土木工程论文外国文献翻译

Research on the construction safety management of Civil EngineeringIn recent years, the construction accident in civil engineering in our country often occur. This not only caused casualties, also caused great loss of national property, and resulting in a very bad social influence. Therefore, in our country, the construction units in the civil engineering construction projects, shouldstrengthen the construction safety management, all aspects ofsecurity control for engineering, to prevent dangerous accidentsin the end it all. The cause of the civil engineering constructionaccidents are in many aspects. In order to enhance security,should be combined with the characteristics of construction projects and the enterprise's internal and external conditions, the rational allocation of production factors, optimization of management process. In order to realize the construction safetymanagement, construction units should establish a safety management system of a project, it should be carried out from the following aspects:A construction safety consciousness, cultivate the modern safety science theory, occurrence of unsafe human behavior causedcasualties. To implement safety management, it should becombined with psychology, behavioral science to strengthen the education and training of employees in production safety,improve the consciousness of safe production, so as to guide the safety production behavior of employees. For the construction enterprises should strengthen safety awareness and educationproject personnel, developing the regular safety education to the construction personnel involved in the project, and to carry outsecurity work. Three level education to the new participate in the work of the operating personnel; often transform types of employees, should be safety training for new types of work, makeoperation personnel matters needing attention can be familiar with the safe operation of the. In order to make safe productionconsciousness win support among the people, enterprisemanagement personnel but also in engineering project, using a variety of promotional tools to start a variety of education,cultivate the construction personnel safety consciousness. Andin the management of enterprises, the production safety systemthought to. Leaders at all levels and enterprises in issuing the project production task, should also carry out safety productionmeasures. Such as the production safety requirements to the construction personnel, so conducive to safe thought into the production of management, let each employee has consciously in the psychological sense of , the establishment of management system for safety in production in addition to strengthen production safety education and awareness of construction project staff, should alsoestablish a safety management system, protect the system from the construction enterprise safety in production of. In order toavoid the frequent occurrence of sudden accident, the construction enterprise should according to the project, to develop a comprehensive, the system of safety management,and invest the necessary manpower and funds to ensure the implementation of the project. Ensure the production safetyconstruction from the system implementation, the project section of construction enterprises should establish the safety inspectionsystem, and regularly to the project construction of the security check. Make a clear record of project construction process,record the dangerous post, and regularly check the work. Self evaluation and construction team every week to organize asafety activities, the project department to make regular safetyevaluation for project production. Construction enterprises in theconstruction of civil engineering, in order to establish a safety management system, need to make corresponding technical measures for safety management system, a comprehensivescientific standard for , the safety work of construction enterprise project technical measures should be prior to commencement of for engineering and technical measures should be strict examination and approval, the approval before implementation. If the design changes during construction, corresponding safety technical measures should be coordinated with the adjustment,will follow. The safety technical measures enacted personnel andparticipation, should fully understand the project as the construction scheme, construction environment, the actualoperation has, and combined with relevant laws and regulations or the security policy to establish safety technical measures,which can ensure the safety measures. In civil engineering construction of large, corresponding safety technical measuresshould be formulated more comprehensive and more specific,must be carried out through the whole process of construction,and mainly covers to other engineering safety. To establish the system of safety management, construction enterprises should also be strict safety before the construction of the project, technical personnel should to the technical measures for the construction personnelwork. Such as technical personnel issue written materials relatedto the construction personnel, and the implementation of safety technical measures of construction workers to regularly check;when technicians found construction personnel in violation oftechnical measure behavior, to give timely corrected. When theconstruction personnel technical mistakes when amended and supplemented immediately. In order to ensure the safety ofconstruction enterprises to implement, should take theseinspection of production safety measures the formation of rules and regulations, require employees to strictly abide by, so to ensure safety production system. At the same time, the construction enterprises can also follow the specific constructiondevelopment situation, formulate a set of safety technical measures linked to reward and punishment system, to strictly abide by the department or individual production safety, strictsecurity checks to reward, and if there are penalties for violations of the phenomenon. At the same time should have a goodproduction safety supervision work, and sent to the specialized production safety supervision work. When there is potential safety hazard factors in project development, should be timely analysis and inspection and make treatment immediately, so thatthe safety management to implement, implement the specificsystem, ensure the feasibility of production safety. The range ofcivil engineering projects involved in the construction processmore widely, because the factors which affect the engineering safety more. But in the construction process, the occurrence of safety accidents is often unexpected, with occasional andunexpected strong. These come unexpectedly accidents, serious damage often caused casualties and , strengthen the safety production and environment management in civil engineering construction process,environment is an important factor influencing the construction safety. So in order to guarantee safety in production, enterprises should be to strengthen the management of construction site. As in the construction site, the unnecessary equipment and surplus materials, should be timely treatment. In the pile construction materials in order to keep the construction site, the patency of the road accident, ensure to timely rescue, this is to protect the safety measures to realize. And construction enterprises shouldstrictly abide by the rules and regulations, which occurred on theconstruction site of the waste, garbage bag, cement, waste materials and other items should be clear, it can keep the siteclean, to create a civilized construction environment for safe construction. Create a safe production environment construction enterprises, should also be reflected in the risk disposal of equipment. For some such as the construction of electricity,dangerous equipment, cloth rod is used, should by the competent department of enterprise safety approval approval,the approval before they can be put into use after. And in the process of construction of civil engineering, a comprehensive analysis of the conditions of construction project. Some of the effects of environmental factors of the quality of construction, totake timely measures, and to conduct a comprehensivespecification, so that can realize the safe construction quality engineering to create good conditions.

你是哪个省的啊看看如果可以的话可以给你一份全面的

恩，我下周就好了。你要不要先看看英文版的？

土木工程的key哀，速度，

土木工程论文外文文献翻译

刚好我也在做毕业设计把我的给你用吧！ Traditional Construction ProceduresAs mentioned before, construction under the traditional construction procedure is performed by contractors. While they would like to satisfy the owner and the building designers, contractors have the main objective of making a profit. Hence, their initial task is to prepare a bid price based on an accurate estimate of construction costs. This requires development of a concept for performance of the work and a construction time schedule. After a contract has been awarded, contractors must furnish and pay for all materials, equipment, power, labor, and supervision required for construction. The owner compensates the contractors for construction costs and general contractor assumes overall responsibility for construction of a building. The contractor engages subcontractors who take responsibility for the work of the various trades required for construction. For example, a plumbing contractor installs the plumbing, an electrical contractor installs the electrical system, and an elevator contractor installs elevators. Their contracts are with the general contractor, and they are paid by the general , in addition to a general contractor, the owner contracts separately with specialty contractors, such as electrical and mechanical contractors, who perform a substantial amount of the work require for a building. Such contractors are called prime contractors. Their work is scheduled and coordinated by the general contractor, but they are paid directly by the also, the owner may use the design-build method and award a contract to an organization for both the design and construction of a building. Such organizations are called design-build contractors. One variation of this type of contract is employed by developers of groups of one-family homes or low-rise apartment buildings. The homebuilder designs and constructs the dwellings, but the design is substantially completed before owners purchase the of the construction procedure often is difficult. Consequently, some owners seek assistance from an expert, called a professional construction manager, with extensive construction experience, who receives a fee. The construction manager negotiates with general contractors and helps select one to construct the building. Managers usually also supervise selection of subcontractors. During construction, they help control costs, expedite equipment and material deliveries, and keep the work on schedule. In some cases, instead, the owner may prefer o engage a construction program manager, to assist in administrating both design and contractors employ labor that may or may not be unionized. Unionized craftspeople are members of unions that are organized by construction trades, such as carpenter, plumber, and electrician unions, Union members will perform only the work assigned to their construction, all work should be inspected. For this purpose, the owner, often through the architect and consultants, engages inspectors. The field inspectors may be placed under the control of an owner’s representative, who may be titled clerk of the works, architect’s superintendent, engineer’s superintendent, or resident engineer. The inspectors have the responsibility of ensuring that construction meets the requirements of the contract documents and is performed under safe conditions. Such inspections may be made at frequent addition, inspections also are made by representatives of one or more governmental agencies. They have the responsibility of ensuring that construction meets legal requirements and have little or no concern with detailed conformance with the contract documents. Such legal inspections are made periodically or at the end of certain stages of construction. One agency that will make frequent inspections is the local or state building department, whichever has jurisdiction. The purpose of these inspections is to ensure conformance with the local or state building is a description of the basic traditional construction procedure for a multistory the award of a construction contract to a general contractor, the owner may ask the contractor to start a portion of the work before signing of the contract by giving the contractor a letter of intent or after signing of the contract by issuing a written notice to proceed. The contractor then obtains construction permits, as required, form governmental agencies, such as the local building, water, sewer, and highway general contractor plans and schedules construction operations in detail and mobilizes equipment and personnel for the project. Subcontractors are notified of the contract award and issued letters of intent or awarded subcontracts, then are given, at appropriate times, notices to construction starts, the general contractor orders a survey to be made of adjacent structures and terrain, both for the record and to become knowledgeable of local conditions. A survey is then made to lay out offices for the contractor are erected on or near the site. If desirable for safety reasons to protect passersby, the required to be removed from the site are demolished and the debris is carted , the site is prepared to receive the building. This work may involve grading the top surface to bring it to the proper elevations, excavating to required depths for basement and foundations, and shifting of utility piping. For deep excavations, earth sides are braced and the bottom is construction starts with the placement of foundations, on which the building rests. This is followed by the erection of load-bearing walls and structural framing. Depending on the height of the building, ladders, stairs, or elevators may be installed to enable construction personnel to travel from floor to floor eventually to the roof. Also, hoists may be installed to lift materials to upper levels. If needed, temporary flooring may be placed for use of the building rises, pipes, ducts, and electric conduit and wiring are installed. Then, permanent floors, exterior walls, and windows are constructed. At the appropriate time, permanent elevators are installed. If required, fireproofing is placed for steel framing. Next, fixed partitions are built and the roof and its covering are put is place,Finishing operations follow. There include installation of the following: ceilings; tile; wallboard; wall paneling; plumbing fixtures; heating furnaces; air-conditioning equipment; heating and cooling devices for rooms; escalators; floor coverings; window glass; movable partitions; doors; finishing hardware; electrical equipment and apparatus, including lighting fixtures, switches, transformers, and controls; and other items called for in the drawings and specifications. Field offices, fences, bridges, and other temporary construction must be removed from the site. Utilities, such as gas, electricity, and water, are hooked up to the building. The sit is landscaped and paved. Finally, the building interior is painted and owner’s representatives then give the building a final inspection. If they find that the structure conforms with the contract documents, the owner accepts the project and gives the general contractor final payment on issuance by the building department of a certificate of occupancy, which indicates that the completed building meets building-code requirements.传统的施工程序众所周知，在传统的施工程序中进行施工的承包商。尽管他们想满足业主和建筑设计师的要求，但是最终还是以赚取利润为主要目标的。因此，他们最初的任务是对编写投标价格的建筑成本进行准确的估计。这就需要进行前期调查的工作并且做出施工时间表。等合约批出后，施工方必须提供所有材料并支付其费用，设备，电力，劳动力。业主此时需要进行必要的监督。一个总承包商承担一个建筑整体的责任。从事分包的承建商则需承担建造工程所需的各个工作。例如，管道承包商安装水管，电业承办商安装电气系统，电梯则由电梯承包商安装。他们与总承包商签订合同，费用由总承包商支付。有时候，除了一个总承包商，还有各种专业承包商，如电气和机械承包商，执行工作时需要与业主签订合同。这种承包商被称为间接承包商。他们的工作，由总承包商协调，但它们都是由业主直接联系。还有些时候，业主可以使用设计建造方法同时兼有设计和建筑施工单位的职能。这些单位被称为设计建造承包商。这方面的一个类型的合同聘用的变化是由一户住宅或低层住宅建筑群的开发。在房屋建筑设计和建造的住房，但设计之前需要由购买房屋的业主完成。施工过程管理往往是困难的。因此，一些业主会去寻求专家的协助，这些专家被称为专业施工经理，他们具有丰富的施工经验。施工经理与总承包商进行谈判，并选择其中一个项目。施工经理通常还监督分包商。在施工期间，它们有助于控制成本，加快运送设备和材料，并保持工作的进度。在依法行政，协助设计和建设的情况下，业主可以选择从事建筑项目经理。建筑承包商雇用的劳动力，一般有大工和小工。大工再建筑工程中从事技术活，如木工，管道工，工会成员和电工工会，小工则执行了分配给他们的工作。在施工期间，一切工作都要验收。因此，业主通过建筑师和监理经常进行督查。可能是名为工程员，建筑师或驻地工程师。作为业主的代表实地视察。核查人员必须确保工程符合合同文件的要求，并在安全的条件下进行的责任。这种检查可作出重复。此外，验收还是需要一个或多个政府机构的代表。他们必须确保工程符合法律要求，并负责检查与合同文件是否一致。这种视察一般定期或在某些阶段施工结束以后进行。地方或国家建设部门具有管辖权。这些检查的目的是确保符合当地或国家的建筑规范。以下是传统多层建筑施工的基本程序。建造开始后合同授予开发商，业主可要求开发商开始施工之前签约给或之后签约发出书面通知的同时另一部分工作继续进行。紧接着施工方根据需要获取建筑许可证，例如当地的建设，供水，污水处理，政府机构和公路部门。总承包商的计划和进度详细施工作业以及动员项目设备和人员。分包商得到通知后，做出签订合同的意向或授予分包合同书，然后给出在适当的时候进行通知。在施工前启动，总承包商要进行的一项调查就是邻近结构和地形，这些都要记录在案，并要熟悉当地情况。这项调查结束以后，随即进行布局建设。承建商的现场办事处都建在施工现场或附近。为了安全起见，必须从脚手架上移除的东西，产生的碎片都要运走。下一步，该网架是为建设工程准备的。这项工作为地下室开挖和基础开挖的深度，以及公用事业管道转移找到正确的标高。深挖掘，土方支撑，底部排出。建筑开始于基础上，然后是承重墙和结构框架的施工。梯子，楼梯，或电梯的安装，可让施工人员往返于各个楼层。此外，可安装卷扬机来运送材料。由于建筑高度的上升，管道，电力管道和线路安装以及永久地板，外墙，窗户和构造的影响。在适当的时候，永久的电梯安装。再需要的情况下可以安装防火卷帘。其次，屋顶等地方也需要安装。精加工工序安装有包括以下内容：天花板，瓷砖，墙板，墙壁镶板，水管装置，加热炉，空气调节设备，加热和冷却室装置;自动扶梯;地板，窗户玻璃;活动板，门;电气设备和仪器，包括照明灯具，开关，变压器，控制器，遵照项目的图纸和规格。外地办事处，围栏，桥梁和其他临时建筑，公共设备，如天然气，电力管道，水管，都连接到建筑上。最后，是建筑物内部的打扫和清洗。业主的代表，会给建设工程作最后检查。如果他们满意并认为符合合同文件，那么业主接受该项目，并交给总承包商的一个占用证书，这表明，总承包商已完成建设，建设部门再根据建筑规范的要求发放最后付款。

土木工程的key哀，速度，

The urban river embankment discuss the ecological constructionAnonymous XXXXXXXXAbstract: the urban river embankment construction as the object, discuss the current social background, analyses and compares the river embankment design of traditional methods and characteristics of ecological methods, and puts forward three modes of ecological design and their advantages and disadvantages, and expounds the present situation of the ecological construction in domestic bank and future : the bank; Ecology; Design way; Domestic situationText:A, backgroundRiver Banks part is the amphibious interlaced transition belt, has the remarkable edge effect. Here are active substances, nutrient and energy flow, offer a habitat for a variety of creatures. Natural state Banks often species richness, productivity traditional embankment design often single ?一、背景河流的堤岸部分是水陆交错的过渡地带，具有显著的边缘效应。这里有活跃的物质、养分和能量的流动，为多种生物提供了栖息地。自然状态下的堤岸往往物种丰富、生产力高。传统的堤岸设计往往会单纯从防洪角度出发，采用土堤或者土石混合堆砌起来高高的堤岸。它的优点在于高度的可靠性，结构设计后加起防护堤岸抗流水冲刷能力显著增强。对于洪水暴发频繁、侵蚀严重的区段，这样的设计无可厚非，而对于一般河流堤岸的修建，这样的设计则显得缺乏环境的美化和绿化，同时也破坏许多对生态起重要作用的自然因素，如破坏植被与河床间的联系，造成冲刷侵蚀转移等。另外，河流作为城市风貌不可多得的珍惜资源，也是城市风貌的特色要素，它的景观塑造显得十分必要。同时，堤岸景观建设必然使滨河地区土地价值提升，滨水开发的高投资回报的特点更增强了对城市堤岸景观建设的需求。二、需求——堤岸的生态化建设河流堤岸作为城市中最邻近河流的区域，是城市与河流的衔接线，它的景观规划是提高城市生活品质的需要，也是丰富城市景观的需要。生态化建设，它的根本思路是运用自然本身抗干扰和自我修复的能力来处理人与自然的关系。生态设计方法不同于传统用人工的结构和形式来取代自然的方法，而是用自然的结构和形式来顺应自然的进程。将河岸与河道在生态上联系起来，也就实现了物质、养分、能量的交流：对于生物，它提供了合适的栖息地；植物根系可固着土壤，枝叶可截留雨水，过滤地表迳流，抵抗流水冲刷，从而起到保护堤岸、增加堤岸结构的稳定性、净化水质、涵养水源的作用，而且随着时间的推移，这些作用被不断加强。同时，生态化建设以自然的外貌出现，容易与环境取得协调，造价也较低，不需要长期的维护管理。三、河流堤岸生态化设计方式河流堤岸生态化设计，要遵守生态设计的原则，注重地方性、保护与节约自然资本、让自然做功、显露自然，主要体现在对地域气候环境、河流地质地貌、水文变化的适应，对河流生态环境的考虑，对堤岸地形的处理和对筑堤材料的选择和构造方式方面。1）人工类：传统方法是采用块石或混凝土块砖等堆砌。可在此基础上加以改进以适应河流景观设计的需求。a) 块石或混凝土块砖干砌，不用砂浆。这样在砌块之间就留有空隙，为后期滨河植物的生长提供了空间。随着时间的推移，堤岸会逐渐呈现出自然的风貌。b) 堤岸采用台阶式分级，台阶面上的空间加以利用，种植植物。当然这两种改进方法对于河岸处现有植被仍存在一定的不良影响，人工痕迹也过于明显。2）自然类：充分利用堤岸植被原型，可直接将适用于滨河地带生长的植被种植于堤岸上，利用植物的根、茎、叶来稳固堤岸，防止侵蚀、控制沉积的同时也为生物提供了栖息地。3）人工自然相结合综合了以上两种方法的优点，具有人工结构的稳定性和自然的外貌，见效快、生态效益好，以下为常见的两种类型：a) 种植植物的堆石将由大小不同的石块组成的堆石置于与水接触的土壤表面，再把活体切枝插入石堆中使斜坡更加稳定。根系可提高强度，植被可遮盖石块，使堤岸外貌更加自然。b) 与植物结合使用的插孔式混凝土块将预制的混凝土块以连锁的形式置于岸底的浅渠中，再将植物切枝或植株扦插于混凝土块之间和堤岸上部，其上覆土压实，再播种草本植物。堤岸生态化建设也存在一定的局限性。如：选用的材料及建造方法不同，堤岸的防护能力相差很大，需要运用多学科知识认真分析，这就为设计人员提出了更大的挑战；建造初期若受到强烈干扰，则会影响到以后防护作用的发挥等。这也就对河流堤岸的生态化设计提出了更高的要求。四、国内现状1）省会城市在我国省会城市及计划单列市中有近80％进行了堤岸景观规划。（参考文献[3]）城市项目名称城市项目名称北京长河城市水系统综合治理南宁堤岸园工程长沙湘江风光带宁波滨江大道沿江景观工程成都府南河绿化工程上海外滩、陆家嘴滨江大道福州闵江江滨公园沈阳浑河观光旅游带广州珠江二沙段堤岸景观、芳村长堤建设太原汾河公园贵阳南明河景观绿化工程天津海河堤岸改造工程哈尔滨松花江南岸沿江风景长廊武汉汉口江滩一二期工程昆明盘龙江中段滨水生态景观建设西安灞河大水大绿工程兰州黄河风情线重庆南滨路滨江旅游观光大道从规划后建成情况看，这些城市河流堤岸景观项目都得到了当地政府与市民的肯定。在这些项目中，堤岸既可成为当地最具吸引力的城市公园，如太原的汾河公园和福州的江滨公园；堤岸也可成为市民日常休闲活动的热点地段，如南宁的堤路园和武汉的汉口江滩工程；堤岸还可成为城市最具特色的地段，如重庆的南滨路滨江旅游观光大道；堤岸更可成为城市旅游的热点，如上海的外滩和陆家嘴滨江大道。总之，经过景观规划的堤岸已成为当地最具特色的地区。从建设效果看，相对堤岸的原来面貌而言，统计资料中的这些景观工程都是较成功的，都成为当地城市关注的热点，成为当地政府的政绩工程，成为当地的民心工程。城市河流堤岸通过景观规划，有效地改善了滨河地段的环境，并带动滨河地段的开发。但必须清醒地认识到，这些城市堤岸景观项目规划并非尽善尽美，也存在这样或那样的问题，仍有待完善。2）中小城市城市经济实力的强大决定了其城市建设水平的高标准和高水平。中小城市河流堤岸景观与统计资料中的城市存在较大的差距，存在更多的问题。特别是由于资金问题，堤岸景观是，纯人工，状态的钢筋混凝土防洪堤，或保持自然防洪状态的土石堤，没有经过景观规划，易造成城市资源的极大浪费。五、前景目前，河流景观建设，特别是城市河流景观建设，在中国正方兴未艾；在发达国家中也是一个久盛不衰的话题。回顾发达国家河流景观建设的历史，自20世纪70年代以来，随着人们环境意识的普遍增强，重视河流景观的生态功能已成为一个时代的呼唤，河流景观建设的生态设计方法也已得到了空前的重视和发展。他山之石可以攻玉，借鉴发达国家已经形成的成熟的理念和做法，可以使我们少走弯路，搭上隆隆前进的生态建设之车。

土木工程工民建毕业论文外文翻译

你是哪个省的啊看看如果可以的话可以给你一份全面的

building types and designA building is closely bound up with people，for it provides with the necessary space to work and live in .As classified by their use ,buildings are mainly of two types :industrial buildings and civil buildings .industrial buildings are used by various factories or industrial production while civil buildings are those that are used by people for dwelling ,employment ,education and other social activities .Industrial buildings are factory buildings that are available for processing and manufacturing of various kinds ,in such fields as the mining industry ,the metallurgical industry ,machine building ,the chemical industry and the textile industry . factory buildings can be classified into two types single-story ones and multi-story ones .the construction of industrial buildings is the same as that of civil buildings .however ,industrial and civil buildings differ in the materials used and in the way they are used .Civil buildings are divided into two broad categories: residential buildings and public buildings .residential buildings should suit family life .each flat should consist of at least three necessary rooms : a living room ,a kitchen and a toilet .public buildings can be used in politics ,cultural activities ,administration work and other services ,such as schools, office buildings, parks ,hospitals ,shops ,stations ,theatres ,gymnasiums ,hotels ,exhibition halls ,bath pools ,and so on .all of them have different functions ,which in turn require different design types as well. Housing is the living quarters for human beings .the basic function of housing is to provide shelter from the elements ,but people today require much more that of their housing .a family moving into a new neighborhood will to know if the available housing meets its standards of safety ,health ,and comfort .a family will also ask how near the housing is to grain shops ,food markets ,schools ,stores ,the library ,a movie theater ,and the community center .In the mid-1960’s a most important value in housing was sufficient space both inside and out .a majority of families preferred single-family homes on about half an acre of land ,which would provide space for spare-time activities .in highly industrialized countries ,many families preferred to live as far out as possible from the center of a metropolitan area ,even if the wage earners had to travel some distance to their work .quite a large number of families preferred country housing to suburban housing because their chief aim was to get far away from noise ,crowding ,and confusion .the accessibility of public transportation had ceased to be a decisive factor in housing because most workers drove their cars to work .people we’re chiefly interested in the arrangement and size of rooms and the number of bedrooms .Before any of the building can begin ,plans have to be drawn to show what the building will be like ,the exact place in which it is to go and how everything is to be important point in building design is the layout of rooms ,which should provide the greatest possible convenience in relation to the purposes for which they are intended .in a dwelling house ,the layout may be considered under three categories : “day”, “night” ,and “services” .attention must be paid to the provision of easy communication between these areas .the “day “rooms generally include a dining-room ,sitting-room and kitchen ,but other rooms ,such as a study ,may be added ,and there may be a hall .the living-room ,which is generally the largest ,often serves as a dining-room ,too ,or the kitchen may have a dining alcove .the “night “rooms consist of the bedrooms .the “services “comprise the kitchen ,bathrooms ,larder ,and water-closets .the kitchen and larder connect the services with the day rooms .It is also essential to consider the question of outlook from the various rooms ,and those most in use should preferably face south as possible .it is ,however ,often very difficult to meet the optimum requirements ,both on account of the surroundings and the location of the roads .in resolving these complex problems ,it is also necessary to follow the local town-planning regulations which are concerned with public amenities ,density of population ,height of buildings ,proportion of green space to dwellings ,building lines ,the general appearance of new properties in relation to the neighbourhood ,and so on .There is little standardization in industrial buildings although such buildings still need to comply with local town-planning regulations .the modern trend is towards light ,airy factory buildings .generally of reinforced concrete or metal construction ,a factory can be given a “shed ”type ridge roof ,incorporating windows facing north so as to give evenly distributed natural lighting without sun-glare .翻译：建筑类型和设计建筑物与人们有着紧密的联系，他为人们提供必要的空间，用以工作和生活。根据适用类型不同，建筑物可以分为两类：工业建筑和民用建筑。工业建筑包括各个工厂或工业生产所使用建筑，民用建筑是指那些人们用以居住，就业，教育和其他社会活动的建筑场所。工业建筑的厂房可用于采矿业，冶金工业，机械制造，化学工业和纺织工业等各类领域的加工和制造。厂房可分为两种类型：单层的和多层的。工业建筑也属于建筑的一种。但是，工业建筑与民用建筑所用的材料和建筑方式不同。民用建筑按使用可分为两大类：住宅建筑和公共建筑。住宅建筑要适应家庭生活。每个单位应包括至少三个必要客房：起居室，厨房和厕所。公共建筑可在政治，文化活动，管理工作和其他服务，如学校，写字楼，公园，医院，商店，车站，剧院，体育馆，宾馆，展览馆，洗浴池，等等。他们都有着不同的职能，这反过来又需要不同的设计类型。房屋是用以住人的. 其基本功能是提供住房的内容，但今天人们需要更多的住房内容。一个家庭在进入一个新的社区后将知道，现有住房不仅要符合其安全，健康和舒适等标准。还要考虑其附近是否有相应的配套设施，如食品市场，学校，商店，图书馆，电影院，以及社区中心等。在60年代中期住房最重要的价值是足够大的空间和方便的出入交通。大多数家庭会首选约半英亩面积土地的家庭住宅，这样将提供足够的空间的用以业余活动。在高度工业化的国家，许多家庭的首选是那种尽可能远离市中心商业圈的住房，即使距离上班地点不得不有一段距离。相当多的家庭首选是郊区的住房，因为他们的主要目的是要远离噪音，拥挤和混乱。拥有方便的公共交通使得距离不再是一个决定性因素，因为大多数人都是开着自己的汽车去上班了。人们现在主要感兴趣的是户型，房间的大小和卧室的数目。在工程项目开始之前，要做好建筑设计和施工流程,让人提前知道该建筑建成后是什么样子以及下一步应该做什么。在建筑设计中要特别重视房间的布局，其目的是提供最大的便利与可能的用途。在一个住宅建筑设计中，布局可考虑以下三个方面： “白天” ， “夜晚”和“服务”。必须注意这些空间区域之间的连通交流。 “白天”房一般包括餐厅，起居室和厨房，但其他房间可能会增加，如书房，并有可能成为一个大厅。起居室通常是最大的，往往是一个餐厅，也或可能有厨房、凹室等。 “夜间”房间包括卧室、客房。“服务”用房间包括厨房，浴室，储藏室，和厕所等。厨房和储藏室需设置在一起，以方便其房间功能的使用。此外，还必须考虑各种客房的朝向问题，当然最好尽可能的将那些经常使用的房间朝南设置。然而，在考虑到周围的环境和地点、道路等多方面因素，往往很难达到最佳要求。在解决这些复杂的问题，还必须按照当地城市规划条例所涉及的对公共设施，人口密度，建筑物高度，绿化面积，建筑红线等的要求，还要考虑到有相邻建筑的情况，等等。尽管工业建筑需要符合当地城市规划条例但很少有标准化的工业楼宇。现代厂房建筑的趋势是轻质、通风。一般的钢筋混凝土结构或钢结构的工厂，可以得到一个“跌”型脊屋顶，把窗户开向北以便使分布均匀的自然采光不会直射进来造成刺眼。

土木工程的英文是Civil Engineering ,直译是民用工程，它是建造各种工程的统称。它既指建设的对象，即建造在地上，地下，水中的工程设施，也指应用的材料设备和进行的勘测，设计施工，保养，维修等专业技术。土木工程随着人类社会的进步而发展，至今已经演变成为大型综合性的学科，它已经出许多分支，如：建筑工程，铁路工程，道路工程，桥梁工程，特种工程结构，给水排水工程，港口工程，水利工程，环境工程等学科。土木工程共有六个专业：建筑学，城市规划，土木工程，建筑环境与设备工程，给水排水工程和道路桥梁工程。土木工程作为一个重要的基础学科，有其重要的属性：综合性，社会性，实践性，统一性。土木工程为国民经济的发展和人民生活的改善提供了重要的物质技术基础，对众多产业的振兴发挥了促进作用，工程建设是形成固定资产的基本生产过程，因此，建筑业和房地产成为许多国家和地区的经济支柱之一。.古代的土木工程有很长的时间跨度，大致从公元前500年新石器时代出现原始的土木工程活动到16世纪末意大利的文艺复兴，导致土木工程走上迅速发展的道路为止，前后经历了两千多年。在这段时间内，由于科学理论发展及其缓慢，土木工程也没有突破习惯的发展。从17世纪中页开始到20 世纪40年代第二次世界大战结束为止的300年间，国外的建筑取得了长足的进步。土木工程进入了定量分析阶段。一些理论的发展，新材料的出现，新工具的发明，都使土木工程科学日渐完善和成熟。到了近代，二战结束之后，许多国家经济起飞，现代科学日益进步，从而为进一步发展提供了强大的动力和物质基础。人们生活水平的不断提高，必然要求越来越舒适的居住环境，在这种情况下，建筑的发展直接推动了土木工程的发展。总的来说土木工程是一门古老的学科，它已经取得了巨大的成就，未来的土木工程将在人们的生活中占据更重要的地位。地球环境的日益恶化，人口的不断增加，人们为了争取生存，为了争取更舒适的生存环境，必将更加重视土木工程。在不久的将来，一些重大项目将会陆续兴建，插入云霄的摩天大楼，横跨大样的桥梁，更加方便的交通将不是梦想。科技的发展，以及地球不断恶化的环境必将促使土木工程向太空和海洋发展，为人类提供更广阔的生存空间。近年来，工程材料主要是钢筋，混凝土，木材和砖材，在未来，传统材料将得到改观，一些全新的更加适合建筑的材料将问世，尤其是化学合成材料将推动建筑走向更高点。同时，设计方法的精确化，设计工作的自动化，信息和智能话技术的全面引入，将会是人们有一个更加舒适的居住环境。一句话，理论的发展，新材料的出现，计算机的应用，高新技术的引入等都将使土木工程有一个新的飞跃.English is the Civil Engineering Civil Engineering, civil engineering is literally, it is the construction of the project collectively. It means building objects that the construction on the ground, underground, water works facilities, equipment and materials to use in surveying, design construction, maintenance, repair and other professional skills. Civil Engineering with the progress of the human society, has been transformed into large integrated disciplines, it has a number of branches, such as : construction, rail projects, road projects, bridge projects, special project structure, water drainage works, the port project, water, environmental engineering disciplines. A total of six professional Civil Engineering : architecture, urban planning, civil engineering, construction and environmental engineering equipment, water drainage works and road bridge Engineering as an important foundation subjects, its important attribute : an integrated, social, practicality, uniformity. Civil Engineering for the development of the national economy and improve the living standards of the people provided important material and technological foundation for the revitalization of many industries played a catalytic role in the construction of fixed assets is a basic production process, the construction and real estate in many countries and regions become a pillar of the economyAncient Civil Engineering has a long time span, roughly 500 years before Christ from the original date in civil engineering activities to the 16 century Italian Renaissance, resulting in the rapid development of the Civil Engineering on the road today, and has experienced more than 2,000 years. During this period, due to the development of scientific theories and slow, there is no breakthrough in civil engineering from 17 pages to 40 years in the 20th century end of the Second World War 300 years, foreign construction made great strides. Civil Engineering has entered a phase of quantitative analysis. Some theoretical development, the emergence of new materials, new tools of invention, the Civil Engineering Science is perfection and maturity. In modern times, after the end of World War II, many countries economic takeoff, the increasing advances of modern science, so as to provide a powerful impetus to further development and material basis. People's living conditions continue to improve, more and more comfortable living environment for the inevitable in the circumstances, the construction of development directly to the Civil Engineering development.

土木工程论文外国文献

问题一：论文的外文参考文献从哪里找呢在中国期刊网ki/里找，有那种英文的文献，之后翻译过来。万方、维普都可以。或者直接到外人数据库找。 APS美国物理学会电子出版物 AIP美国物理研究所电子出版物 ASME美国机械工程师学会电子期刊 ASCE美国土木工程协会电子期刊 ACS美国化学学会数据库 IOP英国皇家物理学会户刊 RSC英国皇家化学学会期刊 AIAA美国航空航天学会 John Wiley电子期刊 Kluwer电子期刊 Springer LINK 电子期刊 EBSCO学术、商业信息数据库 Elsevier Science IEEE/IEE Electronic Library ACM Digital Library 但估计你们学校没有数据库。如果找不到干脆找个中文的自己翻译过来算了。问题二：外文参考文献怎么找在中国期刊网ki/里找，有那种英文的文献，之后翻译过来。万方、维普都可以。或者直接到外人数据库找。 APS美国物理学会电子出版物 AIP美国物理研究所电子出版物 ASME美国机械工程师学会电子期刊 ASCE美国土木工程协会电子期刊 ACS美国化学学会数据库 IOP英国皇家物理学会期刊 RSC英国皇家化学学会期刊 AIAA美国航空航天学会 John Wiley电子期刊 Kluwer电子期刊 Springer LINK 电子期刊 EBSCO学术、商业信息数据库 Elsevier Science IEEE/IEE Electronic Library ACM Digital Library 但估计你们学校没有数据库。如果找不到干脆找个中文的自己翻译过来算了。问题三：写论文怎么找外文文献中国知网――ki你可以访问国家图书馆，找到学士论文那一项，再往下分类。或者高级搜索外文文献。斯普林格（Splinger）――外国网站，如果你们学校买了的话就可以看，很多检索需要验证IP的。到最近的大学办个图书证，花钱办的，还要带身份证或者学生证。都有外文图书室的。别的就要看您什么专业，有专业用的检索网站等等。通过看相关的中文文献，找到他们用的参考书，再把那本书弄到手看看有没有用。（我常用）这个不会出错，而且经常有翻译版。问题四：查找下载学术论文和外文文献都有哪些途径和方法？具体一点最常见的是知网。对于外文文献主要还有以下一些网站。楼主要采纳哦！问题五：毕业论文的外文文献去哪里能找到比较好的？ 1、手工查找图书馆外文期刊常2、检索图书馆外文数据库推荐两个外文数据库，分别是EBSCOhost（）和WSN（）。 3、利用搜索引擎检索利用Google、GoogleScholar（谷歌学术）或SCIRUS（scirus）等外文搜索引擎。问题六：毕业论文的外文文献怎么找有的很多,是个人原创。你好，帮你就是的，一份完整的问题七：毕业论文的外文文献怎么找有的很多,是个人原创。你好，帮你就是的，一份完整的问题八：毕业论文外文文献在哪里找啊 15分谷歌学术里可以找不过你这个题目我估计是找不到外文文献的问题九：一般在哪里下载英文论文文献在淘宝里搜英文文献下载，就可以。也可以按店名来搜 “木虫屋” 就行，好像还可以代查，感觉挺方便的。问题十：去哪找论文的外文文献？ science鸡irect/在这个网站,就可以找对外文文献的.在all fiedls,输入关键词,

毕业设计论文施工组织设计文献综述施工组织设计的作用是对拟建工程施工的全过程实行科学的管理的重要手段。通过施工组织设计的编制，可以全面考虑拟建工程的各种施工条件，扬长避短，拟定合理的施工方案，确定施工顺序、施工方法、劳动组织和技术经济的组织措施，合理地统筹安排拟定施工进度计划，保证拟建工程按期投产或交付使用；也为拟建工程的设计方案在经济上的合理性，在技术上的科学性和实施工程上的可能性进行论证提供依据；还为建设单位编制基本建设计划和施工企业编制施工计划提供依据。施工企业可以提前掌握人力、材料和机具使用上的先后顺序，全面安排资源的供应与消耗；可以合理确定临时设施的数量、规模和用途；以及临时设施、材料和机具在施工场地上的布置方案。如果施工组织设计编制的合理，能正确反映客观实际，符合建设单位和设计单位的要求，并且在施工过程中认真地贯彻执行，就可以保证工程的顺利进行，取得好、快、省和安全的效果，早日发挥基本建设投资的经济效益和社会效益。60年代我们的施工组织措施采用的苏联的管理模式，随着我国的经济的增长，我们建筑业的发展，我们的施工项目管理也不断的更科学，70到80年代施工组织设计在我国全面的推广，经过我们不断的实践、探索、研究，使之我们现在的施工组织更科学更协调，经济上更合理以往我们强调工程开工前必须有施工组织设计，否则不得开工，但有相当多的工程虽然编制了施工组织设计，但实际执行却不如人意，甚至有的根本无法实施。许多年来，施工组织设计的编制往往是由个别人编写，在很大程度上造成与材料、机械、劳动力等部门的脱节，使施工组织设计开始就先天不足，到项目实施过程中，由于编制者与实施者的分离，无法起到指导作用的施工组织设计只能束之高阁。所以我们认识了不足之处对于实施方案的编制组织，现在我们采取各部门共同参与的方法，并由项目技术负责人主编，使施工组织设计真正起到指导工程施工的作用。施工部署由单1转向了全面统筹工程的后续开展更顺利。正文杨太生.《地基与基础》.-北京：中国建筑工业出版社，2004.本书内容是根据本课程的教学基本要求并按照国家颁布的有关设计新规范、新标准编写的。全书共分十章，包括土的物理性质及工程分类，地基中的应力计算，土的压缩性与地基沉降计算，土的抗剪强度与地基承载力，土压力与土坡稳定，建筑场地的工程地质勘察，天然地基上浅基础设计，桩基础设计，地基处理，区域性地基等内容。本书可作为土建学科高等职业学校、高等专科学校建筑工程专业及相关专业的教学用书，也可作为相关工程技术人员的参考书。徐蓉.《工程造价管理》. 上海：同济大学出版社，2005本书以贯彻国家法规、规范为指导思想，从基础理论和实践应用人手，主要介绍工程造价管理的相关理论和计算评价方法。本书共9章：第一章介绍工程造价概论，解释了价格、造价的基本概念；第二章介绍工程造价的组成和计价方法，及工程量清单计价规范的有关内容；第三章至第七章分别介绍了工程项目决策、设计、招标投标、施工和竣工决算等不同阶段中，建设过程中工程造价确定和管理的实际操作内容；第八、九章介绍工程财务和工程造价管理相关法规的内容，这是作为从事工程造价管理工作的工程师们所必需掌握的基本知识。尹怡林.《建筑工程计量与计价》. 天津：天津大学出版社,2003,5.本书针对建设工程清单时期广大预算人员的学习需要，介绍了建筑工程预算书的编制内容和步骤，全面叙述了消耗量定额与清单计价的定额说明及工程量计算规则，重点阐述了应用例题的详细解答与完整的建筑工程的消耗量定额预算书和工程量清单投标报价书。内容共分三部分，包括：绪论，上篇——建筑工程消耗量定额计量与计价，下篇——建筑工程工程量清单计量与计价。本书逻辑清晰，图文并茂，强调理论与实践的关联，充分结合施工组织的实际，辅以大量实例，注重例题的合理化，支持启发性与交互式教学，力求实用。本书与《建设工程计价依据与方法》配套使用，学习过程中需配备参考文献所列书籍。本书可作为高职高专院校建筑类专业的选用教材，也可作为建筑企业管理培训教材，还可作为企事业单位中高层管理人员与技术人员的参考用书。姚刚.土木工程施工技术.北京：人民交通出版社，2005，3土木工程施工是土木工程专业的一门主干课。其主要任务是研究土木工程施工技术和施工组织的一般规律；土木工程中主要工种工程施工方法和工艺原理；施工项目科学的组织原理以及土木工程施工中的新技术、新材料、新工艺的发展和应用。新的《土木工程施工》教材阐述了土木工程施工的基本理论及其工程应用，在内容上力求符合国家现行规范、标准的要求，反映现代土木工程施工的新技术、新工艺及其新成就，以满足新时期人才培养的需要；在知识点的取舍上，保留了一些常用的传统工艺方法，注重纳入对工程建设有重大影响的新技术，突出综合运用土木工程施工及其相关学科的基本理论和知识，以解决工程实践问题的能力培养。教材在结构体系上有新的突破，具有创新和鲜明的时代特色。教材注重土木工程各专业领域知识的融合，使之成为一个有机的整体。教材层次分明、条理清楚、结构合理，既考虑了大土木工程专业的整体性，又结合现阶段课程设置的实际情况，在土木工程的框架内，建筑工程、道路工程、桥梁工程、地下工程等自成体系，便于组织教学。钱昆润等.建筑施工组织与计划.南京：东南大学出版社，2009本手册内容分为4大部分：一、建筑施工基础知识，包括建筑构造、施工测量、建筑材料、施工实用结构计算；二、建筑施工技术，包括土建土施工及水暖、卫生、电器设备工程施工；三、建筑施工管理，包括定额与预算、施工组织设计、企业管理；四、建设监理知识及工程招标投标与合同管理。最后在附录中给出了施工常用资料及数据。中华人民共和国建设部.建设工程工程量清单计价规范.北京：中国计划出版社，2003本规范是根据《中华人民共和国招标投标法》、建设部第107号《建设工程施工发包与承包计价管理办法》，按照我国工程造价管理改革的要求，本着国家宏观调控、市场竞争形成价格的原则制定的。本规范在编制过程中，总结了我国建设工程工程量清单计价试点工作的经验，并借鉴了国外工程量清单计价的做法。本规范批准发布前广泛征求了有关施工单位、建设单位、工程造价咨询机构和工程造价、招标投标管理部门的意见，对其中主要问题进行了多次讨论和修改。本规范共分五章和五个附录，包括总则、术语、工程量清单编制、工程量清单计价、工程量清单及其计价格式等。Park Yj and A Seismic Damage model for reinforced of Structural Engineering,ASCE, progressive collapse of the building structures due to accidents has become a hot research topic of civil engineering all around the world. The researches and designs on progressive collapse are based on accurately simulation for the failure process of whole structural systems. However, due to the complicated material and geometric nonlinearity and large computational workload in collapse simulation for a real reinforced concrete (RC) structure, normal finite element (FE) analysis with solid elements are not feasible in collapse researches. Hence, a fiber beam model is proposed in this work to simulate the collapse of RC frame. The fiber beam model is firstly verified with a collapse test of a planar RC frame. And then following the design process proposed in DoD 2005, the collapse processes of two typical Chinese 8-story RC frames with and without slabs respectively are simulated and compared. The influence of slabs on the progressive collapse behavior of structures is studied and the result proofs that the slabs can greatly improve the progressive collapse resistance of . Budget busts: The influence of demand in the construction market[J].Received 25 new normalized damage index for evaluation of structural damage of reinforced concrete was developed based on the relation of demand and capacity. The proposed formulation combines two sources of damage: permanent deformation and strength deterioration due to cyclic loading during dynamic events. The new damage model is first verified for single components. Based on the compressive strains in the core concrete, tensile strains in the transverse hoops and a good photographic record of the component during stages of testing, damage limit states for serviceability, repairability/irrepairability and collapse are identified and correlated with the damage model. A global damage index is also proposed based on individual member damage indices, which uses a weighting scheme that assigns importance as a function of gravity loading. Finally, an inelastic design spectra is recommended for code development wherein the relationship between the natural period of the structure and the response reduction factor is quantified in terms of incurred structural damage.结论建筑施工组织设计必须扩大深度和范围，对设计图纸的合理性和经济性做出评估，实现设计和施工技术的一体化。施工企业要建立施工组织设计总结与工法制度，扩大技术积累，加快技术转化，使新的技术成果在施工组织设计中得到应用。目前已是知识经济时代，信息技术在工程项目中已起到越来越大的作用，建筑施工企业应大力发展与运用信息技术，重视高新技术的移植和利用，拓宽智力资源的传播渠道，全面改进传统的编制方法，使信息在生产力诸要素中起到核心的作用，逐步实现施工信息自动化、施工作业机器化、施工技术模块化和系统化，以产生更大的经济效益，增强建筑施工企业的竞争力，从而使企业能在日益激烈的竞争中获得更好的生存环境。参考文献【1】杨太生.《地基与基础》.-北京：中国建筑工业出版社，2004.【2】张雅麟.《建筑施工手册》.-2版。北京：中国建筑工业出版社，.【3】姚谨英.《建筑施工技术》.-2版。北京：中国建筑工业出版社，【4】张建.《建筑材料与检测》.-北京：化学工业出版社，.【5】李晓光.《建筑工程定额与预算》.中国电力出版社，2005，1.【6】李泉.《浅谈如何准确编制概算、有效控制投资》.工程经济，.【7】姚刚.《土木工程施工技术》.北京：人民交通出版社，2005，3【8】徐蓉.《工程造价管理》. 上海：同济大学出版社，2005【9】钱昆润. 建筑施工组织与计划.南京：东南大学出版社，2009【10】尹怡林.《建筑工程计量与计价》. 天津：天津大学出版社,2003,5.【11】刘伊生.《工程造价管理与控制》. 江苏：东南大学出版社,2004,9.【12】徐大国.《工程造价的与控制》. 北京：计划出版社，2005【13】姚冰.《与国际接轨的全过程造价控制》. 北京：建筑工业出版社,2005,11.【14】中华人民共和国建设部. 建设工程工程量清单计价规范.北京：中国计划出版社，2003【15】 . Budget busts: The influence of demand in the construction market[J].Received 25 August2003.【16】 Park Yj and A Seismic Damage model for reinforced of Structural Engineering,ASCE,

土木工程外国毕业论文

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The design of the subject 12 for the University of the South Campus student apartment building # construction organization design, the apartment building is located in Xi'an Yangling District, six-storey brick-concrete structure, construction area of about 5000m2, the architectural design of the total , high levels of per m, seismic intensity of 7 degrees, the structure of life for 50 main work is divided into four parts: the project in terms of the design construction, construction site, floor plan design, preparation of construction schedule. Calculated in accordance with engineering drawings, construction pipeline construction program options, taking into account engineering and construction programs, the combination of the overall construction period and part of each project with the number and the number of days the progress of plans to draw Bar chart integrated Factors to consider the venue, transport factors, manpower and equipment with the case of a more reasonable choice of programs to map out the construction site layout : construction organization design; construction schedule; construction site layout plan; pipeline constructionAdd:

English is the Civil Engineering Civil Engineering, civil engineering is literally, it is the construction of the project collectively. It means building objects that the construction on the ground, underground, water works facilities, equipment and materials to use in surveying, design construction, maintenance, repair and other professional skills. Civil Engineering with the progress of the human society, has been transformed into large integrated disciplines, it has a number of branches, such as : construction, rail projects, road projects, bridge projects, special project structure, water drainage works, the port project, water, environmental engineering disciplines. A total of six professional Civil Engineering : architecture, urban planning, civil engineering, construction and environmental engineering equipment, water drainage works and road bridge Engineering as an important foundation subjects, its important attribute : an integrated, social, practicality, uniformity. Civil Engineering for the development of the national economy and improve the living standards of the people provided important material and technological foundation for the revitalization of many industries played a catalytic role in the construction of fixed assets is a basic production process, the construction and real estate in many countries and regions become a pillar of the economyAncient Civil Engineering has a long time span, roughly 500 years before Christ from the original date in civil engineering activities to the 16 century Italian Renaissance, resulting in the rapid development of the Civil Engineering on the road today, and has experienced more than 2,000 years. During this period, due to the development of scientific theories and slow, there is no breakthrough in civil engineering from 17 pages to 40 years in the 20th century end of the Second World War 300 years, foreign construction made great strides. Civil Engineering has entered a phase of quantitative analysis. Some theoretical development, the emergence of new materials, new tools of invention, the Civil Engineering Science is perfection and maturity. In modern times, after the end of World War II, many countries economic takeoff, the increasing advances of modern science, so as to provide a powerful impetus to further development and material basis. People's living conditions continue to improve, more and more comfortable living environment for the inevitable in the circumstances, the construction of development directly to the Civil Engineering development. 土木工程的英文是Civil Engineering ,直译是民用工程，它是建造各种工程的统称。它既指建设的对象，即建造在地上，地下，水中的工程设施，也指应用的材料设备和进行的勘测，设计施工，保养，维修等专业技术。土木工程随着人类社会的进步而发展，至今已经演变成为大型综合性的学科，它已经出许多分支，如：建筑工程，铁路工程，道路工程，桥梁工程，特种工程结构，给水排水工程，港口工程，水利工程，环境工程等学科。土木工程共有六个专业：建筑学，城市规划，土木工程，建筑环境与设备工程，给水排水工程和道路桥梁工程。土木工程作为一个重要的基础学科，有其重要的属性：综合性，社会性，实践性，统一性。土木工程为国民经济的发展和人民生活的改善提供了重要的物质技术基础，对众多产业的振兴发挥了促进作用，工程建设是形成固定资产的基本生产过程，因此，建筑业和房地产成为许多国家和地区的经济支柱之一。.古代的土木工程有很长的时间跨度，大致从公元前500年新石器时代出现原始的土木工程活动到16世纪末意大利的文艺复兴，导致土木工程走上迅速发展的道路为止，前后经历了两千多年。在这段时间内，由于科学理论发展及其缓慢，土木工程也没有突破习惯的发展。从17世纪中页开始到20 世纪40年代第二次世界大战结束为止的300年间，国外的建筑取得了长足的进步。土木工程进入了定量分析阶段。一些理论的发展，新材料的出现，新工具的发明，都使土木工程科学日渐完善和成熟。到了近代，二战结束之后，许多国家经济起飞，现代科学日益进步，从而为进一步发展提供了强大的动力和物质基础。人们生活水平的不断提高，必然要求越来越舒适的居住环境，在这种情况下，建筑的发展直接推动了土木工程的发展。总的来说土木工程是一门古老的学科，它已经取得了巨大的成就，未来的土木工程将在人们的生活中占据更重要的地位。地球环境的日益恶化，人口的不断增加，人们为了争取生存，为了争取更舒适的生存环境，必将更加重视土木工程。在不久的将来，一些重大项目将会陆续兴建，插入云霄的摩天大楼，横跨大样的桥梁，更加方便的交通将不是梦想。科技的发展，以及地球不断恶化的环境必将促使土木工程向太空和海洋发展，为人类提供更广阔的生存空间。近年来，工程材料主要是钢筋，混凝土，木材和砖材，在未来，传统材料将得到改观，一些全新的更加适合建筑的材料将问世，尤其是化学合成材料将推动建筑走向更高点。同时，设计方法的精确化，设计工作的自动化，信息和智能话技术的全面引入，将会是人们有一个更加舒适的居住环境。一句话，理论的发展，新材料的出现，计算机的应用，高新技术的引入等都将使土木工程有一个新的飞跃.