一篇研究论文的例子英语
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Western novels in comparison First, Western novels in the history of the development of Western novels are based on myths and legends of its origin. In ancient times, science developed, out of fear of nature, the working people out of the imagination is the key to many of the world "God", describing the personification of God is a myth; who will describe the deified, that is legend. China opened the world's Pan story, the story of San Juan Five Emperors, the West Greek mythology, Roman mythology, Norse mythology, and so on are all typical works. East and West, the original novel, is closely linked with the history, as historical records complement the event. China Pre-Qin prose in the fable, the Han dynasty in the history books, biographies, the Wei and Jin Zhi, Zhi-person novel; the West of ancient Babylon, "the United States and Ji Jia disabilities epic", in ancient Greece, "Homer's epic," "Aesop's Fables "And so on, fall into this category, fiction, novels such novels have been about the characteristics of fiction, it is still not the literary creation, directly from the private collection record, so this type of fiction plot is relatively simple, writing rough comparison. Ban Gu said, "On the Street Lane words, hearsay are made of" is a novel kind of accurate assessment of the image. China's Tang Dynasty, the novel is only from history and literature become a creativity. Tang Dynasty culture has developed, the author's ideas are more open, the legend came into being at this time, Li Zhaowei "Liu Yi Chuan", Po Chu's "Everlasting Regret," Wolf's "Everlasting Regret Chuan" And so on, are made in accordance with the creation of the legend. For the fictional story of the Tang Dynasty more emphasis on imagination and literary talent, not just the history of the nature of things, but as the history of Zhi Zhi who is also the novel did not stop. The Legend of the Song Dynasty to the novel on a gradual decline, which followed the rise of this so that after processing will become a scholar so many novel and Romance novels such as "Romance of the Three Kingdoms", "Outlaws of the Marsh", "Journey to the West." The author of such novels is the use of private creative and re-created to describe the circumstances of the touching scenes of brilliant and vivid active in shaping the character known, there are obvious story-telling style of language. Here by the redevelopment, it will become an independent literary creation rather than things to come together with the civil process, the representative of this type is the "Golden Lotus", it was an open and ordinary life on the road, the reality is that literature has come a long way The development of the latter's "A Dream of Red Mansions" in ancient China Geng Shiba realism to the novels of the summit. "54" after the novelist began to learn from China's western fiction writing practices, and gradually out a new path. Western novels, is the "Renaissance" after the rapid development of mature. The development of the Middle Ages novel near-stagnation in the West, 14, the end of the century "Renaissance" to overthrow the literature of the Church of control, 15, appeared in the western end of the century to promote freedom of thought and the liberation of personality in order to describe the reality of life and portray characters from all walks of life for the content of the Humanist novels, is to tie in with this type of novel anti-feudal Europe at the time of arising at the same time it also set the novel in the West to human describing the tone of the main things. Jiaqiu Italy's "Decameron", Spain's Cervantes "Don Quixote" is the kind of representative works of fiction. The resulting novel is a classical, elegant favor of its national language to standardize the writing of this novel in 17th century France's most well-developed. As a note on behalf of Corneille's "Cid" neoclassical story of the rise of Western novels have been a language substantially improved. The beginning of the 18th century to promote popular science knowledge, enlightenment of the public consciousness for the purpose of the Enlightenment novels, of which there are relatively well-known German Goethe's "Faust", the United Kingdom Defoe's "Robinson Crusoe" and the Swift "Gulliver's Travels" and so on, this type of novel to the emergence of the bourgeois revolution at the time to mold public opinion. In the 19th century, romantic fiction, realistic novels and critical realism novel turn to occupy the leading position in the field of fiction. Romantic novels, such as France Victor Hugo's "Notre Dame de Paris", Goethe's "juvenile Witt of trouble" and so on, imaginative, unusual ideas, language and imaginative, strong feelings. Efforts to reflect the reality of the novel is the essence of life, and depict typical life of a typical phenomenon in the United Kingdom Dickens, France and Germany are of such novels as a representative of the writer. Critical realism novels exposed the efforts of the decadent feudal system and capitalist society, the dark, in-depth criticism of the reality of evil, France Balzac and Maupassant, the United Kingdom of Charlotte, Bronte,. Russia's Tolstoy, Dostoevsky, the United States of a large number of writers such as Mark Twain's works belong to this category. Value today, the three novels in the West is still the most important of the three types of literary fiction. East-West novel on the history of the development of more or less the case. Second, the characteristics of the novel in the West In addition to the basic characteristics of the novel, the story of the West also have their own characteristics are as follows: 1, the traditional Chinese novel attention to the characters, language and the details of the description, in contradiction to the conflict to display the images, but the character of a single, small changes in the absence of the main flu. Western novels are more people pay attention to the psychological description, stressed that mining figure in the subconscious mind, good at writing full, the changes in the strong sense of the main characters. Again, "coach Lin Feng Snow Mountain Temple" in the figure is only through dialogue and action leads to contradictions and conflicts, but Anna Karenina Wogui before a series of conflicts only with his description of the psychological will be able to express their clear; for poetry in Lin In the performance of her literary talent, and Paul with his inner monologue of the ideal; Zhang Zhong-Yong has only the character, but Jane Eyre's character is the brave, strong, warm, kind-hearted, and so many of the character and rubbing and Cheng's. In short, people in the area described in the West has its own unique features. 2, China compared with Western fiction novel plot twists and turns more and more complete story. Plot twists and turns, the story is complete fiction China's unique traditional arts. The Wei and Jin Zhi Zhi people on the novel twists and turns with vivid characteristics. Tang legend in the layout of many of the famous, magnificent anomaly, rigorous and clever, dramatic plot development. The contents of the Ming and Qing Dynasties novels scattered irregular, undulating waves, Cuoluoyouzhi, careful structure, an integral whole. "A Dream of Red Mansions", everywhere She Fu, Hui turning point, the story of Jia's best writing. Western plot in respect of the outstanding works, although there are many, but it can not be compared with the Chinese novel. 3, concise and lively Chinese language novel, rich in content and rich Western novels. Chinese folk artists absorbed the novel language, at the same time inherited the fine traditions of ancient prose, often a few words will be able to outline the incident or the people. Western novels in the author includes a broad range of knowledge, involve the community in many ways, so rich in content and rich people can gain knowledge in many areas. Engels said he was in Balzac's novel about 19th century France's domestic situation than he received any reports are more. Western novels have different characteristics, and also in the West different aesthetic concepts to a certain extent related. 4, Western novels have been the rule of the feudal culture of oppression destroyed. Chinese feudal culture makes the development of the novel is extremely difficult, Ming and Qing Dynasties more people to write stories for shame, so many great writers living, creating the conditions are not covered, many of the great works of authors who do not know. Western novels in the feudal culture makes almost the whole of the Middle Ages in the development of extremely slow, and many talented writers were forced to church services, wrote some of the religious nature of the article dry hole. Third, Western novels in the future prospects for the development of End of the Qing Dynasty, China and the West have begun to understand the other side of the system, the advantages of the novel in the West have been constantly learn from each other. Of course, due to historical reasons, the Chinese side of the draw a little more. To this day, the novelist in the West efforts are still two researchers in the novel's artistic charm, although the different languages of each other's appreciation of the arts to a certain extent, but the United States are interlinked. We have every reason to believe that in the near future, the novel art in the West will ultimately learn from each other and integrate, develop and reach new artistic heights. References: "Foreign Literature" Shanghai Translation Publishing House Zhou Xu Liang "Contemporary Literature election," Zhang Zhong, such as Beijing University Publishing House "Chinese literature history of the development of" Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House Liu Jie "Literary History of Europe" People's Literature Publishing House Yangzhou Han Wu Da-yuan Zhao Rui radish "Three high school language textbook used by the five dates of the" People's Education Press仅供参考，请自借鉴。希望对您有帮助。
隐喻的中西方文化差异Abstract: Metaphor is not only a linguistic phenomenon but also a way of thinking, which is one of the basic methods for human survival and cognition. It is rooted in language, thought and culture. Through the analysis and comparison of the use and concept of metaphor in different countries, we find that its universality and commonality of the metaphor as a basic human cognitive activities. However, metaphor in different languages reflects a different way of thinking and behavior and different cultural patterns. Owing to the different two modes of thinking and culture, there are some differences in understanding and formation that can not be ignored. Therefore, this paper will discuss the questions : metaphor, cross-cultural differences, translation. 1. Preamble Metaphor is a common phenomenon, a large number of people use metaphor to express his feelings and ideas. British scientists rhetoric Richards (IARichards) once said, "We have day-to-day in almost every conversation in three sentences may be a metaphor." According to statistics, life around the use of 4,700,000 new metaphor, 2,140,000 stereotypes of metaphor. Research in recent years, there is a great metaphor. This article introduced in the definition of metaphor on the basis of summing up the similarities and differences between Chinese and Western metaphor, and that its culture, precisely because of the prevalence of metaphor, how to translate metaphor has become a very important issue in the latter part of the article is aimed at The translation of metaphor put forward a translation of the three strategies. This paper studies aimed at trying to comparative analysis of English and Chinese in a large number of day-to-day language of metaphor to express, find out the differences and similarities, in order to be able to accurately translate the article in good metaphor to explore a little. This article is about the metaphor from the point of view to explore the differences in the way Thinking allows us to a deeper understanding of language, culture, the relationship between thinking and can more clearly understand the different ethnic language, culture, way of thinking, and so on On the nature of translation. 2. Metaphors in Chinese and Western studies In 1980, Lakoff & Johnson (George Lakoff & Mark Johnson) made a "living metaphor" (Metaphors We Live By) of the book, a modern metaphor to open a new chapter in the school. Domestic academia on the "metaphor" This is also a review of the system, such as Lin Wu's book "Study abroad metaphor Looking at the" beam-setting "metaphor research," Li of China and India "The main subjects Metaphor" and so on. However, the Chinese metaphor for the academic study of rare. "Chinese scholars on the study of metaphor, I am afraid the real contribution should be through the metaphor of the Chinese characteristics of research and study, through the metaphor of the Chinese and other languages in the comparative study of metaphor, metaphor for the establishment of a more general theory of the strong, and even unique The basis. "Lin Wu in the book" metaphor of the basic research the status quo, and the focus of the trend "in the main text, put forward a model of cultural metaphors with the relationship:" The language of metaphor is the emergence of expression into the system, which not only reflects the psychological Structure, but also reflect the different cultural models also play a role. " metaphor in the relationship between Chinese and Western cultures relationship Correspond to (corresponding) refers to the relationship between the two languages, English and Chinese in the meaning and metaphor in the use of the same meaning in the culture and image, and so on and-one mapping. This is because the survival of mankind itself, as well as all the external conditions, including the geographical environment, climate change, and the whole of human society and cultural background are certain there is a common, which formed a common humanity of their own and the outside world on many issues. In the "angry" mood, the English are angry that physiological responses, such as: grind one's teeth. (Teeth), bare one's teeth. (Ziyaliezui) an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth. (an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth), reflecting the Chinese culture on the basis of common experience. non-correspondence English-Chinese metaphor, after all, rooted in two different languages on the soil, resulting in very different cultural backgrounds, fully corresponds to the few metaphors, the vast majority do not have common cultural identity in order to form the corresponding non-(non-corresponding ) Relations. Non-relationship metaphor can be roughly divided into three categories: Vehicle counterpart, Yu Yi does not correspond to English and Chinese in some cases there is the same as a metaphor, but in their own language and culture in the meaning of the metaphor means is different, even different. Peacock in the Chinese culture is auspicious, a symbol of beauty, especially the Dai people to express jumped Pavaner desire to better their own. If the Chinese people will be likened to a peacock, it means that beautiful light. However, in English, peacock (Peacock) is a symbol of pride, often interpreted as arrogance, love to show off. For example, They were eager to take the young peacock down a peg. (They want to pressure a pressure that the arrogant young guy's momentum). counterpart Yu Yi, the vehicle does not correspond to English-Chinese two nations due to their differences, from different angles to look at things the same, it will be a different analogy. As a result both English and Chinese language there is a different vehicle, but Yu was referring to was basically the same as the meaning of the case, that is the same kind of non-correspondence. Such as: a person described as the hearts of anxious, restless, Chinese is "ants on the hot pan" and English is "a cat on the bricks". There are similar: To kick down the ladder. Guohechaiqiao. Yu Yu Yi and do not correspond to Some of the metaphors Yu-Yu has a meaning and it refers to the language and culture are closely related, in another culture often can not find corresponding Yu and Yu Yi, which resulted in a culture known as the default Phenomenon. For example: in English "my rib" I am referring to Yu's wife, it comes from the "Bible" story, that is, Adam (Adam)'s wife Eve (Eve) God is with a piece of Adam's rib made. The Chinese did not, "the Bible" cultural background, and there was no analogy with rib habit, so the formation of a corresponding gap. Similarly, "ugly duckling" (Ugly Duckling) refers to the metaphor will get ahead of Little, "early bird" refers to the diligent Yu, in the words into Chinese language, culture, as a result of the default, can not find a corresponding relationship between metaphor . Chinese and Western cultures in the common metaphor Metaphor and culture to a large extent, human beings have a common understanding, rooted in the people's own day-to-day experience. In this connection, often between different ethnic groups are the same. Both English and Chinese language in a lot of abstract thinking that the metaphorical expression is the same. For example: the human child in the period to form a position on the concept of input in that direction in the form of many of them easily understood, including the position expressed by metaphor, which has become a fixed pattern of thinking. For example: The term direction (up, down) to describe people's social status, physical, emotional, and other abstract concepts to the case when the good is up; Sad is down. We Chinese are also not difficult to find a similar sentence: "Gas Prices "," enhance the social status "and" vision "and" depressed. " Since the objective laws of nature with the relative unity of different cultures to understand the nature of the course is similar to the cognitive experience. in the metaphor of the difference between Chinese and Western cultures As the English-Chinese geographical and cultural differences, living in two different cultures in practice there are a lot of differences, and different life experiences and let people understand the objective world, a different language carries different nationalities Cultural characteristics and cultural information. Understanding of metaphor is not out of socio-cultural backgrounds. For example, social and cultural impact of the color words is deep-rooted, some color words in different cultures in an entirely different meaning, has a distinctive feature of our national culture. Such as: English, said in green "inexperienced" and "shallow knowledge", such as: "a green hand", "I was very green when I started working there." The Chinese like to express the meaning of the word is "yellow" Such as: "Huangmaoyatou" and "flower girl". Cultural background knowledge is the metaphor to create a rich source of thinking, as the Eastern and Western cultures are different, metaphors in English and Chinese applications there are also significant differences. The metaphor of the cross-cultural differences between Chinese and Western influence Language is a cultural change in the development of the complex, subject to political, economic, historical, environmental and other factors. Chinese and Western styles are different, but in many ways to infiltrate interaction and integration, language differences and cultural metaphor for the inevitable impact is complex and diverse. metaphorical expression of cultural conflict Different nationalities in the world to observe a different perspective and ideas, different cultures there are a lot of conflict or inconsistency metaphor. If the animal metaphors, in English Long (dragon) is a kind of evil, will belch out smoke monster. "Bible", the dragon is the devil, is a symbol of evil and terror, there is a terrible vicious meaning. The Chinese dragon is in power, the auspicious symbol of Chinese traditional culture, the Chinese have "Wangzichenglong", "descendants of the Dragon." The same analogy in different cultures, different meaning, of two cultures "Dragon" to give a different connotation. differences in living conditions caused by differences in metaphor In English is a lot of metaphor and marine-related, such as: all at sea (at a loss what to do); drink like a fish (drinking cow); fish in the air (Shuizhonglaoyue); give up the ship (give up). In Chinese, there are a lot of the horse or cattle pose a metaphor, such as: "a willing ox" (a willing horse) Gan means to serve the community; "old ox" (a working horse) refers to the hard work; "bragging "(Talk horse), and so on. This is due to different geographical location and natural environment caused by different cultural metaphor. Britain is an island, ultimately, dependent on the sea, and China is a large agricultural country, farming culture deeply feudal society. different religious and cultural differences arising from the metaphor Religious culture of human culture is an important part of it by referring to the nation's religious beliefs, such as the formation of the sense of culture, "the Bible" in the story, with its language and meaning has become a feature of daily life in the West in terms of . For example, power of the keys (the keys to the kingdom of heaven; the rights of the Pope), in the right church, but in the wrong pew (in general is right, but not the details), and so on. Chinese culture and Buddhism, Taoism and more affected by the impact of Confucianism, the Chinese, there are a lot of related argot. "Jiehuaxianfo"; "临时抱佛脚"; "做一天和尚撞一天钟" and so on. It is due to the diversity of culture, resulting in the differences between English and Chinese metaphor. This difference to the cross-cultural communication has brought the impact. As a foreign language students, do not understand the difference between metaphor and language will make mistakes, sometimes mistakenly made good as pleasant, caused by either one or both of the conversation unpleasant; also sometimes mocked as a praise. When a native language other operators do not understand the language contained in the cultural differences, it is often difficult for such language to accurately convey the meaning of the understanding, difficulty to the cross-cultural exchange. 3. Metaphor of the three methods of translation The translation of metaphor not only accurately and effectively convey the original language, but also loyal, accessible, complete reproduction of the original language and cultural connotation and significance. But in the West because of cultural differences and different, so the translation of metaphor in English on the need to consider not only its literal sense, and so on, but also in the West should pay attention to their cultural differences. American Eugene Nida said: "Translation is the exchange between the two cultures. The real success of the translation, even more familiar with the two cultures is more important to master two languages. Because only in terms of its role in the culture In the background will only be meaningful. "Therefore, the translation of metaphor to combining Chinese and Western cultures, and cultural backgrounds to leave the translation, can not be achieved between the two languages of the real exchange. Literal Translation The so-called "literal" is asked in the language when conditions permit, in the translation to maintain the original content, but also to maintain the original form, in particular, to maintain the original metaphor, the image of the nation, and other local color. In the literal translation method to maintain the original expression of the culture and at the same time, target enriched the vocabulary and expression, such as: "a Pandora's box" (Pandora's Box); "chain reaction" (chain reaction). In the original text and asked the information contained in the same culture, we should adopt the literal translation method. (1) You are my sunshine, my only sunshine. : You are my sun, my only sunshine. In Chinese and English, the sun is warm, beautiful, in both languages, they disseminate information on culture are the same. As a rule, and asked in the original text in the form of grammatical structure, similar to the style or color on basically the same, the law should adopt the literal translation. (1) He is another Shylock. : He is also a Shylock. (Note: Shakespeare's Shylock is "The Merchant of Venice" in a very harsh mean business People. ) (2) To carry coals to Newcastle. : Coal to Newcastle. (Note: "Newcastle" is a British coal, coal is superfluous here.) 4. Conclusion Metaphor as a way to figures of speech or skills, a unique feature of grammar, which features make the sentence more flexible and constructive, but the United States. Is a metaphor to express more complex ideas and things, a powerful tool. Wherever and whenever people in their daily lives are often used metaphor. As Mr. Lin Zhuang said: "The metaphor is no longer expanding his knowledge and understanding of a passive process. To help us in the form of new knowledge, the metaphor has played an active role so that we can better a better understanding of the objective world." In English and Chinese Metaphorical significance of the difference is due to cultural differences between East and West, that mode of thinking, moral values and sense of difference. However, different cultural impact of what is the concept of metaphor, it is still a need to examine and address the problem. At the same time, in the metaphor of the process of translation must pay special attention to cultural differences. The best translation is to be able to accurately reflect the true meaning of the author, as well as its cultural and stylistic characteristics of the translation, that is, the translation of metaphor to make as much as possible the original language and to achieve the target language culture, and so on.
1、 (英语系毕业论文)中西戏剧发展快慢对比及其原因 摘 要 中西戏剧都有悠久的历史，无论是西方戏剧还是中国戏剧，都起源于民间，并与原始人祭祀神灵，欢庆节日的仪式密切联系在一起的。回顾希腊戏剧产生形成的历史，它发展快，成就高，在世界上的影响很... 类别：毕业论文 大小：95 KB 日期：2007-07-14 2、 (英语系毕业论文)从中美管理方式的不同透析中西方文化差异与整合 摘 要随着全球化的来临，中国与外界的交流越来越频繁，特别是在商界。本论文主要探讨中美在管理上的交流。如今的商界，如同一个大家庭，参与者遍布世界各地。正是由于这个原因，各国的管理模式也趋于一体化。但是... 类别：毕业论文 大小：85 KB 日期：2007-06-26 3、 (英语系毕业论文)在经济全球化下中西方文化差异与跨文化管理 摘 要伴随着世界经济的快速增长,跨国公司的飞速发展, 全球商业活动的猛烈激增，同时伴随着在文化多样化环境下的相关管理问题的出现，跨国公司的人员必须与来自不同文化背景的人打交道，这种文化差异时而会造成... 类别：毕业论文 大小：96 KB 日期：2007-06-26 4、 (英语系毕业论文)中西服饰文化差异对语言的影响 摘 要中西服饰受其各自不同哲学和文化的影响体现出不同的特征：儒家思想和大陆文明使中国服饰呈现出繁冗，宽博的特征。它不注重外表的装饰，以宽松的衣服遮掩身体的曲线，在思想上追求人格的完美，以“谦谦君... 类别：毕业论文 大小：90 KB 日期：2007-06-25 5、 (英语系毕业论文)快餐食品对中西方传统饮食文化的影响力 摘 要自古以来，中国就是一个以礼待人的礼仪之邦。而在不同的国家、不同的地区，礼仪的形式也有所不同。本文主要从礼仪的角度谈论了礼仪与中西方文化之间的联系及相互影响，目的是为了消除不同国家之间的不同... 类别：毕业论文 大小：88 KB 日期：2007-06-25 6、 (英语系毕业论文)从礼仪角度谈中西文化的差异性 摘 要自古以来，中国就是一个以礼待人的礼仪之邦。而在不同的国家、不同的地区，礼仪的形式也有所不同。本文主要从礼仪的角度谈论了礼仪与中西方文化之间的联系及相互影响，目的是为了消除不同国家之间的不同... 类别：毕业论文 大小：85 KB 日期：2007-06-23 7、 (英语系毕业论文)中西饮食文化及其差异 摘 要中国悠久历史5000年，西方世界五六百年的社会历程。中国有灿烂丰富、博大精深的饮食文化；西方国家则有精巧专维、自成体系的饮食文明。民以食为天，中国有自己独特丰富的饮食文化底蕴。然而今天除了中国... 类别：毕业论文 大小：100 KB 日期：2007-06-21 8、 (英语系毕业论文)中西酒店文化比较及探讨 摘 要在经济蓬勃发展的今天，旅游业风风火火地发展起来了，作为与旅游业相配套的酒店业也相应的完善起来，且更加趋于国际化。中国已经入世，这更给中国的酒店业带来一个新的发展契机，但世界上酒店发展规模空前，...
一篇研究论文的例子有哪些
一、自律[事实论据](1)梨虽无主，我心有主宋元之交，世道纷乱。一天，学者许衡外出，天气炎热，口渴难忍。路边正好有棵梨树，行人都去摘梨，惟独许衡不为所动。有人便问：“你何不摘梨解渴?”他回答：“不是自己的梨，岂能乱摘?”那人笑其迂腐：“世道这样乱．管它是谁的梨!”许衡正色道：“梨虽无主，我心有主。”(2)“天下廉吏第一”的于成龙清朝官员于成龙在生活上极其俭朴，江南百姓遂给他起了个外号为“干青菜”。他在任两江总督期间，有一知县给他呈送“中秋节礼”，被他严词拒绝，并特发(严禁馈送檄)。于成龙为了警诫自己，勉励下属，在大堂上悬联—幅：“累万盈千，尽是朝廷正赋，倘有侵斯，谁替你披枷带锁；—丝半粒，无非百姓脂膏，不加珍惜．怎晓得男盗妇娼。”因此，他为官几十年，真正做到了“清介自持．誓不受属员一亳馈送。”二、自豪[事实论据]1．“神舟五号”载人飞船顺利升空飞行后，我国将发射“神舟六号”载人飞船，实现多人同时上天飞行的梦想。同时，我国航天计划“嫦蛾工程”正在顺利进行，可以想见，不久的将来，中国人的足迹将留在月球上：2．当越来越多的中国体坛明星站在世界大赛领奖台上的时候，当五星红旗一次次冉冉升起的时候，我们越来越感受到当一名中国人的自豪。3．2004年2月25日，朝鲜核问题六方会谈在北京举行。——时间，北京成为国际注目的焦点，人们纷纷称赞中国扮演了调解国际纠纷的关键角色。三、惜时[事实论据]鲁迅先生是十分珍惜时间的，他“把别人喝咖啡的工夫用在写作上”，从而一生著作颇丰，成为一代文坛巨匠。著名数学家陈景润十分珍惜时间，他曾给自己拟订出一张工作时间表，把一天24小时的分分秒秒都充分利用起来。即使在路上走，也在读读背背，他的英文、俄文、法文、德文四门外语的单词，就是这样掌握的。四、合 作[寓言故事]俄国作家克雷洛夫讲过这样一个故事：一只龙虾，一只天鹅，一条梭鱼共同拉着一辆车，它们拉的很卖力，但龙虾使劲往土里爬，天鹅拼命往天上飞，梭鱼使尽全力往水里游，结果车子一步也走不动。足见虽然努力了，但没有合作，于也枉然。[神话传说]一天，上帝带一个传教士来到地狱，这儿的人围着一个盛满粥的大锅坐着，每人都有一把勺柄太长的勺子，谁都无法将食物送到自己的嘴里，只能挨饿。上帝和传教士又来到天堂，这里的人也是围着一口大锅，手里也拿着一把长柄勺子，看上去他们很快乐，上帝见传教士对此迷惑不解，便解释说：“这里的人都学会了喂对方。”[生活实例]一架波音747客机需要—万多个零部件，其中绝大部分来自世界各地的众多公司，特别是新加坡和韩国，中国也为其提供飞机的平衡尾翼。五、宽 容[事实论据]吕端大度 宋朝宰相吕端，一生宽厚多恕，别人冒犯了他，他从不介意．别人误会了他，或为了排挤他，到皇帝那里告他的状，他也不多加辩解，只是说：“吾直道而言，无所愧畏，风波之言不足虑也。”李斯特的学生 有个姑娘要开音乐会，在海报上谎说自己是李斯特的学生。演出前一天，李斯特出现在姑娘面前。姑娘惊恐万收，说冒称是出于生计，并请求宽恕。辛斯特要她把曲子弹给他听，并加以指点，最后爽快地说：“大胆地上合演奏，你现在已经是我的学生了。你可以告诉剧场经理，晚会再增加一个节目，由老师为学生演奏。”六、尊师[名人名言]I事实论据]程门立雪 宋代著名学者杨时，四十岁时拜程颐为师。一个下雪的中午，杨时和他的同学在读书时产生了疑问，便去请教程颐。当时，程颐正在午睡，他们便站在门口，静等老师醒来；待程颐醒后发现他们时，他们站的地方已在雪地里留下了深深的脚印。日本人尊师 日本人有尊师的传统，他们普遍认为教师是在为社会作自我牺牲；因此，当公共车辆上出现穿有“教师服”的乘客时，无论这个人年龄大小，其他乘客都会主动让座。这让教师们都有一种光荣感。七、追求[事实论据]左宗棠抬棺出征 1876年，65岁的左宗棠抬棺出征，誓与故人决一死战，一举收复天山南北，粉碎了英、俄侵略新疆的阴谋。他的居室有一副对联：“身无半亩地，心怀天下，读破万卷书，神交古人。”表现了将军的忘我追求。孙冶方不改追求 著名经济学家孙冶方文革期间遭受39次批斗，入狱7年，仍不改追求，至力于社会主义经济的研究，他撰写《社会主义经济论》，已写好的文章常常不翼而飞，前后共写了85遍，这种追求真理的精神令人钦佩。八、爱 国[事实论据]鲁迅三易其志我国著名的文坛巨匠鲁迅为了祖国三易其志。他先学采矿，希望实业报国，后改学医，欲救治民众于疾苦；面对一些中国人精神麻木，他又弃医从之，欲唤醒沉睡的国人。同时以笔作枪，捍卫正义与民主，成为中华民族的“脊梁”。居里夫人命名钋 玛丽•居里是法籍物理学家、化学家，她生于波兰华沙，后因求学留居法国。虽然身在他乡，但是她心系祖国。1898年7月，她发现了一种新的放射性元素，为了纪念自己的祖国——波兰，新元素被命名为钋(波兰的意思)。十二、妒忌[[寓言故事]山羊与驴：有个人饲养着山羊和驴子。主人总是给驴子喂充足的饲料，嫉妒心很重的山羊便对驴子说，你一会儿要推磨，一会儿又要驮沉重的货物，十分辛苦，不如装病，摔倒在地上， 便可以得到休息。驴于听从了山羊的劝告，摔得遍体鳞伤。主人请来医生，为他治疗。医生说要将山羊的心肺熬汤作药给驴子喝，才可以治好。于是，主人马上杀掉山羊去为驴子治病。这故事是说，凡是策划作恶的人，将自食其果，没有好下场。——《伊索寓言》该隐和亚伯都是亚当和夏娃所生，是一对亲兄弟。他们都献祭物给上帝。上帝看中了亚伯所献的祭物，而没有接纳该隐所献的礼物。该隐怪他的兄弟，先是气得睡不着觉，吃不下饭。后来，他干脆不跟兄弟亚伯说话。直到有一天，妒火中烧的该隐竟把亲弟弟亚伯引诱到田里杀害了。他自己从此也受到上帝的惩罚，不得不离家出走，过着逃亡的生活。[科学数据]心理学家的观察研究证明，嫉妒心强烈的人易患，心脏病，而且死亡率也高；而嫉妒心较少的人群，心脏病的发病率和死亡率只有前者的1／3—1／2。此外，如头痛、胃痛、高血压等病症。易发生于嫉妒心强的人，并且药物的治疗效果也较差。十三、知识[[事实论据]苏东坡的错误 某日，苏东坡去其师王安石府上拜访，王安石却去了朝中。苏东坡见桌上放有一首王未完成的《咏菊》诗：“昨夜西风过园林，吹落黄花满地金。”他读了很不以为然，于是援笔续道：“黄花不似春花落，说与诗人仔细听。”后诗人被贬黄州时，一次与友人夜间赏菊，正碰上秋风乍起，只见菊花花瓣纷纷落地，确像满地铺金，苏东坡始知自己的孤陋寡闻。《红楼梦》——“百科全书” 古典名著(红楼梦》中，涉及的知识有政治、经济、军事、医学、心理学、音乐、诗词、历史、地理、建筑、园林、风俗、烹调等，因而被人们称为“百科全书”。由此可见曹雪芹的知识面之广。十四、谦虚[事实论据]李相的一字师 唐代的李相读《春秋》时，念错了一个字，在一旁侍候的小吏皱了一下眉头。李相见后即问因何皱眉，小吏含蓄地说： “我的老师教我读此书时，我读错了一个字，今天听您一念我就明白怎样读了。”听出了这话的言外之意后，李相说： “不对。我没有受到老师的指点，如果错了，一定是我不是你。”说完，就向小吏请教，待小吏详述原委后，李即称小吏为“一字师” ，富兰克林的墓铭志 美国伟大的物理学家富兰克林，一生勤于创造发明，赢得过不下一百个学位和头衔；但他的墓碑上，却刻着他生前为自己撰写的几个简单文字：印刷工富兰克林之墓。白居易虚心请教 相传我国唐朝著名诗人白居易，每当作好了一首诗，总是先念给牧童或老妇人听，然后再反复修改，直到他们听了拍手称好，才算定稿。像白居易这样一位著名的诗人，并不因牧童和村妇的无知而轻视他们，因为他懂得真正的文学作品，必须得到人民的承认，所以他虚心求教于人民群众，这才使他的诗通俗易懂，为后人传诵。克雷洛夫是俄国18世纪伟大的寓言作家，他的寓言写得既多又好。有一次，他的一位朋友夸赞说：“你的书写得真好，一版销完又印一版，比谁的都印得多。”克雷洛夫却这样回答：“不，不是我的书写得好，是因为我的书是给孩子们读的，谁都知道，孩子们是容易弄坏书的，所以版次多一些。”十五、服装[事实论据]1．不少人慕名跑到巴黎，抄袭和仿制巴黎时装，却仍然设计不出具有法兰西民族风味的时装。正像在法国人开的中国餐馆里吃不出中国的风味一样。2．2001年上海APEC会议，与会各国领导人同时穿着中国传统的唐装与公众见面。一时间，唐装成为举世瞩目的服装，并迅速流行开来。十六、思考[事实论据]惟一的腿 苏联诗人马雅可夫斯基才华横溢，可是有一次为了描绘一个孤独的男子怎样保护和疼爱他的心上人，苦思冥想了两天，还是一无所获。到了第三天晚上，他又想得头昏脑胀，在睡梦中，他忽然吟出了下面的诗句：我将保护和疼爱你的身体，就像一个在战争中残废了的，对任何人都不需要了的兵士爱护着他惟一的腿。将爱人比作伤残士兵的“惟一的腿”，形象生动，感情深沉，还带着一丝淡淡的孤独和惆怅所以如果你在写作时埋怨自己没有灵感，那只是因为你缺少了苦苦思索。
1、马云
1999年的阿里巴巴创办者马云，对梦想从不放弃。他曾经想考重点小学，但却失败了；考重点中学也失败了；考大学更是考了三年才考上；想念哈佛大学也没有成功。但他有坚持不懈，勇往直前的精神，俗话说：“宝剑锋从磨砺出，梅花香自苦寒来。”
他通过自已的努力，最终成功了。他说：梦想，要脚踏实地，和眼泪是息息相关的。
2、柏拉图
有一次上课时，苏格拉底布置了一道作业，让他的弟子们做一件事，每天把手甩一百下，过一个星期后，他问有多少人现在还坚持做了的，百份之九十的人都坚持做了。一个月后，他又问了，现在只有一半的人了。一年后，他再问了，现在只有一个人坚持下来了，那个人就是柏拉图。
3、爱迪生
爱迪生曾花了整整十年去研制蓄电池，其间不断遭受失败的他一直咬牙坚持，经过了五万次左右的试验，终于取得成功，发明了蓄电池，被人们授与“发明大王”的美称。
4、李白
唐朝大诗人李白，小时候不喜欢读书。一天，趁老师不在屋，他悄悄溜出门去玩。他来到山下小河边，见到一位老婆婆在石头上磨一根铁杵。李白很纳闷，上前问：“老婆婆，您磨铁杵做什么?”老婆婆说：“我在磨针。”
李白吃惊地问：“哎呀!铁杵这么粗大，怎么能磨成针呢?”老婆婆笑呵呵地说：“只要天天磨，铁杵就能越磨越细，还怕磨不成针吗?”李白听后，想到自己，心中惭愧，转身跑回了书屋。
从此，他牢记“只要功夫深，铁杵磨成针”的道理，发愤读书，终于成为了一位伟大的诗人，并被称为“诗仙”。
5、梵高
梵高的执着的绘画梦想，虽然很遗憾在他生前，他的作品没有受到是人的欣赏，但在那种世人漠视、穷困潦倒的环境下，仍坚持着自己的梦想，画自己想画的画，这也着实非常人所能的。
体育案例研究论文一篇
小学体育教学改革之我见摘 要学校教育改革给体育教学提出了新的目标要求，而现行体育教学很少考虑学生的年龄性别特点，体育课练习密度普遍偏低，不利于全面提高学生身心素质，也很难调动全体学生的学习热情，体育教学改革势在必行。本文根据个人多年体育教学实践体会，就初中体育教学目标、内容和方法提出了改革性建议。关键词 初中体育教学 目标 内容 方法 改革建议1 体育教学的目标学校体育主要由体育教学和课外体育活动组成。体育教学的任务与目标是进行健身知识技能的传授以及运动教学，课外活动目标是巩固课堂教学内容同时组织丰富多彩的活动来练身和活跃学生生活、协调人际关系。所以学校体育的目标宏观来讲应是促进学生体格体能的完善和发展，培养体育的情趣、坚强的意志和良好的社会情感，形成良好的人际关系。对每一个学生而言，是通过体育达到以下四个目标：①身体的发展。有很好的适应能力，包括适应不同环境不同气候不同岗位的身体和心理能力，对疾病的抵抗能力和康复能力，对疲劳的抵抗力；②获得良好的运动技能，提高工作劳动的效率，进而提高生活质量；③掌握科学的健身养生知识，提高智力素质；④培养正确的社会情感，形成民主、公平、竞争的意识，能不断自我发现、自我完善和自我实现。概括地说就是：全面锻炼身体增强体质，掌握体育卫生的基本知识基本技术和基本技能，进行思想品德教育形成良好个性。2 现行教学内容及方法的弊端中学体育包括理论与实践两大部分。理论课十分抽象、深奥，并且系统性不强，比如针对初一学生讲人体的ATP、CP、葡萄糖、脂肪氧化供能，似乎为时太早，太深奥。实践课包括队列队形、基本体操、跑、跳、投、技巧、支撑跳跃、单杠、双杠、民族传统体育、篮球及韵律体操和舞蹈等。体育课是身体活动课，而身体活动是以身体素质与思想素质作基础的。学生基础不同，要掌握相同的教学内容，这也成了体育教师的一大难点。另外限于条件，体育实践课受场地影响大，背越式跳高少不了海绵包，篮球教学要有很多的球与球场，遇大风、下雪、落雨、强日光，体育课变更的随意性则更大。教学内容完不成，学生身体得不到锻炼，结果体育课成了学校的“搭头课”。《中国教育改革和发展纲要》明确指出：中小学要由“应试教育”转向全面发展提高国民素质的轨道。党的十四届五中全会进一步指出“实施科教兴国战略是历史发展的必然选择”。劳动者的素质直接影响到科学技术应用的程度，而基础教育是提高劳动者素质的重要阶段。体育课必须改革，与之相适应。过去有的教师上课“放羊式”，因为目标太高无法实现，教师心中茫然学生亦然，场地器材条件差，加之天气等原因，体育课一盘散沙。过去考什么练什么，对于教材规定的十二项必修教材则抛在一边，吏无选修课与素质练习课，仅仅是为应付教学竞赛和教学检查才上几次考试项目之外的内容，学生学得少、练得也不多。因此体育教学改革势在必行。3 中学生生理心理特点初中学生正处生长发育的第二高峰期，即青春发育期。这个时期学生身体迅速成长，骨胳肌肉发育很快，心血管系统、神经系统都有较大发展，神经兴奋过程占优势，反应快易激动，但心脏发育稍滞后于运动系统与神经系统的发育，运动持续能力差，易疲劳。尤其是性机能的迅速发展，体态上出现了新的变化，男女生差别更为明显。男生声音变粗，喉结突出、出现胡须、体型纵向发展；女生月经出现，声音变高，乳腺发育，皮下脂肪增多，身体开始横向发展。生理方面的这些突变，引起心理、行为也发生相应变化：第一，由于体内新陈代谢旺盛、精力充沛，充满朝气，活泼好动，喜爱体育运动及竞赛以表现自己。第二，由于身体发育不均衡，加之中枢神经系统调节能力差，所以动作笨拙、别扭、不灵活，而且容易头晕和疲劳，干事情往往虎头蛇尾有始无终。第三，由于性机能开始成熟，性意识觉醒，开始注意异性，产生好奇心，并且爱表现自己来吸引异性。第四，成人感产生并逐渐对身体形态产生意识，开始评价别人和进行自我评价。同时心理矛盾更为明显，如独立性与依赖性矛盾，自尊心与自卑感矛盾，反抗性与屈从性的矛盾，理想与挫折的矛盾，这些矛盾使他们表现出偏激或逆反心理，所以应以正面教育引导为主，不可打击其自尊挫伤其人格。4 游戏法教学是比较适合的方法游戏是一种遵循很简单的规则让人有很大自由活动余地的运动，可以随意支配动作的难易与数量，比如双人摇绳跳，只不允许踩死跳绳，而进出的方向、跳动的次数均不加限制；“网鱼”游戏规定在一定范围内运动，而跑直线还是折线、曲线，是急停急起还是跑跳结合均不加限制，只要跑动者不被围捕者逮住即可。游戏法特点之一是参加者全体在运动，这保证了练习的密度与强度；二是动作难度自己控制。比如“贴膏布”，速度快与追捕者离得远可以多绕几个圈，速度慢可就近处置；三是在练习中学习，不会作游戏的人，只要参加了一次练习，也就会作这个游戏了，学习效率比单纯的组织学生学要高很多。其基本过程是“练习一学习一练习”，实用性大，练习次数多，而不是学示范动作那样“学习一练习”；四是不同气候不同场地条件下均可作游戏，受外界的限制较小；五是游戏内容丰富形式多样，可以活跃气氛，提高练习效果；六是可简化教学内容提高学生兴趣。比如篮球投篮练习，将球篮降低到2．2至2．5米高度，学生易于投中，还可练习扣篮，既是游戏，又是教学内容，学生很愿意投入。体育课中使用游戏法，可以激起学生运动热情；但当学生很活泼时上体育课，又必须集中其注意力并稍抑制其激情，这时可用集中注意力游戏；素质练习很枯燥乏味，可用游戏法进行调节，如追逐跑练奔跑能力、听信号追逐跑练反应速度与动作速度，“跳深”与蛙跳的竞赛练跳跃能力，不同高度的橡皮筋可用来练障碍跑和跳高。结束部分用音乐伴奏跳迪斯科来放松肢体，或用听信号大声笑的游戏放松情绪。班级体育活动中亦可引入体育游戏，比如跳绳、登山、小群体的竞赛等均可协调学生关系，增强凝聚力。全校性的拔河比赛，球类比赛，擂台赛，可以促进学校学习气氛的转化，可以扭转后进生，使他们发现自己的优点和长处，提高学习兴趣；健美操、韵律操、体育舞蹈是女生们喜爱的内容，可以促进机体的发展，展示美好的姿势，培养自信心。业余运动队的选材和训练，也可以采用游戏的方法进行。训练是艰苦、枯燥的事情，如果手段不发生变化，极易造成学生伤痛发生和成绩下降，通过形式多样的游戏则既可提高身体素质和运动技术，又可以调节精神和情感，防止运动损伤。总之，实施素质教育应强调让每一个学生的每一个方面均有发展，具有个性特长，实施游戏法教学则能很好地吸引学生，使他们感到因为学校里有自己的游戏伙伴，有游戏场所和游戏组织者及参与者，在共同的活动中可以不断了解自己，评价自己，提高欣赏美、表现美、创造美的能力，能够在快乐中锻炼身体，培养良好的思想品德。所以，学校体育中应大力推广游戏法教学，尤其是义务教育中，在学生的世界观、人生观形成时期，在体质锻炼的黄金时期，用多种有效教学方法促进学生全面发展。参考文献1 体育学院通用教材．运动心理学．人民体育出版社，1996．42 雷志灶．中学体育教材教法．《湖南体育科学》编辑部编辑出版，1998．63 体育学院通用教材．学校体育学．高教出版社，1995．44 梁文忠，徐新启．素质教育必读，1997还有些其他的速度素质练习的方法、手段 试论排球发球技战术的变化及对策 浅析体育教学中的“启发式”教学模式 篮球运动员的篮板球意识及其培养篮球运动员不良罚球心态及其矫正 跨栏步摆动腿动作的生物力学分析 竞赛中运动员的心理障碍与心理训练 初中体育教学改革之我见体育教学中学生的兴趣激发之我见 体育节 我们的节日____关于我县高级中学举办“学生体育节”的构想及意义 企业赞助中学高水平运动队处探关于我市居民体育生活现状的思考和研究 论200米跑运动员的生化特点和训练 在体育教学中如何培养学生的创新精神和实践能力 现代中小学体育特点分析浅析体育教学中的“启发式”教学模式 在体育中渗透心理健康教育请采纳答案，支持我一下。
这方面的内容还真不少。我也是看了很多资料才知道的。
一、休闲娱乐体育活动对身体健康的促进作用 （一）对不同年龄阶段人群身体健康的良好影响 尽管休闲娱乐体育内容和形式多种多样，但身体活动则是最主要的手段和方式。对于不同年龄者的身体健康都有积极的促进作用。从某种意义上来说，是对人类有机体生命的一种强化。对于处于生长发育阶段的少年儿童来说，通过休闲娱乐体育活动可以促进身体的正常发育成长，提高身体各个器官和系统的功能状态，全面发展体能，促进体格健壮健美，并为终生健康打好基础。对于处于人生压力最大的中青年来说，通过休闲娱乐体育活动可以起到保持、保护身体健康的作用。对于老年人来说，通过休闲娱乐体育活动有助于保持身体健康，延缓衰老的进程。现代社会已经日益高龄化，如何在寿命延长的同时保持良好的健康状态，既是老年人的愿望，也是社会的需求。 （二）对主要身体功能的良好影响 1．对心血管系统功能的影响 在世界范围内，心血管疾病已经成为危害人类健康的“第一杀手”。大量的流行病学调研和实验研究结果已经揭示，心血管疾病虽然主要发病在中老年，但时常起源于少年儿童，而且该类疾病的发生和发展可以为许多称作为“危险因素”的因素所加速。这些因素中，部分受遗传制约，如家族病史、年龄与性别，更多的与行为和生活类型有关。如过大的心理压力、高血压、高血脂、肥胖和超重、吸烟、不良饮食习惯、体力活动不足和身体素质低下等。也就是说，心血管疾病的大部分危险因素可以通过生活类型的改变得到改善。其中最为关键的行为因素是加强体育锻炼。研究已经揭示，适度的体育活动可以改善高血压、高血脂状态，可以改善肥胖和超重现象，可以缓解心理压力，并且可以改善身体素质。 2．对运动系统功能的影响 人类衰老的特征性变化之一，就是表现在肌肉力量减退，骨质疏松,关节活动度变小，运动能力下降。通过休闲娱乐体育活动之所以能够延缓衰老进程，其重要途径之一便在于它能够有效地保持肌力，增加和保持关节的灵活度，保持乃至增强骨密质。 3．对免疫系统功能的影响 免疫功能标志着人体对疾病的抵抗力，因此是人体健康和体质的代表性指标。大量流行病学调研、动物实验和人体实验结果已经证实，长期的大强度、大运动量运动训练会导致明显的免疫抑制现象，使得免疫功能降低，对各种感染性疾病的抵抗力明显降低。而长期从事适中的体育锻炼则有益于促进免疫功能，增强抵抗力，各种感染性疾病的患病率明显降低。这些研究结果表明：休闲娱乐体育活动可明显改善参与者的免疫功能。 二、休闲娱乐体育活动对心理健康的促进作用 （一）休闲体育有助于调节紧张情绪 当今世界是一个快节奏、高效率的社会，这就不可避免地给人们带来许多紧张和压力，同时也造成了情绪的不好状态。紧张的情绪会降低和抑制人体免疫功能，良好的情绪和稳定的心情，有利于保持和促进人体机能的稳定。休闲体育活动具有调节人体紧张情绪的作用，可以改善生理和心理状态，有助于恢复体力和精力，是人们生活的重要内容。（二）有助于促进人际交往 休闲体育不仅是休闲娱乐、健身的载体，也是消除孤独寂寞、拓展交际、增进情感交流及交友的润滑剂。人们通过休闲体育运动可以结识许多不同身份、年龄、性别的人，丰富精神生活和增进相互间的感情交流。无论在学校、商界、家庭、单位同事之间，休闲体育已经成为人们情感交流的有效途径，可以说休闲体育在某种意义上成了人与人之间的情感桥梁。 三、开展体育休闲娱乐活动的对策 （一）科学规划体育休闲娱乐活动的场地及设施的布局 体育休闲娱乐的场地和设施的布局要合理、科学,要给大众群体的健身活动提供方便。积极引导、支持和鼓励社会、侨资、集体和个人兴办各种体育健身场馆。按照科学性、趣味性、全面性的原则，结合居住社区人口规模、不同人员素质、个性偏好和消费水平，大力发展形式多样、内容丰富、可供多种选择的体育场馆、体育公园、休闲广场，为更多的普通大众到健身场所运动锻炼提供便利，让更多的普通大众有机会就近进行娱乐、休闲、健身，实现公共体育场所全部向社会开放。 （二）加强体育休闲娱乐教育 加强体育休闲娱乐教育，迅速普及健康、积极的体育休闲娱乐活动。在有相关学科基础的普通院校开设体育休闲娱乐专业，培养具有体育休闲娱乐专业知识和技术能力的人才。塑造健康、积极的体育休闲娱乐理念，正确认识体育休闲娱乐的价值观。在中国传统文化中，传统伦理道德所体现的与自然、人和社会和谐共处的思想，形成了中国人独特的体育价值观。体育休闲娱乐教育要强调非功利性教育，树立健康生活理念，使体育休闲娱乐作为一种文化范畴不断地融入人们的生活。树立“胜固可喜，败亦无忧”的人生态度，把胜负看成是对人生的一种体验，有益于自身人格的健全。体育休闲娱乐教育与学校体育教育同步进行，能收到较好的效果。 四、结束语 休闲体育是以娱乐身心、发展自我为主要目的的体育活动。休闲体育可以促进人们的身心健康，健全与完善终身教育体系，拉动消费，促进社会经济发展，引导社会风气。休闲体育强调的是回归自然，身心放松；强调的是活动的乐趣。休闲体育的形式不拘一格，内容丰富多彩。休闲体育特点是简便易行，对技术、场地设施的要求不高；老少皆宜，适宜活动的人群范围广；自由自在,强调活动的自由性和趣味性。基于此，休闲体育正逐步得到了人们的喜爱。中国的休闲体育起步较晚，虽然越来越多的人已享受到了休闲体育带来的快乐，但与发达国家相比，还有很大差距。由于投资少，远远满足不了广大群众娱乐、健身的需要。加大对休闲体育的宣传力度，多渠道筹集经费，增加资金投入，建立专门机构，加强管理等，是发展休闲体育的重要途径。
2体育运动概论论文借鉴我们研究的第三部分是一个重点，研究的篇幅也比较大。体育产业，或者体育商业的要素，与这些要素所带来的商机。第一，赛事资源管理与赛事运营，我们主要思考一个问题，主办权，即知识产权的拥有和商业模式怎么结合？到目前为止，武林大会号称是自主知识产权的中国赛事，但是它的主办方还是一个体育协会，这个主办权或者知识产权的拥有直接影响到这个产业、这个项目的持续性。如果这个知识产权不在企业里，那可能过了几年主管部门、领导部门换届，会不会产生一些不连续性。我们讲企业的持续性会比一般政府的持续性强，因为企业做品牌，它有很大投入，它不会轻易放弃某些项目。所以我们想做中国体育产业主要要关注知识产权的问题。第二，体育传媒业，传媒是商业模式得以实现的核心要素，因为很多中国体育产业的不发达有可能跟传媒不是很发达有关，因为很多体育赛事得不到选播，当然这个体育赛事本身的品质还是有问题，因为涉及到产权和投入的问题。特别是体育竞技业，产业价值的实现必须要依靠传媒来实现，就是说你要举办一个大型的体育赛事，必须依靠央视这种顶级的媒体，否则肯定做不了产业化。第三，体育明星和中介业。商业模式当中，我们会设计很多的亮点，其中体育明星就是一个很大的亮点，它是眼球经济、注意力经济，它实际上有一个点，但是这个点的把握，包括我们现在的体制问题，可能会影响体育明星的打造。因为目前涉及到奥运竞技体育方面的体育明星还是国有资产，它的产业化可能还是有些障碍。第四，也是一个商业机会，体育场馆建设和经营管理。现在国家统计局和体育总局联合发布的文件中，把体育场馆建设纳入进来了，体育场馆建设在国内有些案例做得比较好，场馆和地产结合，能够把群众体育带动起来，有很好的案例，我们也做了一些分析。而且我们想如果说这个场馆的经营形成像院线一样联盟之后，场馆本身就是一个媒体可以开发。第六，品牌赞助商与体育营销。现在很多企业都已经有这种共识了，利用品牌的赛事提升企业的品牌价值，打造企业的公益形象。还有一个特点，就是同类的企业对体育赛事赞助的竞争。第七，体育用品业的商机会少一些，现在竞争相当的激烈，但是体育运动高端比赛的机械生产、国内的研发还是有一定的空间。我们要组建一些类似于体育联盟的组织，合理地配置资源。 基于以上认识，从产业本身发展特征出发，我认为商业体育是基于体育为要素的配置资源形成的产业。奥运会其实是一次巨大的体育要素资源配置的活动，它把国内国际顶级的企业都作为一种资源配置进来了。 我们研究的第四部分是奥运会对中国体育的影响。奥运会竞技体育带来了一个体育热，即大众对体育的关注。这一结果和中国经济发展程度、和大众消费能力也相关，这种背景下，我们在做体育产业的时候有一些优势。我们研究了奥运会的商业模式，解剖了奥运商业模式中得到一些好处。从文化层面上，84年前的奥运会和84年后的奥运会没有什么变化。但是80年前的奥运会和84年后的奥运会是一个挣钱、一个赔钱的分水岭。这个巨大的变化背景实际上是商业模式的变革带来的，特别是电视媒体的发展。第三，通过体育精神的提炼形成体育文化的价值观。我们在做传统体育推广的时候，我们要善于学习奥运会把一种文化提升为精神层面的一个价值观的东西。因为中国很多传统的体育文化，我想比奥运会多的多，但是没有一个被提升成中华民族代表的一种价值观来传递。我们要学习奥运，要学会编故事，编故事就是在文化上做一些价值、精神层面的包装。第四，我们研究国外商业体育的特点和经验。美国、德国、英国、意大利、法国、日本各个国家都有自己的特点，我们也做了一些比较，以及中国发展体育产业的借鉴。 最后一部分是体育商业发展的趋势。今天上午陈院长已经讲了十大趋势。我认为这里面有几个是比较重点的。比如知识产权的问题，只有掌握知识产权，这个产业才能有可持续发展的可能，如果知识产权的问题解决不了，现在很多的赛事都集中在国家体育总局手上，没办法市场化。第二就是一种商业模式，我们学习了西方的商业模式之后，怎样对国内的体育文化进行包装？第三就是要学习文化产业，争取国家扶持政策。北京在扶持文化创意产业的时候，每年有5亿的资金，这个钱是免费给的。各区县配套的资金大概达到30亿，包括文化创意产业的产业园区、硬件及配套。我认为应该组织一个体育产业相对应的向国家要求扶持资金。第四，我们要加大力度宣传品牌企业参与体育产业的热情，因为企业社会责任感的体现是依靠比较公益性的体育。比如企业最终终极目标并不是盈利，终极目标肯定是慈善，我们要加大这方面的宣传。
英语论文举例子的格式
英语论文格式如下：
1、字体和字号：正文，标题，作者联络信息和图表中的文字均为times new roman 12号字。可以跟据需要使用同类字体中的粗体，斜体。
2、行距：单倍行距。
3、页码：论文正文和文后所附图例都需添加页码。页码为阿拉伯数字，位于页面下方居中。
4、文体：文章应语法正确，技术用词准确。标题应该以最简洁的语言概括文章内容。如果标题较长，请采用title: subtitle的形式。
5、数学公式：文中的数学公式不得手写，必须打印。公式如果在文中多次被引用，应该编号。公式之间，公式和正文之间都应该空一行。
6、单位： 文中所用的度量衡单位应为国际单位。可在括号内，单位对应表中列出其他单位。
英语论文格式模板2017
英语论文格式模板是怎样的呢?撰写一篇优秀的毕业论文，除了细心严谨之外，还要了解论文格式。下面是我分享的英语论文格式模板，欢迎阅读!
英文论文格式均以美国土木工程师协会出版社发布的标准格式为准。
英语论文用激光打印机打印，打印稿为黑白稿，彩色打印件会影响出版效果。 版心：a4纸，上、下页边距 cm，左、右页边距均为 mm。论文内容宽不得超过， 长不得超过。
字体和字号：正文，标题，作者联络信息和图表中的文字均为times new roman 12号字。可以跟据需要使用同类字体中的粗体，斜体。
行距：单倍行距。
页码：论文正文和文后所附图例都需添加页码。页码为阿拉伯数字，位于页面下方居中。
文体：文章应语法正确，技术用词准确。标题应该以最简洁的语言概括文章内容。如果标题较长，请采用title: subtitle的形式。
数学公式：文中的数学公式不得手写，必须打印。公式如果在文中多次被引用，应该编号。公式之间，公式和正文之间都应该空一行。 单位： 文中所用的度量衡单位应为国际单位。可在括号内，单位对应表中列出其他单位。有关国际单位的使用(standard practice for use of the international system of units)可以通过电话1-向asce索取。其他相关使用参考文献，如anmc metric editorial guide， 5th ed，1992 可向美国国家公制协会 索取(american national metric council， 1735n. lynn street， suite 950， arlington， va 22209-2022)
图表：
标题说明和图例：插入的图表应该以出现顺序编号(figure 1，figure 2，table 1，table 2)。图的说明和标题，包括图的序号应该位于图的下方。表的说明和标题，包括表的序号应该位于表格上方。
位置：图可以插入到正文中，或者集中放在文章最后。如果在正文中插入图，尽量放在页面的顶部或尾部。不要选择文字环绕图形的对齐方式，可选择上下环绕方式。
底纹：插图中不要选择带阴影或底纹，否则会影响印刷效果。
照片：如果文中需要附上照片，在文中出现照片的地方贴上其黑白光面冲洗照片，标题说明位于照片下方。照片将和正文一起缩印，请不要提供彩色照片，以免影响印刷效果。
扫描图：印刷后的扫描图不如原件清晰。如果文中有扫描图，请提供灰色色标扫描图。
作者联络信息：请用横线和正文隔开。联络信息可以为一位作者或所有作者的，包括以下内容：作者全名;所属学会;学历或授予的荣誉;所在单位;通讯地址和电子邮箱;电话和传真。
参考文献：所有参考文献为单倍行距，放在文章最后，按照第一作者姓氏的字母顺序排列。如有同一作者的两篇以上文献，按出版年代先后排列。正文中引用参考文献时，作者和出版年代应该放入括号内。由于上标缩印后会变小，难于辨认，正文中不使用上标标注参考文献。所列出的参考文献应当在正文中都有所引用，如果正文中没有引用，请将文献列入文章最后的附加信息(additional information)部分，或者相关材料(related materials)部分。
论文一般由题名、作者、摘要、关键词、正文、参考文献和附录等部分组成，其中部分组成(例如附录)可有可无。论文各组成的'排序为：题名、作者、摘要、关键词、英文题名、英文摘要、英文关键词、正文、参考文献、附录和致谢。
1、毕业论文格式的写作顺序是：标题、作者班级、作者姓名、指导教师姓名、中文摘要及关键词、英文摘要及英文关键词、正文、参考文献。
2、毕业论文中附表的表头应写在表的上面，居中;论文附图的图题应写在图的下面，居中。按表、图、公式在论文中出现的先后顺序分别编号。
3、毕业论文中参考文献的书写格式严格按以下顺序：序号、作者姓名、书名(或文章名)、出版社(或期刊名)、出版或发表时间。
4、论文格式的字体：各类标题(包括参考文献标题)用粗宋体;作者姓名、指导教师姓名、摘要、关键词、图表名、参考文献内容用楷体;正文、图表、页眉、页脚中的文字用宋体;英文用TimesNewRoman字体。
5、论文格式的字号：论文题目用三号字体，居中;一级标题用四号字体;二级标题、三级标题用小四号字体;页眉、页脚用小五号字体;其它用五号字体;图、表名居中。
6、格式正文打印页码，下面居中。
7、论文打印纸张规格：A4210297毫米。
8、在文件选项下的页面设置选项中，字符数/行数选使用默认字符数;页边距设为上：3厘米;下：厘米;左：厘米;右：厘米;装订线：厘米;装订线位置：左侧;页眉：厘米;页脚厘米。
9、在格式选项下的段落设置选项中，缩进选0厘米，间距选0磅，行距选倍，特殊格式选(无)，调整右缩进选项为空，根据页面设置确定行高格线选项为空。
10、页眉用小五号字体打印XX大学XX学院20XX级XX专业学年论文字样，并左对齐。
11、使用软件：MicrosoftWord2000以上版本。
文献注释
注释不同于参考文献。参考文献是作者写作论著时所参考的文献书目，集中列于文末。而注释则是作者对正文中某一内容作进一步解释或补充说明的文字，不要列入文末的参考文献，而要作为注释放在页下，用①②标识序号。注释中提到的论著保持通常格式，如：
①与正文部分空出两行;②按照文中的索引编号分别或合并注释;③注释采用五号黑体，注释内容汉语采用小五号宋体，英语采用Times New Roman 9号。
一篇英语写的论文范文
在初中时，你们英语课上有接触过议论文吗?下面是我给大家整理的初中英语议论文写作，供大家参阅!
Television has come into our life for many years.
We can’t live happily without television. Jt can give us the latest information and news. It can open up our eyes and enlarge our knowledge. We can get happiness from the plays on television. We’ll be boring all day if there is no television. Television programs are attractive. After a whole day’s hard worlk we can sit before the television and drink a cup of tea. How wonderful it is!
Television is also bad for people’s health. It’s bad for you to watch TV too long, especially bad for your eyes.
It is true that watching TV can influence our behavior. However, it depends on what we do.
We are middle school students and we are busy with our lessons. So some people think we should concentrate more on our studies. If we volunteer to help others, it’s a waste of time. But I think volunteering is great. I not only feel good about helping others but also get to spend time doing what I love to do. And from volunteering I have learned many things that I have never learned in class. So if I have an oppoutunity, I’d like to visit old people’s home to clean up for them. I’d also like to help sick kids in hospital. I love kids and I plan to put my love to good use by working in hospital. In a word, I’d like to help people who need help. If everyone helps out a bit, the world will be more colorful.
Internet shopping is a new way of shopping. It offers a lot of advantages. The most important one is convenience. You can shop whenever you like because the online shops are open 24 hours a day. And you don’t have to queue with others. And it is often cheaper to buy goods through the Internet and it is also easy to find what you are looking for.
There are some disadvantages, too. You can not see the products or check their qualities. Besides you can not enjoy walking around the shops and talking with your friends.
8Should We Keep the Students in School All the Time?
Hello, we should keep the students in school all the time is a hot topic among educationists,teachers and teachers think that in order to let the students have more time for their lessons and develop their good behaviors,the schools are supposed to be sealed off,so the students can't go out and have to stay at some teachers and the students hold a different believe that would cause some students will have no time for relax,doing something they like,and that would do harm to their health,as well as their my mind,I don't think it's a good way to keep the students in school all day every one of us,need time and places for do not keep the students in school all the time,for our students and education,
That's all,thank you.
As the old saying goes(正如老话所言), a life without a friend is a life without a sun.(生活没有了朋友就像没有了太阳).But some people may say,we teenagers may let our friends talk us into doing bad as to pleased their so called "friend".This is because we teenagers are lack of the self-control ability.
I like staying with friends. Because friends are always give me a helping hand when in course, I will treasure(珍惜) my friendship no matter what.
10In modern society, people tend to be self-centered. Yet in my opinion, helping others should still be encouraged.
First of all, when you give a hand to a person in need, not only will he be free from the trouble but you will also feel good helping him.
Apart from that, helping others facilitates an efficient civilization. After the threshold of the new century of information explosion, it's not enough to perform on one's own any more. Teamgeist and cooperation are gaining importance.
Thus from the above mentioned two reasons, i hold the opinion that helping others benefit the most.
有很多的同学在写英语作文的时候，也会写一些经典的议论文，我整理了相关范文，希望会对大家有所帮助！
英语作文范文带中文翻译
Many years ago, the movie about the youth became very popular, every year, we can see many hot movies about the protagonist’s passed youth. People like to recall their passed youth, which makes such movies sell good. But I find the common things about these movies, all the protagonists’ youth are about fighting, love and other negative things. I understand the directors’ intention, they want to tell people youth is not perfect and having pities. Of course movie is exaggerating, the real youth is about studying, at least, most people have worked so hard to get into their ideal colleges. What the movies describe make up some people’s youth, for which they don’t have the chance to experience. We should not be misled by these movies, for the teenagers, their job is to study, so that they can have a bright future.
【翻译】很多年以前，关于青春的电影很受欢迎，此后每年，我们都可以看到很多热门电影是关于主人公逝去的青春。人们喜欢回忆他们逝去的青春，这才是让这类电影好卖的原因。但是我发现了这些电影的共同点，那就是所有的主人公的青春都是关于大家，恋爱和其他消极的东西。我明白导演们的意图，他们想要告诉人们青春是不完美的，存在遗憾。当然电影是夸张化的，真正的青春是关于学习，至少，大部分人是如此努力的学习，为了进入理想的大学。电影所刻画的弥补了一些人的青春，对于他们没有机会去体验这些东西。我们不应该被电影误导，对于青少年来说，他们的工作是学习，这样他们才能有一个美好的未来。
高中英语作文范文80词
I like English. I think I can share my English learning method with you. First of all, develop interest on English. My way to make it is to watch movies from abroad. At first, I will watch the movie with subtitle. Then I will remove the subtitle, only English left. Gradually, show great interest in English. Secondly, recite vocabularies. Vocabulary is the necessary foundation to start learn English. This time you have to force yourself to remember words. Thirdly, understand basic grammar thoroughly. It is hard for me to understand the meaning of a sentence if I don’t know the basic grammar. Last but not least is to speak more. The basic purpose to learn a language is to communicate. So talk in English as much as you can. And don’t worry about losing face, because everyone makes mistakes. Those are my methods.
我喜欢英语。我觉得我可以和你分享一下我的英语学习方法。首先，培养对英语的兴趣。我的方法是看国外电影。一开始，我会留着字幕一起看。之后我就会不看字幕，只留英文。渐渐地，我对英语表现出极大的兴趣。其次，背诵词汇。词汇是学习英语的必要根基。这一点你只能强迫自己去背了。第三，完全理解基本语法。如果我不懂基本语法，我会很难理解一整个句子的意思。最后但并非最不重要的是要多说。学习语言的基本目的就是进行沟通。因此，尽可能多的用英语交谈。不要担心丢脸，因为每个人都会犯错误的。这些就是我的方法。
英语作文100词左右带翻译——珍惜时间
Chinese Spring Festival celebrating the end of winter and the warmth of spring. It began in the last day of the lunar year, end in the 15th day of lunar New Year, also is the Lantern Festival. During the Spring Festival, people use red lantern and Spring Festival couplets decorate a house, put on all kinds of colored clothes, often
An English proverb says that time is money. I consider it (this) wrong. Why? Because we all know that we can earn money be work but can not in any way get back time (in anyway). For this reason, we may (can) say that time is more valuable than money.
Many people do not know the value of time. It (this) is indeed a great pity. We must bear (keep) in mind that wasting time is equal to wasting your life.
【翻译】英国有句谚语说，时间就是金钱。我认为这是不对的。为什么？因为我们大家都知道我们能够用工作赚钱，但无论如何却无法把时间争取回来。基于此种理由，我们可以说时间比钱钱更宝贵。
许多人不知爱惜时光。这确实是可惜的。我们必须记住浪费时间等于浪费生命。