboratory magnetic milling equipment, the invention Electric depletion of the funds had to be However, Edison electricity in the development, application of electric appliances manufacturing promote the contribution that he became the history of mankind's greatest inventor the

初学这些议论文的操作方法,可以从模仿开始。以一篇文章为例。最典型的是吴晗的《谈骨气》 :1.引论部分:开篇提出论点:我们中国人是有骨气的。接着,用孟子的话解释论点“富贵不能淫,贫贱不能移,威武不能屈。”2.本论部分:用三个事例分别证明论点:文天祥的富贵不能淫;穷人不食嗟来之食的贫贱不能移,闻一多的威武不能屈。3.结论部分:解释当今无产阶级的骨气并发出号召。三个部分之间都有过渡:在引论和本论之间有“我们祖先的许多有骨气的动人事迹,还有他积极的教育意义。”引出下面三个事例的叙述。本论和结论之间有“孟子的这些话,虽然在两千多年以前说的,但直到现在,还有他积极的意义。”进行过渡。在第一和第二例之间,有“另一个故事”“还有个例子”进行过渡。这些过渡句,使文章浑然一体。三个部分分别回答了三个问题:引论部分解答 “是什么”的问题;本论部分解答“为什么(有骨气)”的问题;结论部分回答“我们怎么办”的问题。三个事例都是概括叙述的,每个事例的后面都有几句简短的议论。这些议论阐明了事件所包含的意义,把事例紧紧地扣在论点上,是论点和论据联系的纽带,否则就就事论事,论点和论据脱节了。议论文是以议论为主要表达方式的一种文体。它通过列举事实材料和运用逻辑推理,来阐发,对事物的理解和认识,表明对问题的观点和态度。各行各业的人为了接受或表达思想,都需要经常阅读和写作这种文体。一篇议论文,通常包含论点、论据、论证三大要素。论点是议论文所阐发的思想观点;论据是文中用来证明论点的根据;论证是论点与论据之间逻辑关系的揭示。这三者的紧密关系,构成了一篇议论文的主体。

本科毕业论文开题报告  论文题目the Application and Innovation  of Gothicism in Wuthering Heights  一、选题的意义和研究现状  1.选题的目的、理论意义和现实意义  长时期以来, 人们视艾米莉•勃朗特为英国文学中的“斯芬克斯”。关于她本人和她的作品都有很多难解之谜, 许多评论家从不同的角度、采用不同的方法去研究, 得出了不同的结论, 因而往往是旧谜刚解, 新谜又出, 解谜热潮似永无休止。  本文立足于欧美文学中的哥特传统研究《呼啸山庄》的创作源泉, 指出艾米莉•  勃朗特在主题、人物形象、环境刻画、意象及情节构造等方面都借鉴了哥特传统, 同时凭借其超乎寻常的想象力, 将现实与超现实融为一体, 给陈旧的形式注入了激烈情感、心理深度和新鲜活力, 达到了哥特形式与激情内容的完美统一, 使《呼啸山庄》既超越了哥特体裁的“黑色浪漫主义”, 又超越了维多利亚时代的“现实主义”, 从而展现出独具一格、经久不衰的艺术魅力。  2.与选题相关的国内外研究和发展概况  各民族的文学中都有许多惊险、恐怖的故事, 但似乎没有哪一种文学像英美文学那样不仅创作出数量众多、质量优秀的恐怖文学作品, 而且还形成了一个持续发展、影响广泛的哥特传统( Gothic tradition) 。哥特文学现在已经成为英美文学研究中的一个重要领域。对哥特文学的认真研究开始于20 世纪二三十年代, 到70 年代以后, 由于新的学术思潮和文学批评观念的影响, 该研究出现了前所未有而且日趋高涨的热潮。根据在国际互联网上的搜索, 到2000 年9月为止, 英美等国的学者除发表了大量关于哥特文学的论文外, 还至少出版专著达184部, 其中1970 年以后为126 部, 仅90 年代就达59 部, 几乎占总数的三分之一。当然,近年来哥特文学研究的状况不仅在于研究成果迅速增加, 更重要的是它在深度和广度方面都大为拓展, 并且把哥特传统同英美乃至欧洲的历史、社会、文化和文学的总体发展结合起来。  二、研究方案  1.研究的基本内容及预期的结果(大纲)  研究的基本内容:本文立足于欧美文学中的哥特传统研究《呼啸山庄》的创作源泉, 指出艾米莉•  勃朗特在主题、人物形象、环境刻画、意象及情节构造等方面都借鉴了哥特传统, 同时凭借其超乎寻常的想象力, 将现实与超现实融为一体, 给陈旧的形式注入了激烈情感、心理深度和新鲜活力, 达到了哥特形式与激情内容的完美统一, 使《呼啸山庄》既超越了哥特体裁的“黑色浪漫主义”, 又超越了维多利亚时代的“现实主义”, 从而展现出独具一格、经久不衰的艺术魅力。  预期的结果(大纲):  1.A Survey of Gothic  1 Definition of Gothic  2 the Origin of Gothic Novels  1 Historical Reasons  1 Folklore in Germantic Nationality  2 Drama in the Renaissance  3 the Bible and Legends in Christianity  2 Development of the Novel Itself  1 Challenge of Romanticism to Rationalism  2 Sublime and Beautiful   Emily’s Gothic Heritage  1 Theme  1 Good and Evil  2 Revenge  2 Characters Description  1 Villain-hero  2 Delicate Young Girl  3 Atmosphere, Environment and Plot  1 Terror  2 Mystery  3 Supernatural  Emily’s Gothic Innovation  1 Combination of romanticism and Realism  1 Change of the Background  2 Use of Symbolism  3 Stream of Consciousness  4 Illusion and Subconsciousness   Description of Figure Emotion and Psychology  Reference  2.拟采用的研究方法  主要有资料查找、理论探讨研究、阅读法  研究所需条件和可能存在的问题  研究所需条件:纸张、打印设备、图书馆、互联网上获取国内外文献资料;  可能存在的问题:(1)文献不足;  (2) 由于个人的观点和能力,使对研究对象分析不够全面和深入。  三、研究进度安排、参考文献及审查意见  1.研究进度安排  (1)论文指导第一周(学期第八周):学生完成初稿。  (2)论文指导第二周(学期第九周):指导教师审阅论文初稿后发回修改。  (3)论文指导第三周(学期第十周):学生交论文第二稿。  (4)论文指导第四周(学期第十一周):指导教师审阅第二稿并发回给学生进一步修改。  (5)论文指导第五周(学期第十二周):定稿  (6)论文指导第六周(学期第十三周):交定稿的打印稿和电子文本。  (7)论文指导第六周(学期第十三周):本周星期五至论文指导第七周(学期第周)星期五,指导教师和评阅教师写评语,学生做好答辩准备。  (8)论文指导第七周(学期第十四周):星期三至论文指导第八周(学期第十五周)开展答辩工作。   应收集资料及主要参考文献(不少于8条)  [1] Bronte, C Charlotte Bronte’s preface to the second edition, Wuthering H London: J M Dent Sons L   [2] Gerin, W Emily Bronte [M] New York: Oxford University P  [3] Marie, Mulvey-R The handbook to gothic literature [A] New York: New York University P   [4] Punter, D The Literature of Terror [M] London: L   [5] 方平 1993 希望在人间—论〈呼啸山庄〉(《呼啸山庄》译序) [M] 上海译文出版社 第24页  [6] 盖斯凯尔夫人 2000 夏洛蒂•勃朗特传[M] 张淑荣等译 北京: 团结出版社 第11—12页  [7] 肖明翰 英美文学中的哥特传统[J] 外国文学评论第3期  [8] 鲜于静 神秘和怪诞的魅力——福克纳小说《八月之光》的哥特艺术研究[MA] 中国学位论文全文库

英美文学论文范文1500字

查尔斯·约翰·赫芬姆·狄更斯(Charles John Huffam Dickens,1812年2月7日~1870年6月9日) 英国维多利亚时期的著名小说家,他的作品至今依然盛行,并对英国文学发展起到重要影响。 早年 狄更斯1812年出生于英国朴次茅斯(Portsmouth),是海军职员约翰·狄更斯和伊丽莎白·巴洛所生的第二个孩子。狄更斯5岁时全家就迁居占松(Chatham),10岁时又搬到康登镇(Camden Town,今属伦敦)。 小时候狄更斯曾经在一所私立学校接受过一段时间的教育,但是12岁时,狄更斯的父亲就因债务问题而入狱,狄更斯也因此被送到伦敦一家鞋油场当学徒,每天工作10个小时。或许是由于这段经历,使得狄更斯的作品更关注底层社会劳动人民的生活状态。 不过后来由于父亲继承了一笔遗产而令家庭经济状况有所好转,狄更斯也才有机会重新回到学校。15岁时他从威灵顿学院毕业,随后进入一家律师行工作,后来又转入报馆,成为一名报导国会辩论的记者。狄更斯并没有接受很多的正规教育,基本上是靠自学成才。 记者生涯 狄更斯后来成为一名《晨报》的国会记者,专门采访英国下议院的政策辩论,也时常环游英伦采访各种选举活动。他开始在各刊物上发表文章,并最终收集成《博兹札记》(Sketches by Boz)出版,这是他的第一部散文集。但真正使他成名的是1836年出版的《匹克威克外传》(The Pickwick Papers)。 创作生涯 之后狄更斯连续出版了多部广受欢迎的小说,包括了《雾都孤儿》(Oliver Twist)、《尼古拉斯·尼克贝》(Nicholas Nickleby)和《老古玩店》(The Old Curiocity Shop)。1841年完成了《巴纳比·拉奇》(Barnaby Rudge)后,狄更斯前往他所向往的美国。虽然他在那里受到了热烈的欢迎,狄更斯最终依然对那片新大陆感到失望。他在美国的见闻被收入进其在1842年出版的《美国纪行》(American Notes)。 1843年他出版了引起极大反响的小说《圣诞颂歌》(A Christmas Carol),这部小说是他的圣诞故事系列的第一部。随后他又以自己的美国之行为背景,发表了另一部小说《马丁·翟述伟》(Martin Chuzzlewit)。1844至1846年间狄更斯游历了欧陆各国,在旅行期间继续进行写作。1849年他出版了自传题材的小说《大卫·科波菲尔》(David Copperfield),这部小说的内容与狄更斯的个人经历有很大关系。狄更斯以后的小说显得更为尖锐并具批判性,其中比较著名的包括了《荒凉山庄》(Bleak House)、《艰难时世》(Hard Times)、《小杜丽》(Little Dorrit)、《双城记》(A Tale of Two Cities)和《远大前程》(Great Expectations)等。 1850年,狄更斯创办了自己的周刊《家常话》(Household Words),收录了自己和其他一些作家的小说。1859年另一份刊物《一年四季》(All the Year Round)也开始发行。狄更斯本人的多部作品都是最先以连载的形式在这两份刊物上发表的。 狄更斯不仅是一位多产的写作者,也是一位积极的表演者。他把公众朗读会(public readings)化作两小时独角戏剧表演,而“速书”(prompt books/prompt copies)则是他为此所作的准备记录:在原作上划框,择要而出,省去枝蔓,偶尔添点新笑话——对这位天才的表演者,人物表情记号是不需要的。狄氏朗读 /演剧会始于1853年12月,至其生命终了,十余年间行脚遍及大西洋两岸。“速书”是狄更斯为自己写的舞台说明(stage directions),为狄更斯研究和后来的衍生戏剧/影视创作提供了鲜活的参照。(source: Dickens Museum, London) 1870年6月9日狄更斯与世长辞,临终时他的第一部侦探小说《艾德温·德鲁德之谜》(The Mystery of Edwin Drood)也未能完成。他去世后被安葬在西敏寺的诗人角,他的墓碑上如此写道:“他是贫穷、受苦与被压迫人民的同情者;他的去世令世界失去了一位伟大的英国作家。”(He was a sympathiser to the poor, the suffering, and the oppressed; and by his death, one of England's greatest writers is lost to the )。 作品 《大卫·科波菲尔》、《远大前程》、《雾都孤儿》、《尼古拉斯·尼克贝》和《圣诞颂歌》被认为是狄更斯最优秀的几部作品,特别是带自传体性质的小说《大卫·科波菲尔》被很多人视作是狄更斯的代表作,而另一部作品《小杜丽》则以其尖酸刻薄的讽刺闻名。狄更斯的大部分作品都是他对社会的看法与批判。狄更斯是英国维多利亚时期社会阶层与贫穷的猛烈抨击者。 狄更斯对戏剧的热爱从他的作品《尼古拉斯·尼克贝》就可以看出来。他本人也是一名成功的演员,他多次出访别国进行演出活动。狄更斯的文笔浮华,如诗一般美丽,但时常又语带幽默地讽刺英国的上流社会。不过与当时的很多作家一样,他的作品以今天的角度来看,很多都带有反犹情节。 人物形象与思想意义 有人把《双城记》的主要人物分为四大类:理想的正面人物形象(梅尼特、查里斯、代尔那、露茜),自我牺牲的怪人(卡尔登、普洛斯),革命人民的代表(得伐石夫妇),贵族、资产阶级坏蛋(厄弗里蒙地侯爵、巴尔塞)。这四类分法,对人物的具体划分以及对各类人物在小说中的地位和关系的分析,都有值得商榷之处。把作品中某些人划分为“革命人民的代表”和“贵族、资产阶级坏蛋”,这是我们今天的阶级划线,他既不符合作者的思想实际,也不符合作品中的人物刻画。他笔下的坏蛋,并不因为是“贵族、资产阶级”才成为坏蛋。他作品中的“革命人民代表”也有各种类型,甚至得伐石和他的妻子之间也存在明显的差别,作者也并没有把他们同等对待。狄更斯评价社会、褒贬人物的出发点是资产阶级人道主义。凡是符合人道主义的,他就爱;凡是不符合的,他就憎。我们在对他的作品人物划分类别时,也不能忘记这个出发点。正是循着狄更斯的人道主义思想脉络,我们将《双城记》中的人物分为两类:贵族和贫民。每一类都有正面人物,也都有批判的反面人物。 (1)“鸡群中的凤凰”和“一副精致的假面具” 贵族中的理想人物是代尔那。代尔那在全书中始终是被作者用歌颂笔调来刻画的,他处于一个罪恶累累的家庭,但他出淤泥而不染,是鸡群中的凤凰。他憎恶并且谴责自己贵族家庭的罪行,面对面向叔父侯爵说:“我们曾经胡作非为”,“甚至在我父亲的时代,我们就已经犯下了许多罪恶,伤害了妨害我们享乐的每一个人。”他并不停留在言辞的谴责,而且有实际行动:主动放弃爵位、官衔、财产、隐名换姓,到英国当教师,成为一个自食其力的人。显然,在他的心目中,人的价值不是由权力、地位、金钱之类来解决的,更不能因自己的享乐而伤害别人的尊严,甚至危害别人的生命。这无疑是资产阶级的人道主义思想。《五十五讲》认为:“作者主要从道德自我修养上美化代尔那。然而,连同代尔那‘自食其力’的生活在内,都是缺乏坚实的思想基础与社会基础的。无论作者怎样辩护,他对贵族阶级的抗争仍然是抽象的,内在的,缺乏具体有效的行动。他除了对叔父大发牢骚外,就不曾向社会公开谴责贵族阶级迫害农民的罪行,据此而论,代尔那的形象是有消极作用的。”这个提法不妥。代尔那的抗争不是抽象的,而是具体的,不是停留在言辞上,而是有行动。他放弃自己的特权,这还不够吗?100多年前的狄更斯敢于写出贵族阶级的叛逆者,而100多年后的今天,我们反而不敢承认这个事实。应该看到,在资产阶级反对封建阶级的斗争中,人道主义是资产阶级克敌制胜的强大思想武器。代尔那这个封建营垒中的人物,一旦接受了资产阶级的人道主义思想,便从贵族统治阶级中分化出来,成为叛逆者。马克思和恩格斯在《共产党宣言》中就曾提出过这一点:“在阶级斗争接近决战的那些时期,统治阶级内部的分化过程……就使得统治阶级中有一小部分人分化出去而归附革命的阶级,即归附于未来的主人翁阶级。”代尔那感受到人们对这个贵族家庭的不满,总有一天会完蛋,他不愿为这个家庭承担这个责任,他由贵族阶级转到资产阶级,还不同于剥削阶级转到无产阶级。为什么不真实,不可信呢? 处于代尔那对立面的形象是厄弗里蒙地侯爵兄弟。这是作者予以揭露、讽刺、鞭笞的人物。作者通过外貌描写使我们见到了一副“精致的假面具”,他表面上道貌岸然,颇有贵族气派,实际上灵魂极其肮脏、凶残。像侯爵这样的贵族们,恣意挥霍人民的血汗,过着极度奢侈、荒唐的生活。一位侯爵每天喝朱古力茶,非有四个壮士帮忙就不能下咽。他们生活腐化、治理国家无能,残害百姓却是无以复加。他们草菅人命、荼毒生灵、残忍凶暴、灭绝人性。我们知道,封建专制的统治是以否定人的价值为特征的,确如马克思所指出:“专制制度的唯一原则就是轻视人类,使人不成其为人。”而资产阶级人道主义的精髓就是在于肯定人与生俱来的权利与价值。正是从这个基点出发,狄更斯对厄弗里蒙地兄弟进行了最充分的揭露和最无情的批判。小说中揭露:为了霸占一个农妇,他们可以满不在乎地逼死、害死四条人命。他们“填写一张空白谕旨,就可以把任何人无限期地埋在监狱里”。侯爵的马车横冲直撞,压死穷人的小孩,他一面破口大骂人们没有管好自己的孩子,一面从车里抛出一枚金币。“好像偶然打破一件平常东西,已经陪过了钱就够抵偿了似的。”然而,即便如此,这位侯爵大人还不称心,他还念念不忘目前失去的许多特权,念念不忘那碾死小孩连一个金币也不用赔的时代。他抱怨“法兰西现在越变越坏了。过去不远,我们的祖先对于周围的贱民曾经掌握过生死之权。就从这房间里,许多这样的狗被牵出去绞死;……我们已经失掉了许多特权;一种新哲学正在变为时髦;现在,要确保我们的地位或许(我不说势必)要引起真实的麻烦。一切都很坏,很坏!”他虽然已经意识到人民群众心中对贵族的特权郁积着强烈的仇恨,要确保贵族的地位甚至会引起“真实的麻烦”(指人民革命),但是,他并不因此而放松对人民的压迫和勒索。这种执迷不悟、冥顽不化的态度,正是狄更斯要当时的资产阶级统治者引以为戒的。 代尔那与厄弗里蒙地侯爵兄弟是两种截然对立的形象,其用意何在呢?显然,作者是要树立两种不同的典型,展示两种相反的前景。他希望,贵族阶级的人物都像查尔斯、代尔那一样,反躬自省、仁慈善良,主动放弃贵族阶级特权,废除不人道的暴政,这样将会缓和已经尖锐的社会矛盾,避免一场浩劫;而不要像厄弗里蒙地侯爵兄弟一样,滥用特权、暴虐无道、激化矛盾,导致人民革命的爆发。 (2)他“微笑着走向断头台”而她成了“坚决的复仇女神” 理想人物卡尔登,是狄更斯心目中的一个伟大的利他主义者,可敬的自我牺牲者。他有才华,有见识,思想敏锐,道德高尚,但却不为社会所赏识,只能屈身于庸俗的皇家律师史曲勒孚之下,充当其助手。生活使他变的懒散、冷漠、玩世不恭。他的性格被社会扭曲了,然而,他的心地依然充满了人道和善良。他深深爱上了露茜,愿为露茜牺牲自己的一切。露茜不爱他而爱代尔那,他痛苦但并不嫉妒。他向露茜表白:“为了你,为了你所亲爱的任何人,我愿意做任何事情,倘若我的生涯中有值得牺牲的可能和机会,我甘愿为你和你所爱的人牺牲。”果然,他最后实践了自己的诺言,为了露茜的幸福,顶替代尔那走上断头台,含着微笑,宁静地走完了人生最后的路。作者认为此举乃是人道主义最美的篇章。遗憾的是这个人物的真实性是最差的,特别是作者以卡尔登的死来作为对革命暴力的批判,暴露了他思想的严重局限。他把卡尔登视为“卓越的先知”,临终时发出了这样的预言:“我看见……由毁灭了的旧的压迫者而兴起的新的压迫者们都成排成对地被这报复器械(断头台)所毁灭,在这器械被废除不用之前。”狄更斯认为,无论是贵族的暴力还是革命的暴力,通通应予以废除;凡施暴力于别人者,都没有好下场。只有高踞于任何暴力之上的人道的化身卡尔登才是不朽的。 与卡尔登相对立的人物是得伐石太太,这是被作者当作批判的反面形象来刻画的。她本名狄尔斯,生于农民家庭,父亲、姐姐和哥哥都惨死在侯爵兄弟手中,只有她一人躲藏在外,幸免于难。她从小就在心中种下了对贵族的仇恨的种子,成长为一个真正的“复仇女神”,任何情况下都没有一丝一毫的动摇,坚信理想必将实现。当她丈夫因准备革命的时间太长久而感到疲乏和灰心时,她精辟地指出:“复仇和报应必须有一个长时间;这是定规。但是……它时常在准备之中的。”当暗探来到酒馆时,她机智勇敢,应付自如。她编织毛线时,把贵族阶级处决革命者的暴行和名单织进去,革命时就成了起诉书。当革命爆发后,她手里握着斧头,腰间别着手枪,率领妇女冲锋陷阵,毫不含糊地砍下敌人的脑袋,真是一员勇猛的女将”。 作者对得伐石太太家庭的遭遇,寄予深切的同情。对她的描写、在革命爆发之前的那一部分,是真实可信的,生动地表现了她的卓越智慧、才能和胆略。然而,当写到革命爆发后的那一部分时,作者出于对革命暴力的恐惧和反对,也就怀着厌恶的情绪对她的形象进行丑化、把“复仇女神”描绘成了“嗜血女魔”。作品写到,她不仅一心要置代尔那于死地,还要斩草除根,连代尔那的妻子、女儿一并消灭。她在大庭广众之中听完露茜的申诉后说:“我们晓得她的父亲和丈夫,被禁在牢狱中,这是很平常的……这一个人的妻子和小孩的母亲(露茜)的患难,现在在我们看来又值得什么呢?”甚至他丈夫得伐石劝她,她也丝毫不为所动。这本来是一个具有革命坚定性的妇女,但作者故意把她写过了头,要表明一种残酷的报复心理如何使她达到了丧失人性的地步。小说不止一次地把她写作一道暗影“可怕而且阴沉地投射在那母亲和小孩身上”。应该说,这道暗影首先是投射在作者的心上,同时也企图投射在读者的心上,激发起读者对她的反感和恐惧。 这一组贫民形象的对比,其用意也是十分明显的:他希望贫民们都像卡尔登一样宽宏大量、舍己救人,哪怕是贵族阶级的人;而不要象像得伐石太太那样残酷报复、毫不退让。作者承认,他是用卡尔登高贵的死来同得伐石卑鄙的死形成对比。狄更斯所爱憎的人物既有贵族又有贫民,似乎缺乏阶级观点。事实上狄更斯不是也不能用阶级观点来进行写作,而是用人道主义观点进行写作。狄更斯曾在一次演讲中宣称:“我想避免使用两个对立的名词——贵族与人民。我是一个相信两者都有一些优点和积极作用的人,决不愿剥夺任何一方任何一个正当的权利。”他又公开宣称,他的意图是“使正在相互虎视眈眈的双方接近起来,努力沟通两者之间的深渊”。他的愿望无疑是真诚的、美好的,然而,却是建立在空想基础上的。这导致了他笔下的正面人物苍白无力。 (3)闪光的理想人物——梅尼特 梅里特医生,就作品的情节结构来说,他是一个居于中心地位的主要人物,但并不是最能体现作者人道主义理想的那种“理想人物”。这个知识分子,年轻时正直,富于同情心,不向邪恶势力屈服,这都是为作者所赞扬的优秀品格。他目睹侯爵兄弟残害狄更斯全家的罪行,不揭发就不能解除自己“良心上的负担”,终于因此身陷囹圄。他的行为,闪烁着资产阶级人道主义的光辉。严酷的铁窗岁月,增强了他对残暴的侯爵家的仇恨。他后来说:“我在狱中的时候,有时候我的报仇的欲望是无法抑制的。”作者同情他的不幸遭遇,但对他的这种无法抑制的报仇欲望却持否定态度。出狱后,他变成了另外一个人。他的心完全被对女儿的爱所占据,为了女儿,他甘冒一切风险,甘受任何苦难。在作者笔下,梅里特俨然成为人道主义的化身,而在我们看来,狭隘的爱已使他成为一个目光短浅的庸人。为什么作者又给他安排了一个悲惨的结局呢?他的变痴,是贵族阶级摧毁的结果;在女儿女婿爱的温暖中,他的智力得到了复活,但最后当他的女婿被革命法庭判处死刑后,他又成了一个浑噩的白痴。这悲惨的事实无异于告诉读者:贵族阶级的残暴统治是毁灭人性的,革命的暴力手段同样也是毁灭人性的,只有一切阶级的人彼此相爱、和睦相处,才能使人性发射光芒。梅里特医生的女儿与侯爵的侄子相爱,建立起了幸福的生活,却因为医生对侯爵的一纸控诉书而破坏了。这个奇怪的事实无异于告诉读者:当两个阶级的人不念旧恶、和睦相处时,一切都会是美好的;而当他们硬要清除往日的冤仇时,美好的生活就不复存在了。

英美文学论文范文1500字数

本科毕业论文开题报告  论文题目the Application and Innovation  of Gothicism in Wuthering Heights  一、选题的意义和研究现状  1.选题的目的、理论意义和现实意义  长时期以来, 人们视艾米莉•勃朗特为英国文学中的“斯芬克斯”。关于她本人和她的作品都有很多难解之谜, 许多评论家从不同的角度、采用不同的方法去研究, 得出了不同的结论, 因而往往是旧谜刚解, 新谜又出, 解谜热潮似永无休止。  本文立足于欧美文学中的哥特传统研究《呼啸山庄》的创作源泉, 指出艾米莉•  勃朗特在主题、人物形象、环境刻画、意象及情节构造等方面都借鉴了哥特传统, 同时凭借其超乎寻常的想象力, 将现实与超现实融为一体, 给陈旧的形式注入了激烈情感、心理深度和新鲜活力, 达到了哥特形式与激情内容的完美统一, 使《呼啸山庄》既超越了哥特体裁的“黑色浪漫主义”, 又超越了维多利亚时代的“现实主义”, 从而展现出独具一格、经久不衰的艺术魅力。  2.与选题相关的国内外研究和发展概况  各民族的文学中都有许多惊险、恐怖的故事, 但似乎没有哪一种文学像英美文学那样不仅创作出数量众多、质量优秀的恐怖文学作品, 而且还形成了一个持续发展、影响广泛的哥特传统( Gothic tradition) 。哥特文学现在已经成为英美文学研究中的一个重要领域。对哥特文学的认真研究开始于20 世纪二三十年代, 到70 年代以后, 由于新的学术思潮和文学批评观念的影响, 该研究出现了前所未有而且日趋高涨的热潮。根据在国际互联网上的搜索, 到2000 年9月为止, 英美等国的学者除发表了大量关于哥特文学的论文外, 还至少出版专著达184部, 其中1970 年以后为126 部, 仅90 年代就达59 部, 几乎占总数的三分之一。当然,近年来哥特文学研究的状况不仅在于研究成果迅速增加, 更重要的是它在深度和广度方面都大为拓展, 并且把哥特传统同英美乃至欧洲的历史、社会、文化和文学的总体发展结合起来。  二、研究方案  1.研究的基本内容及预期的结果(大纲)  研究的基本内容:本文立足于欧美文学中的哥特传统研究《呼啸山庄》的创作源泉, 指出艾米莉•  勃朗特在主题、人物形象、环境刻画、意象及情节构造等方面都借鉴了哥特传统, 同时凭借其超乎寻常的想象力, 将现实与超现实融为一体, 给陈旧的形式注入了激烈情感、心理深度和新鲜活力, 达到了哥特形式与激情内容的完美统一, 使《呼啸山庄》既超越了哥特体裁的“黑色浪漫主义”, 又超越了维多利亚时代的“现实主义”, 从而展现出独具一格、经久不衰的艺术魅力。  预期的结果(大纲):  1.A Survey of Gothic  1 Definition of Gothic  2 the Origin of Gothic Novels  1 Historical Reasons  1 Folklore in Germantic Nationality  2 Drama in the Renaissance  3 the Bible and Legends in Christianity  2 Development of the Novel Itself  1 Challenge of Romanticism to Rationalism  2 Sublime and Beautiful   Emily’s Gothic Heritage  1 Theme  1 Good and Evil  2 Revenge  2 Characters Description  1 Villain-hero  2 Delicate Young Girl  3 Atmosphere, Environment and Plot  1 Terror  2 Mystery  3 Supernatural  Emily’s Gothic Innovation  1 Combination of romanticism and Realism  1 Change of the Background  2 Use of Symbolism  3 Stream of Consciousness  4 Illusion and Subconsciousness   Description of Figure Emotion and Psychology  Reference  2.拟采用的研究方法  主要有资料查找、理论探讨研究、阅读法  研究所需条件和可能存在的问题  研究所需条件:纸张、打印设备、图书馆、互联网上获取国内外文献资料;  可能存在的问题:(1)文献不足;  (2) 由于个人的观点和能力,使对研究对象分析不够全面和深入。  三、研究进度安排、参考文献及审查意见  1.研究进度安排  (1)论文指导第一周(学期第八周):学生完成初稿。  (2)论文指导第二周(学期第九周):指导教师审阅论文初稿后发回修改。  (3)论文指导第三周(学期第十周):学生交论文第二稿。  (4)论文指导第四周(学期第十一周):指导教师审阅第二稿并发回给学生进一步修改。  (5)论文指导第五周(学期第十二周):定稿  (6)论文指导第六周(学期第十三周):交定稿的打印稿和电子文本。  (7)论文指导第六周(学期第十三周):本周星期五至论文指导第七周(学期第周)星期五,指导教师和评阅教师写评语,学生做好答辩准备。  (8)论文指导第七周(学期第十四周):星期三至论文指导第八周(学期第十五周)开展答辩工作。   应收集资料及主要参考文献(不少于8条)  [1] Bronte, C Charlotte Bronte’s preface to the second edition, Wuthering H London: J M Dent Sons L   [2] Gerin, W Emily Bronte [M] New York: Oxford University P  [3] Marie, Mulvey-R The handbook to gothic literature [A] New York: New York University P   [4] Punter, D The Literature of Terror [M] London: L   [5] 方平 1993 希望在人间—论〈呼啸山庄〉(《呼啸山庄》译序) [M] 上海译文出版社 第24页  [6] 盖斯凯尔夫人 2000 夏洛蒂•勃朗特传[M] 张淑荣等译 北京: 团结出版社 第11—12页  [7] 肖明翰 英美文学中的哥特传统[J] 外国文学评论第3期  [8] 鲜于静 神秘和怪诞的魅力——福克纳小说《八月之光》的哥特艺术研究[MA] 中国学位论文全文库

你可以从以下几个方面着手:•the difference between the United Kingdom, Great Britain, and England:回答:• The United Kingdom: a country that consists of Great Britain and Northern I • Great Britain: the name of the island northwest of France and east of Ireland that consists of three somewhat autonomous(自治的) regions: England, Wales and S • England is part of Great Britain, which is part of the United K • The UK includes England, Wales, Scotland, and Northern I E Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland are not countries but the United Kingdom • The Highlanders: the Scots who live in the mountainous regions of the Highlands in Northern S • They are proud, independent and hardy people who maintain their strong cultural They mainly live by farming sheep in mountain areas or fishing on the coasts and • The reputation of the Scots: inventive, hardworking, serious-minded and cautious with (In the past, they were pioneer settlers and empire builders in places like America, Canada, Australia, South Africa and New Z)• their distinctive national dress: kilt• Bagpipes• The Scots can be recognized by and their particular style of speech and accent 2宗教:回答:• The Catholic Church: refers to the Christian church headed by the P All members of the church accept the gospel of Christ and the teachings of the B Any revolt against the traditional Christian faith was “heresy” • In the Middle Ages, the Popes was extremely In the 16th century, some of the actual beliefs and practices of the Catholic Church were questioned by Protestant doctrines and there was a great deal of persecution by C • The Protestant Church: refers to the Christian church whose faith and practice originated with the principles of the R As the Pope’s political power and religious authority declined in the `6th, Protestant churches sprang up in Northern Europe in opposition to the established Roman Catholic C In Britain, Protestantism gradually became the dominant faith in the Elizabethan • Christianity: refers to all doctrines and religious groups based on the teaching of Jesus C It was founded in the 1st century in P Jesus Christ is accepted by Christians as the son of God, and his teaching is contained in the Bible, the holy book of C In Europe, Christianity is divided into three major Roman Catholic Church, Protestant Church and Orthodox Eastern Church(东正教)学校的不同:回答:British Educaion• Public schools: are the secondary boarding schools that prepare students chiefly for They are supported entirely by fees and private • The name “public school” is traditional one with little meaning today, since far from being public these schools are restricted to a comparatively small section of the • “Public school” is a traditional name with little meaning today, because far from being public, public schools are restricted to a comparatively small section of the • Some people feel, the greatest argument for public schools is the strikingly high proportion of ex-public-school boys occupying senior posts in the government, the armed forces, the church, t he universities, the professions, and even in They say, this proves the superiority of a public school • It was the public schools that laid the foundations of English • In England, parents who are rich and conservative in politics will most probably send their children to public • Three famous public schools in Britain: Eton, Harrow and R• Prep schools: also called preparatory schools, they are private elementary schools in Britain, which prepare their students for public • The prep school curriculum differs considerably from that of the junior school, and there is a distinctive boarding At the age of thirteen, the students will take the “common entrance” examination for admission to a “public school”• The prep school curriculum differs considerably from that of the junior school, since its main target is not the “eleven plus,” but the “common entrance” examination at the age of 13, for admission to a public • The public schools today are no longer as superior and exclusive as they used to • Firstly, their perfect system, their house system and their tradition of sport have been widely adopted in state secondary schools, and ,many grammar schools have academic records which many a public school might • Secondly, many so-called public schools are dependent on an annual grant from the central government, in return for which they award between a quarter and a half of their places to pupils paying reduced fees or none at • Thirdly, all public schools too, except a few of recognized standard, are liable to be inspected by the S• There is thus a gradual progress away from exclusiveness in British • Oxford University was founded in the twelfth It contains about thirty separate • Cambridge University was founded in the thirteenth It contains about twenty separate • There four Scottish universities dating from the 15th and 16th They are St Andrews, Glasgow, Aberdeen, and E • London University has far more students than any other British • “red brick”: is a slightly contemptuous term to refer to the large group of nineteenth-and-twentieth-century universities and university colleges in B• “red brick” describes their construction, which is contrasted with the more dignified and solidlooking ancient stone architecture of Oxford and C • The two widely admired features of Oxford and Cambridge : are te college system and the tutorial • The college system of Oxford and Cambridge: is one whereby all students live in college during at least part of their The value of this system lies in fostering a community spirit in which a useful mingling of intelligence can take • The tutorial system of Oxford and Cambridge: is one whereby each student gets personal tuition once a week in his tutor’s own • Open University: was founded in Britain in 1969 for people who may not get the opportunity for higher education for economic or social It is open to everybody, and does not demand the same formal qualifications as the other It is non- Lectures are broadcast on TV and At the end of the course, successful students are awarded a university • The Welfare State回答:• 1) Britain: a welfare state in the sense that it should ensure, as far as it can, that nobody should be without the means for the minimum necessities of life as the result of unemployment, old age, sickness or over —large • 2) The system of national insurance pays out benefits to people who are unemployed, or unable to earn because they are old or • 3) Free or nearly free medical and dental care is provided for everyone under the National Health S • 4) Supplementary benefits are provided for people who live below the minimum he retirement pension• 1) It may be received by any man from the age of 65 (provided he has made his weekly contributions to the fund) if he ceases to work, and by any woman from the age of • 2) A man who continues to work after the age of 65 gets no pension at first, but when he is over 70 he gets a bigger • 3) People may receive additional pensions by paying higher contributions while they are • 4) There are in addition non-state methods of providing for retirement Family allowances• (1) They are paid directly out of public money contributed by • (2) For the first child of a family, nothing is paid, but an allowance is made for all children after the • (3) The payments continue until a child leaves school and are subject to income • (4) There are special payments for widows who have children;payments continue until a child leaves school and are subject to income • (5) There are special payments for widows who have "meals on wheels"• "meals on wheels" : refers to meals which are prepared by the public authorities in a central kitchen and then distributed to infirm old people by women who belong to voluntary organizations, using their own • "meals on wheels" (1) It is a kind of unpaid service voluntarily performed by public- spirited (2) Meals are distributed to infirm old people in old peoples' homes by women who belong to voluntary organizations, using their own • The grades of the doctors in hospitals : the “housemen“(实习医生) or residents(住院医生) are in the lowest grade and the Consultants are in the highest • "housemen" or residents: refers to those newly-qualified doctors who spend a year or two living in hospitals gaining experience under • the Consultants(会诊医生) must not work in the hospital for the whole of their They may work in the hospital either for the whole of their time or for part of their

爱迪生  Edison  Edison,Thomas Alva was an American To the creation of factory laboratories, technology development and to open up avenues of scientific research in close connection with the name lowered February 11, 1847 in the Ohio Mailan a Dutch immigrant October 18, 1931 in New Jersey Xiaolan in Produced only three months of formal education 12-year-old has done Bao Tong, hawkers, Rapporteur, to fend for Because M  Faraday effect in life science research experiments and In 1868 he invented a recording device to sell to Taiwan votes Congress, but has not been Edison first invented so that he did not find the market more attention to the relevance of the 1869, Edison moved to New York from B He improved the indicators cable companies telegraph, the recognition by the manager of the company, employed 300 US dollars monthly salary (which at the time was very high salary) 1870, moved to New Jersey to begin his efficient invention 1874 improved 1876, to the   Bell invented the telephone with a carbon Reap route, and raised the words 1876, founded his famous In the laboratory, he broke the previous individual scientists to engage in research tradition, organized a group of professionals (including N  Tesla and others), and the subject of his assignment, a common commitment to the invention, thus creating the correct way to modern scientific 1877, invented gramophone, which makes him 1878, the study began incandescent lamp in the 10 months after many failures, October 21, 1879 in the successful location of incandescence light lights carbon silk, stable location between two 1882, in New York pearl Street Block communal fire was the world's second plant, built in New York Urban Electric lighting, a modern electricity system to take Mar lighting achievement has not only greatly improved the working conditions of production, but also herald an era of daily life electrification 1883, Edison bulbs in a vacuum test, accidentally discovered the cold, there is a current hot This phenomenon was called the Edison effect, become electron tube and electronic 1887, from Xiaolan government, and in the same year in a larger city, the laboratory equipment is also updated the famous Edison Laboratory (later known as the invention factory) Here, according to G  School invention, produced its own 1914, by Gramophone and camera film produced by the first audio Old age, his inventions and innovations including batteries, cement mixer, sound recording telephone, double - and multi-type cable system, railways used First World War, he served as Chairman of the Technical Advisory Committee to guide torpedoes and anti-submarine equipment research, invented dozens of To this end, the United States government in 1920 conferred on him the Distinguished Services Medal serving, the French government awarded honorary medals to his Corps 1928, the United States Congress to grant him honorary Throughout their entire life cycle, Edison and his laboratory received 1,093 patents for their Edison invented many life, but he is after all a system of scientific knowledge, and thus to the development of modern technology can not make the right In the 19th century, the exchange of transmission system has emerged, but he still insisted on direct current transmission, and with G  Westinghouse Niehaus fierce competition occurred lost Niagara hydropower project contracts; He blindly testing laboratory magnetic milling equipment, the invention Electric depletion of the funds had to be However, Edison electricity in the development, application of electric appliances manufacturing promote the contribution that he became the history of mankind's greatest inventor the

美国文学论文英文版1500字怎么写

我有绑定IP的高校帐号,可以帮你下载相关资料。

你可以从以下几个方面着手:•the difference between the United Kingdom, Great Britain, and England:回答:• The United Kingdom: a country that consists of Great Britain and Northern I • Great Britain: the name of the island northwest of France and east of Ireland that consists of three somewhat autonomous(自治的) regions: England, Wales and S • England is part of Great Britain, which is part of the United K • The UK includes England, Wales, Scotland, and Northern I E Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland are not countries but the United Kingdom • The Highlanders: the Scots who live in the mountainous regions of the Highlands in Northern S • They are proud, independent and hardy people who maintain their strong cultural They mainly live by farming sheep in mountain areas or fishing on the coasts and • The reputation of the Scots: inventive, hardworking, serious-minded and cautious with (In the past, they were pioneer settlers and empire builders in places like America, Canada, Australia, South Africa and New Z)• their distinctive national dress: kilt• Bagpipes• The Scots can be recognized by and their particular style of speech and accent 2宗教:回答:• The Catholic Church: refers to the Christian church headed by the P All members of the church accept the gospel of Christ and the teachings of the B Any revolt against the traditional Christian faith was “heresy” • In the Middle Ages, the Popes was extremely In the 16th century, some of the actual beliefs and practices of the Catholic Church were questioned by Protestant doctrines and there was a great deal of persecution by C • The Protestant Church: refers to the Christian church whose faith and practice originated with the principles of the R As the Pope’s political power and religious authority declined in the `6th, Protestant churches sprang up in Northern Europe in opposition to the established Roman Catholic C In Britain, Protestantism gradually became the dominant faith in the Elizabethan • Christianity: refers to all doctrines and religious groups based on the teaching of Jesus C It was founded in the 1st century in P Jesus Christ is accepted by Christians as the son of God, and his teaching is contained in the Bible, the holy book of C In Europe, Christianity is divided into three major Roman Catholic Church, Protestant Church and Orthodox Eastern Church(东正教)学校的不同:回答:British Educaion• Public schools: are the secondary boarding schools that prepare students chiefly for They are supported entirely by fees and private • The name “public school” is traditional one with little meaning today, since far from being public these schools are restricted to a comparatively small section of the • “Public school” is a traditional name with little meaning today, because far from being public, public schools are restricted to a comparatively small section of the • Some people feel, the greatest argument for public schools is the strikingly high proportion of ex-public-school boys occupying senior posts in the government, the armed forces, the church, t he universities, the professions, and even in They say, this proves the superiority of a public school • It was the public schools that laid the foundations of English • In England, parents who are rich and conservative in politics will most probably send their children to public • Three famous public schools in Britain: Eton, Harrow and R• Prep schools: also called preparatory schools, they are private elementary schools in Britain, which prepare their students for public • The prep school curriculum differs considerably from that of the junior school, and there is a distinctive boarding At the age of thirteen, the students will take the “common entrance” examination for admission to a “public school”• The prep school curriculum differs considerably from that of the junior school, since its main target is not the “eleven plus,” but the “common entrance” examination at the age of 13, for admission to a public • The public schools today are no longer as superior and exclusive as they used to • Firstly, their perfect system, their house system and their tradition of sport have been widely adopted in state secondary schools, and ,many grammar schools have academic records which many a public school might • Secondly, many so-called public schools are dependent on an annual grant from the central government, in return for which they award between a quarter and a half of their places to pupils paying reduced fees or none at • Thirdly, all public schools too, except a few of recognized standard, are liable to be inspected by the S• There is thus a gradual progress away from exclusiveness in British • Oxford University was founded in the twelfth It contains about thirty separate • Cambridge University was founded in the thirteenth It contains about twenty separate • There four Scottish universities dating from the 15th and 16th They are St Andrews, Glasgow, Aberdeen, and E • London University has far more students than any other British • “red brick”: is a slightly contemptuous term to refer to the large group of nineteenth-and-twentieth-century universities and university colleges in B• “red brick” describes their construction, which is contrasted with the more dignified and solidlooking ancient stone architecture of Oxford and C • The two widely admired features of Oxford and Cambridge : are te college system and the tutorial • The college system of Oxford and Cambridge: is one whereby all students live in college during at least part of their The value of this system lies in fostering a community spirit in which a useful mingling of intelligence can take • The tutorial system of Oxford and Cambridge: is one whereby each student gets personal tuition once a week in his tutor’s own • Open University: was founded in Britain in 1969 for people who may not get the opportunity for higher education for economic or social It is open to everybody, and does not demand the same formal qualifications as the other It is non- Lectures are broadcast on TV and At the end of the course, successful students are awarded a university • The Welfare State回答:• 1) Britain: a welfare state in the sense that it should ensure, as far as it can, that nobody should be without the means for the minimum necessities of life as the result of unemployment, old age, sickness or over —large • 2) The system of national insurance pays out benefits to people who are unemployed, or unable to earn because they are old or • 3) Free or nearly free medical and dental care is provided for everyone under the National Health S • 4) Supplementary benefits are provided for people who live below the minimum he retirement pension• 1) It may be received by any man from the age of 65 (provided he has made his weekly contributions to the fund) if he ceases to work, and by any woman from the age of • 2) A man who continues to work after the age of 65 gets no pension at first, but when he is over 70 he gets a bigger • 3) People may receive additional pensions by paying higher contributions while they are • 4) There are in addition non-state methods of providing for retirement Family allowances• (1) They are paid directly out of public money contributed by • (2) For the first child of a family, nothing is paid, but an allowance is made for all children after the • (3) The payments continue until a child leaves school and are subject to income • (4) There are special payments for widows who have children;payments continue until a child leaves school and are subject to income • (5) There are special payments for widows who have "meals on wheels"• "meals on wheels" : refers to meals which are prepared by the public authorities in a central kitchen and then distributed to infirm old people by women who belong to voluntary organizations, using their own • "meals on wheels" (1) It is a kind of unpaid service voluntarily performed by public- spirited (2) Meals are distributed to infirm old people in old peoples' homes by women who belong to voluntary organizations, using their own • The grades of the doctors in hospitals : the “housemen“(实习医生) or residents(住院医生) are in the lowest grade and the Consultants are in the highest • "housemen" or residents: refers to those newly-qualified doctors who spend a year or two living in hospitals gaining experience under • the Consultants(会诊医生) must not work in the hospital for the whole of their They may work in the hospital either for the whole of their time or for part of their

美术教育学论文范文1500字怎么写

1、论文题目:要求准确、简练、醒目、新颖。 2、目录:目录是论文中主要段落的简表。(短篇论文不必列目录) 3、提要:是文章主要内容的摘录,要求短、精、完整。字数少可几十字,多不超过三百字为宜。 4、关键词或主题词:关键词是从论文的题名、提要和正文中选取出来的,是对表述论文的中心内容有实质意义的词汇。关键词是用作机系统标引论文内容特征的词语,便于信息系统汇集,以供读者检索。 每篇论文一般选取3-8个词汇作为关键词,另起一行,排在“提要”的左下方。 主题词是经过规范化的词,在确定主题词时,要对论文进行主题,依照标引和组配规则转换成主题词表中的规范词语。 5、论文正文: (1)引言:引言又称前言、序言和导言,用在论文的开头。 引言一般要概括地写出作者意图,说明选题的目的和意义, 并指出论文写作的范围。引言要短小精悍、紧扣主题。 〈2)论文正文:正文是论文的主体,正文应包括论点、论据、 论证过程和结论。主体部分包括以下内容: 提出-论点; 分析问题-论据和论证; 解决问题-论证与步骤; 结论。 6、一篇论文的参考文献是将论文在和写作中可参考或引证的主要文献资料,列于论文的末尾。参考文献应另起一页,标注方式按《GB7714-87文后参考文献著录规则》进行。 中文:标题--作者--出版物信息(版地、版者、版期):作者--标题--出版物信息 所列参考文献的要求是: (1)所列参考文献应是正式出版物,以便读者考证。 (2)所列举的参考文献要标明序号、著作或文章的标题、作者、出版物信息。

有效教学历来是国内外教育研究的重点。顾名思义,有效教学的目的就是要使教学达到有效的理想状态。然而,目前国内教学的现状是教师起主导作用,是教育的核心所在,而学生的主体作用却被极大地忽视了。这种传统的教育理念仍然根深蒂固地残留在人们的脑海里。国内外大量研究发现,要使教学达到有效的理想状态,教学所采取的一切措施和活动都必须符合学生的认知规律,这就要求教育工作者对不同学生个体的认知规律有清楚的认识,以期达到教育的最终目的。认知负荷理论在过去的30年里受到越来越多研究者和专家的重视,主要表现在对教学的评估和设计方面。该理论主要是关于发展有效的教学方法,以便能够充分利用学生有限的认知资源,并将其所获得的知识应用于现实环境当中。本文试图系统地探究认知负荷与大学英语学习者个体差异之间是否存在密切的关系。该论文中所涉及的研究对象是山东青年政治学院大学一年级的134名学生,其中男生为41名,女生为93名,年龄从19岁到21岁不等。实验的开始主要是采用了调查问卷和镶嵌测验两种手段对实验对象进行了初步的前测,以此对其进行认知风格的划分。完成相关研究之后,笔者发现个体差异和认知负荷之间的确存在着密切的联系。其中,个体差异在本文当中主要体现在学生的前知识和认知风格两个方面。个体差异主要包含两个方面:生理差异和心理差异。在本文中,心理差异是研究的重点。心理差异同样由许多不同的组成部分构成,其中认知风格差异是一个重要方面并且作为个体差异的代表来研究其与认知负荷的关系。认知风格在本文中主要体现在三个方面:场独立-场依存型;整体-序列型和言语-视觉型。场独立和场依存型认知风格模式对学生的认知负荷影响甚微,而视觉-言语型模式则和认知负荷之间存在着密切的联系。当然实验本身也存在着局限性,比如实验研究范围仅仅局限于两个高校。在一定程度上来说,无法代表整个中国高校的现状。因此,进一步扩展研究领域将成为未来研究的重点。论文结尾之处笔者对如何促进英语教学和降低认知负荷提出了一些建议。根据这些建议,笔者希望广大英语教师能够意识到个体差异的重要性及因材施教的意义所在,以期达到有效教学的目标。 柄HSd峨DcxLtS5ruxQa撕

你的美术教育论文准备往什么方向写,选题老师审核通过了没,有没有列个大纲让老师看一下写作方向? 老师有没有和你说论文往哪个方向写比较好?写论文之前,一定要写个大纲,这样老师,好确定了框架,避免以后论文修改过程中出现大改的情况!!学校的格式要求、写作规范要注意,否则很可能发回来重新改,你要还有什么不明白或不懂可以问我,希望你能够顺利毕业,迈向新的人生。毕业论文怎么写?毕业设计和毕业论文是本科生培养方案中的重要环节。学生通过毕业论文,综合性地运用几年内所学知识去分析、解决一个问题,在作毕业论文的过程中,所学知识得到疏理和运用,它既是一次检阅,又是一次锻炼。不少学生在作完毕业设计后,感到自己的实践动手、动笔能力得到锻炼,增强了即将跨入社会去竞争,去创造的自信心。这里仅将我们教研室老师近年指导本科毕业生论文中的体会整理出来,希望能对学生毕业论文有所帮助。选择一个相关的题目,应该是你感兴趣并且和你所学的专业相关的。进行文献检索,查找有关这个主题的所有研究成果,并且进行深入的研究。在广泛的吸收别人的成果的同时,思考自己在这个问题上的观点和看法,这是你能做的最重要的一步。参考科技论文的写作规范,先写出大纲,再增加内容形成草稿,反复修改,最后定稿。需要注意地问题: 标题是文章的眉目。各类文章的标题,样式繁多,但无论是何种形式,总要以全部或不同的侧面体现作者的写作意图、文章的主旨。毕业论文的标题一般分为总标题、副标题、分标题几种。一般说来,篇幅较长的毕业论文,都没有分标题。设置分标题的论文,因其内容的层次较多,整个理论体系较庞大、复杂,故通常设目录。参考文献又叫参考书目,它是指作者在撰写毕业论文过程中所查阅参考过的著作和报刊杂志,它应列在毕业论文的末尾。列出参考文献有三个好处:一是当作者本人发现引文有差错时,便于查找校正。二是可以使毕业论文答辩委员会的教师了解学生阅读资料的广度,作为审查毕业论文的一种参考依据。三是便于研究同类问题的读者查阅相关的观点和材料。

纵观当前小学阶段的美术教育,正是学习的启蒙阶段。此时的孩子,由于生理和心理双重因的正常制约,往往在学习过程中,一碰到困难和挫折,便会产生低落的情绪,注意力的持续性比较低,对美术课堂上的创作缺乏了解。这些,使得本应充满活力的艺术学科在孩子面前变得黯然失色。那么,如何克服这种求知的浮躁,让他们爱上这个课堂,使得我们不得不重新审视我们的教育。我们应遵循马克思主义的辨证法来看待教育,弄清内因与外因的辨证关系,明确教育中起决定作用的内因是学生。只有内因得到充分的调动,教育才能培养出具有创新意识、创新精神、创新能力的下一代。下面就结合美术课堂教学来谈一谈如何点燃孩子们的艺术火花,让学生爱上美术课堂。一、 寻找创作的源泉在教学中,我们往往被纯技能、技巧的追求的所垄断,并将此放在教学目标之首位,用它作为衡量美术学科成与否的标尺,在这样一种教学动机的指导下,学生就会跟在教师后面去模仿,他们观察到什么?感受到什么?一切很难找到答案。我认为在美术教学中,首先应考虑的是孩子对生活经验的积累。没有对生活的密切接触、认识、体验,就如同盲人摸象,根本不能理解事物的构造、形象,又何谈有新的创造呢?我在教学“交通工具”一课时,发现有很多学生的作业上出现了多次抹擦的痕迹,还有学生在下面小声地自言自语:“ 我不画了,我不会画!”我感到很奇怪,开始他们一个个兴趣盎然,举着手,争先恐后地告诉我自己知道的交通工具。于是,我把一个原先要画摩托的小男孩找来,问他为什么不想画了,他指着自己只画了几笔的摩托告诉我,不知道那里该怎样画。这时,我才突然领悟:创作源于生活!没有生活中的接触与观察,学生怎么画得出原本的摩托的部件、构造都不明确,难道我还能要求学生凭空来设计、想象吗?那不是闭门造车吗?生活处处有美,艺术就善于从生活中捕捉。而孩子们还不是艺术家,就像一头刚刚学习捕食的小狮子,还必须在母狮的循循善诱下学习捕获,掌握时机。学生的各方面能力正处于发展阶段,潜在的能力需要教师的引导、开发学生对美的感受能力、欣赏能力和评价能力,从而使学生能够感受到生活的美,并从中捕捉到美 ,产生对美的表现欲望,以达到创造美的目标。二、 激起创作的兴趣美术这门学科,从总体上看是大多数学生喜欢的科目。但具体到每一个学生对这节课有没有兴趣、感情有多深、持久性有多长,就要看老师如何调动他们的积极因素激起学生创作的兴趣。

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