麦当劳企业论文的参考文献怎么写

参考文献的写法如下：

1、在正文写作完毕后，空两行（宋体小四号），居中书写“参考文献”四个字；“参考文献”使用宋体四号加粗,前后两个字之间不空格。

2、参考文献书写完毕后空一行（宋体小四号）再书写参考文献的具体内容。参考文献按照其在正文中出现的先后以阿拉伯数字连续编码，参考文献的序号左顶格书写，并用数字加中括号表示，如[1]，[2]，[3]，[4]，[5]，每一参考文献条目的最后均以英文句号“．”结束。

3、参考文献只列出作者已直接阅读、在撰写论文过程中主要参考过的文献资料，所列参考文献应按论文参考的先后顺序排列。参考文献与正文连续编排页码。参考文献不少于6篇。

4、参考文献类型及文献类型，根据GB3469-83《文献类型与文献载体代码》规定，以单字母方式标识。

5、论文的参考文献是论文写作过程中参考过的文献著作，是对某一著作或论文的整体的参考或借鉴。参考文献要放在论文正文之后，不得放在各章之后。参考文献只列出作者直接阅读过、在正文中被引用过的文献资料。

论文后面的参考文献的格式怎么写

论文后面的参考文献的格式怎么写，参考文献是论文后面必不可少的一部分，有很多同学对参考文献的写法有很多疑惑，下面大家就跟随我一起来看看论文后面的参考文献的格式怎么写的相关知识吧，希望对大家能有所帮助。

格式为作品的“出版年份”或期刊的“年、卷（期）”+“：页码（或页数范围），”对于多个引用文件，每一引用文件的页码或页码范围（有些出版物也将表示引用文件位置的信息作为页码）应分别列在每个引用文件的序号中，放在方括号后（仅列出编号，前面和后面的单词和字符，如“p”或“page”没有添加）和标记。

所列参考文献的要求如下：

1、所列参考文献应为便于读者考证的官方出版物。

2、所列参考文献应当标明编号、书名、作者和出版信息。

扩展资料：

论文格式的.注意事项：

1、打印要求

所有毕业论文均采用A4纸打印，上下边距，左边距3cm，右边距。行距为行距的倍数（设定值为）；字符间距为默认值（缩放100%，间距：标准），封面为教务处统一规定的封面。

2、字体要求

纸上使用的字体要求是宋体。

3、字号

第一级序、题为小三黑体；第二级序、题为小四黑体；第三级及以下序、题为小四宋体，正文与第二级相同。

4、页眉及页码

毕业论文每页为页眉，以宋体为中心，宋体5号，印有“XX大学X X X理科学生毕业论文（设计）”，页码应按阿拉伯数字（小字体五字）在页脚内连续排列，中间书写。

参考文献是根据GB/TB7714-2005《文后参考文献著录规则》，适用于“著者和编辑编录的文后参考文献，而不能作为图书馆员、文献目录编辑者以及索引编辑者使用的文献编著录规则”。参考文献的书写样式不可随意更改，要按照标准仔细地进行排版。

参考文献的编写顺序是按照论文中引用文献的顺序进行编排，采用中括号的数字连续编号，

依次书写作者、文献名、杂志或书名、卷号或期刊号、出版时间。

参考文献的书写首先要明确的一点是，参考文献的全角和半角问题。其实很简单，英文标点+半角；中文标点+全角。可以自己试一下全角和半角的差别在哪，其实就是字符问题，全角字符占两个字节，半角是占一个。另外我们要了解一下关于参考文献都有哪些类型。一共是分为16种类型，如下图所示。

其中对于专著、论文集中的析出文献，其文献类型标识建议采用单字母“A”；对于其他未说明的文献类型，建议采用单字母“Z”。

我们可以具体的学习一下参考文献格式

[序号] 期刊作者．题名[J]．刊名．出版年，卷(期): 起止页码.

[序号] 专著作者．书名[M]．版次(第一版可略)．出版地：出版社，出版年∶起止页码.

[序号] 论文集作者．题名〔C〕．编者．论文集名．出版地∶出版社，出版年∶起止页码.

[序号] 学位论文作者．题名〔D〕．保存地点：保存单位，年份.

[序号] 专利所有者.专利文献题名〔P〕．国别：专利号．发布日期.

[序号] 标准编号，标准名称〔S〕.出版地：出版者，出版年.

[序号] 报纸作者．题名〔N〕．报纸名，出版日期(版次).

[序号] 报告作者．题名〔R〕．报告地：报告会主办单位,年份.

[序号] 电子文献作者．题名〔电子文献及载体类型标识〕．文献出处，日期.

相信这些大家都很清楚怎么用，参考文献的书写也是不可忽略的一部分。其中有几个小点也许一直被同学所忽略，我这里要提醒一下大家。第一，文献中的英文名字不可进行缩写，一定要写正确的人名称呼。第二中文和英文参考文献书写并不相同。中文的作者一般是“姓+名”；而英文参考文献是采用“姓,名.”的方式。第三，如果引用的中文文献作者有多个，一般是采用前三位作者署名，第三位作者后面添加等字；英文文献则采用，“姓,名,and名姓”的方式进行书写，除第一位以外，都按照正常顺序写。第四，特别需要注意的是注意无意间的空格，尤其是在书写英文的参考文献当中。第五，参考文献要按照论文引用文献顺序依次书写，这样论文的整体比较严谨，也不会混乱。

麦当劳论文近三年参考文献

近二十年来，我国的经济快速发展，带动了服务行业的进步，快餐行业也蓬勃发展起来。但就发展水平来看，我国的快餐行业还处于较低的层次。在中式快餐与西式快餐企业之间存在着很大的差距，这种差距主要体现在服务与营销的方面。虽然目前关于市场营销的理论有很多，但服务营销在我国还是一个新的理论，特别是快餐业的服务营销更是一个崭新的课题。通过研究快餐业的服务营销，可以有效地帮助快餐企业提高服务质量并获取竞争优势。麦当劳是世界上最大的快餐连锁企业，它在发展过程中有许多宝贵的经验和教训值得我们借鉴。尤其是在服务营销方面，麦当劳的产品品质策略、特许经营策略、以及灵活有效的促销策略等等都给中式快餐企业以很好的启示。本文正是以服务营销和跨国营销为主要的理论依据，以麦当劳为主要的案例，通过对它的服务营销战略的具体分析，不仅可以从中探究麦当劳成功的原因，还可以进一步找到发展中式快餐的出路。本文通过理论与实践相结合，运用大量的案例，对麦当劳等西式快餐企业以及中式快餐企业在服务营销方面存在的主要问题及解决途径进行了深入的分析，还对中式快餐企业进行跨国、跨地区经营做了初步的探讨。最后得出了要从产品、人员、服务设计与质量管理及服务的有形展示等方面入手来发展中式快餐的结论。In the nearly twenty years, with the rapid development of china"s economy, the service -industry has made the progress, this progress contributes to the fast- food industry of China. But as far as the level of the development, there is a gap between the Chinese fast- food industry and the western one, which lies in the marketing service. There are many theories about marketing, but the marketing service is new in China, specially the marketing service in fast-food industry. It can help enterprises get the competitive "s is one of the world"s most well-known and valuable brands. It can enlighten us in the fields of product strategy, franchise strategy, and promotion strategy and so research is based on the marketing service theory. McDonald"s is the main case. From this, we can find not only the reasons of McDonald"s success, but also the way of developing the Chinese fast-food research combines theory with practice, and adopts many cases. Meanwhile, it analyzes the marketing strategy of McDonald"s, and the main problems and solutions of Chinese fast-food industry. Besides, it makes an elementary discussion about the transnational marketing. At last, we can draw the conclusion that we should start with the product, people, service design and quality management and physical evidence to develop Chinese fast food industry.

S 麦当劳特许谋划的上风 1.麦当劳哄特许谋划实施大规模的低成本扩张对特许商麦当劳来讲，借助特许谋划的情势，其可以兴许在实施集中节制的同时连结较小的规模，既可赚取合理利润，又不有关高本钱危害，更没必要统筹加盟商的同样平常琐屑的事再者因为加盟店对隶属地域有较深切的相识，往往更易掘客出企业尚没有有关的营业规模另有，因为特许商不需要介入加盟者的员工办理工作，故而自己所必需措置惩罚的员工不懂的题目相对于较少特许商不领有加盟商的资产，保障资产安全的责任纯粹落在资产所有人的身上，特许商没必要负担相干责任对加盟商来讲，其可以借助特许谋划"扩印底片" 有人曾经形象地把加盟特许谋划比方成"扩印底盘"，即借助特许商的牌号、特殊技术、谋划标准样式来重复哄，并借此扩展规模加盟商可以安享现成的商誉和品牌加盟商因为秉承了特许商的商誉，在开业、创事业阶段就领有了杰出的形象，使很多工作患上以顺遂开展除此以外，制止市场危害也是其举行特许谋划的上风之一对缺少市场谋划的投资者来讲，面临猛烈的市场竞争环境，往往处于劣势投资一家业绩杰出且有真格的力量的特许商，借助其品牌形象、办理标准样式和其它撑持系统，其危害大大减低分享规模效益的上风也不容轻忽这些个规模效益包孕：采集购买规模效益、告白规模效益、谋划规模效益、技术研发规模效益等最后总重要的是获取多方面撑持加盟商可从特许商处获患上多方面的撑持，如培养训练、选择地址、资金融通、市场阐发、同一告白、技术让渡等总而言之，特许谋划乐成成长的最重要的上风缘故原由就是在于精确定位因为能精确定位，使企业方针市场选择精确，能盘绕方针市场举行辕销计谋组合，并能实时相识方针市场的变化，使企业的产物和办事走在时代最前一列 W麦当劳特许谋划的弱势因为特许谋划将特许谋划主与加盟商拴在了一路，正可谓有福共享，有难同当是以加盟商谋划欠好或者诺言欠安，都直接影响到特许谋划主的实际好处正如其实不是所有企业都合适做特许谋划主同样，也其实不是所有人都合适做加盟商在选择加盟商时，企业应该举行适当的查询拜访和考据作者以为时装行业的加盟商至少需要具备以下前提：一定的资金真格的力量，杰出的贸易诺言，具备谋划的基本本质，而且应该对时装市场的动态有敏感的洞悉力今朝我国时装企业在这一点儿上存在很大的差异很多特许谋划主征寻加盟商时其实不注重其资信状态，在大多环境下，后者只要缴纳一定的包管金便可成为加盟商，对后期的危害预计不足在某一固定地域，市场消费程度是相对于固定的，如果在该地域同时存在加盟店与自营店，在举行选址时容易孕育发生冲突这一冲突一朝处理完成欠好，则势必会对自营店的发卖业绩孕育发生影响这一点儿要求特许谋划主在举行店址的选择时必需充实注重到商圈的成长、人海的漫衍、店面的巨细等因素以只管即便制止同行间的过分竞争以是说规塑性是特许谋划的首要原则如果特许谋划没有一套完备的公司内部办理规范，对加盟店的办理没有同一规范，势必使特许谋划弄患上驴唇分歧纰缪马嘴但在实际的操作中，加盟店的规塑性很难获患上包管首要存在以下几个方面的环境： O麦当劳神州特许谋划的机会 1) 麦当劳将会更存眷2、三线城市在危机期间，很多的2、三线城市所受的经济恐慌相对于较小，以是麦当劳会把这些个地域作为市场研发的重点云云看来，经济恐慌却是增进了很多2、三线城市的畅通或者第三财产的成长从国度或者地域经济的群体来看，这就是所说的的塞翁掉马实在麦当劳也可借此周全进驻大中华地域 2）收集经济的活跃，神州收集事业的不停成长为麦当劳神州特许谋划进程项加足了Hp（马力）迩来麦当劳加大其收集投入麦当劳公司这段选用了Corporate Yahoo!(企业雅虎)为其成立了流派网站，以处理完成其复杂的后勤办理不懂的题目，即为其散布到全球的员工、连锁店业主及供应商供给对信息系统的拜候能力 “公司的方针是使这一流派成为员工开展同样平常工作的处所”首席信息官兼高级副总裁DaveWeick说，成立公司网站可以餍足公司对“同一架构”的需求，施用户可以兴许拜候其有关浩繁国际运作部分的内部系统流派纯粹建成后，120多个国度中的麦当劳员工与供应商将可以兴许路程经过过程登录Web页面获患上相干的数据该网站另有助于将谋划着80％的麦当劳连锁店的特许谋划者归入信息圈中来自差别营业部的30名员工对公司流派网站举消遣文娱成尝试使用后，麦当劳此刻筹办将其周全投入施用分阶段实动工程将从全球营销部分隔始，包孕告白公司等外部互助伙伴，如DDBWorldwide与Leo Burnett公司等 T 麦当劳神州特许谋划的威吓受全球金融危机的影响，神州也不破例是以在神州，麦当劳也难免受到艰难困苦： 1开店数目会削减在经济恐慌工作，因为至关一部分的投资人会有不雅望等候和保有现金的灰心投资生理，以是其投资决议信念绝对是受到影响；同时，很多特许人企业也会碰到因消费低迷而引起的直接市场坚苦，以是，岂论是在直营店或者加盟店的开设数目方面，均可能削减，甚或者是大幅度地削减 2. 麦当劳的特许谋划用度会削减面临经济恐慌，麦当劳企业为了加盟事业的成长，务必会采纳给加盟商让利的招商优惠办法，以与加盟商共渡因难关口特许人企业招商优惠政策的此中最凸起的体现之一就是其特许谋划用度会削减，首要削减的种别会包孕一次性缴纳的加盟金、按期缴纳的权益金等削减的体式格局会有很多种，好比直接地在数据上削减、容许加盟商分期付款、向加盟上推出二手装备等 3. 致力于单店获利、品位办理因为开店数目的削减和消费的低迷实际，麦当劳神州总部会有更多的精神和压力来提高单店的获利办理程度，夸大以品位吸引更多的主顾以是，2009年将会是麦当劳的单店群体获利能力和程度、品位办理上涨的一年这也不掉是麦当劳群体晋升自我的良机 4.来自同质财产的威吓，好比说肯德基，必胜客另有来自神州本土快餐行业的威吓，例如，华莱士，德克士，桂林人，绿野仙踪等等

1、麦当劳的CIS麦当劳是当今世界上最成功的快餐连锁店，目前在72个国家开设了14000多家，每天接待2800万人次的顾客，并且以平均每小时新开一家餐厅的速度发展着。而顾客走进任何地方、任何一家麦当劳餐厅，都会发现，这里的建筑外观、内部陈设、食品规格和服务员的言谈举止、衣着服饰等诸多方面都惊人地相似，都能给顾客以同样标准的享受。2、麦当劳的经营理念麦当劳的创始人雷·克罗克在创业初期，就为自己设立了快餐店的三个经营信念，后来又加上“V”信条，构成麦当劳快餐店完整的FQ、S、C、V经营理念。Q（Quality）是指质量、品质。北京的麦当劳产品原料有95%以上在当地采购。面包不圆和切口不平都不用，奶浆接货温度要在4℃以下，高一度就退货。一片牛肉饼要经过40多项质量控制检查。S(Service)是指服务，包括店铺建筑的快适感、营业时间的方便性、销售人员的服务态度等。微笑是麦当劳的特色，所有的训员都面露微笑、活泼开朗地和顾客交谈、做事，让顾客感觉满意。C（Cleanliness）是指卫生、清洁。麦当劳员工规范中，有一项条文是“与其靠着墙休息，不如起身打扫”，全世界一万几千家连锁店所有员工都必须遵守这一条文。员工上岗操作前须严格用杀菌洗手液洗手消毒，规定两手揉搓至少20秒种再冲洗。V（Value）是指价值，意为“提供原有价值的高品质，物品给顾客”。麦当劳的食品营养经过科学配比，营养丰富，价格合理。让顾客在清洁环境中享受快捷营养美食，这就叫“物有所值”。3、麦当劳的行为识别麦当劳有一套准则来保证员工行为规范，即“小到洗手有程序，大到管理有手册。”4、麦当劳控制系统麦当劳公司的再一个控制手段，是在所有经营分店中塑造公司独特的组织文化，这就是大家熟5、麦当劳管理办法麦当劳公司可以说是世界上最成功的特许组织了。在全世界它有一万家分支分店，大约每隔15小时就有一家分店开张。1，分店的建立。每开一家分店，麦当劳总部都自行派员选择地址，组织安排店铺的建筑，设备的安装和内外装潢。2，特许费。受许人一旦与公司签订合同，必须先付首期特许费为2。25万美元，其中一半现金支付，另一半以后上交。此后，每年交一笔特许权使用费[年金]和房产租金。前者为年销售额的3%，后者为年销售额的8。5%。3，合同契约。特许合同的期限为20年。公司对受许人有以下责任：在公司的汉堡大学培训员工，管理咨询，负责广告宣传，公共关系和财务咨询，提供人员培训的各种资料，教具和设备，向特许分店供货时提供优惠。4，货物分销。麦当劳公司不是直接向特许店提供餐具，食品原料，而是与专业供应商签订合同，在由它们向各个分店直接送货。6、麦当劳的营销策略1，商品策略。因为受许人必须先到汉堡大学培训一段时间，方可营业，这就保证了麦当劳快餐店出售的食品都严格执行规定的质量标准和操作程序。例如，炸土豆条所用的土豆要经过适当的储存时间调整淀粉和堂的含量，放在可调温的油锅中炸制，炸好后立即卖给顾客，若在7分钟内未售出，则将其报废。2，服务策略。麦当劳快餐店努力创造温馨气氛。店堂内尽量避免喧闹和闲逛，适合全家宁静地就餐。服务员热情周到，效率高。3，卫生策略。麦当劳制定了严格的卫生标准，如工作人员不准留长发，妇女必须地发罩，顾客一走就马上清洁桌面，落在地面的纸片要随时拣起来，是店堂内始终保持清洁的环境。4，价格策略。尽管麦当劳质量有保障，但也不随意抬高价格，信守物有所值。

麦当劳的毕业论文

S代表优势，W代表弱势，O代表机会，发展的机会，T代表未来的挑战，威胁，SWOT分析S 麦当劳特许经营的优势1. 麦当劳利用特许经营实行大规模的低成本扩张。对于特许商麦当劳来说，借助特许经营的形式，其能够在实行集中控制的同时保持较小的规模，既可赚取合理利润，又不涉及高资本风险，更不必兼顾加盟商的日常琐事。再者由于加盟店对所属地区有较深入的了解，往往更容易发掘出企业尚没有涉及的业务范围。还有，由于特许商不需要参与加盟者的员工管理工作，因而本身所必需处理的员工问题相对较少。特许商不拥有加盟商的资产，保障资产安全的责任完全落在资产所有人的身上，特许商不必承担相关责任。对于加盟商来说，其可以借助特许经营"扩印底版" 。有人曾形象地把加盟特许经营比喻成"扩印底盘"，即借助特许商的商标、特殊技能、经营模式来反复利用，并借此扩大规模。加盟商可以享受现成的商誉和品牌。加盟商由于承袭了特许商的商誉，在开业、创业阶段就拥有了良好的形象，使许多工作得以顺利开展。否则，借助于强大广告攻势来树立形象是一大笔开支。除此之外，避免市场风险也是其进行特许经营的优势之一。2. 对于缺乏市场经营的投资者来说，面对激烈的市场竞争环境，往往处于劣势。投资一家业绩良好且有实力的特许商，借助其品牌形象、管理模式以及其他支持系统，其风险大大降低。分享规模效益的优势也不容忽视。这些规模效益包括：采购规模效益、广告规模效益、经营规模效益、技术开发规模效益等。最后总重要的是获取多方面支持。加盟商可从特许商处获得多方面的支持，如培训、选择地址、资金融通、市场分析、统一广告、技术转让等。总而言之，特许经营成功发展的最重要的优势原因就是在于准确定位。由于能准确定位，使企业目标市场选择准确，能围绕目标市场进行营销策略组合，并能及时了解目标市场的变化，使企业的产品和服务走在时代前列。W麦当劳特许经营的弱势由于特许经营将特许经营主与加盟商拴在了一起，正可谓有福同享，有难同当。因此加盟商经营不好或信誉不佳，都直接影响到特许经营主的实际利益。正如并不是所有企业都适合做特许经营主一样，也并不是所有人都适合做加盟商。在选择加盟商时，企业应该进行适当的调查和考证。笔者认为服装行业的加盟商至少需要具备以下条件：一定的资金实力，良好的商业信誉，具备经营的基本素质，并且应该对服装市场的动态有敏锐的洞察力。目前我国服装企业在这一点上存在很大的差异。许多特许经营主征寻加盟商时并不注意其资信状况，在大部分情况下，后者只要交纳一定的保证金即可成为加盟商，对后期的风险估计不足。在某一固定地区，市场消费水平是相对固定的，如果在该地区同时存在加盟店与自营店，在进行选址时容易产生冲突。这一冲突一旦解决不好，则势必会对自营店的销售业绩产生影响。这一点要求特许经营主在进行店址的选择时必须充分注意到商圈的发展、人流的分布、店面的大小等因素。以尽量避免同业间的过度竞争。所以说规范性是特许经营的首要原则。如果特许经营没有一套完整的公司内部管理规范，对加盟店的管理没有统一标准，必将使特许经营搞得驴唇不对马嘴。但在实际的操作中，加盟店的规范性很难得到保证。主要存在以下几个方面的情况：O麦当劳中国特许经营的机会1) 麦当劳将会更关注二、三线城市在危机时期，许多的二、三线城市所受的经济危机相对较小，所以麦当劳会把这些地区作为市场开发的重点。如此看来，经济危机倒是促进了许多二、三线城市的流通或第三产业的发展。从国家或地区经济的整体来看，这就是所谓的塞翁失马。其实麦当劳也可借此全面进驻大中华地区。2）网络经济的活跃，中国网络事业的不断发展为麦当劳中国特许经营进程加足了马力。近来麦当劳加大其网络投入。麦当劳公司最近选用了Corporate Yahoo!(企业雅虎)为其建立了门户网站，以解决其庞大的后勤管理问题，即为其遍布全球的员工、连锁店业主及供应商提供对信息系统的访问能力。 “公司的目标是使这一门户成为员工开展日常工作的地方。”首席信息官兼高级副总裁DaveWeick说，建立公司网站可以满足公司对“统一架构”的需求，使用户能够访问其涉及众多国际运作部门的内部系统。门户完全建成后，120多个国家中的麦当劳员工与供应商将能够通过登录Web页面获得相关的数据。该网站还有助于将经营着80％的麦当劳连锁店的特许经营者纳入信息圈中。来自不同业务部的30名员工对公司门户网站进行成功试用后，麦当劳现在准备将其全面投入使用。分阶段实施工程将从全球营销部门开始，包括广告公司等外部合作伙伴，如DDBWorldwide与Leo Burnett公司等。T 麦当劳中国特许经营的威胁受全球金融危机的影响，中国也不例外。因此在中国，麦当劳也不免受挫：1.开店数量会减少在经济危机事情，因为相当一部分的投资人会有观望等待和持有现金的悲观投资心理，所以其投资信心必然受到影响；同时，很多特许人企业也会遇到因消费不景气而导致的直接市场困难，所以，不论是在直营店或加盟店的开设数量方面，都有可能减少，甚至是大幅度地减少。2. 麦当劳的特许经营费用会减少面对经济危机，麦当劳企业为了加盟事业的发展，务必会采取给加盟商让利的招商优惠措施，以与加盟商共渡难关。特许人企业招商优惠政策的其中最突出的表现之一就是其特许经营费用会减少，主要减少的类别会包括一次性缴纳的加盟金、定期交纳的权益金等。减少的方式会有很多种，比如直接地在数值上减少、允许加盟商分期付款、向加盟上推出二手设备等。3. 致力于单店赢利、品质管理因为开店数量的减少和消费的不景气现实，麦当劳中国总部会有更多的精力和压力来提高单店的赢利管理水平，强调以品质吸引更多的顾客。所以，2009年将会是麦当劳的单店整体赢利能力和水平、品质管理上升的一年。这也不失是麦当劳整体提升自我的好时机4.来自同质产业的威胁，比如说肯德基，必胜客。还有来自中国本土快餐行业的威胁，例如，华莱士，德克士，桂林人，绿野仙踪等等。以上搜集的资料，希望可以帮助你

参考以下资料，希望对你有用品牌转换旧貌新颜麦当劳50年不变的“麦当劳叔叔”就是麦当劳的“首席快乐官”（Chief Happiness Officer）。以前，笑容可掬的“麦当劳叔叔”对于儿童、青少年、父母等细分市场都非常有亲和力，是不错的“品牌代言人”。但是，随着时间的推移，麦当劳的定位以及品牌的概念随着E时代的来临，已经不能像以往那样吸引那些更喜欢“酷”、刺激和冒险的嘻哈一族。麦当劳必段进行全球形象转换及品牌更新。“我就喜欢”准确的把目标顾客定在了麦当劳流失得最快、公司最需要抓住的年轻一族，所有的品牌主题都围绕着“酷”、“自己做主”、“我行我素”等年轻人推崇的理念。中文麦当劳歌曲的创作者及演唱者王力宏在年轻人中很有号召力，是有主见、有活力、有上进心的年轻人的代表。王力宏创作的带有嘻哈和R&B曲风的《我就喜欢》主题曲，推出之后登上了很多歌曲排行榜，在年轻人中非常流行，为麦当劳赢得了不少关注。与此同时，麦当劳连锁店的广告海报和员工服装的基本色都换成了时尚前卫的黑色。配合品牌广告宣传，麦当劳推出了一系列超“酷”的促销活动，比如只要对服务员大声说“我就喜欢”或“i'm lovin' it”，就能获赠圆筒冰激凌。一些大学生认为这样的活动很新鲜、很有意思，很受敢做敢为的年轻人欢迎。通信+食品看协同营销一个是“国内通信领袖”，一个是“国际快餐之王”，“动感地带”和“麦当劳”能走到一起，是因为他们都强调“特权主义”和“地盘”的概念，通过营造一种“拇指族”的新新文化来进行市场有效的细分，尤其是对年轻人，他们更看重自身个性方面的东西。与麦当劳合作，推出只有动感地带成员才能以15元价格享用的“动感套餐”(原价元)无疑可以增加客户“特权”的感受。对于麦当劳而言，动感套餐可以增加对消费者的“黏度”。从而拓展双方的“地盘”范围。在4月23日，动感套餐评选揭晓活动上，记者了解到，通过“动感套餐”投票评选，迅速将麦当劳拓展为“ZONE人一族”聚集的新领地，也就是将动感地带的“地盘”进一步扩大，将“ZONE人一族”的队伍进一步壮大。每月的“动感套餐”由“ZONE人一族”通过短信、彩信和网上投票的方式进行选举，既有新意又有实惠，让“ZONE人一族”感受到自己的特权。此后，动感地带还会与麦当劳在渠道、产品、市场等方面以多种形式陆续展开合作，开展一系列针对年轻一族的活动，使动感地带的“地盘”向更多更广的领域扩展。麦当劳正从以往小孩子眼中天堂的温馨形象为基础进行拓展，瞄准了年轻一族的消费者，这时，人流是经营的关键，而M-ZONE所拥有的正是大量的受众群体，这就成为了麦当劳拓展多元化顾客的有利来源，当吸引来顾客后，通过动感地带的无线通信平台，就成为了麦当劳有针对性地发布新产品和促销讯息的有效通道，更有效地利用新兴的第五媒体来传播资源和投入的分享，无形中强化了整体传播的深度和广度，可以吸引大批有需求的年轻客户。以前和蔼温和的如今动感时尚的麦叔叔在中国市场上真的能如愿以偿吗？那个有些霸道地说出“我就喜欢”的街头男孩真的能圆麦当劳品牌新主张梦想吗？也许答案只有时间老人才能作出回答。

改革开放以来，随着我国国民经济持续稳定发展，服务业得到了快速发展。据国家统计部门公布的有关资料表明，在我国国民经济和社会发展第十个五年（2001～2005）计划期间，服务业国内生产总值增加值的比重已超过40%，其就业人数占全社会就业总人数的比重已达到。我国国民经济和社会发展第十一个五年（2006～2010）规划期间，服务业国内生产总值增加值的比重和就业人数占全社会就业人数的比重，将分别达到和。西方发达国家进入服务社会后，服务业占GDP的比重均超过60%，部分国家已达到70%或80%，其受雇于服务业的员工占全社会就业总人数的比率达70%。我国服务业与西方发展国家比较，还有相当大的差距。由于服务业是满足他人需要的活动，其发展水平是衡量现代社会经济发达程度的重要标志。全面、快速、健康地发展服务业，对于促进经济结构的优化，缓解就业压力，增加资金积累，改善人民生活，建设和谐社会，和谐民族，以至和谐国家，都具有重大的现实意义和深远的战略意义。因此，为应对21世纪面临的挑战，加速与国际经济接轨，进一步促进我国国民经济持续稳定发展，必须高度重视服务业在我国国民经济发展中的重要作用，为推进服务业健康向前发展，除了深化我国服务行业体制改革以外，当前突出的问题是要从服务业的角度深刻理解其关系营销的内涵、作用，并在搞好关系营销方面采取有效对策。服务是一种本质上无形的活动或利益，它在服务提供者与顾客的互动过程中同步生产和消费。服务营销的基本目标就是通过优质服务使组织和顾客保持良好的长期关系，而以发现、建立、保持和强化与顾客的良好关系为目的营销就是关系营销。为此，本文试就服务业关系营销的本质特征、重要作用，以及搞好关系营销的对策加以论述。一、服务业关系营销的特征由于服务本身具有如下特色：一是具有无形性，即买者无法在购买前试用，如尝试、感觉、试听等；二是具有不可分割性，即服务本身无法和服务提供者分割开来，很多的服务、创造、传递和消费是同时进行；三是具有异质性，指企业很难用提供标准化的服务；四是具有易逝性，即服务无法储存。因此服务业的关系营销既具有其他产业的关系营销的共性，又具有本身的个性，即具有双赢性、稳定性、过程性、无形性、公平性。（一）双赢性获得双赢是服务业关系营销的基础，双方在进行交易时不但要考虑自己的利益，更重要的是将对方利益摆在优先的位置上，让对方利益得到满足，如银行对企业提供贷款时，考虑的是资信较好的企业，反过来资信较好的企业又为银行带来较好的贷款利息收益。因此关系营销的关键也就是双方找到利益的共同点，达到双赢的目的。（二）稳定性由于关系营销注重与顾客的合作，注重与顾客共同创造价值，注重保持和顾客改善关系，因此自交易开始建立的这种关系会更加稳定，顾客需要提供服务时会产生一种惯性，而这种惯性正是关系营销稳定的基础。如虽然顾客得到另外一家证券公司更优惠的交易佣金的许诺，但该顾客可能选择继续留在现有的证券公司，这是因为该顾客与公司有着长期的信任利益，这种长期的信任利益很难改变该顾客产生的惯性心理。（三）过程性这是服务业营销最重要的特点，这一过程是由一系列活动所组成，这些活动消耗各种资源，包括了人力资源和其他资源，通过服务型企业与顾客的互动，寻求找到顾客问题的解决方案，在服务过程中，顾客亲自参与，顾客的这种参与构成了服务过程重要组成部分。如医生对病人进行手术时，在手术过程中，都要询问病人的感觉情况。因此服务业的关系营销应更加关注其过程性。（四）无形性因服务是一种活动或利益，而不是实物，所以服务业的关系营销不像其他营销一样，有产品去看，有感觉去触摸，通常是以主观的方式来感知服务，如坐火车旅行时，乘客只拥有一份将被安全送达目的地的承诺。（五）公平性为了与顾客建立更为密切的互信关系，取得最大的顾客价值让渡，服务业的关系营销还具有公平性的特点。首先是结果的公平，指顾客抱怨的结果，能够与其不满意的水平相匹配。其次是过程公平，即顾客在投诉后，马上会有人在规定时间里进行处理。最后是对待公平，即顾客在投诉过程中会被诚实礼貌地对待。二、服务业关系营销的作用（一）降低服务业的成本，增加服务业的利润通常讲“不要回头货，只要回头客。”由于关系营销带来的是忠诚的顾客，从而为降低服务业的成本，增加服务业的利润创造了条件。首先节约了成本，据调查获取新顾客的成本是保留一位顾客成本的5倍。由于与老顾客沟通起来容易，服务业不必花大量的时间和精力进行促销，从而减少了运营成本。其次顾客的忠诚不仅可以拒绝同行服务业促销的诱惑，而且还会主动向亲朋好友和周围的人推荐该服务业提供的服务，成为不花钱而最具有价值的广告，从而为稳定现实顾客，增加潜在顾客打下基础。据有关资料表明，顾客保留率提高5%，其利润就能增加25%～85%，良好的关系下，顾客对服务业感情越深，他们投入这家企业的货币、时间和精力也就越多，这家服务业的收入就越稳定，利润也就越多。最后是关系营销可以克服服务易逝性所导致的供需矛盾，减少了因服务能力过剩或短缺造成大量利润损失的机会，增加利润，减少成本。如海南的旅游公司正是通过与全国旅游公司建立这种关系营销来平衡因季节不同造成的需求矛盾的。（二）减少顾客非货币成本支出一是时间成本，大多数服务要求顾客亲自参与，因顾客要花费时间，这主要表现在往返路途、等待等接受服务过程花费的时间，建立这种关系营销可以减少这种时间成本支出。二是搜寻成本，即指顾客为确定和选择所要接受的服务以及估计服务的价格而付出的脑力劳动，关系营销可以减少服务的无形性和服务价格不可见性的搜寻成本。三是便利成本，指顾客为前往服务场接受服务所付的各种代价，包括了时间、体力和金钱等。四是精神成本，这主要是对顾客购买和消费一些服务时所付出的精神成本，如担心、担心被拒绝、担心被敷衍等，关系营销减少由于顾客关系不熟悉所带来的精神成本支出。（三）提高顾客满意率，为顾客获得更为优质服务创造条件由于服务本身的过程性、无形性和易逝性，顾客在服务过程中，心理愉悦感是顾客满意的重要因素，关系营销可以满足顾客受尊重、社交及消费心理的需求，从而为顾客提供优质服务，获得超值享受创造条件。如一个旅游者和导游建立了良好的关系，对旅游者获得旅游方面的心理需求，就会大有益处。三、搞好服务业关系营销的对策（一）提升顾客价值资产服务业的盈利能力不但取决于服务本身，更重要的取决于长期顾客关系的维系，而要取得更加忠诚的顾客，关键是要给顾客更多所得，减少顾客付出，要达到这两个目的，必须提升顾客价值资产。价值资产由服务的质量、价格和服务便利性三个要素构成。提升价值资产最有效的方法是提高服务质量，降低服务价格，使顾客更便利，这也是搞服务业关系营销的前提和基础。首先是提高服务质量，服务的质量可分为四个主要部分：有形产品成分、无形服务成分、服务提供过程和服务环境。在这四个部分中，有形产品成分和无形服务成分的质量控制已经受到了广泛的重视，但服务提供过程则非常难以保持稳定，成为最重要的竞争砝码，服务的环境，在零售业中尤为重要。如走进美容院大厅给人以美的享受，顾客就会对服务质量产生较好的感觉。其次是降低价格，对争取很多顾客，维系关系营销也非常重要。最后是使顾客更便利，包括了地理位置、方便使用和可获得性三个要素，地理位置对服务业非常重要，如麦当劳开设了为过往开车顾客服务的便利窗口，使得司机不用下车就可以购买食品，成功地吸引了大量顾客。（二）开辟多种渠道，维系顾客关系在服务业竞争越演越烈的今天，提高顾客的价值资产来进行关系营销，远远不够，还必需开辟多种渠道维系顾客关系，进一步提高顾客保留率。首先是常客回报活动，常客回报是综合性关系营销和顾客保留中一种最基本的层次。采用这种方法不仅可以提高服务业绩，更重要的可以提高商誉，如航空公司和酒店采用免费机票、免费住宿、价格优惠，对奖励忠诚的顾客有较大作用。其次是特殊赞赏和特殊对待。最后是进行联谊和感情交流活动，将顾客的兴趣、财务刺激和情感交流相结合的联谊活动，可以建立顾客对服务组织及其供应品的依恋之情，并加强顾客相互之间的情感联系。（三）为顾客提供品牌服务和特色服务在追求生活同质化的今天，要满足顾客的消费期望，消除服务中异质性所带来的差异，关键是要为顾客提供品牌服务，如美国联邦快递公司，之所以能成为快递市场的领导，其重要原因是隔夜包裹快运品牌服务得到顾客的认同。此外为满足丰富多彩的消费需求，为顾客提供特色服务也是必不可少的。如美国的著名丽嘉酒店，增设“技术”岗位，安排专业技术人员全天候命，帮助客户解决各种电脑软硬件问题，商务旅客认为这是一项价值很高的服务。（四）进行服务补救一方面由于服务的无形性，使得服务很难标准化，顾客缺乏有形的标准作为参照，对服务的感知总是比较主观，难于把握。另一方面由于服务的异质性，因而其产生的问题不能确定质量的一致，顾客没有一定的评定标准。此外由于服务不可分割性，要求顾客和服务人员都必须了解整个服务传递过程，才能实现顾客的真正满意，但是在服务中很难实现两者之间的全过程的不可分割。基于上述原因，服务中产生差错是不可避免的，但重要的是对产生差错进行服务补救。首先重视顾客问题，承认问题的存在，分析失误的原因，对服务失误进行评估，并能在恰当的时候对顾客道歉。其次是建立一个服务补救预警系统，在问题出现前预见到问题并予以避免。再次有效处理顾客抱怨和投诉，顾客投诉是发现服务失误的一个重要来源，须设计方便顾客投诉的程序，引导顾客投诉。最后尽快解决问题，一旦发现服务失误，服务员必须在失误发生的同时迅速解决失误，防止失误升级。（五）建立服务业关系营销管理信息系统在现代信息社会中，信息已成为服务业不可缺少的重要资源，通过建立信息系统来收集、分析和处理信息是赢得市场竞争的重要手段，也是提升服务管理水平、改进服务质量、搞好客户关系、进行服务补救的前提和基础。组建关系营销信息管理系统的实质，就是采用数据库和交互技术等现代信息技术，通过广泛收集和积累各类公开发表的数据和消费者数据，然后分析和处理这些数据，从而为深入了解每一位客户的需要、爱好及质量服务要求打下基础，达到改进服务体系，进行服务创新，并提升服务业关系营销层次的目的。

麦当劳市场营销论文参考文献

在国际市场营销前，国际市场的选择需要经过由外部和宏观导向驱动因素的初步筛选，以及波士顿模型测量的精细筛选。下面是我给大家推荐的有关国际市场营销的论文，希望大家喜欢!

《国际市场营销》

摘要：宝洁(美国)公司是全球规模最大和最具价值的消费品公司之一。其商业事物分布在大约80个国家中，生产300个品牌同时市场营销到160个国家。宝洁中国市场是其第二大市场，因此，宝洁公司在中国市场的营销策略是本文的讨论的重点。为了使宝洁在中国市场能够更加适应本地市场变化及持续的发展，本文首先深层剖析宝洁已经实施的基于市场营销流程理论的策略，然后分析策略中值得学习的成功点和不足的地方，最后将专注于给出在中国可以辅佐宝洁成功营销的建议。

关键词：宝洁中国市场分析营销策略

一、市场营销分析

(一)国际市场的选择

在国际市场营销前，国际市场的选择需要经过由外部和宏观导向驱动因素的初步筛选，以及波士顿模型测量的精细筛选。在进入中国市场前，宝洁在世界各地拥有大规模业务和经验，并调研中国的北京和上海是目标市场，当中国刚刚开放市场政策，宝洁制定销售洗发水的营销计划来代替原本销售洗涤产品，开启了中国的大门。宝洁会根据年收入的人口分布，地理分布和产业结构分布来选择国际市场的发展，这样可以增加市场份额和产品标识，并满足不同消费者的需求，却分散了公司资源，增加了公司额外的管理和生产成本。所以，建议宝洁下一个市场选择时，先做深度的价值研究后再选择是否进入新市场，且巩固和稳定新兴市场就更为重要。[1]

(二)市场进入模式的选择方法

一个合理的市场进入战略不仅可以做到成本经济化，还应该考虑到公司可能面临的资源，风险和非利润的预期。一般进入模式的选择公司内部资源因素，外部市场和贸易风险因素，各个模式特点及交易行为等因素。宝洁进入中国市场时，采用合资模式(Joint Venture)与和记黄埔公司合作，目的是作为外资企业会被当地的开放政策和消费需求所限制，与当地合作人合作可以分担风险，保证外资公司可以立足于当地。而对于现在的宝洁中国市场份额，建议可以采用外商独资企业(Wholly Foreign Owned Enterprise)的模式继续拓展，因为保持合作关系会带来双方组织发展目标不符合，影响各自的业务策略;无法友好的平衡收入;互相保密核心技术等风险;WFOE可以帮助业务网络成熟的宝洁增加利润收入，节约合作成本和加强对子公司的控制。

(三)产品决策

产品国际化决策通常是需要考虑服务支持，产品属性和核心产品优势因素。产品服务在消费者选择犹豫时可以大大增加竞争力。宝洁注重服务质量，并组建了一支由7000人组成的全球业务服务团队来协助宝洁在全球销售和产品决策上做了很大的努力。而宝洁整体的产品属性，包括核心产品在内，都是高品质和价值的特质;并且融入创新和环保元素来迎合不同市场的消费者。但是却忽略了产品本地化的优势，曾经中国市场的飘柔中草药洗发水风靡一时，就是因为不仅便宜更迎合了中国人的喜好。但是由于竞争不过其他更本地化的更品牌，飘柔这款中草药洗发水销量还是逐渐降低。此外，中国男士化妆品市场发展趋势看好，建议宝洁可以抢占并发展该市场，同时在大市场份额的中国市场尝试更多的本地化元素，相信会有收获。

(四)定价决策和经营

产品价格定位会参照组织目标和市场定位，国际货币政策，产品价值，竞争力和客户购买力因素。2009年以前，宝洁专注产品质量而适当调高产品价格。而当金融危机席卷全球时，宝洁实行“好”且低价的策略，站稳和继续拓展市场份额。针对于中国市场的高通货膨胀，宝洁在2011年提高洗涤剂和肥皂这些低利润的产品15%的价格，因为中国市场运营成本强制上升，为了保持净利润的问题所以不得不低高价格。宝洁灵活的价格策略满足了多样化的市场需求。中国市场是宝洁的第二大市场，而庞大的消费人群还是会看中宝洁低价高品质的特点。因此低价战略仍然坚持为主导战略，但也不能忽略高价格品牌的宣传，同时开发科研节约成本。

(五)分销决策

通常产品分销的成本占零售价的15%-40%。因此，如何选择低成本高效率分销渠道是非常重要的。宝洁在中国分销渠道分为两种类型，一级渠道和三级渠道。在中国一级渠道分销可以覆盖到中国的一二线城市，并与沃尔玛有CPFR (协同，计划，预测和补货) 合作，而三级渠道会深入到三线城市，镇和乡村，且应用很少，不够完善。宝洁这种尽可能的将商店中储存足够多的商品分销结构叫做密集型分销，目的是为了随时随地满足消费者可以在货架前面找到宝洁商品的需求;这就要求宝洁与大量的批发商和零售商高效率合作。宝洁曾经改进紧凑型手纸来达到环保，节约成本和方便运输的目的，保证供应链的高效运作也是服务消费者的一项内容。针对中国市场的密集型分销模式，农村等不发达地区会更青睐低价格且有品牌保证的产品，因此开发这一地区的经销商和分销商是非常有潜力的;对于中国较发达的地区和城市，宝洁可以更多的利用非常有价值的网络经销市场。电商平台如阿里巴巴及旗下淘宝，京东等是最近国民关注度最多和销售额最大的电商平台。根据现在中国各大城市的消费模式来看，网络销售量要远远大于实体店的销售，并且网络经销还可以节约经营实体店铺的各种税费和交易便捷的特点。

(六)沟通决定(促销策略)

沟通是指企业和消费者之间的通过广告，公共关系活动，促销打折等方式来相互了解而产生购买行为。在中国市场宝洁采取主要采取广告这种宣传方式。公司每年投资超过5亿人民币在头发护理产品广告上，其中，电视广告会花费占60%多的预算，远远超过印刷广告的预算。宝洁广告成本的目的在于推广新产品，提高品牌意识，宣传企业文化和证明企业的经营能力。而宝洁周期性的促销打折沟通方式是为了能够短期激起消费者购买需求的最有效，解决产品销量持续在一段时间中持续下降的问题。而在中国市场，公共关系活动主要是捐助社会基金组织来提升公司积极的社会形象。此外，建议宝洁还可以通过使用中国本土各大媒介如优酷，和与受国民关注的国际化赛事合作如奥运会，这样宣传公司文化和产品推广会达到事半功倍的效果。如宝洁某产品赞助北京青年工程的环保研究项目，这样的赞助宣传不仅可以突出产品地位，还提升了企业关注青少年成长和环保事业的良好形象。

二、建议

宝洁中国市场营销过程中每一个阶段的建议已经在上文中讨论，同时，一些整体的重点建议有必要再明确的阐述。首先，宝洁国际化市场营销的范围太广―旗下300个品牌，180个营销国家。因此，营销前每个品牌应该如何权衡成本和利润应该重视。其次，宝洁投资在广告宣传的预算太多，且这些广告往往是专注于单一产品的宣传，这样预算的性价比不够合理，因此建议在一个广告中可以宣传不同的产品或者一系列产品，这样的宣传效果可能会更好且成本合理。最后，企业应该增加产品生命周期的监管，通过波士顿生长矩阵分析来管理产品成长和区域市场，及时剔除过时产品和替代新的时尚产品是市场发展的关键。

三、结论

总而言之，宝洁能够采取适当的策略进入国际目标市场和拓展多样化市场。同时会考虑到市场四要素，产品特性，灵活的价格策略，集中密集的分销系统和大量沟通方式的支持。本文不仅讨论了在市场营销中宝洁出现的一些问题，能够解决问题的相对应意见和方法也适时的提出。总之，对于市场营销的理论知识，宝洁是一个很好的案例来具体应用营销，品牌管理和市场拓展的理论。

参考文献：

[1] 麦当劳马尔科姆.市场营销计划[M].6.英国：牛津， 978-0-7506-8386-9.

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麦当劳论文英文文献

McDonald's Corp. has eliminated the middleman standing between fast-food lovers and their burgers, with an advanced test of technology that promises to shorten lines and give consumers more control over ordering. Outside Chicago in St. Charles, Ill., longtime McDonald's franchisee John Lardas has reconfigured his restaurant, replacing three ordering stations manned by employees at the front counter with one traditional station and four stand-alone computers, or kiosks. "You see no lines because people are spreading themselves out," said Lardas, who estimates that 70% of customers now opt to use the technology. McDonald's, which recently admitted its service problems and vowed to fix them, is ironing the kinks out of technology that some believe will transform fast food the way similar systems have revolutionized bank transactions and airport check-ins. Each kiosk allows a customer to place an order directly with the kitchen, using a touch screen with pictures of food, English or Spanish text and verbal prompts. Have a Big Mac the regular way with special sauce; customize it without cheese or pickles."Order accuracy is a common complaint in the fast-food industry — people getting the wrong order or with something missing," said Robert Sandelman, an industry consultant in Orange County. The issue remains a top consumer concern in his firm's yearly industry survey, along with food taste and restaurant cleanliness. That's partly because staffing restaurants with well-trained employees willing to work for low wages remains an increasing challenge for fast-food operators, which run on tight margins and have seen the price of commodities like beef move steadily higher. Once perfected, the technology probably will lead to shorter wait times, labor cost savings and higher average purchases, analysts said. "It's about time and lines," said Harry Balzer, vice president with food market research firm NPD Group Inc. "We are looking for the easiest way to feed ourselves." Five McDonald's restaurants in the Denver area are operating self-ordering kiosks. An earlier phase of the test included stores in Raleigh, . McDonald's is testing similar systems overseas in France, Australia and Japan. "The customer perception is that it's a better experience," said Christa Small, the McDonald's director heading the test. "It's the perception that you have control over the process." Small declined to discuss when the Oak Brook, Ill., company would make a decision about implementing the kiosks on a permanent basis, or how much the devices cost. But the competition is heating up. Privately held Burger King Corp., the largest hamburger-making rival to McDonald's, also is testing kiosks in a handful of stores. A representative for the Miami company declined to provide additional details. Having a machine consistently remember to ask whether you want French fries with your sandwich, as the McDonald's kiosks do, can boost the value of a transaction by 10% to 20%, said Kate Delhagen, a Forrester Research analyst who has studied kiosk technology. She estimates that installing such stations in a typical restaurant would cost $10,000 to $20,000 for the hardware, with software, training and maintenance an additional expense. Within a few years, benefits will outweigh those costs, Delhagen said. For instance, before an order is sent to the kitchen at the McDonald's in St. Charles, the computer verifies that it's correct, providing a rolling total, so virtually nothing is lost in translation. Inserting a bill or credit card into the machine completes the process, and in about a minute a server appears with food and change. 麦当劳以高科技尝试新式服务

McDonald's Corporation (NYSE: MCD) is the world's largest chain of fast-food restaurants, primarily selling hamburgers, chicken, french fries, milkshakes and soft drinks. More recently, it also offers salads, fruit and carrot business began in 1940, with a restaurant opened by siblings Dick and Mac McDonald in San Bernardino, California. Their introduction of the "Speedee Service System" in 1948 established the principles of the modern fast-food restaurant. The present corporation dates its founding to the opening of a franchised restaurant by Ray Kroc, in Des Plaines, Illinois on April 15, 1955, the ninth McDonald's restaurant overall. Kroc later purchased the McDonald brothers' equity in the company and led its worldwide the successful expansion of McDonald's into many international markets, the company became a symbol of globalization and the spread of the American way of life. Its prominence also made it a frequent subject of public debates about obesity, corporate ethics and consumer 's restaurants are found in 120 countries and territories around the world and serve nearly 54 million customers each day. The company also operates other restaurant brands, such as Piles Café and Boston Market, and has a minority stake in Pret a Manger. The company owned a majority stake in Chipotle Mexican Grill until completing its divestment in October 2006. Until December 2003, it also owned Donatos Pizza. It also has a subsidiary, Redbox, which started in 2003 as 18-foot ( m) wide automated convenience stores, but as of 2005, has focused on DVD rental standalone McDonald's restaurants offer both indoor and drive-through service, with indoor and sometimes outdoor seating. Drive-Thru, Auto-Mac, Pay and Drive, or McDrive as it is known in many countries, often has separate stations for placing, paying for, and picking up orders, though the latter two steps are frequently combined; it was first introduced in Arizona in 1975, following the lead of other fast-food chains. In some countries "McDrive" locations near highways offer no counter service or seating. In contrast, locations in high-density city neighborhoods often omit drive-through service. There are also a few locations, located mostly in downtown districts, that offer Walk-Thru service in place of themed restaurants also exist, such as the "Solid Gold McDonald's," a 1950s rock-and-roll themed restaurant. In Victoria, British Columbia, there is also a McDonald's with a 24 carat gold chandelier and similar light 这里还有更多详细的资料.介绍卖当劳的,像它们都卖什么啦,有多少家分店啦,哪年成立的等等.

A McDonald's fried chicken was very toxic 60 cigarettes ‧ former head of McDonald's Jim Cantalupo died of a heart attack. Critics said that Cantalupo's sudden death is because eating too many hamburgers, french fries results. Debate is not over, the shocking news one after another. May 5, McDonald's headquarters announced that the new president, Charlie ‧ Beira had a colorectal cancer surgery. In mid-May, one called "Give me the greatest number" of the documentary in the United States began to release, words against McDonald's. In this documentary, the young American director Morgan Spurlock ‧ mice as their own bodies to do an experiment: 30 consecutive days, he ate only McDonald's food three meals a day, drink McDonald's drink, and then he in the form of a documentary, so that everyone witnessed eating McDonald's for their own health changes brought about more harm than good. Although there is no medical proof of Cantalupo's death, Beira in colorectal cancer and hamburgers, French fries are necessarily linked, but the McDonald's admitted that they did a lot of these fast-food consumption. Reuters reported that they had the status of long-term consumption of McDonald's hamburgers: a huge McDonald's corporate headquarters is located in the Chicago suburbs, practitioners seldom have the opportunity to go outside to eat lunch. Available within the company cafeteria is McDonald's listing or upcoming products. In these foods, some are not seen at the McDonald's shop, what more of Orthodoxy Big Mac hamburger, soft drinks and French fries. This restaurant has also been used as a new product developed by the "early adopters Corner", the new products in the market prior to jettison should be here through the personal taste of senior officials. Allegedly, Beira to eat hamburgers, french fries a lot more than his predecessor. This name came from a poor president, since the age of 15, on the McDonald's fast food restaurant to work Zhengdian pocket money. Since then, the burgers and fries meals have become the work of Beira. And Morgan Spurlock's documentary ‧ even exacerbated the popular fast food on global security doubts. Recent years According to relevant statistics, obesity, diabetes, cancer, cardiovascular disease is commonly found in western rich man's disease over the past recent years, China has a rising trend, and there are up to 50% of the mortality rate, has become a community a public nuisance. Correspond with the pace of development is that, McDonald's and other Western fast-food in China, the pace of development was equally astounding. Therefore, these diseases, whether behind the McDonald's there to do as the representative of the Western fast food? The question mark hanging over our hearts for everyone. And the "Ronald McDonald" against the "Give me the greatest number" in the United States to be known as "save your life the movie" This supreme honor. The documentary is 98 minutes long, recorded ‧ Morgan Spurlock ate only McDonald's in 30 days of food throughout the process. The reason for the name from this film is because McDonald's employees are always asking customers whether or not to the greatest number of packages, plus money Tim copies of drinks and French fries. Morgan Spurlock's experiment ‧ rule is this: 1. Eat only McDonald's sales of food, including beverages; 2. Do not buy packages or to increase the Hamburg, beverages, unless the service offered; 3. Menu of each eat food at least once. In order to prove that not fraud, Spurlock and invited three doctors to do recorded throughout the experiment, regular follow-up of his health. He then starting the road, covering 20 cities in the United States doctors, health consultants, chefs, children, exploring the relationship between health and fast food. Prior to filming the documentary, height 1 m 9 Spurlock's health, weight less than 84 kg. During the trial two weeks later, doctors said his liver was seriously injury, should stop testing. But he did not listen to a doctor's advice. Three weeks or so, his heart began to abnormal, the doctor ordered him to eat two aspirin a day, he refused, because McDonald's does not provide aspirin. Results One month later his blood pressure greatly increased, also increased body weight 11 kg. The film's influence is indeed not be ignored. Film in the Sundance Film Festival award, this year in March, McDonald's announced the abolition of restaurant "large number" of food sales, and introduced a more healthy adults "happy meal", which contains vegetables salad, bottled water and counting Step device. McDonald's also announced that in the future would continue to introduce more wholesome food. ‧ Morgan Spurlock in a media interview, said: "My family is very thin, and I have been very healthy, like sports. But in order to shoot the film, I really paid a lot, shooting the film, I am to stop the movement, I just like to walk the ground motion, but such exercise for me is not enough. " Many of his fans, after watching the film, have come to its official Web site message. All critic of the first paragraph or the last paragraph are serious identical, such as "I saw this film, stopped to fast-food restaurant," "the fast-food restaurants several times a week habit of going down to once a week, and then my weight down, a healthy feeling of many, I thank the directors, suggested that all the United States were overweight to see the film, this is not entertainment or social experiments, have seen the movie will be able to save your life. " ‧ Morgan Spurlock, said the reasons for the increase in obesity worldwide, is one of the . fast-food culture output. He McDonald's restaurant, for example, this fast-food chain stores in more than 100 countries for 46 million people a day diet, only half of them Americans. "In other words, 23 million people in the United States, the other 23 million people abroad. So, we are our bad habits transported to the world." A fried chicken leg is equal to 60 cigarettes, the toxicity of There is no doubt that Morgan Spurlock's experiment ‧ too extreme, because very few people to Western fast-food as the only food. Therefore, it was also accordingly noted that as long as not eating or Dun Dun daily consumption on the human body will not be much harm. "This view is not correct!" China Nutrition Institute director Li days in an interview with reporters with certainty that the Western fast food is a typical "three highs" (high-calorie, high fat, high-protein) food, such as nutrition, diet architecture Science is absolutely unreasonable. "Western fast food type is nothing less than a few samples so that we can come to the same kind of analysis." Qing-days to Western fast food types to be classified in accordance with a detailed explanation. "The first killer is a deep-fried grilled food. French fries, sort of deep-fried food is the culprit leading to cardiovascular disease. In particular, French fries are high-fat foods, potatoes, fat content of less than 1% of the original, but potatoes expansion nature of large, deep-fried, after up to 40% of the fat content. fried foods after high temperature will produce carcinogenic substances such as benzopyrene. fried foods also destroy vitamins, so that protein denaturation. while the grilled chicken wings and other barbecue class Foods containing a large number of '34 benzopyrene' (the first three major cancer-causing substances), will lead to charring of protein degeneration (increased kidney and liver burden). a study says that a deep-fried chicken is equal to 60 the toxicity of cigarettes. " "Hamburg-based compound is refined white flour, food, the focus of physiological effects on the human body is heat. The history of human nutrition that is too fine a long-term food were easily cause coronary heart disease, diabetes, arterial sclerosis and myocardial infarction. As Hamburg contains a large number of cream, only very little clip of the 12 lettuce or pickled cucumber, so a very high fat content, vitamin content in very low. " "Salt of the problem can not be ignored." Qing-days that because of excessive salinity problems, McDonald's is also on the British "Times" and "blacklist." World Health Organization recommended intake of salt per person per day not more than 5 grams, nutrition experts suggest that China should not exceed 10 grams. "If the long-term eating salty, will not only induce cardio-cerebral vascular diseases, but also cause gastritis, peptic ulcer and other diseases." "Western fast foods, carbonated drinks can be described as is an accomplice." Qing-days, added. Coca-Cola and other carbonated beverages containing phosphoric acid, carbonic acid, will pick up the body's calcium, and the sugar content is too high, there is gas, there is not much nutritional value, a sense of fullness after drinking affect the dinner. Many children refuse to eat properly is for this reason. Ice Cream Frozen Desserts categories of food such as sugar, cream, easily cause obesity, high sugar content will also affect the meals. Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital nutrition experts Professor Zhao Lin also pointed out that hamburgers, french fries and other hormonal changes can cause the body to eat those addicted, resulting in difficult to control food intake. The study also found that hamburgers, French fries, potato chips, wafers, roasted pork, fruits, brown crust on the dessert, cookies, cakes and other foods rich in acrylamide. Acrylamide is known to carbohydrate-rich foods at high temperature frying, baking, or baking a natural by-products generated after. Acrylamide can cause gene mutations would undermine the central and surrounding the nervous system, induce benign or malignant. Experts believe that this discovery explains the Western countries, the reasons for high incidence of cancer. World Health Organization (WHO) provides per kilogram of acrylamide in food should not exceed 1 mg. But McDonald's, KFC, etc. French fries sold in the levels of acrylamide is about 100 times higher than that of the standard, a packet of plain potato chips exceeded about 500 times, bread, cakes and biscuits in the levels of acrylamide are also excessive. Zhao Lin also pointed out that Western fast food commonly used in hydrogenated fats (shortening, margarine) endanger even more than saturated fat. He told reporters, Head of Nutrition at Harvard School of Public Health, Walter Willett ‧ back in 1991 issued a paper, clear that the use of Western fast food such as hydrogenated fats on human health, potential hazards. Western fast food in the deep-fried foods and baked goods generally contain hydrogenated fats. Willett said: "The effects of fat on blood cholesterol, diet studies and on the hydrogenated fat intake and risk of heart disease, diabetes, epidemiological studies have shown that the relationship between risk, hydrogenated fats worse than saturated fat." The consequences of long-term consumption of Western fast food "If you are a young age often can not sleep, fatigue, they should be well aware of their diet structure of the." This is Li days to today's young people's advice. He pointed out that holds many lessons for the young office workers are increasingly too lazy to make their own breakfast, lunch, and often eat together and dinner often eat out, but three meals a day is the most common alternative to Western fast food. So the long-term health is difficult to guarantee. He said that an egg breakfast, a cup of milk and cereals are essential, while the fast-food nutrition with very unreasonable. For the children, the Western fast-food caused by the most direct consequence of obesity. Zhao Lin believes that as residents become more affluent, very rich material supply, all kinds of Chinese and Western fast food, soft drinks, convenience food, a growing number of residents in eating patterns and habits change substantially. On the other hand, due to transportation facilities, TV computer literacy, physical activity reduced, leading to an increase in children's calorie consumption dropped, so that the incidence of child obesity on the rise. The proliferation of childhood obesity has become a children's learning and growth that can not be ignored. According to the survey, in recent years, some of our cities in the country increased year by year the incidence of obesity niche has reached 5% -10%, and some cities even more than developed countries. Unconsciously, has been more popular in the West of obesity in China has gradually become a public nuisance. Maybe some parents would say, "The children point it does not matter baby fat, fat-point was lovely Well!" The fact is far from being the case, the impact of childhood obesity among children outside of their own growth and development could easily develop into adult obesity. According to studies, school-age children into adult obesity, obesity risk of times the non-obese children, about 42% -63% of school-age children will be obese into obese adults. Childhood obesity has also become an adult after high blood pressure, diabetes, coronary heart disease, gallstones, kidney disease, fatty liver, sudden death, breast cancer, gout and other diseases. Of obesity on children's cardiovascular fitness and aerobic capacity caused by injury, decline in exercise capacity of children. Nutrient excess also allow early development of immune cells, prompting premature cell aging middle age, resulting in cellular immune function to quickly lower. More serious is that, due to large pituitary cells in obese children has also been gradually replaced by fat cells, thus causing sex hormone secretion disorder, can lead to the feminization of boys, girls and masculine, and this group of sexual impotence adult and reproductive incompetence will not only destroy the countless books of the well-being of families, and may even become a social problem. And more recently Canadian researchers found that high-fat foods may harm the developing nervous kids channels, may contemplate the quality of the child's brain and cause permanent damage. Moreover, obesity can also cause decreased immune function of children, easy to fall ill; activity of decline, people are not flexible; and the psychological state of poor children, especially the students are very prone to inferiority complex. Li days that the establishment of a reasonable diet structure of relevant laws and regulations introduced by the Government need to purge the food market; also need the general public self-restraint on the recommendations of nutrition experts can not listen to rational, after listening again to eat; for food manufacturers, the wildly popular lure advertising, the media should be well off; also encourage food manufacturers to develop more delicious and nutritious food. Promote the whole society to eat salt, less sugar, less fat light nutritious food, in the case of proper nutrition to enjoy delicious. Food must be "out of balance", that is, the nutritional intake and consumption of the heat balance. So you can eat some animal and plant proteins such as soy products, lean meat, fish, milk, eggs, etc., should eat more fruits and vegetables. Be careful not to partial eclipse, picky eaters, eat greasy, fried foods, eat, or eat sweets. "Social and health experts challenge is to educate consumers and persuade them to change their lifestyle." United States Center for Disease Control and Prevention Dr. Dilts says. It's like wake-up call, for those of us ordinary consumers, indeed, the most important thing is to change unhealthy lifestyle, and McDonald's say "goodbye" is just one of an initiative.

McDonald's success May 2007 Tuesday 29 then McDonald's would succeed? Why can the McDonald's fast food in the world a hundred schools of thought contend with a day? Now let's come out, it's the secret of success. To see how it in this vast yt-food market in !1 the basic principle of customer service - "Q, S, C + + v"Q: (on) = wherever in Quality, where, when, for whom are not discount of high the industry, as long as the quality of the products, will make consumers slow-down. Therefore, McDonald's food on to customers, through the strict quality control. Because of their goods is "food, so the food hygiene and quality of course through the layers of checks, can to consumers. The staffs of the slogan is "customer first", make, no matter how customers unreasonable demands, the staffs will try to cooperate. For customers to take other fast food coupons in McDonald's consumption, McDonald's service personnel will be according to respond (Service: Service) = quickly and correctly, and smile to meet 's require employees must always keep smile, because the service personnel is the front-line customer contact with nature, so gracious smile is very important. Today, in McDonald's attendant, but after counter countless times at the counter, can smile training for our service!C: clean Cleanliness (= keep the neat the guest when have dinner, hope he dining environment clean, so very the attention of the store's clean, about every half hour will clean surrounding environment, make customer can enjoy the clean (Value: the Value) = to make each customer feel valued, reached the highest satisfaction, think to McDonald's consumption is worth."McDonald's for you" light is heard these words, he felt deeply by importance as customers. McDonald's employees do their best to make customers achieve satisfaction. Sometimes a waiter smile on you, to let you feel McDonald's is filled with love, full of warm place, also can let you will want to go to McDonald's next time. In the rush hour, McDonald meal the counter is always crowded at McDonald's, the waiter will pour drink please drink, and for their procedures slow and apologize. This will make you feel very appeals service quickly and correctly, FAT (kind),F (Fast: refers to the customer service rapidly) must be completed in the shortest time. Because the precious time transient, therefore, time management of exquisite of modern character, can in the shortest possible time to enjoy the food, they decided to step is one of the key to store or not, therefore, McDonald's attaches great importance to the correct and Accurate Accurate () : no matter how delicious food of McDonald's, if not the customer ordered food to correct the customers, will give A kind of "customer's service attitude is very careless, no organized" bad impression. So the McDonald's in rush hour, will also provide customers - and the correct choice of meals. This is the most basic of employees to McDonald' (cut) : kindness and friendliness kind hospitality. Not only should keep smile of goodwill, and to actively explore customer needs. If the customer choice food or drink no dessert, McDonald's service personnel will smile to say to you: "don't reference of our new products or some drinks?" To do so, not only can introduce new products to customers also increase the smile is free (heartfelt welcome customers),McDonald's notoriously "registered trademark" is a gracious smile. So when we went to see the price when the McDonald's counter the bottom plate instructions written a column "smile free". As long as it is a McDonald's assistant must remember the spirit, which is by the cordial smile McDonald's staff customers consistent affirmative. Customer come to dinner, not only on the taste of food, pay more attention to the atmosphere in the shop, create a full of smiles warm space, this also is in others' view. Dinner at McDonald's, particularly can feel warm breath. Because every employee is so affinity. This let customers not only a deep sleep McDonald's fast-food restaurants, a spread joy and come quickly Drive Service (or Service),Due to the progress of The Times, automobile and human life closely combining with modern life is busy, and how to more effectively and more simple solution to the problem, "eat" more attention, and can provide the most rapid and health of McDonald's "come quickly" service also flourished. "Come quickly" was originally a window, also provide some food for the meal, but after improvement, has increased to two Windows, entry point meal, export meal, so, not only in the short time efficiency higher speed, also more and more quickly, "come quickly." this so convenient purchase system, also deeply people eat, which is why the "come quickly to the profits brought by" McDonald's gross revenues as the main factor 50%. (note).5 seize the heart of customersFrom eight to 88-year-old, everyone knows "McDonald's." That is a famous let us see how it captive all the hearts?A free toysMcDonald's to understand customers' needs and needs. Children like toys, McDonald's, it is needed to consumers, so the group in the happy meal in special bonus free toys. Due to the toy is free, parents can allow children to eat, can have more free toys for children, McDonald's and sweet take popular trend, the train, manufacturing businessOlympic and World Cup soccer, Korean scene - base rabbit and Hello Kitty, as a huge, always with business. McDonald's know this car, launched a series of related along the merchandise, also attracted the interest of it to the consumption of collectors, and even cause a crazy collection of agitation!Launch new products, innovative C tasteWhen the customer was sated with McDonald's food, they occasionally to change, in order to avoid the loss of customers, so as to develop continuously and then McDonald's launch can make social public, favorite meal. For example: kimchi, according to roast pork, Japanese, and Marine shrimp FengJi burger... Etc. Continuous innovation, durable discounted brandWhen the restaurant taste and families are quite, discount price have become very important. In general, the price also is popular McDonald's, But for teenagers, McDonald's group is a kind of food every day to enjoy the luxury. Therefore, McDonald's for this vast youth group launched three 60 yuan, buy a send a, paired with stickers, accompanying scrath the meal card... Such special combinations. Because the price gap customers will choose in McDonald meal, McDonald's to buy a little effort, but master so much, really is "big" best small efficient marketing methodsA make Q, S, C to bestBecause there is more than half of the customers with "come quickly", so "buy food from the frequency speed" is used by many, therefore ", "service also must quickly, mutatis mutandis, stores, S, C" Q "standard of service, can let the customer segments. XianMu "come quickly ascension (Visibility)" and "ZhengJieDu (Sanitary)"Advertising signs everywhere in the Taiwan, signs of color is too far into dazzling, signs of smart, appearance and color choice whether features... Can become McDonald's in various demands of different restaurant attracted customers is an important topic of the 's "golden big M word" can be successful on behalf of signs. Because of its golden big M word give people a feeling of warmth, plus sign succinct, easy in customer's advertising effectsA successful commodity from good marketing methods. Advertising is one of the marketing gimmick. Example: in the newspaper advertising, promotional negotiable DM, etc. But advertising is multifaceted, most importantly, you exactly what is the goods for the final appeal? If you can let consumer in the advertisement in mind, leave deep impression, is half success!McDonald's advertising always give a person a kind of very sweet feeling, because they feel he is happy source. But the appeal to children, with toys as promotion gifts to attract customers, with the two, natural meeting has continuously business formWhy is the area around the McDonald's hottest, high price? Reason is the McDonald's knows how to "Fried space". When a McDonald's decision is prohibited in somewhere, will run in before doing quite full and detailed preparation and evaluation. McDonald's first will assess the population concentration, here consumption tendency, customers and merchants age near the future trend of... Etc. When the area of McDonald's promising prospects, the need to do is wait for the recovery of the funds