对翻译的影响论文开题报告

英语专业翻译方向论文开题报告范文

以下是由我整理的.英语专业翻译方向论文的开题报告范文，供大家参考!

How to Deal with Ellipsis in English-Chinese Translation

I. Purpose and Significance

With the development of globalization, the world’s political, economic and cultural communications are becoming increasingly frequent. Therefore, the role of translation cannot be ignored. However, the differences between English and Chinese cultures that are reflected in the two languages pose considerable difficulty.

It is acknowledged that when doing translation one can not translate word for word, or sentence by sentence. Therefore, we must use some translation strategies such as amplification, ellipsis, conversion and so on. Ellipsis as one of the basic translation methods plays an essential role in English-Chinese rendition. Translators apply it in order to make their versions more coherent and understandable.

According to the Oxford Advanced Learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary, ellipsis means leaving out a word or words from a sentence deliberately, when the meaning can be understood without them. Ellipsis in translation does not mean cutting some content from the original articles. What could be omitted are words that are useless in translated works or else they will make the versions redundant or disobey the manner of expression in another language.

Some words and phrases are useless in Chinese but necessary in English. Articles in English are the most significant phenomenon from this aspect. They are very important in English, but we can hardly see any reflection of this part in Chinese. Ellipsis is designed on the basis of faithfulness to the original text, making it more fluent, smooth, concise, thus conforming to idiomatic Chinese. The paper will explore ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from five aspects, which are ellipses of pronouns, conjunctions, articles, prepositions, modifications, so as to achieve smoother and clearer communications among China and English-speaking countries.

II. Literature Review

Long before, some people began to learn other countries’ languages to understand others cultures. In China, Xuanzang was the first translator who not only translated the Sanskrit sutras into Chinese, but introduced the first Chinese writings to foreign countries, making foreigners understand China’s ancient culture. Meanwhile, he was the first to translate Lao Tse's works into Sanskrit. Indian scholars had a high opinion of Xuanzang, "In China, there is no such great translator, and also in the human cultural history, we can only say that Xuanzang is the first great translator."(Ye Lang, 2008) We can say that it was Xuanzang who motivated people to know the different parts of the world, their cultures and the peoples who live there. Then, some big countries such as America, China, and so on became a melting pot.(Gu Zhengkun, 2000) People have imperceptibly spent thousands of years in knowing each other.

With China’s entry into WTO and its open-up policy, cross-cultural exchanges are increasingly frequent between this country and others. A lot of foreign tourists come to visit China. While traveling, these foreigners are not satisfied with the translations of the scenic spots. Sometimes, they even feel confused. A lot of problems exist in the translation, such as misuse of words, poor expression of meaning and so on. All of these poor translations do harm to our country’s international image, and cause a lot of inconveniences for the foreign visitors. (Ma Zuyi, 2000). I am fond of tourism and being a free tourist like the others who are good at enjoying their wonderful lives. The love of tourism makes me feel the need to improve the translation. But every time when I have a trip, many unsuitable translations of the names of those scenic spots will embarrass me. Tourism is part of intercultural communication, so proper translation of the scenic spots become more and more important to our country.

Communication plays a significant role in the globalized society. In order to know each other better, people from all over the world have tried a verity of ways. Of course, translation is one of them. All translators have done their best to make the translated works more consistent with the needs of people.(Gu Jinming, 1997) From my perspective, they really have done a great job. And I want to retrospect the cause of their development. After a thorough evaluation, I choose a branch of translation—ellipsis in translation from English to Chinese, then I did the following jobs.

I put all my researches and other stuffs together, and then I found that it is a common case in English and Chinese which draws much academic interest. In 1976, Halliday and Hsan classified ellipsis into nominal, verbal and clausal ellipsis. This classification exerts great influence in academic circle. Thereafter, ellipsis in Chinese and English has been studied according to this theory, which is based on different layers of structure. This kind of study underlines differentiations and similarities of ellipsis in Chinese and English.

Another famous theory to explain ellipsis is Economy Principle. Economy Principle was put forward by Chomsky (1991,1993, and 1995) in his Generate Crammer. It maintains that language and linguistic study follow Economy Principle, which means using the least effort to express the most information. This principle just coincides with ellipsis in function.

In this thesis, I think that brevity is the most obvious and common function of ellipsis, especially in daily language. And in both English and Chinese, people advocate brevity. Shakespeare once remarked, “brevity is the soul of wit”, and in Chinese there are numerous idioms like “yan jian yi gai” (meaning compendious). However, apart from the function of brevity, ellipsis embodies other functions which are also pretty common in the two languages but less noticed.(Hua Xianfa,2002)These functions distribute in both English and Chinese unevenly and represent great colorfulness of language. Exploring other functions of ellipsis and searching for functional recreation in translation will be of much benefit to both English to Chinese and Chinese to English translation.

I found that when Chinese authors try to analyse ellipsis in English to Chinese translation, they always initially put articles in the list. They consider that it is a common phenomenon that Chinese always leave out personal articles. While it is obviously different in English that almost every sentence has a subject, we can see articles fluently. That is because when we translate from English to Chinese, personal articles can be omitted, even though sometimes it may appear once, it can also be omitted if necessary. Furthermore, if the objects can be seen obviously, personal articles should also be omitted. However, it never happens in English. From this point, it is not only allowable but also necessary when we translate personal articles which are objects in sentences into Chinese.

In my point of view, the development of society has in some way has deliberately promoted the way of people’s thinking, translation system has become more and more perfect, people from all over the world have enjoyed the convenience. However, we can not neglect that there are still some problems in this field in China, and we have less influential Chinese translators in the world. Therefore, we still have a long way to go in translation.

III. Feasibility Analysis

This academic paper is a feasible project and the reasons are as follows:

have great interests in the way of English-Chinese translation.

have already studied translation methods and have been familiar with the functions and applications of ellipsis .

have collected enough references both Chinese and Western on ellipsis in

translation and do a scrupulous study of the relationship between them.

have a carefully planned schedule and have worked out a detailed outline of this thesis.

have acquainted myself with the correct format, a clear and complete structure required by the academic paper, and my adequate English competence will enable me to write in fluent and precise English.

instructor is a qualified translator who is familiar with the subject I havechosen.

IV. Problems of the research and solutions

1. Problems

Despite the references I have collected and read, a thorough study of ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from the point of freely using still needs far more. What’s more, owing to the limited ways of getting references in Xinjiang, I will have to make full use of my present resources. Also, this is the first time I have ever written such a serious academic paper. I am therefore a learner and lack the needed training and experience.

2. Solutions

(1) I shall make full use of my already acquired references which come from books, magazines and the Internet as well.

(2) I shall value my own original thoughts and mainly rely on detailed analysis that I have read from the books which have closely idea with my purpose.

(3) When I have difficulties in the writing process, I shall consult my instructor and seek for help.

V. Necessary conditions

1. Our university and school of foreign languages have provided the basic study and research conditions and facilities, including books and journals in the library and reading rooms.

2. The Internet is another source of information and on the campus we have easy access to the Internet.

3. I have been assigned an instructor to guide me through the whole process of planning and writing.

VI. Outline

I. Introduction

A. A Brief Introduction of Ellipsis in Translation

B. What Should We Pay Attention to When Dealing with Ellipsis

C. The Reason Why Ellipsis Is So Widely Used in Translation

1. Chinese Expressions Are Much Briefer Than That of English

2. English Grammar Is Wee-Knit and Complete in Sentence Structure

II. The Principles of Ellipsis

A. Omitted Words Must Be Useless And Unnecessary in the Translated Works

B. The Meaning of the Omitted Words Is Implied in the Test

C. Omitted Words Which Are Self-Evident

Ш. The Functions and Applications of Ellipsis

A. The Coherence of the Meaning of Expression

B. The Coincidence of the Manner of Expression

1. Ellipsis of Articles

a. Ellipsis of Definite Articles

b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Articles

2. Ellipsis of Prepositions

3. Ellipsis of Pronouns

a. Ellipsis of Personal and Impersonal Pronouns

b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Pronouns

c. Ellipsis of Relative Pronouns

4. Ellipsis of Conjunctions

a. Ellipsis of Coordinating Conjunctions

b. Ellipsis of Subordinate Conjunctions

5. Ellipsis of Rhetoric

a. Ellipsis of Repeated Words

b. Ellipsis of Synonyms

翻译学论文开题报告

开题报告是提高选题质量和水平的`重要环节。下面是我为大家整理的一篇以《目的论在英汉广告翻译上的应用》为例的语言学硕士论文开题报告，供参考阅读，希望对您有所帮助。

1、选题意义和背景

The progress of economic globalization has greatly hit the social life.

Advertising has become an important way of modern marketing and has attractedmerchants and the company. As people's consciousness worldwide enhances, manyproducts and services of advertising will be translated into other languages forpromotion to explore overseas markets. Advertising, as an effective way ofdisseminating brand information, has penetrated into many aspects of social life, andit plays a bridge role in connection and communication. Since China's accession tothe WTO, its connection with the world gets even closer. More and moreinternational enterprises and product brands come into China's huge market.

Translation of products and services for overseas consumers is not only the functionof promoting consumption, but also the effect of external publicity. In the globalmarket, advertising translation not only brings an opportunity for advertising, butalso has brings the huge challenge. Therefore, mastery of both Chinese and Englishadvertising translation is particularly important.

Skopos theory is the foundation and the core theory of functionalism. Skopostheory holds that the process of the whole translation behavior is determined to thepurpose of translation action, that is, the end justifies the means. The purpose of thetranslation behavior is the core element which determines the translation process.

Advertising translation has a strong purpose. What is more important toadvertising translation is whether translation can convey the purpose of source textand achieve the anticipated target of the source text, so as to attract the attention offoreign customers to induce their consumption desire, eventually to incur purchasebehavior.

2、论文综述/研究基础

1 Advertising Translation Studies in the West.

Advertising translation was mentioned in translation studies for the first time inHurbin's (1972) article “Peut-on traduire la langue de la publicé” (Can OneTranslate the Language of Advertising?)。 At that time, linguistics was the dominanthumanistic discipline, meanwhile, linguistics made translating a code-switchingoperation. Equivalence-based linguistic approaches mainly focus on the source text.

Hurhin argued that for one source text, there are several translations, and thetranslators chose which translation is the most appropriate one. Hurbin also pointedthat if glossaries of advertising language is compiled, this was made easier. So thetranslators will be easy to find the most appropriate equivalent expressions betweenthe source and the target text.

In Candace Seguinot's (1995) article “Translation and Advertising: GoingGlobal in Cultural Functions of Translation”. The main opinion of which is thatacross cultural boundaries, there is an understanding of culture and semioticsappearing in the marketing of goods and services. It goes well beyond both languageand design.

Another representative article “Advertising: a five-stage strategy for translationin Translation” as Intercultural Communication which is edited by C. Nord et al. Thearticle is published by Smith & Klein-Braley (1997)。 In this article, they conduct acontrastive analysis of English and German advertising. Then they developedtaxonomy of strategies for the analysis of advertising translation.

Up to now, the book which maybe the only one published exclusively onadvertisement translation is Translation Practices in International Advertisingwritten by Mathieu Guidere (2001)。 This book mainly talks about various aspects ofadvertising translation in international market and mainly concerns the globaladvertising of multinational companies, because they need to translate their productsinformation into other languages. The author analyzes some examples in advertisingtranslation and he shows readers some essential problems in current translation ideas.

This book introduced the strategies of translation which are implemented by the multinational firms to break into new markets.

2 Advertising Translation Studies in China.

Domestic advertising translation studies officially started in 1990s. In terms ofresearch contents, the initial studies mainly focused on the discussion about specificadvertising translation of idioms and the existing problems in Chinese-Englishadvertising translation. That was the primary stage. Years later, advertisingtranslation principle and criteria became the research themes. People hold the viewthat, advertising translation should give attention to in many aspects, such as text,language beauty, consumer psychology. Researchers illustrated their respectivepoints of view from different angles. Since the late 90s, although the discussion oftranslation principle and criteria were still mentioned, the researchers' attention weregradually focused on translation of difficult parts in advertising, such as therhetorical devices, emotional transmission, brand image and trademark reproduction ,etc. In terms of research methods, domestic advertising translation study mainly usesthe inductive method and the case study. Nevertheless, in recent years, researchersbegin to use the theory achievements of pragmatics and other related disciplines toanalyze different kinds of problems in advertising translation, and then put forwardsome translation strategies.

As early as xx, Li Fan proposed the development of the advertising languageposed a severe challenge to advertising translation. The artful advertisings require thetranslator to break hard the tradition of the original, boldly innovate, and improve thequality of translation. There are three reasons for flexible advertising translation: 1)the purpose of advertising is to induce consumer to purchase products. Text is justmeans, so translations do not have to stick to the text equivalent; 2) the feature ofadvertising language is vivid, which is the essence of advertising language. If thetranslation is not bold to change, there will be no magic translation; 3) formulaicexpressions are common use in advertising, if not alternative, it may be translatedinto foreign stereotyped writing (黎凡 xx:29-31)。 At the same time, researchersthought in terms of some specific advertisements, flexible translation seems to be theonly way, especially in the four kinds of advertising: 1) advertising used of witty and polished words; 2) advertising used of brand name; 3) advertising used of puns; 4)advertising with strong national culture color.

In order to achieve concise expression, attract more readers' attention, facilitatereaders recognize and remember, advertising writing should follow the KISSprinciple, namely, “keep it short and sweet” (郭可 1992:57-64)。 A great number ofstudies on advertising translation are associated with concise problem. Ding Shude isdedicated to his studies. He holds that: 1) Chinese advertising often uses modifiers toemphasis, product characteristics, while English advertising is simple words, mainlywith oral type. a lot of subject-predicative phrases in Chinese can be directlytranslated into adjectives English , such as 速度快、效率高、行动灵活 can betranslated into “fast, efficient and handy”; 2) There are a large number of the fourwords in Chinese advertising structure, which bring parallelism and overlapping tostrengthen language, but there is no such characteristic in English. InChinese-English translation should hold the center, around the center word leads toall aspects; 3) there are often loose sentences, which express a large amount ofinformation in Chinese advertising. Translation should be concise and compact,strengthen the logic; 4) Chinese advertising commonly uses formulaic expressions.

Translation should be fascinating, considering the overall rhetorical, but not stackrhetoric. Good English advertising language is not many words, but it is impressive(丁树德 xx: 42-43)。 Cao Shunfa also takes a large number of examples of bothEnglish-Chinese translation two aspects show that based on the principle of simple,the translation of advertising language should strive to use the most simple languageto express the most complex meaning, to make it easy to be remembered (曹顺发xx: 43-45)。

Equivalence theory is based on Nida's equivalence translation theory. On thisbasis, some researchers point out that commercial advertising translation is mainlyon the equivalence of semantic, social and cultural, and stylistic aspect. 1) Thesemantic equivalence. This is the most basic and important equivalence. From wordto chapter, in order to achieve the semantic equivalence, the first thing to thetranslator is that he must determine the meaning of the translation unit in context.

文化对翻译的影响开题报告论文

论文摘要:翻译过程不仅涉及两种语言，还涉及到两种社会文化，这就要求译者翻译时不能只在语言上推敲，还应考虑不同的文化背景，采用合适的翻译策略，以在最大限度的保留原作的文化特色的同时，使译作可以被拥有不同文化背景的读者所接受，只有这样才能发挥好翻译的文化传播作用。

论文关键词:翻译文化传播文化背景

一、文化的概念及翻译的任务

(一)文化的概念

语言作为文化的组成部分，既是文化的一种表现方式，又是一种社会现象。两个不同民族的语言交流，实质上是两个不同民族的文化交流。在语言交际过程中，不同国家或民族的人能否相互沟通，不仅决于他们对语言本身的理解，而且取决于他们对语言所负载的文化意蕴的理解，因此，文化翻译应“突破以往‘语言的囚笼’(theprison一houseoflanguage)的束缚”，在文化研究的大语境下来进行。笔者认为，当今不同文化的交流日益频繁，文化传播空前活跃，翻译又是文化传播中信息转换的桥梁，人们对翻译与文化的关系也愈来愈关注，因此如何翻译以实现更好地进行文化传播，我们就有必要进一步探究了。

有关文化的定义很多，笔者赞同王克非的定义:“所谓文化指的是历史上创造的所有的生活样式，包括显性的和隐性的、合理的、不合理的以及谈不上是合理的或不合理的一切，它们在某一时期作为人们行为的.潜在指南而存在。”他的定义指出了文化具有相对性和文化是人们行为的指南这两个重要概念。

(二)翻译的任务

翻译过程不仅涉及两种语言，还涉及到两种社会文化。正如张今先生所言:“翻译是两个语言社会之间的交际过程和交际工具，它的目的就是要促进本语言社会的政治、经济和文化进步，它的任务是把原作品中包含的现实世界的逻辑映像或艺术映像，完好无损地从一种语言译注到另一种语言中去。”近代学者越来越注重翻译与文化之间的关系。奈达曾指出:“对于真正成功的翻译而言，熟悉两种文化甚至比掌握两种语言更重要，因为词语只有在其作用的文化背景中才有意义。”

二、文化传播与翻译的关系

语言是文化的载体，反映文化并受着文化的制约。任何语言文学都是某种文化的反映，有其深刻的文化内涵。社会文化又在一定程度上制约着语言使用者的思维方式和表达能力。

语言与文化的密切关系注定了翻译与文化的密切关系。翻译的过程就是把一种语言转换成另一种语言，而两种语言转换的过程中必然涉及到两种文化。我们常常见到由于缺乏对源语文化的了解而错译、误译的情况。例如:将toblowone’sownhom译为“各吹各的号”，而这个习语的真正意思是“自吹自擂”。因此，不了解语言当中的社会文化，就无法真正掌握语言。我国著名学者王佐良教授在谈到文化与翻译的关系时曾指出:“翻译者必须是一个真正意义上的文化人”;“他处理的是个别词，他面对的则是两大片文化。”翻译已不再仅仅被看作是语言符号的转换，而是文化的交流。所以翻译越来越被看作是一种跨文化交际的行为。

三、中西方文化差异对翻译的影响

由于社会历史、宗教信仰和风俗习惯等原因，中西方存在着较大差异，彼此对事物的好恶不同，因此在遣词造句上就各具特色。例如，英语中绿色常用来表示“嫉妒、眼红”等意，如词组greenwithenvy“十分嫉妒”。若把“眼红”译为“red-eyed".将会使以英语本族语的人不能理解其内涵。又如，同一动物在不同语言中的含义是互不相同的。英语民族有爱狗的传统，中国人却崇敬龙。在封建时代，龙是皇帝的象征。中华民族称自己是“龙的传人”。

“龙”(dragon)在西方世界的神话传说中却是一只巨大的蜘蝎，长着翅膀，身上有鳞，拖着一条长长的蛇尾，嘴中喷出火焰，是罪恶的象征。因此，中文的成语“望子成龙”若译为“tohopethatthesonwillbecomeadragon"，西方读者一定会大惑不解甚至产生误解;若译为“toexpectone’ssontobecomeanoutstandingpersonage”或“tohopethatthesonwillhaveabrightfuture"则能恰如其分地传达源语的文化内涵，易被西方人所接受。中英人民对于某些动物的心理反应是不完全相同的，这就要求翻译时必须进行适当的转换。

中国遵循直觉的感悟式的思维方式，追求形象思维。而西方开放性的商业社会造就了探索大自然奥秘的外向型思辨。这种外向性的“思物”又形成了西方注重逻辑关系的分析性思维方式。两种思维模式决定了对语言的两种审美标准:语言的形象美和语言的逻辑美。例如:

枯藤老树昏鸦，

小桥流水人家，

古道西风瘦马。

O’eroldtreeswreathedwithrottenvinesflyeveningcrows;

Neathtinybridgebesideacotaclearstreamflows;

Onancientroadinwesternbreezealeanhorsegoes.

对照上面马致远的“秋思”与译文可以看出，原诗通过九个形象性名词的连续使用，译文则是通过形式完整的逻辑语句来抒发作者当时的心境，这正符合东西不同思维模式的特点。所以，在翻译时若遇到这种情况，就要打破原文形式上的束缚，运用不同的思维模式构建译文，以符合译入语文化的审美标准。

因为中西方人的思维模式、社会习俗存在着较大的差异，而人们的行为方式又受社会文化的潜在指引，所以翻译中最大的困难往往不是来自语言本身，而是语言所承载的文化意蕴。这就要求译者翻译时不能只在语言上推敲，还应考虑不同的文化背景，只有这样才能将翻译做好。

四、文化翻译的策略及原则

(一)翻译策略的选用

翻译的目的是促进不同语言、不同文化间的交流与沟通，因此，翻译是文化传播的中介，而译者就是文化传播的使者。译者的翻译策略与翻译目的、译者的意识形态、文化背景、社会氛围、读者的趣味要求等可变因素息息相关，又直接影响到翻译效果。因而，异化与归化等翻译策略在中外翻译史上都留下了浓彩重墨的一笔。“归化翻译法”(domesticatingtranslation和“异化翻译法”(foreignizingtranslation)是美国翻译理论家韦努蒂(LVenuti,1995)创造的术语，用于描述两种不同的翻译策略。归化翻译法追求译文文体自然流畅，一目了然，其目的是尽量减少原文给目的语读者带来的陌生感;而异化翻译法则故意冲破目的语常规，把原文本的异国情调带到目的语文化之中。随着翻译研究越来越重视文化因素的作用，异化与归化也被置于文化研究的大视野中进行关照。叶子南将西化界为在两个语言体系中已固定的表达方式间有差异时(英译中)所采取的原语的表达方式;并认为缓慢适度的西化有益无害，西化的总趋势是合理的。郭建中认为归化与异化各有其长，这两种互补的方法将同时并存。孙致礼则持适度原则，即在“纯语言层面”用归化法翻译，在“文化层面”力求最大限度的异化。但他们又都推断异化法将最终会占上风。

(二)“文化传真”:翻译的基本原则

鲁迅说:“如果还是翻译，那么，首先的目的，就在博览外国的作品，不但移情，也要益智，至少是知道何地何时，有这等事，和旅行外国，是很相像的，它必须有异国情调。”所谓“异国情调”，鲁迅指的不是语言上一味仿效西洋，而是尽量保存原文所蕴含的异域文化特色。韦努蒂积极倡导翻译过程中对源语文本的异化处理，从而揭示两种语言在表达形式和文化上的差异。这就是说，翻译不仅要考虑语言的差异，还要密切注视文化的差异，文化差异处理得好坏，往往是翻译成败的关键。语言可以转换，但文化特色却不宜改变，一定要真实地传达出来。因此，“文化传真”应是翻译的基本原则。

为了能够更好地保留原文的民族特色和形象，一些来源于典故或宗教的习语常采用异化的译法。当然，为了照顾译语读者的需要可采用直译加注脚的方法，如汉语谚语“一个和尚挑水喝，两个和尚抬水喝，三个和尚没水喝”，由于基督教国家对“和尚”这一概念比较陌生，而有关和尚的典故更是鲜为人知，所以可以采用直译加解释:Onemonk,twobuckets;twomonks,onebucket;threemonks,nobucket,nowater一morehands,lesswork.这样既传达了语言的意义，又传播了文化背景知识。

与“文化传真”相对的是“文化误导”。如果光在文字上做文章，不考虑其文化内涵，有时难免会使读者对异国文化产生误解。如《红楼梦》第一回《好了歌》中第一行“世人都晓神仙好’，，霍克斯译为“Allmenknowthatsalvationshouldbewon"因为“拯救”是基督教的概念，从“罪孽”中得到“拯救”是基督教的最高追求，它利于译语读者的理解，但同时它也误导译语读者对中国人的宗教信仰。而杨宪益却译为“Allmenlongtobeimmortals"，变“神”成“仙”是道家的最高理想，"immortal”自然承载了中国道教的许多文化内涵。用异化的方法把它英译过来，既忠实于该句的原意又能巧妙地把中国文化介绍给西方人，让他们了解中国文化背景。这样处理显然弥补了归化翻译的不足。

“文化传真”就是要求译者尽量保存源语文化的韵味，使读者扩大文化视野，了解异域文化的精髓，从中获得知识和启迪;要求译者不仅要熟知译语文化，而且要熟知源语文化，熟悉其政治、经济、历史、风俗习惯、生活方式、哲学思想、科技成就等。通过对比，才能尽窥源语之妙，运用译语做到真正对等的传译。翻译工作者应该把传达外国文化、繁荣和传播本国文化视为自己的神圣职责，带着强烈的文化意识，认认真真地做好等效翻译的工作。

嘿嘿，这些事数据库里的资料，收费的，第24 卷第1 期开封教育学院学报2004 年3 月20 日 Vol. 24 No. 1 Journal of Kaifeng Institute of Education Mar. 20 2004 浅谈中西文化差异对英语翻译的影响刘建芳X(河南省政法管理干部学院,河南郑州 450002)摘要:各民族文化之间的差异比语言结构之间的差异给英语翻译者带来的困扰更多、更复杂。英语和汉语是建立在不同文化基础上的两种语言,文化差异将会给英语翻译带来一定的影响,只有了解英、汉两种语言风格的异同、文化背景知识和不同的民族心理状态,缩小这种文化差异,才能成功地进行翻译交际。关键词:文化差异;文化背景;心理状态;影响中图分类号:H315. 9 文献标识码:A 文章编号:1008 - 9640 (2004) 01 - 0058 - 03 英语和汉语是建立在不同文化基础上的两种语言,它们各自反映着自己特殊的民族文化和历史传统。我们在学习汉语时很少存在文化背景知识方面的困扰,如:“三顾茅庐”、“调虎离山”等成语不会影响我们对文章的理解;辞职“下海”去经商,就业的“双向”选择等新词的涵义一般都能充分地领会。但在学习英语时,人们常常会遇到这种情况,对于一个句子或词组,即使对每个单词词义了如指掌,也很难译出它所表示的真正含义,就是译出来也是面目全非,有的译文甚至让人不知所云。比如:He was in the seventh heaven last night . 许多译者把它译为“他昨晚到七重天去了”,“他昨晚去极乐世界了”或“他昨晚升天了”。人们往往运用汉语文化知识将in the sev2enth heaven 同汉语中的“升天”、“死”的概念联系起来,必然导致以上十分荒谬的译文,究其原因,是由于译者不了解中西文化的差异所造成的。“一定的语言总是历史地和一定文化相关联。各种语言本身只能在交织蕴藏语言的文化背景中才能被充分认识;语言和文化总是被一起研究的。”〔1〕从人类学的角度看,人既是社会人,也是文化人,“言语的使用总是参照特定的文化,言语行为不仅总是发生在特定的语境中,而且总是发生在特定的文化语境中。这种社会文化对人的言语行为均具有客观存在的制约。”〔7〕因为人们在特定的文化体系中生活,一言一行无不受该文化模式的制约,许多活动是在潜意识支配下进行的。因此“对他方文化的了解是交际的一个重要特征。”〔2〕然而由于文化具有鲜明的民族性,亦指文化个性,不同的文化之间自然会呈现出不同的文化形态。这种文化形态差异反映到语言层面上,则表现为语言差异。中西方文化差异及思维模式的差异必然会给英语翻译造成一定的影响。要想真正掌握英语翻译的方法与技巧,不能仅仅限于对英语词面意义的理解,更重要的是要了解外国的社会、文化、历史背景乃至人情风俗习惯等方面的知识,了解中西方文化方面的差异。从文化差异出发去研究语言差异,才能有效地把握语言之间的内在联系。一、文化差异引起的词汇歧义给英语翻译带来一定影响“词汇是语言的基本构素,是语言大系统赖以存在的支柱,因此文化差异在词汇层上体现的最为突出,涉及的面亦最为广泛。”〔3〕由于英、汉两种语言分属不同的文化,其各自深厚的文化内涵在语言上的烙印使得两种语言很少有绝对对应的词汇。大部分词汇不是在概念意义上而是在文化意义上表现出巨大的差异,而这种差异往往会给英语翻译带来极大的影响。英文里出现的Hippies , yippies ,“me”generation , hot dog ,overkill 对我们来讲是生疏的,即使译作“嬉皮士、雅皮士、自我的一代、热狗、超过所需的杀伤威力”,仍不能表达原英语词义的全部内涵和外延。社会文化的差异往往使同一个词具有不同的内涵,如propaganda 含有“撒谎、欺”等文化意义,而汉语的“宣传”则无此义。Olive branch 象征和平,而汉语“橄榄枝”原本与和平无关。spiritual civilization 有强烈的宗教意义,而“精神文明”本身则与宗教毫不相干。再如我们常将por2ridge 释为“粥、稀饭”,其实二者之间也存在着文化上的差异。英国人吃的porridge 是将燕麦片(oatmeal) 放入牛奶或水中煮成的,而我们通常吃的“粥”或“稀饭”则多是用稻米、小米或其它谷物加水煮成的,显然中国的“稀饭”没有porridge 的内涵。另外,有许多词,如landlord (地主) 、capitalist (资本家) 等在西方国家中往往有积极的涵义,但对中国人来讲,却带有强烈的贬义。从跨文化的角度看,词义的差异反映了不同民族文化价值的差异。在西方法律文化中,所追求的个体权利意识源自于个人本位的法律观。这种由商业社会导致出来的人化精神,一方面作为一种主体需求而具有生命力地存在着,体现着自由、公平、竞争、奋进的思想内涵,并极大地影响和震憾着东方传统法律文化意识的地位。这种文化,其中一个重要的方面就是强调个人。“individualism”是英美人所普遍接受的价值观,它·58 ·X 收稿日期:2003 - 03 - 16作者简介:刘建芳(1965 - ) ,女(汉族) ,河南郑州人,河南省政法管理干部学院副教授。所表达的是崇尚个人奋斗的价值观念。然而汉语中的“个人主义”,是中国古代哲学基本原则“天人合一”、“内圣外王”、“实践理性”、“中庸之道”相排斥的词语,其中文的词典意义往往被表述为“一切从个人利益出发,把个体利益放在集体利益之上,仅顾自己,不顾别人”的观念和作法,它表现在中国传统文化方面,对于这种“喻于利”的小人,当然要受责、挨罚、入刑。因此,由于中西文化的差异,就“个人主义”而论,认识的角度则大相径庭。如果不注意这些文化上的差异,尽管都是一个词,从其自身而译,必然谬之千里!二、民族文化背景知识的贫乏是英语翻译最大的障碍“知识的占有是翻译的前提。”〔4〕英、汉两种语言都有悠久的历史,它们在各自民族的发展中,又都积累和创造了很多具有各自民族风格和地方色彩形象生动的语言,这些语言更具有鲜明的文化知识内涵特色,它们只表达某种语言所独有的事物和现象,无论形式和内容上在另一种语言中都不容易找到相对应的比较现象。这就需要在英译汉中理解原文所涉及的历史背景、典故和专门术语,这样才能消除或降低文化差异给释译带来的消极影响。如:(1) In March1959 ,kassim destroyed the shell of the Bagdadby formally withdrawing. 将句中的“destroyed the shell of theBagdad pact”译为“使巴格达条约(组织) 解体”的不乏其人。显然,这些人对这一有关的历史情况一窍不通。而其事实是,卡赛姆当时退出该条约后,并非使其“解体”,而只是将条约更名为“中央条约组织”而已。此句的确切译文应是:“卡赛姆于1959 年3 月正式退出巴格达条约,从而使条约的组织更名为‘中央条约组织’”。(2) Do you know that the bee navigates by polarized lightand the fly controls its flight by its back wings ? 此句的障碍在于“polarized light”一词。人们往往因对有关的科技专业知识无知而将其误译为“极光”。然而, 对蜜蜂而言,“polarizedlight”却是指从不同的方向所显示出不同特色的“偏(振) 光”。因此,这句话较为准确的意思是:“你知道蜜蜂是借助‘偏振光’飞行,而苍蝇是有后翅控制飞行的吗”?(3) John can be relied on , he eats no fish and plays thegame. 有的译者望文生义,不假思索地将其译为:“约翰是可靠的,他不吃鱼,还玩游戏。”这样的译文往往给人一种风马牛不相及的感觉。穷其原因是对“eat no fish and play the game”的源渊不明。原来在英国历史上宗教激烈斗争中,旧教规定,在斋日教徒可以吃鱼。新教徒推翻了旧教政府后,拒绝教徒在斋日吃鱼以示其忠于新教,所以“play the game”就是有规可循,因此转移为“守规矩”。一旦掌握了这样一个文化历史背景,此句就可轻而易举地译为“约翰为人可靠,既忠诚又守规矩。”(4) to have january chicks. 如果不具备这方面的文化背景知识,要正确译出这个词语是很困难的january 是指月份?chicks 是指小鸡还是指宝宝? 原来january 是乔叟《坎特伯雷故事集》中《商人的故事》这一篇文章里的主人公,名叫jan2uary ,60 多岁时,与一名叫May 的年轻漂亮的姑娘结婚后所生一子,故有to have january chicks 之说,即中文中所为的“老来得子。”上述例句只是英语翻译中的一小部分,但足以说明不同民族文化之间存在着较大的差异,我们在学习中,不仅应努力提高语言本身的修养而且要尽量多了解该语言的文化背景知识。三、不同民族的思维模式制约语言的翻译“每个民族均有民族心理的历史积淀和深层构筑,任何人都必定须带有本国、本民族、本地域的心理遗传基因,”〔5〕这种遗传基因决定着他的精神气质、思维方式乃至行为走向等等,并因此构成不同国别、民族、地域人的特点和差异。这种差异对英语翻译的准确性会产生很大的影响。英语里有许多固定搭配、习语、惯用语和汉语完全不同,能否用不同的文化心理正确理解、灵活运用这些词语是英语翻译的难点之一,也是英语翻译必须逾越的障碍。请看下面几例:(1) The moon was above ,cold and beautiful ,and the musicreminded soapy of these days when his life contained such thingsas mothers and roses and clean thoughts and collars. 如果把该句的“mothers”、“roses”、“clean thoughts”、“clean collars”理解为“母亲”、“玫瑰”、“干净的思想”、“干净衣领”则必然不通。要想正确译出此文,就必须了解西方人的心理特征,对语义作进一步引深的理解,并作以相应的调整,将其译为“母爱”、“爱情”、“理想”、“生活”,才符合汉语的习惯。此句应译为:“一轮娇媚而冷落的明月悬空高照,那优扬的音乐使他回首往昔,诸如生活中慈祥的母爱、幸福的爱情、崇高的理想和富裕的生活”。(2) The businessman offered him. 500 under the rose.“underthe rose”不能理解为“在玫瑰花下”。按照西方人的习惯和心理特征进行分析,玫瑰花是定情之物,在其花下当然就是私下约会。因此,“under the rose”其含义当然是:私下(privately) 、暗地里、秘密地(secretly) 。这句话就能正确地翻译为:“那个商人答应私下送他500 英磅”。主观认识及世界观的不同,经常会影响到不同文化之间的词义传递,其译文往往会使人费解或一知半解。英语成语“as timid as a hare”(胆小如兔) ,而汉语则说“胆小如鼠”。又如:形容“愚蠢”,英语习语有“as stupid as a goose”,而汉语则说“蠢得像猪”。英语中goose (鹅) 可用来形容指代“傻瓜”、“笨蛋”,带有贬义,而“鹅”在汉族人的观念中常常是美丽与纯洁的象征。在汉语里猫头鹰被视为不祥之物,人们认为猫头鹰叫,预示着将要死人,而在英语里owl 则是聪明机智的象征,例如:as wise as an owl 。在汉语的许多文学作品中,处处可见利用花作比喻的例子。然而同是一种花,因不同民族有不同的文化背景和主观认识,其比喻象征意义也各有千秋,例如:中国人认为荷花(lotus flower) 有出污泥而不染的高尚情操,但欧美国家的人们却因主观认识上的差异则把它比喻为“疏远了的爱”(estranged love) 。英汉民族分属于东西方民族,有不同的历史渊源和文化背景。他们的语言结构和思维方式都各有自身的特点,并形成了各自不同的心理模式和心理趋向。同是一种事物,“由于·59 ·民族间不同的心理感受,在语言中就会出现不同的意识感知,而且这种意识感知的不相融协,又必然导致出两种截然不同的语言效果。〔6〕西方人对“狗”这种动物就存在着两种不同看法,在我国传统习惯中,“狗”往往比喻坏人坏事,所以与“狗”有关的成语都含贬义,如“狐群狗党、狗仗人势、狗嘴吐不出象牙”等等。英国人则相反,他们往往把狗看成是有褒义,如lucky dog(幸运儿) ;a top dog (优胜者) ; Every dog has it’s day(人皆有得意之日) ,而非“狗总会有他的一天”。人有把“dogdoesn’t eat dog”看作是“狗不咬狗”,其实是“同室不操戈,手足不相残”。更具宠爱之意的是“Love me ,love my dog”,与汉语中的“爱屋及乌”的意思极为相似。由此可见,对于“狗”这种动物的认识,反映在不同民族语言上就出现了明显的偏爱和厌恶两种社会效果。“龙”的例子则更是这样,dragon 一词,在中国人看来,它是中华民族的象征,并对其情有独钟。对“龙”的特殊偏爱,是中国人共同的心理特征。我们称中华民族是龙的传人;称皇帝是“真龙天子”;作父母的都希望孩子将来有出息“, 望子成龙”;男子汉要叱咤风云“, 龙吟虎啸”。但是在西方文化中dragon 是厌恶的象征。西方人认为龙是凶残肆虐的怪兽,凶恶的敌人,正因为dragon 在英语民族文化中不被人们所喜爱,常作贬义词使用,所以,当我们在英文中看到“theold dragon”时就不能按中国传统习惯译为“年迈的龙”,其真实含义是“魔鬼”、“万恶之源”。当在国外报刊上看到称某人是“dragon”时,你千万不要把其认为是中国人的真龙天子,而是对那些可恶、凶猛特别是对专门打人的坏警察的一种贬称。以上种种充分说明,民族间的相互接触为一种语言吸收同化另一种语言的词语提供了条件,但能否同化仍受到民族心理的制约。总之,英汉两种语言虽有相同和相近的表达方式,但更多的是表达方式的个性特征。正是这些不同的表达方式和中西文化差异才使人们产生出许多翻译的误解和困惑。要排除表面意思的迷惑,避免错误的理解,克服中西文化差异给英语翻译造成的障碍,我们在平时的英语学习中就应当从“文化”入手,经常阅读一些有关英语国家的风土人情、历史地理、政治与文化、文学艺术、宗教等方面的书刊资料,只有不断掌握西方国家的社会文化变迁史,才能在英语翻译中尽量缩小这种文化差异影响。或者说,拥有英语文化知识和各个领域的知识越丰富,对英语民族心理状态把握到一定层次,对原文的理解才会愈深透,其译文表达才能“忠实”于原作。参考文献〔1〕Lyons ,J . 1981 ,Language and Linguistics :An Introduction[M] ,Cam2bridge :Cambridge University Press.〔2〕River ,W. and Temperley ,M ,1987 ,A Practial Guide to the teaching ofEnglish As a Second or Foreign Language[M] . New York :Oxford U2niversity press.〔3〕冯庆华. 实用翻译教程[M] . 上海:上海外语教育出版社,1997.〔4〕张民伦. 英语听力入门[M] . 上海:华东师范大学出版社,1984.〔5〕汪榕培. 比较与翻译[M] . 上海:上海外语教育出版社,1997.〔6〕王克非. 翻译文化史论[M] . 上海:上海外语教育出版社,1997.〔7〕顾嘉祖,陆声. 语言与文化[M] . 上海:上海外语教育出版社, Influence of E/ C Cultural Differences on TranslationLIU Jian2fang(Henan Administ rative Institute of Politics and Law ,Zhengzhou 450002 ,Henan ,China)Abstract : The differences between English and Chinese culture bring more difficulties than the differencesbetween linguistic st ructure. Only find out the differences between their linguistic style , cultural backgroundknowledge and nationality mentality , diminish the cultural differences between them ,can we be successful int words :cultural differences ;cultural background ;mentality ;influence(责任编辑:李汴红)·60 ·

文化对翻译的影响论文

噢。。。最明显不就是对俗语，惯语等，时尚文化类的认识。无论翻译什么语言，如果对对方文化不了解就不能灵活生动翻译。你可考虑探讨＊中西语言文化的差异，譬如文法秩序，词汇由来等。＊用现代中国一些普遍的时尚语，成语等举例，以字面翻译对照意译，再对照有文化深度的翻译（能够引用一句英文成语／俗语／时尚语来表达翻译）。观点成立后也可反过来用英译中。希望对楼主找眉目有帮助

英汉翻译过程包括理解和表达两个重要的阶段。只有在正确理解原文词义的基础上,才能正确地表达原文。下面是我为大家整理的，供大家参考。

论文导读：翻译是一种跨语言、跨文化的交际行为。语境与翻译有着密切的关系。本文就英汉翻译过程中的语境分析与翻译进行探讨。语境，语境分析与英汉翻译。

关键词：翻译，语境，语境分析

翻译是一种跨语言、跨文化的交际行为。语境与翻译有着密切的关系。

语境context，就是指语言文字一经使用后所处的言语环境。英国社会人类学家、功能学派创始人之一马林诺斯基Bronislaw Kaspar Malinowski，1884-1942最早提出语境的概念,并指出语境是决定语义的唯一因素，舍此别无意义可言。

英国语言学家、伦敦学派的创始人弗斯John Rupert Firth继承并发展了这一观点，认为意义就是语言成分在语境中的功能。弗斯把马林诺斯基的语言环境概念加以扩充套件，指出除了语言本身的上下文以外，除了在语言出现的环境中人们所从事的活动之外，整个社会环境、文化、信仰、参加者的身份和历史、参加者的关系等，都构成语言环境的一部分。

英汉翻译时，语言语境是首先要考虑的语境因素。本文就英汉翻译过程中的语境分析与翻译进行探讨。

1.词义语境

在我们英语学习当中一词多义的现象非常普遍，如果脱离了语句及语境就很难确定这些词的词义。在具体的句子中，经常发生对词语本意理解不透彻，造成翻译失误。这时，就需要跟据上下文选定多义词的具体意义，排除同形异义词的干扰，挖掘该词在特定的上下文中的真正意义。

context一词最早用来指某一特定词、前后的词句，即词、短语、语段的前后关系。左右邻词对词义的影响是最常见的一种现象，它决定词的意义及翻译选词。如英语中“head”一词有好几个词义:

From head tofoot从头到脚

A head ofstate国家元首

One hundredhead of sheep一百头羊

王海芸1979—，女，汉族，河南新乡人，讲师，主要研究方向：翻译理论与实践。

Use your head动动脑筋

Two headsare better than one两人智慧胜一人

从语用学角度来看，语用用意分两类:暗含的和明说的。前者指言下之意语用意义，后者指字面意义符号意义。语义核的“头”就是“head”的符号意义字面意义，但这一符号意义并不等于语用意义语境意义。如果翻译时不考虑该词与左右邻词的关联，即句子，所译出的句子就会生硬、呆板。只能说是形似，而不能达到神似的完美境界。

2.句子语境

在实际翻译中，译者须经常从句子语境来推出词语的含义。人人都知道like是“喜欢”的意思。请看下面的一组句子：

1He likes maths more thanphysics.

他喜欢数学甚于喜欢物理学。

2 Like charges repel, unlikecharges attract.

相同的电荷相斥，不同的电荷相吸.

3 In the sun beam passing through the window there are finegrains of dust shining like gold.

在射入窗内的阳光里，细微的尘埃像金子一般在闪闪发光。免费论文，语境。

4 Like knows like.

英雄识英雄。

这四个句子中的同一符号like由于它所处的语境不同，因而它的意义也各不一样。根据其所处的语境应分别译为: “喜欢”、““相同的”、“像”、“英雄”。可见，离开了具体的句子语境，死死记住like就是“喜欢”，“喜欢”即是like，是很难理解翻译上述各句的。

3语篇语境

在实际翻译中，有时从一个句子中很难确定一个词的确切含义，往往需要从整个段落或整篇文章中获取其含义。篇章段落通常是一个有机整体，语言连贯语句关联，实际上就是一个语境，翻译的时候必须在语境中理解把握全文。免费论文，语境。

Last week I went to thetheatre, I had a very good seat. The play was very interesting I didn’t enjoyit. A young man and a young woman were sitting behind me. They were talking loudly.上星期我去剧院看戏。我的座位很好。这台戏也很有趣。可我没有得到乐趣。一对青年男女坐我的后面，他们高声交谈。

上例是《新概念英语》第二册中的一个故事，内容与文字都非常简炼。但是，翻译时如果不著眼于整个篇章，不考虑作者的意向和语篇情境，则完全可以将“I didn’t enjoy it”。译成“我并不欣赏此剧”。但这样翻译就完全背离了原作的本意，因为作者并非不喜欢该剧，而是被身后的两个年轻人搅得无法去欣赏。

4. 情景语境

情景语境指说话、语言、言语事件的时间地点。免费论文，语境。世界上的一切社会活动都是在一定的时间和空间中进行的。语言这个社会活动也不例外，每一话语行为都是在特定的时间和空间进行的。

一个词的词义和话语意义常常不仅仅是由其语言因素来确定，而是由词汇和话语所出现的情景来确定的。在“we looked for a long time before we found a spring”.句子中。“spring”在不同的情景中就有不同的意思:在安装弹簧床时，指的是弹簧。在修表时，指的是发条。免费论文，语境。如果几位旅行者在沙漠中终于找到点水喝时说了这句话，指的则是泉水。其“spring”所指的意思与前两种情况又大不一样。

任何语言活动都不可能脱离具体的语言环境。语言活动发生的时间、地点，交际活动的主题内容，参与者的相互关系等情景语境因素决定话语的真正意义。例如:美国前总统里根Ronald Reagan获悉撒切尔夫人下野后，回忆两人间融洽关系时说了一句话:“It was clear to me that we were soul- mates when it came toreducing government and expanding economic opportunity ”.此句中，“soa1-mates”有“性情相投的人”、“挚友”;“情人”、“情侣”两个含义。里根在此表示对老朋友下野的慰藉，结合当时情景，毫无疑问，前者为本句意义，全句可译为:“显而易见，涉及到减少 *** 干预和扩大经济机会这一问题上，我俩是心有灵犀一点通的”。

5.文化语境

语言是文化的载体，文化是语言的土壤。翻译涉及两种文化的交流沟通和移植。文化语境指的是源语和译入语所依附的文化、历史、社会背景。也就是指某一言语社团特定的社会规范和习俗。免费论文，语境。由于各民族区域生态环境、社会政治、经济制度、历史背景、风俗习惯、价值观念及行为模式等的不同而形成了各自独特的文化特性，在跨文化的翻译中时常会遇到诸如误解原文、译文词汇空缺等情况。由于复杂的文化难以用翻译技巧加以弥补，处理此类翻译必须要对源语和译入语的文化有全面、透彻的认识和了解。将一种语言译成另一种语言，必须了解两种语言的文化语境。如红楼梦中：

原文：子系中山狼，得志便猖狂第五回。

译文：For hu *** andshe will have a mountain wolf. His object gained he ruthlessly beratesher。

此处语境在寓言中。“中山狼”出自明朝马中锡的《山狼传》讲的是中山上的一只狼中箭后，欲食救命恩人东郭先生的故事，它的语用隐含是：孙绍组恩将仇报，虐待相濡以沫的妻子。英国汉学家霍克斯Hawkes先生，借用了汉语拼音将“中山狼”译为“the Zhongshan wolf”。在无脚注的情况下，西方读者很可能不得要领，感到满腹疑惑：“Zhongshan”是狼的品种还是产地，这种狼有什么特别的吗?而我国翻译家杨宪益先生采用了增译手法，作了些变通，将“中山狼”译为“mountain wolf”。明示夫妻关系，突出“忘恩负义”的特别意义，基本上实现了原作的语用意图。如不十分了解中国的文化背景，其翻译的译文语义偏离了原文的背景是不正确的。因此译者在翻译中一定要考虑译文的文化语境，才能在跨文化交际中少犯错误或不犯错误。

再看下面容易误译的句子:

He has no mercury in him.他没有精神或毫无活力。

如果按照“mercury”最基本的意思，这句话就会译成“他体内没有水银”实际上，西方古代哲学家将“mercury”水银视为大地万物的元气，故“mercury”一词今仍可用来指活力或精神。免费论文，语境。只有正确了解了“mercury”这层意思之后，我们才会翻译出正确的句子来。

6.结语

综上所述，在英汉翻译的过程中对语境进行分析有着极其重要的作用，因为语境制约翻译，而翻译又依赖于语境。我们在英汉翻译的过程中要清楚语言中字句的组合是临时的，它们产生的意义具有相对临时性，在脱离语境的情况下是不确定的，是潜在的。因此，在翻译时，不能只是局限于对孤立的词语或句子本身来进行逐字逐句的翻译，而是应把它们放在具体的语言环境中来进行。所以翻译的过程中只有对语境进行分析，把握好特定的语言语境，对文章既做巨集观的掌握又做微观的分析，字斟句酌，反复推敲，翻译才能做到准确无误、优美得体。

参考文献：

[1]Firth, J. R .Papers in Linguistics [ C ]Oxford: Oxford University Press 1957.

[2]裴文现代英语语境学[[M}安徽大学出版社，2000.

[3]王建华语境层级与语义阐释[J]四川外语学院学报

[4]曾绪语境分析与英汉翻译[J] 上海科技翻译 2004. 2

[5]杨宪益，戴乃迭.A Dream of Red Mansion [ M ].北京：外文出版社，1994.

[6]方祝根浅谈语境与翻译[J] 泰州职业技术学院学报 2002. 1

论文摘要：语言与文化有着密切的关系，任何语言都体现一定的文化特征，故文化因素对不同语言的翻译具有重要的影响。本文从中西文化的相似形和差异性，包括不同的生活方式、认知思维方式以及价值观等方面，对此问题进行深刻的分析和探讨，指出两种语言翻译中应注意的文化问题。

论文关键词：英汉翻译,文化因素,中西文化异同

1.引言

提高英汉翻译的水平涉及很多因素，但由于语言和文化的密切关系，文化因素在一定程度上制约语言的交流，文化差异对翻译产生重大影响。如果我们能正确处理其中涉及到的这些文化因素，对准确、标准地翻译将会起到很大的促进作用。

2.文化的概念

从广义上说，文化指人类社会历史实践过程中创造的物质财富和精神财富的总和，包括文学、艺术、宗教、哲学等社会科学以及各种自然科学的成果，集中反映了人类的精神文明和物质文明。[1]王鸽平，2001：15从狭义上讲，文化指社会的意识形态以及与之相适应的制度和组织结构，涵盖了生活方式、价值观念和思维方式等。

语言是人类进行交际的工具，由于地域、职业、性别、受教育程度、社会地位等的不同，人们所使用的语言也不相同。不同国家习俗各异，各自具有独特的文化特征，因而表现在语言上也有差异。[2]冯庆华，2002：122例如，在翻译汉语中的“四面楚歌”、“项庄舞剑”、“指鹿为马”、“鸿门宴”等成语和习语时，若不了解中国的历史文化，译出的文章就会令西方人士莫名其妙，不能确切理解。同样，在翻译以下习语："tocarrycoalstoNewCastle"运煤到纽卡索，指多此一举，不必要的事，"theTrojanhorse"特洛伊木马，比喻暗藏敌人或危险，"towerofirony"象牙塔，比喻世外桃源[3]张培基等，1991：P161-163时，如不能熟悉这些习语中具有的浓厚民族、地方色彩的文化知识，很难找到让读者准确理解的汉语表达方式。

中西文化有其共同点。同时，中西文化因其产生的条件的不同，又必然存在差异。可见，要想成为一个出色的翻译者，除精通相应的语言形式外，还要扎实地学习该语言对应的文化知识。

3.中西文化的共同性对英汉翻译的影响

人类生活经历的共同性决定了两种语言不仅在表达形式上有着相同或相似的说法，而且它们在意义和修辞上也有相似之处。

例如在下列英汉翻译中，就利用英汉语言的这种相似性直截了当地套用两种语言对应的同义习语，即采用翻译中的直译法。例如："topraisetotheskies"捧上天去，"tofishintroubledwaters"浑水摸鱼，"toaddfueltothefire"火上浇油等，还有一些大体相同的形象比喻，如"tolaughoffone'shead"笑掉牙齿，"toshedcrocodiletears"猫哭老鼠，"tospendmoneylikewater"挥金如土，"atsixesandsevens"七颠八倒[2]P162等等。然而中西文化的相似只是相对的、个别的，而歧义则是绝对的、普遍的。汉英两种语言反映各自的民族或地方特色，在某些表达方式上存在差异。在互译时，应充分考虑这些文化因素的影响，保持其独特的文化特征，不宜生搬硬套对应语言中具有鲜明民族或地方色彩的表达方式去强译。例如，"Twoheadsarebetterthanone"，虽和汉语习语“三个臭皮匠胜过一个诸葛亮”有相同意义，但在翻译时不可简单地套用后者。因为诸葛亮是我国的一个历史人物，与原作上下文会形成矛盾。如果把它译为“一人不及两人智”，就比较合适，意思既接近，又可避免因历史文化因素引起的矛盾[3]张培基等，1991：P167。

政治、经济、文化的渗透交流和传播导致两种语言中各自出现大量的外来词。

这些外来词在一定程度上改变或改造了引进国的语言。在以形意为词汇主干的汉语中，虽不排斥音译的办法，但尽可能地倾向于意译的做法，而英语对待外来词则以音译为主。例如英语词汇中的"Kang炕"，"litch荔枝"，"jiaozi饺子"等。在英汉翻译中有的干脆是原文照搬，如“VCD，DVD，DNA，CT，SARS”等，这种直译法一开始令读者感到陌生，但一旦熟悉并掌握后，就等于把原词汇中的资讯以近乎保持本来面目的方式贡献给另外一种语言，丰富了它的词汇，也推进了民族间的文化融合，尤其是在当今时代，它对语言、文化、科技等领域的全球化起到了重要的作用[4]潘绍中，2004：P9。

4.中西文化的相异性对翻译的影响

由于中西方在生活方式、价值观念、伦理道德、宗教信仰以及思维方式等方面的差异，导致中西两种语言在诸多方面的不同，既对语言学习造成一定障碍，也对英汉翻译产生很大的影响。

生活方式的差异对英汉互译的影响

由于英语国家的地理位置特征，无论是历史传统还是现实生活中，英语民族的生活多和海洋打交道，因而英语中有大量有关航海的词语;而在以大陆为主的汉语中很难找到相对应的形式，因而对中国人来讲，理解这些表达方式就较为困难。例如："ableseaman"一级水平，"belefthighanddry"陷于困境，"give *** ."远远地躲开等[4]P194-195。

可见这些谚语多和航海有关，代表岛屿文化;而在中国传统文化中则以陆地为主，“树”、“蝼蚁之穴”、“路”、“前车之覆”等都体现着陆地文化[5]王振亚，2000：p138。

反之，汉语有许多关于江湖、山川、四季、农耕等方面的习语，在英语中也难找到现成的对应表达形式，译为英语时一般用意译的办法。例如“种瓜得瓜，种豆得豆”，英语中虽有"Asyousow,soyoumustreap"的说法，但不如汉语具体形象。又如，青黄不接的季节Whencropwaseatenandthenextstillgreen，无孔不入totakeadvantageofeveryweakness，眉飞色舞tobeamwithjoy，运涛好久不来信了，一家子盼星星盼月亮tillhiswholefamilyworriedoverhimdayandnight。[6]吕瑞昌等，1985：P139

由于中国长期的农耕生活的影响，汉语中产生了大量与“食”有关的表达形式，而这些在英语中比较罕见，必须按实际含义和上下文去翻译。许多源自饮食的比喻，英语中没有对应形式，只有意译。例如，他抢了我的饭碗He'stakenthebreadoutofmymouth或He'stakenmyjobfromme，吃醋bejealous。[4]潘绍中，2004：P10

中西民族情感心理、认知方式的差异对语言翻译的影响

由于中西方在风俗习惯、礼仪、思维方式等方面的不同，导致许多词语在中西两种文化中有着不同的文化内涵。缺乏对这些词语表达的文化含义的理解，会造成交际和翻译中的失误。英语民族的思维是个体的、独特的，而中国人注重整体、综合、概括思维。表现在语言上，英语偏好用词具体细腻，而汉语用词概括模糊。例如“说”一词，英语有“say，speak，tell”等，这些词使语言简洁准确，又富于变化，形象生动。而汉语往往趋向于泛指，在“说”前加副词修饰语，如，语无伦次地说，低声地说，嘟嘟囔囔地说[5]王振亚，2000：P217。

中国文化习惯从整体上、直观上看问题，强调社团和集体的价值;英美文化习惯于逻辑分析，强调个人为中心，因而导致语言表达上的种种差异。例如，在姓名、时间、地址的表达方式上，中英两种语言的行文方式明显地体现了这种思维方式的差异，中国文化从大到小，从整体到区域性;而西方文化则正好相反。

中西文化中价值观的差异对英汉翻译的影响

价值观指人的意识形态、伦理道德、宗教信仰，以及风俗人情等为人处世准则的观念。一般认为是特定文化和生活方式的核心，表现在两种语言中，会对语言理解和翻译造成很多障碍，足以引起翻译工作者的重视。

中国文化中以儒家文化为主，其种族亲属和社会关系表达得十分清楚和严格，不容丝毫的含混和马虎;而对崇尚新教、个体文化价值的英语民族来说，这种亲属关系就笼统宽松得多。表现在两种语言中，英语一般只用uncle和aunt表示对非直系长一辈的称呼，对小一辈只用nephew和niece，而对同辈不分长幼用brother和sister，甚至不分男女概称cousin，这在汉语中是不容许的，因为汉语中对此类关系分得十分详细。所以在英译汉中，要找准汉语对应的词语，必须先弄清辈分和亲属、社会关系。而在汉译英中，这些复杂的亲属关系词语就要适当简化。

英语民族崇尚个人主义，个人至上主义价值观是西方文化的特点。体现在语言中，例如：AnEnglishman'shouseishiscastle英国人的家是他们的城堡，意味着没有理由不可以去无故打扰别人或没有预约不可以贸然拜访某人;Evenreckoningmakelongfriends明算账，友谊长;Tellmoneyafteryourownfather亲父子明算账[5]王振亚，2000：P128等，这些都表明西方人的个人主义价值观。

中国文化中以谦虚为美德，所以对别人的赞扬、夸奖常礼仪性地予以否认。如"YouspeakexcellentEnglish"，中国人常说"no,no";而西方人崇尚自我奋斗，常会对别人的赞扬乐于接受并表示感谢，积极地回答“Thankyou!”。

中西方文化中由于长期不同的宗教信仰，决定了两种语言中许多表达方式的差异。英美人有着根深蒂固的基督教传统，而中国人长期信仰佛教、儒家学说。因而在翻译时要顾及各自不同的宗教信仰，特别是有关宗教意义的词语。例如：Manproposes，Goddisposes谋事在人，成事在天，MillsofGodgrindslowbutsure天网恢恢，疏而不漏，Godhelpthosewhohelpthemselves自助者天助之[3]张培基等，1991：P188等。

5.结语

应该说，在从事英汉翻译时，我们必须要重视语言与文化的密切联络，掌握中西文化的相似性和差异性，正确处理翻译中所涉及到的文化因素，从而更标准、更准确地促进翻译质量的提高。

参考文献

1 王鸽平.关于《中国文化概况》中名词的翻译问题[A].语言文学与文化 [C]. 北京:智慧财产权出版社,2001.

2 冯庆华.实用翻译教程[M]. 上海:上海外语教育出版社, 2002.

3 张培基等. 英汉翻译教程[M]. 上海:上海外语教育出版社, 1991.

4 潘绍中.谈谈汉英对译中的文化因素[J]. 中国翻译,2004 3.

5 王振亚. 语言与文化[M]. 北京: 高等教育出版社,2000.

6 吕瑞昌等. 汉英翻译教程[M]. 西安:陕西人民出版社, 1985.

电影翻译论文开题报告

开题报告的格式(通用)由于开题报告是用文字体现的论文总构想，因而篇幅不必过大，但要把计划研究的课题、如何研究、理论适用等主要问题说清楚，应包含两个部分：总述、提纲。 1 总述开题报告的总述部分应首先提出选题，并简明扼要地说明该选题的目的、目前相关课题研究情况、理论适用、研究方法、必要的数据等等。2 提纲开题报告包含的论文提纲可以是粗线条的，是一个研究构想的基本框架。可采用整句式或整段式提纲形式。在开题阶段，提纲的目的是让人清楚论文的基本框架，没有必要像论文目录那样详细。3 参考文献开题报告中应包括相关参考文献的目录4 要求开题报告应有封面页，总页数应不少于4页。版面格式应符合以下规定。开题报告学生：一、选题意义 1、理论意义 2、现实意义二、论文综述 1、理论的渊源及演进过程 2、国外有关研究的综述 3、国内研究的综述 4、本人对以上综述的评价三、论文提纲前言、一、1、2、3、�6�1�6�1�6�1 �6�1�6�1�6�1二、1、2、3、�6�1�6�1�6�1 �6�1�6�1�6�1三、1、2、3、结论四、论文写作进度安排毕业论文开题报告提纲一、开题报告封面：论文题目、系别、专业、年级、姓名、导师二、目的意义和国内外研究概况三、论文的理论依据、研究方法、研究内容四、研究条件和可能存在的问题五、预期的结果六、进度安排

英语专业翻译方向论文开题报告范文

以下是由我整理的.英语专业翻译方向论文的开题报告范文，供大家参考!

How to Deal with Ellipsis in English-Chinese Translation

I. Purpose and Significance

II. Literature Review

III. Feasibility Analysis

This academic paper is a feasible project and the reasons are as follows:

have great interests in the way of English-Chinese translation.

have already studied translation methods and have been familiar with the functions and applications of ellipsis .

have collected enough references both Chinese and Western on ellipsis in

translation and do a scrupulous study of the relationship between them.

have a carefully planned schedule and have worked out a detailed outline of this thesis.

instructor is a qualified translator who is familiar with the subject I havechosen.

IV. Problems of the research and solutions

1. Problems

2. Solutions

(1) I shall make full use of my already acquired references which come from books, magazines and the Internet as well.

(2) I shall value my own original thoughts and mainly rely on detailed analysis that I have read from the books which have closely idea with my purpose.

(3) When I have difficulties in the writing process, I shall consult my instructor and seek for help.

V. Necessary conditions

1. Our university and school of foreign languages have provided the basic study and research conditions and facilities, including books and journals in the library and reading rooms.

2. The Internet is another source of information and on the campus we have easy access to the Internet.

3. I have been assigned an instructor to guide me through the whole process of planning and writing.

VI. Outline

I. Introduction

A. A Brief Introduction of Ellipsis in Translation

B. What Should We Pay Attention to When Dealing with Ellipsis

C. The Reason Why Ellipsis Is So Widely Used in Translation

1. Chinese Expressions Are Much Briefer Than That of English

2. English Grammar Is Wee-Knit and Complete in Sentence Structure

II. The Principles of Ellipsis

A. Omitted Words Must Be Useless And Unnecessary in the Translated Works

B. The Meaning of the Omitted Words Is Implied in the Test

C. Omitted Words Which Are Self-Evident

Ш. The Functions and Applications of Ellipsis

A. The Coherence of the Meaning of Expression

B. The Coincidence of the Manner of Expression

1. Ellipsis of Articles

a. Ellipsis of Definite Articles

b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Articles

2. Ellipsis of Prepositions

3. Ellipsis of Pronouns

a. Ellipsis of Personal and Impersonal Pronouns

b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Pronouns

c. Ellipsis of Relative Pronouns

4. Ellipsis of Conjunctions

a. Ellipsis of Coordinating Conjunctions

b. Ellipsis of Subordinate Conjunctions

5. Ellipsis of Rhetoric

a. Ellipsis of Repeated Words

b. Ellipsis of Synonyms

电影名翻译论文开题报告

翻译专业开题报告

开题报告是毕业论文答辩委员会对学生答辩资格审查的一个重要依据材料。下面是我为大家收集整理的翻译专业开题报告，欢迎阅读。

How to Deal with Ellipsis in English-Chinese Translation

I. Purpose and Significance

II. Literature Review

III. Feasibility Analysis

This academic paper is a feasible project and the reasons are as follows:

have great interests in the way of English-Chinese translation.

have already studied translation methods and have been familiar with the functions and applications of ellipsis .

have collected enough references both Chinese and Western on ellipsis in

translation and do a scrupulous study of the relationship between them.

have a carefully planned schedule and have worked out a detailed outline of this thesis.

instructor is a qualified translator who is familiar with the subject I havechosen.

IV. Problems of the research and solutions

1. Problems

2. Solutions

(1) I shall make full use of my already acquired references which come from books, magazines and the Internet as well.

(2) I shall value my own original thoughts and mainly rely on detailed analysis that I have read from the books which have closely idea with my purpose.

(3) When I have difficulties in the writing process, I shall consult my instructor and seek for help.

V. Necessary conditions

1. Our university and school of foreign languages have provided the basic study and research conditions and facilities, including books and journals in the library and reading rooms.

2. The Internet is another source of information and on the campus we have easy access to the Internet.

3. I have been assigned an instructor to guide me through the whole process of planning and writing.

VI. Outline

I. Introduction

A. A Brief Introduction of Ellipsis in Translation

B. What Should We Pay Attention to When Dealing with Ellipsis

C. The Reason Why Ellipsis Is So Widely Used in Translation

1. Chinese Expressions Are Much Briefer Than That of English

2. English Grammar Is Wee-Knit and Complete in Sentence Structure

II. The Principles of Ellipsis

A. Omitted Words Must Be Useless And Unnecessary in the Translated Works

B. The Meaning of the Omitted Words Is Implied in the Test

C. Omitted Words Which Are Self-Evident

Ш. The Functions and Applications of Ellipsis

A. The Coherence of the Meaning of Expression

B. The Coincidence of the Manner of Expression

1. Ellipsis of Articles

a. Ellipsis of Definite Articles

b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Articles

2. Ellipsis of Prepositions

3. Ellipsis of Pronouns

a. Ellipsis of Personal and Impersonal Pronouns

b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Pronouns

c. Ellipsis of Relative Pronouns

4. Ellipsis of Conjunctions

a. Ellipsis of Coordinating Conjunctions

b. Ellipsis of Subordinate Conjunctions

5. Ellipsis of Rhetoric

a. Ellipsis of Repeated Words

b. Ellipsis of Synonyms

选题的原因、基本内容：

英语成语(idiom)是英语的核心与精华。其内容丰富，寓意深刻，具有浓厚的感情色彩。如果能在文章、谈话或对外交往中，恰当地加以运用，会大大增加语言的表达能力，收到良好的效果。英语谚语是英语语言的'精华，是英国艺术宝库的瑰丽明珠。英语谚语的句式特点是句式简单，语言精炼，富于形象比喻，充满浓郁的民族色彩。学习和研究英语谚语有助于启迪思想，开拓视野，了解英国的历史文化、风土人情，以及英国人民的人生哲理，同时还可以学到生动活泼的大众语言。

本文通过比较英汉成语及谚语这两种语言的相似及不同之处，详细的介绍英语成语及谚语。第一部分主要从内容和形式两方面谈谈英语成语及谚语的基本特色;第二部分谈及英语成语及谚语的一般翻译方法和翻译时应该注意的一些问题。