银行发展论文英文文献综述

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英文文献综述范文

How to Write a Literature Review ?

I. The definition of Literature Review

文献综述(Literautre Review)是科研论文中重要的文体之一。它以作者对各种文献资料的整理、归纳、分析和比较为基础，就某个专题的历史背景、前人的工作、研究现状、争论的焦点及发展前景等方面进行综合、总结和评论。通过阅读文献综述，科研工作者可花费较少的时间获得较多的关于某一专题系统而具体的信息，了解其研究现状、存在的问题和未来的发展方向。

II. The purposes of literature review And Its Components

A. The Purposes

On the one hand, it helps you broaden the view and perspective of the topic for your graduation thesis.

On the other hand, it helps you narrow down the topic and arrive at a focused

research question.

B. Its Components

There are six parts in a complete Literature Review.

标题与作者(title and author)

摘要与关键词(abstract and key words)

引言(introduction)

述评(review)

结论(conclusion)

参考文献(references)

III. Classification of Source Materials

How can we locate the materials relevant to our topics better and faster? Basically, all these source materials may be classified into four majors of sources.

A: Background sources:

Basic information which can usually be found in dictionaries and

encyclopedia complied by major scholars or founders of the field. Three very good and commonly recommenced encyclopedias are encyclopedias ABC, namely, Encyclopedia Americana, Encyclopedia Britannica, and Collier’s Encyclopedia. There are also reference works more specialized, such as The Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics for linguistics and TEFL studies. Moreover, you may also find Encyclopedia on the web.

B: Primary sources

Those providing direct evidence, such as works of scholars of the field,

biographies or autobiographies, memoirs, speeches, lectures, diaries, collection of letters, interviews, case studies, approaches, etc. Primary sources come in various shapes and sizes, and often you have to do a little bit of research about the source to make sure you have correctly identified it. When a first search yields too few results, try searching by broader topic; when a search yields too

many results, refine your search by narrowing down your search.

C: Secondary sources

Those providing indirect evidence, such as research articles or papers, book

reviews, assays, journal articles by experts in a given field, studies on authors or

writers and their works, etc. Secondary sources will inform most of your writing

in college. You will often be asked to research your topic using primary sources,

but secondary sources will tell you which primary sources you should use and

will help you interpret those primary sources. To use theme well, however, you

need to think critically them. There are two parts of a source that you need to

analyze: the text itself and the argument within the text.

D: Web sources

The sources or information from websites. Web serves as an excellent

resource for your materials. However, you need to select and evaluate Web

sources with special care for very often Web sources lack quality control. You

may start with search engines, such as Google, Yahoo, Ask, Excite, etc. It’s a

good idea to try more than one search engine, since each locates sources in its

own way. When using websites for information, be sure to take care for the

authorship and sponsorship. If they are both unclear, be critical when you use

information. The currency of website information should also be taken into

account. Don’t use too out information dated for your purpose.

IV. Major strategies of Selecting Materials for literature review

A. Choosing primary sources rather than secondary sources

If you have two sources, one of them summarizing or explaining a work and

the other the work itself, choose the work itself. Never attempt to write a paper

on a topic without reading the original source.

B. Choosing sources that give a variety of viewpoints on your thesis

Remember that good argument essays take into account counter arguments.

Do not reject a source because it makes an argument against you thesis.

C. Choosing sources that cover the topic in depth

Probably most books on Communicative Language Teaching mention William

Littlewood, but if this your topic, you will find that few sources cover the topic

in depth. Choose those.

D. Choosing sources written by acknowledged experts

If you have a choice between an article written by a freelance journalist on

Task-based Teaching and one written by a recognized expert like David Nunan,

Choose the article by the expert.

E. Choosing the most current sources

If your topic involves a current issue or social problem or development in a

scientific field, it is essential to find the latest possible information. If all the

books on these topics are rather old, you probably need to look for information in

periodicals.

V. Writing a literature Review

A. When you review related literature, the major review focuses should be:

1. The prevailing and current theories which underlie the research problem.

2. The main controversies about the issue, and about the problem.

3. The major findings in the area, by whom and when.

4. The studies which can be considered the better ones, and why.

5. Description of the types of research studies which can provide the basis for the current theories and controversies.

6. Criticism of the work in the area.

B. When you write literature review, the two principles to follow are:

1. Review the sources that are most relevant to your to your thesis.

2. Describe or write your review as clear and objective as you can.

C. Some tips for writing the review:

1. Define key terms or concepts clearly and relevant to your topic.

2. Discuss the least-related references to your question first and the most

related references last.

3. Conclude your review with a brief summary.

4. Start writing your review early.

VI. 文献综述主要部分的细节性提示和注意事项

英文文献主要部分细节提示：

引言(Introduction)

引言是文献综述正文的开始部分，主要包括两个内容：一是提出问题;二是介绍综述的范围

和内容。提出问题时，作者要给出定义性解释、交代研究背景、简单介绍不同文献的看法和

分歧所在并介绍该文献的写作目的;介绍该综述的范围和主要内容时，作者应使用简明扼要

的语句加以概括。

引言的内容和结构具有以下特点：

(1)综述的引言通常包括定义性解释、研究背景、现存问题或分歧、综述的目的、内容和

范围;

(2)使用一般现在时介绍背景知识，使用现在完成时叙述他人成果，使用一般将来时或一

般现在时简介本文内容;

(3) 句子结构力求简洁明了，多用简单句，并列成份较为常见;

(4)以第三人称主语为主，间或使用第一人称复数充当主语。

述评(Review)

述评是文献综述的核心所在，是对引言的展开和深入。根据引言所提出的问题和限定的范围，

作者要对大量有关文献进行系统的整理、归纳、对比和分析，在此基础上列出与主题有关的

所有重要学术观点，然后分别加以论述，以便读者获得全面的了解。回顾前人研究，以时间

为序，由远及近。以有叙有议的方式体现述评的功能，叙前人研究，议其结果、探其原因、

究其不足。

分析评论，特别是表达作者自己的观点时，要客观、谨慎，因此多使用模糊性语言和表推测

的语言形式。

综述的结论(Conclusion)

结论不仅是作者对全文的总结，也是作者发表个人意见的部分，一般有标题Conclusion 或

Summary，较短的综述如果没有小标题，则往往有As mentioned above，To sum up，To

conclude，Inshort，In all 等短语引出结论。结论的内容包括：对述评的归纳、对各种问

题的评论性意见、对未来研究的建议或展望。

二.注意事项

⒈搜集文献应尽量全面。掌握全面、大量的文献资料是写好综述的前提，否则，随便搜集一点资料就动手撰写是不可能写出好的文献综述，甚至写出的文章根本不成为综述。

⒉注意引用文献的代表性、可靠性和科学性。在搜集到的文献中可能出现观点雷同，有的文献在可靠性及科学性方面存在着差异，因此在引用文献时应注意选用代表性、可靠性和科学性较好的文献。

⒊引用文献要忠实文献内容。由于文献综述有作者自己的评论分析，因此在撰写时应分清作者的观点和文献的内容，不能篡改文献的内容。

⒋参考文献不能省略。有的科研论文可以将参考文献省略，但文献综述绝对不能省略，而且应是文中引用过的，能反映主题全貌的并且是作者直接阅读过的文献资料。

5.文献综述不应是对已有文献的重复、罗列和一般性介绍，而应是对以往研究的优点、不足和贡献的批判性分析与评论。因此，文献综述应包括综合提炼和分析评论双重含义。

6.文献综述要文字简洁，尽量避免大量引用原文，要用自己的语言把作者的观点说清楚，从原始文献中得出一般性结论。

7. 文献综述不是资料库，要紧紧围绕课题研究的“问题”，确保所述的已有研究成果与本课题研究直接相关，其内容是围绕课题紧密组织在一起，既能系统全面地反映研究对象的历史、现状和趋势，又能反映研究内容的各个方面。

8. 文献综述的综述要全面、准确、客观，用于评论的观点、论据最好来自一次文献，尽量避免使用别人对原始文献的解释或综述。

VII. A Sample of Literature Review

A Study of Chinese Vogue Expressions and Translations

Although we can see the obtained achievements in researching on Chinese vogue expressions, papers on the translation of contemporary Chinese vogue expressions are scarce and rare, not to mention the discussion of translation methods and untranslatability of Chinese vogue expressions, which is a great regret in the field of vogue expressions. Few representative papers on Chinese vogue expressions translation are listed as follows: A Study of Shooting Star Language Translation(Wang Jian, Zhou Yongping, 2005:92～94); Cultural Reflection on Vogue Word s Translation (Su Yu, Wang Ting, 2011:50 ～ 51); The optimization of “Zero Translation” in Translating Vogue Words (Shi Rui, 2010:102～105).

Hence, the numbers of researches on contemporary Chinese vogue expressions translation are expected to be increased and the comprehensive and detailed researches on this field are also expected to appear. Since 1990s, scholars have already paid attention to Chinese vogue expressions, but the research at that time is still in the stage of tentative exploration. Some representative papers are: City Buzzwords and Social-Cultural Analysis (Sun Manjun,1996:101～107) discusses the development and changes of buzzwords in the current society facing transformation as well as the relation between buzzwords and background of social culture and psychological changes of urban people; Metaphorically Semantic Generalization of Vogue Expressions (Liu Dawei,1997:35 ～ 38) talks about the semantic generalization of metaphors of vogue expressions; Study on Creativity and Homoplasy of Language from Vogue Expressions (Xia Lihong, 1999:16～18) treats the development process of vogue expressions from the characteristics of creativity

and homoplasy, believing that vogue expressions are originally the “creativity” used in a certain range, and finally surpass the original range of use because of the interaction among people and the homoplasy of aesthetic interests. Due to the characteristics of timeliness, periodicity and randomness, some vogue expressions can not be included in common dictionaries, therefore, language scholars carried out the work of compiling vogue expressions dictionaries, such as Dictionary of Contemporary Chinese Vogue Expressions (Xiong Zhongwu, 1992), andBeijing Modern Buzzwords (Zhou Yimin, 1992).

After entering 21st century, increasingly great number of Chinese vogue expressions emerges and penetrates into different aspects of social life; accordingly, related researches on Chinese vogue expressions become comparatively richer. Researching on Chinese vogue expressions has already become the hot topic of linguistic and cultural circles. The Linguistic will contribute to the filed of Chinese vogue expressions and make references forothers who are interested in contemporary Chinese vogue expressions and their Translations.

References

[1] Blackmore S. The Meme Machine. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999

[2] Collins COBUILD English-Chinese Learner’s Dictionary. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press，2007. 226

[3] Einar, H. The Analysis of linguistic Borrowing. Language, 1950 (26):210～231

[4] Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press,

[5] Merriam-Webster’s Advanced Learner’s English Dictionary. Beijing:

Merriam-Webster, 2009. 223

[6] New York Times, Jul. 4, 2010

[7] Nord, Christiane. Translating as a Purposeful Activity: Functional Approach Explained. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2001

[8] Oxford Advanced Learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009. 268

[9] Romaine, Suzanne. Language in Society: An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994

[10]陈原. 社会语言学. 北京：商务印书馆，2000

[11]陈原. 新词语. 北京：语文出版社，2000:1

[12]丁加勇. 论流行语语义的不确定性及其发展前景. 华中科技大学学报，

2004，(6)：160～164

[13]郭熙，中国社会语言学. 南京：南京大学出版社,

[14]韩李. 当代汉语流行语探析. 河南师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版)，2007,

(3)：181

[15]黄平飞. 浅论流行语——透过央视春晚来看流行语.科教文汇(下旬刊)，

2009,(3):237

[16]姜红. 试论当代中国的社会流行语. 安徽农业大学学报(社会科学版)，

2005，(11)：108～112

[17]劲松.流行语新探.语文建设,1999,(3):22～26

[18]李娜. 近十年流行语研究述评. 鞍山师范学院学报，2007-06,9(3)：35～[39]赵丽薇，袁

晓雪. 流行语的运用方式及使用规范探究——以春晚语言类节目

为例. 调查与研究,2010,(8): 15～16

References

李丽君. 英语学术论文及留学文书写作[M]. 北京：清华大学出版社， 2002. 田贵森, 段晓英.英语专业毕业论文写作教程[M]. 北京：北京理工大学出版社.

2006.

刘振聪. 英语学术论文写作[M]. 北京：中国人民大学出版社. 2009

这里有无数的银行营销类的文章

Interest rate marketability and our country State-owned Commercial bank countermeasureInterest rate marketability connotationThe so-called interest rate marketability, is refers to the money market fund supply and demand both sides independent determination interest rate level interest rate decision mechanism vicissitude process 。Says specifically, the interest rate marketability is refers to the Central Bank to need to regulate the datum interest rate according to the monetary policy, various commercial bank saves the loan interest rate according to the fund market supply and demand change independent adjustment, Finally forms take Central Bank datum interest rate as the guidance, multi-level, can manifest fund supply and demand condition and the reflection Central Bank monetary policy intention interest rate operational mechanism fully。The interest rate marketability emphasis interest rate really reflected the fund cost and the supply-demand relation, effectively display its economical leverage nimbly。一. Our country interest rate marketability reform existence questionIs opposite says in the Chinese economic reform and the opening to the outside world overall step, the interest rate marketability reform progresses slowly. Looked on the present situation that, our country not yet completely realizes the interest rate marketability, the interest rate control creates the interest rate this important price release lever to receive the serious restraint in the resources disposition aspect function, the interest rate structure distortion. Our country interest rate system marketability degree quite is also low, mainly displays in following several aspects:1. The interest rate control degree is high, the interest rate level and the structure are incompatible, and the bank independency is restricted. The current our country interest rate policy movement environment controls the interest rate primarily, the interest rate level decision, the difference interest rate policy making and so on the related interest rate each aspect policy all by the government strict control, displays the high planning and . The interest rate level determination has certain subjective blindness; the rate adjustment flexibility is insufficient. At present our country interest rate level decision is makes by the monetary policy committee, the interest rate decision-making power high degree of concentration in the central authorities, the interest rate formulation and the adjustment has the serious time lag . Lacks the effective market datum interest rate. On November 1, 2003, the NAP Standing Committee Cheng Sewer, vice chairman of the Forum, said: "The market-oriented interest rates, the key is to set the benchmark interest rate. The benchmark interest rate is determined, in order to determine the interest rate structure, risk structure. No established the benchmark rate, the interest rate market is a empty sentences. "Benchmark rate in the entire interest rate system has played a core role and prevents other interest rates, in a sense, the benchmark interest rate options and determine the interest rate market is the core of the reform steps.二．Implements the interest rate marketability state-owned commercial bank significanceFirst, is advantageous to the expansion state-owned commercial bank right of autonomous management, the enhancement competitive power. After the interest rate lets loose, the bank had the independent fixed price power, may use this kind of right to independence and its flexible full display fully. The various countries' reform experience indicated that, after the interest rate marketability, the deposit real interest rate all has the different scope raise. The real interest rate rise will have the positive influence to the deposit, the attraction fund from bank systems and so on the stock market, black market accepts the human bank system, the enhancement commercial bank's competitive power. Next, is advantageous in raises the state-owned commercial bank management level. The interest rate marketability causes the fund price to let loose truly. Price competition between the banks presents the new ball game from this. But the price competition must rise take the low cost fund as the backing. In order to gain the low cost capital source, various bank in the financial product, the marketing strategy, service method general unfolds manager respectively, this will intensify inevitably the competition intense degree, will urge the bank change management way, who will grasp is initiative who to be able to obtain market (In the new situation, the commercial bank guild cared about the interest rate market change situation and the international interest rate undulation tendency, and according to own situation, determines the cost scientifically, formulates the price reasonably, the enhancement economic accounting, strengthens its profit ability. It can be said that, the interest rate marketability reform, the interest rate production mechanism transformation, is to a commercial bank management and operation from inside to outside comprehensive forging. Is once more advantageous in creates a relatively fair competition environment. The interest rate marketability and the money market consummation is a process which complements one another. The developed money market is the interest rate marketability reliable guarantee. Because in the developed consummation money market, the financial tool type is rich, financial main body multi-dimensional, the financing way is diverse, the competition is full, the interest rate can reflect fully the fund price, can guide the resources reasonable disposition, enhances the resources use efficiency. Otherwise, the interest rate marketability can promote the money market development consummation; The money market is the interest rate marketability advancement beginning, also will be carries on the risk management to the interest rate the place, the interest rate system change promotes the money market development. Finally, is advantageous in speeds up the microscopic main body the property right reform, interest rate marketability important condition is the state-owned enterprise and the state-owned commercial bank's property right must be clear. The property right is not clear, is not strong to the interest intrinsic budget restraint, exceeds the time limit the risk responsibility to attenuate, and cannot be keen to the interest rate reflection. At present, our country State-owned Commercial bank and very big part of state-owned enterprise's property right slurred, the interest rate market changed into its reform to provide the power, on objective impelled their property right reform.三．The interest rate marketability causes the state-owned commercial bank faced with to challenge sternlyThe interest rate marketability, is the historical stage which our country Commercial bank must pass through, can impel our country State-owned Commercial bank enormously the reform. But after the interest rate marketability, the interest rate level change does not decide, Our country Commercial bank which survives under the control possibly can develop the new financial tool for a long time to dodge the interest rate risk without enough time, will certainly to face the stern challenge, this displays in:1．Has enlarged the bank rate risk. After the interest rate marketability, the interest rate level ascension and the irregular undulation enlarge, intensified the bank vulnerability, ha have enlarged the bank rate risk. After the interest rate marketability, the interest rate level ascension and the irregular undulation enlarge, intensified the bank vulnerability, have the possibility to cause the bank crisis extremely the occurrence. As a result of our country long-term interest rate control, the interest rate by artificial force down, after the interest rate is let loose, the interest rate level can elevate inevitably. The analysis indicated that, in the credit activity, along with the real interest rate enhancement, the risk borrower more will become the bank by chance the customer, But loathes the risk originally the enterprise borrowers also favor in change oneself project the nature, enable it to have a higher risk and the income level. The cause property average horizontal drop in quality, the credit risk , from looked for a long time that, the interest rate change the fund supply and demand real-time influence, can undulate frequently, but the interest rate undulation namely meant risk existence. How forecast accurately the interest rate change tendency, the reasonable determination has the competitive advantage price water; how assigns scientifically saves, the loan deadline layout, maintains the best advantage bad level;How forecast accurately the interest rate change tendency, the reasonable determination has the competitive advantage price water � How assigns scientifically saves, the loan deadline layout, maintains the best advantage bad level; How adjusts the property debt structure nimbly,Enhances prepares pays the level, the active control interest rate forms fluid wind �? How will supervise perfectly restricts the mechanism, prevented has human sentiment interest rate risk and so on, these will all cause the commercial bank faced with the stern ．Leads the service to the commercial bank to have the huge impact. Along with the interest rate marketability, various bank launches the intense contention superiority customer to save the loan war inevitably, the keen competition will cause to save the loan advantage difference large scale deflation. At the same time, the interest rate marketability impetus money market development, the massive enterprise temporary fund no longer rises in value through the deposit form, but is in the capital market, the money market puts in obtains the short-term to receive；Whether there is does the inhabitant also no longer excessively regard as important only contains the risk value deposit interest rate, pays attention contains the risk value the money market to receive �? The bank leadership service will be under the huge can be said, after interest rate marketability, bank true competition magic weapon instead outside interest rate method. Because the monetary fund is highly the homogeneity commodity, the grade of service is more important, highly effective, the low cost manages finances the service enable the customer to have a higher income, has the attraction to the ．Proposed the challenge to the bank management and interest rate control system, regardless of is the interest rate level or counts the rest method all to have the country to decide, regardless of how the country does adjust saves the loan interest rate, all fully considered commercial bank actual situation, maintains the reasonable advantage bad level throughout. Commercial bank's interest rate management is extremely simple, so long as gives according to the People's Bank the fluctuation scope carries out the national interest rate level then, the interest rate change is limited, the interest rate risk is controllable. In such situation, the bank management is inevitably passive. But in under the interest rate marketability condition, the intense market competition forces the bank either to use the price method, through raises the deposit interest rate, reduces the loan interest rate to attract the customer; Either depends upon the high quality service, through the function innovation, the product innovation, the technological innovation satisfies the customer. But this request commercial bank changes present the management, the method and the organization ．Proposed the challenge to the commercial bank staff quality. Along with interest rate marketability reform advancement quickening, the interest rate risk enlarge, will strengthen to the future interest rate trend analyzes and forecast oneself will be very urgent. The state-owned commercial bank seeks the financial professional who needs one batch of this aspect high quality, not only these people must have the deep theory foundation of basic skills, but also must have the rich commercial bank practice experience, Both must thoroughly understand the domestic interest rate change the undulation condition, and must be skilled in the forecast interest rate change tendency. But the present state-owned bank lacks generally can promptly effectively the control and the circumvention interest rate risk tool and the interest rate risk management professional, to the interest rate trend development forecast, the risk recognition and control is weak.四．The state-owned commercial bank should to strategyAlong with the interest rate marketability advancement, the interest rate is more and more big to the state-owned commercial bank's influence, in this situation, the state-owned commercial bank should seek positively should to the ．Establishment finance product fixed price system. In the interest rate marketability situation, whether does the commercial bank draw up a science reasonable fixed price system, has the nimble effective quoted price ability, the realization risk �? Between 20 income balances,Is key which whether it does develop continually. In this process, must establish the effective comprehensive income reckoning system, the overall evaluation customer comprehensive income which brings to the commercial bank，The customer credit risk size, the loan deadline length is the interest rate risk size, as well as commercial bank's collection fund cost and the operation cost share and so on the aspect questions。2．Increases the middle service product development ability, the adjustment profit structure. After the interest rate marketability, the bank saves, the loan favorable difference reduces, the profit level reduces, and this request state-owned commercial bank must develop the middle service vigorously. The bank may while develop positively receives on another's behalf, pays on another's behalf and so on service, uses the commercial bank market main body qualifications fully, positively provides the proxy for other financial organ to distribute the bond, the silver card account transfer, the proxy insures, the fund trust, the broker manages finances, The property management, financial consultant, the investment consultation and so on, enhances the middle service to buy a girl child, on own initiative develops the low risk, the high income middle service new variety positively, promotes the bank large scale by this profit ability, promotes the bank sustainable ．Establishes nimbly, the highly effective interest rate management organization, trains the interest rate managerial talent vigorously. According to the Bethel bank supervising and managing committee about the bank effective supervising and managing core principle request, under the interest rate marketability environment, various commercial bank must set up the specialized interest rate risk management department, manages and instructs the entire good interest rate work, Coordinates and coordinates inside and outside the bank to be connected the work. The interest rate control section's most important task is carries on the comprehensive interest rate sensitive tube on the bank asset debt level ; Exterior determination, internal advantage � The definite general headquarters to branch office's interest rate authorization, are responsible for staff interest rate risk management training and so on. In addition, but also should establish the high interest rate information communication channel, after the interest rate marketability, the commercial bank interior enhances greatly about the interest rate information transmission effectiveness, guarantees can transmit promptly general headquarters formulation each interest rate to commercial bank's any business mesh point, guarantees the commercial bank interest rate policy the ．Speeds up the state-owned commercial bank the property right reform. Stipulated according to "Law of corporation" that, the commercial bank belongs to the competitive profession, does not need to adopt the state-owned sole ownership property right, and does not have the legal barrier to its joint stock system transformation. To the state-owned commercial bank's property right reform, its concrete transformation form establishes the joint stock system commercial bank. The reality in China, in accordance with international practice, and gradually achieve solely by the state to transform the state-owned holding company, and ultimately joint-stock limited companies, and establish corporate system of corporate governance institutions, the establishment of the right to operate, ownership and the right to supervise the separation of the framework, China's commercial banks to become real significance of commercial banks, do business operations.字太多，发布下，你再见个问题吧，我回答。率市场化与我国国有商业银行对策利率市场化的内涵所谓利率市场化，是指金融市场资金供求双方自主确定利率水平的利率决定机制的变迁过程。具体讲，利率市场化是指中央银行根据货币政策的需要调控基准利率，各商业银行根据资金市场的供求变化自主调节存贷款利率，最终形成以中央银行基准利率为引导，多层次、能够充分体现资金供求状况和反映中央银行货币政策意图的利率运行机制。利率市场化强调利率真实地反映资金成本与供求关系，灵活有效地发挥其经济杠杆作用.

你按照kpi、roa、roe或者新巴塞尔协议等关键字搜索一下，应该能有结果。不过我记得kpi、roa、roe好像都是2000年前的东西，不过在目前国内外的银行一直在用。kpi是绩效考核目标，roa和roe是银行资本利用率方面的指标。

商业银行风险论文英文文献综述

这里有无数的银行营销类的文章

银行英语口语英语专业毕业论文范文商务英语毕业论文范文银行信用风险的成因及防范

银行综述论文题目

题目和论文的分数没有具体的关系，可以是，《银行的主要风险分析》经济和金融全球化的不断深入，信息技术的飞速发展以及金融理论与金融实践的一系列创新，使得金融市场和金融产品呈现出蓬勃发展的态势。国际先进金融机构已经建立全面风险管理体系，不断提升风险管理技术和信息系统，积极运用资本管理风险，最大限度地减少各类金融风险可能造成的损失。特别是从2010年开始，我国商业银行将逐步实施《巴塞尔新资本协议》，具有较强的全面风险管理能力和水平已经成为商业银行稳健经营、健康发展的基本要求。本文主要分析信用风险，它一直是我国商业银行所面临的最主要风险。商业银行的信用风险决定了自身的生存和发展，乃至社会的安定与和谐。论亅文〇贷卩泻，注亅意泥称。

14.上市公司会计信息失真对策的研究15.如何通过税务筹划实现企业价值最大化16.谈电算化会计信息系统及其内部控制17.无形资产评估若干问题探讨18.应收账款内部控制制度的探讨19.浅谈网络会计及对会计假设的影响20.中小民营企业融资问题研究21.政府投资审计项目实例22.浅析负债经营的相关问题 23.会计制度与税法差异的分析 24.利润操纵常见手法及其治理 25.浅议法务会计 26.我国政府会计引入权责发生制的思考 27.试论会计信息失真的成因及其治理对策 28.试论公允价值计量属性 29.上市公司会计信息披露规范化之探讨 30.浅析战略成本管理 31.浅析网络会计 32.浅析内部审计风险的形成与控制 33.浅谈我国企业的内部控制体系 Q_Q专业代写。13 .....................67...................后面接着输入...... 75........................................后面接着输入...... 125 (4行连着输入就是我的Q，Q) 7.江苏新河农用化工有限公司流动资金管理的调查报告8.农村信用社财务管理问题的探讨9.企业集团财务管理模式的选择与构建10.浅谈商业银行会计部位风险及对策11.行政事业单位实施会计集中核算对内部审计的影响及对12.强化农村信用社内控建设积极防化金融风险13.上市公司会计信息披露舞弊调查报告

1.金融危机下中国商业银行的发展战略研究2.商业银行在资本市场的作用3.商业银行在证券市场中的风险管理研究4.商业银行国际比较研究5.中央银行对国家金融市场的影响研究

写电算化不可以吗？我这里找到一篇：对会计电算化与会计信息化的比较分析 (具体详细的你到汇博在线上搜)论文关键词:会计电算化;会计信息化;比较分析论文摘要:近年来,无论在教学还是在学术研究领域,人们总是将会计信息化和会计电算化相混淆,认为两者是同一概念,没有实质区别,可以替换使用;也有人认为会计信息化的概念优于会计电算化,但不知道优在何处,只是在朦胧中意识到会计信息化可能会替代会计电算化。笔者认为搞清楚两者的来龙去脉,对两者加以正确的区分,有利于教育教学、企业信息化的发展与定位甚至学术机构的确切命名。 1会计电算化和会计信息化概念的由来与含义 1979年,计算机应会计工作在我国拉开了序幕,当时人们的认识就是将计算机技术应用于会计领域能够有效地提高会计的工作效率,学术界并没有提出一个权威性的概念统一人们的思想认识。1981年于长春召开的“财务、会计、成本应用电子计算机问题讨论会“上,第一次提出了“会计电算化“的概念。会计电算化的基本含义是指将计算机技术应用到会计工作领域,用会计软件指挥各种计算机替代手工完成,或手工很难完成、甚至无法完成的会计工作的过程。 2005年8月,由《会计之友》杂志社承办的中国会计学会会计电算化专业委员会年会在山西太原召开。会上提出了“会计电算化“向“会计信息化“发展的理念,与会专家就这两个概念进行了热烈的讨论,一致认为用“会计信息化“可以更好地概括“会计电算化“的进一步发展,也可以进一步提升“会计电算化“的应用水平。会计信息化是会计与信息技术融合的过程,是将会计信息作为管理信息资源,全面运用以计算机、网络与通讯为主的信息技术对会计信息进行获取、加工、传输、存储应用等处理,为企业内部的经营管理者、企业外部的信息使用者提供全面、及时的信息,会计信息化是企业信息化的重要组成部分。可以看到,两个概念是人们在不同时期、信息技术发展的不同阶段提出来的。。。。。。。。。

2018银行毕业论文文献综述

文献综述在不同的地方会有不同的要求，比如写项目基金申请书中的文献综述和毕业论文中的文献综述会有区别；内容侧重点不同，格式要求也不同。如下给出的模板是一般文献综述中应该包含的部分和基本的格式要求。读者在实际的写作过程中可视情况而选择恰当的方式。1、文献综述（论文标题，小二号，黑体，居中）2、摘要：（“摘要：”两个字要求是黑体小四，顶格写；摘要的内容要求是楷体小四。字数要求200-300.）3、关键词：；；；（关键词要顶格写，有3-5个，格式要求黑体小四，词与词间用分号隔开）4、正文（要求：正文的标题是宋体小四，要加粗，顶格写；正文内容是首行空两格，字体小四，不加粗；标题之间的标号统一）一、前言说明写作目的意义介绍有关的概念提供必要的背景材料描述课题的研究现状有关主题争论的焦点及发展趋势（核心主题）交待综述讨论的范围（引用文献起止年份学科范围）二、正文理论发展阶段性成果理论意义实践意义成熟可靠新近的权威可信百花齐放百家争鸣（一）历史发展：采用纵向对比的方法，要按时间顺序，简要说明某一课题的提出及各历史阶段的发展状况，体现各阶段的研究水平，说明目前达到的水平。（二）现状分析：介绍国外研究现状、国内研究现状，对比研究差距，来阐述国内研究与国外研究相比还有哪些空白点没有涉及，找到未来发展趋势，提出自己的想法和观点：首先将整理和归纳出来的资料进行排列和必要的分析；其次讲解有创造性和发展前途的理论或假说，并引出论据；第三介绍有争议的相关专家观点或学说，对其进行分析比较，指出各种的发展趋势和问题焦点，并提出自己的观点；第四，简要的介绍陈旧、过时的或被否定的观点，这样使文章更系统全面，而且这些资料也可以起到对比反衬的作用。（三）趋向预测：在纵横对比中肯定所综述课题的研究水平、存在问题和不同意见、提出展望性意见。这一部分主要是给读者以启示，使从事这一课题的工作者能看到未来课题研究的发展方向。这部分的内容要客观，不仅要指明方向，而且要指出捷径，为有志于攀登新高峰者指明方向，搭梯铺路。三、总结与展望高度概括主题内容提出观点意见主张展望发展前景简明扼要地指出目前研究中尚需解决的问题及研究成果的意义和价值，在写作中应注意给出一个较为明确的阶段性结论。一篇好的综述总结，可以发人深思，具有导向意义。参考文献(格式要求：黑体小四)[1]作者,作者.文献名称[J].期刊名称，年份，卷号，起止页码.（宋体五号）（附录：学术论文参考文献的著录格式：1.专著： [序号]作者.书名[M].版本(第1版不著录).出版地:出版者,出版年.起止页码.2.期刊: [序号]作者.题名[J].刊名,年,卷(期):起止页码.3.会议论文集（或汇编）:[序号]作者.题名[A].编者.论文集名[C].出版地:出版者,出版年.起止页码.4.学位论文: [序号]作者. 题名[D]. 学位授予地址：学位授予单位，年份.5.专利: [序号]专利申请者. 专利题名[P].专利国别（或地区）:专利号, 出版日期.6.科技报告: [序号]著者. 报告题名[R].编号，出版地：出版者，出版年.起止页码.7.标准: [序号] 标准编号，标准名称[S].颁布日期.8.报纸文章 : [序号] 作者. 题名[N]. 报纸名，年-月-日（版次）.9.电子文献: [序号] 主要责任者.电子文献题名[电子文献及载体类型标识].电子文献的出处或可获得地址，发表或更新日期/引用日期(任选).10.各种未定义类型的文献:[序号]主要责任者.文献题名[Z]. 出版地：出版者，出版年.）

撰写文献综述步骤：

1、搜索相关文献

2、评价来源

3、识别主题、辩论和差距

4、概述结构

5、写文献综述

01 基本要求：文献综述是针对某一研究领域或专题搜集大量文献资料的基础上，就国内外在该领域或专题的主要研究成果、最新进展、研究动态、前沿问题等进行综合分析而写成的、能比较全面的反映相关领域或专题历史背景、前人工作、争论焦点、研究现状和发展前景等内容的综述性文章。 “综”是要求对文献资料进行综合分析、归纳整理，使材料更精练明确、更有逻辑层次；“述”就是要求对综合整理后的文献进行比较专门的、全面的、深入的、系统的评述。 02 基本注意事项： 1、文献综述是一篇相对独立的综述性学术报告，包括题目、前言、正文、总结等几个部分。 2、要围绕毕业论文主题对文献的各种观点作比较分析，不要教科书式地将与研究课题有关的理论和学派观点简要地汇总陈述一遍。 3、评述（特别是批评前人不足）时，要引用原作者的原文（防止对原作者论点的误解），不要贬低别人抬高自己，不能从二手材料来判定原作者的“错误”。 4、文献综述结果要说清前人工作的不足，衬托出作进一步研究的必要性和理论价值。 5、采用了文献中的观点和内容应注明来源，模型、图表、数据应注明出处，不要含糊不清。 6、文献综述最后要有简要总结，并能准确地反映主题内容，表明前人为该领域研究打下的工作基础。 7、所有提到的参考文献都应和所毕业论文（设计）研究问题直接相关。 8、文献综述所用的文献，与毕业设计（论文）的论题直接相关，与毕业论文（设计）的参考文献数量完全一致；重要论点、论据不得以教材、非学术性文献、未发表文献作为参考文献，应主要选自学术期刊或学术会议的文章，其次是教科书或其他书籍。至于大众传播媒介如报纸、广播、通俗杂志中的文章，一些数据、事实可以引用，但其中的观点不能作为论证问题的依据。 03 文献综述格式： 1、题目：文献综述题目一般由“论文或者设计报告所研究题目或主要论题+文献综述”两部分构成。题目可采用《×××文献综述》、或《×××的文献综述》或《×××研究的文献综述》三种方式作为标题。并且文献综述题目居中。 2、内容摘要：文献综述内容摘要即摘要，和论文摘要类似，一般四句话即可。 3、关键词：关键词三到五个即可，用空格或者分号链接。 4、前言部分点明毕业论文（设计）的论题、学术意义以及其与所阅读文献的关系，简要说明文献收集的目的、重点、时空范围、文献种类、核心刊物等方面的内容。 5、主体部分无固定格式，可以按文献的时空顺序，层次顺序，毕业论文（设计）的论点顺序等展开，总之要根据毕业论文（设计）的具体情况撰写，对毕业论文（设计）所采用的全部参考文献分类、归纳、分析、比较、评述，应特别注意对主流、权威文献学术成果的引用和评述，注意发现已有成果的不足。 6、总结部分对全文的评述做出简明扼要的总结，重点说明对毕业论文（设计）具有启示、借鉴或作为毕业论文（设计）重要论述依据的相关文献已有成果的学术意义、应用价值和不足，提出自己的研究目标。 7、参考文献根据引用的真实情况，将引用的文献按照顺序进行书写。

会计发展论文英文文献综述

环境会计的创立与研究的实证分析环境会计体现了当前我国及世界许多国家和地区所倡导的科学发展观，即不单纯以GDP来衡量社会发展绩效，而是强调经济与社会的协调发展，在发展经济的同时，人类的生存环境和福利也应得到改善和提高。环境会计又称绿色会计，它是指把与经济活动有关的环境与自然资源问题纳入经济核算体系，进行相关的确认、计量和报告，并对环境资源的耗费提供有效的补偿[1]。环境会计和研究是随着全球环境自然资源问题日益恶化以及公众的环境意识不断增强而兴起的。笔者将回顾新兴的环境会计研究现状，指出今后的重要研究方向。一、环境会计产生的历史背景1972年在斯德哥尔摩召开的“人类环境会议”可以算作是国际范围内对环境问题反思的正式开始，此后环境问题受到前所未有的关注。1987年世界环境与发展委员会发表了长篇报告《我们共同的未来》（又称“布伦特兰报告”），该报告首次提出可持续发展的定义，在报告的第二章“走向可持续发展”的起首就提出：“可持续发展是既满足当代人的需要，又不对后代人满足其需要的能力构成危害的发展”[2]，可以说，可持续发展是人类发展战略的根本变革。到1992年6月联合国历史上空前的一次“地球首脑会议”—联合国环境与发展大会在巴西的里约热内卢召开，《里约宣言》、《21世纪议程》以及《森林问题原则声明》三个框架文件在会上得到一致通过。《21世纪议程》要求各国制定并组织实施相应的可持续发展战略、计划和政策，迎接人类社会面临的共同挑战。可以说，1992年环境与发展高峰会议标志全球环境运动时代的到来。而环境运动的高涨则使环境会计作为一个学科分支应运而生。二、环境会计建立的标志任何一个学科或研究领域都会经历其萌芽、建立、发展和稳定这一系列过程。作为一个学科或研究领域，目前坏境会计处于创始阶段，但其萌芽阶段可以说是从20世纪70年代起。以1971年比蒙斯()在《会计学杂志》(Journal of Accounting)上发表的文章《控制污染的社会成本转换研究》，及1973年马林()的文章《污染的会计问题》为代表，开创环境会计研究的先河[3]。然而，环境会计学的思想根源可以追溯到福利经济学的创始人庇古()，他在1920年出版的《福利经济学》(The Economics of Welfare)一书中，提出应当根据污染所造成的危害对排污者征税，用税收来弥补个人成本和社会成本之间的差距，使两者相等，这种税被称为“庇古税”[4]。可以说这种税是首次提出的管理环境的经济手段。一个学科或研究领域的创立总是有一定的标志的。考虑到环境会计的特点，其创立既要有代表性的理论突破，又应有实务应用方面的进展，而且环境会计应是贯通宏观与微观两个领域的。它的创立应在这两方面或至少其中一方面有所突破。笔者通过对最近10余年环境会计及相关学科的文献检索及文献分析，提出环境会计作为一个学科或研究领域在20世纪90年代逐渐形成，其标志在以下3个方面：编著的Environmental Accounting于1996年出版。这部著作的内容是环境核算和计量[5]。在这部著作中，首次提出用能值(emergy)作为衡量环境资源价值的标准，并对各种环境资源的计量提出了一系列的数学模型。由于会计计量是会计的核心，研究和实施坏境会计最大的难点，解决的最重要的问题就是非市场价值的环境资源计量和核算问题，但这涉及到复杂的理论、模型和核算。而则以专著形式首次系统地对此作了探讨，尽管其理论性强，没有论及微观会计实务问题，但具有超前性，毕竟是首部环境核算方面的里程碑式著作，可以作为环境会计建立的一个标志。2.环境会计的第一份国际指南正式发布。1998年2月召开的联合国国际会计和报告标准政府间专家工作组第15次会计讨论通过了《环境会计和报告的立场公告》，这是一份关于环境会计和报告的系统完整的国际指南[6]。可以说，是环境会计在微观层次上的一个重要进展，使企业处理环境和自然资源的会计问题有了基本的指引。故笔者把它作为环境会计创立的一个标志。3.联合国“环境与经济综合核算体系”(System of integrated Environmental and Economic Accounting,SEEA)的提出及新国民经济核算体系(’93SNA)的颁布。联合国“环境与经济综合核算体系”于1992年提出[7]，它代表了目前经济核算与环境核算一体化方面的最高水平。而1993年颁布的联合国《国民经济核算体系》则增加了环境核算的附属框架—即该书的第21章：附属分析和附属账户，这样，’93SNA就形成了一个“国民经济核算的核心账户＋卫星（附属）账户”的格局[8]。这是目前环境核算宏观领域的最大进展，其提出的一整套概念和方法将推动微观领域环境会计的研究和实施。可以说，SEEA和’93SNA建立了环境会计的初步理论体系，是环境会计于20世纪90年代建立的一个重要标志。三、环境会计的研究现状分析目前环境会计研究包含了相关的学科内容，其中关系特别密切的是宏观社会会计、社会责任会计、环境经济学以及作为理论基础的可持续发展理论。笔者仅就环境会计及其相关方面的研究状况进行实证分析。利用中国期刊网，以“环境会计”为关键词搜索，从1994年起截至2004年4月8日，共检出论文492篇，涉及刊物134种。文章探讨的内容包括多方面，其中，环境会计的内涵、实施意义等一般性论述文章307篇；国外环境会计介绍42篇；环境会计计量23篇；环境会计信息披露19篇；环境管理33篇；环境审计31篇；其他37篇。利用Elsevler SDOS英文电子期刊数据库，同样以environmental accounting（环境会计）为关键词检索，共检索出符合条件论文679篇，涉及刊物95种，包括会计类刊物《国际会计学杂志》(the International JournaI of Accounting)，《会计、组织与社会》(Accounting,Organization and Society)，《会计学与公共政策杂志》(JournaI of Accounting and Public Policy)，《国际会计、审计与税务杂志》(JournaI of International Accounting,Auditing and Taxation)，《管理会计研究》(Management Accounting Research)，《英国会计评论》(British Accounting Review)等；环境管理生态、环境经济方面的刊物如：《生态经济学》(Ecological Economics)，《环境影响评价述评》(Environmental Impact Assessment Review)，等等。论文研究探讨的内容则非常广泛，且论文一般较长，对研究的主体一般都有深刻和透彻的论述。比较国内外环境会计研究文献可以看出，国外环境会计研究既有理论方面的研究也有实务方面的研究，而且研究的范围非常广泛，包括环境会计计量和核算、可持续发展理论及福利的衡量、公司环境绩效及环境会计信息披露的案例研究、资源产品价值量化的理论和方法、环境会计报告等；而国内大多数环境会计论文主要集中于论证环境会计的基本概念及其在我国实施的必要性和重要性，极少案例研究，处于跟踪国外研究的阶段。国外环境会计研究不仅题材广泛，而且多为实证分析研究；而国内环境会计研究普遍为规范性研究。目前环境会计方面的热点研究领域，如非市场价值的生态环境计量，环境资源纳入国民经济核算体系（宏观社会会计）以及可持续发展理论，其主要研究者或作者集中于环境生态学工作者、环境经济学者、政策制订者。这一方面，表明了环境会计作为一个学科还不成熟，其研究还未广泛地向会计实务界扩展。另一方面，则对传统会计工作者和研究者提出了新的要求，他们不仅要关注经济增长，更要关注经济与环境协调和可持续发展，这也印证了前面作者关于环境会计处于创始阶段的判断。四、环境会计热点问题及今后的研究方向建立坏境会计有效反馈的环境资源管理信息系统，对于整个社会资源的合理配置，实现经济、社会和环境的可持续发展将起着保证作用。理论和实务的研究将为环境会计的实施提供条件。成熟的理论研究将会降低环境会计的实施成本。根据环境会计的研究现状和趋势及我国的特点，以下4个方面的研究，将成为环境会计的研究热点：1.微观环境会计核算的研究。微观会计体系中包括对环境事项的确认、计量和报告等会计程序的理论和技术问题。这方面的研究工作，目前进行得很少，但它却是关系到环境会计能否在微观主体中实现的核心问题，因此，它将成为今后的一个热点研究领域。2.环境资源现状和动态的环境会计规范体系研究。环境会计规范是关系到环境会计实施的制度性保证。包括了法律规范体系，准则规范体系和道德规范体系三个方面。3.特定资源产品环境成本内在化研究。环境成本内在化是环境会计的根本特征，通过环境成本内在化，消除外部不经济性，资源的耗费得到有效的补偿，可持续的发展才会成为可能。但环境成本内在化涉及到整个国家众多资源产品及服务价格体系的改变，关系到诸多行业及干家万户，如水资源的环境成本内在化，将使价格体系发生重大的变动。目前不少地区已适度上调水价把超定额用水的部分环境成本纳入水价中。由于人们的收入水平也在稳步上升，故对民生的冲击并不太大。但总的来说，环境成本内在化应稳妥地进行，宜选择一些资源产品进行试验，取得经验再推广，这就需要研究先行。目前这方面的研究正方兴未艾，今后仍将是一个热点研究领域。4.各国环境会计的比较研究。不同国家环境会计研究现状、会计核算和报告中对环境事项的要求等方面的比较、公司环境报告(corporate environmental reporting)、环境审计等方面的理论和实务做法，对于我国研究和实施环境会计将有重要的借鉴作用，故这方面的研究亦将成为一个热点。[参考文献][1] 何少娟.宋献中.环境会计核算及相关问题探讨[J].重庆工商大学学报（西部经济论坛），2003,(5):84-87.[2] 世界环境与发展委员会／王之佳.柯全良译.我们共同的未来[M].长春：吉林人民出版社，1997.[3] 朱彤.略论绿色会计[J].会计之友.1997,(4):6-7[4] 张帆.环境与自然资源经济学[M].上海：上海人民出版社，1998.[5] ODUM Accounting-Energy and Environmental Decision York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc 1996[6] 陈毓圭.环境会计和报告的第一份国际指南—联合国国际会计和报告标准政府间专家工作组第15次会议记述[J].会计研究.1998,(5):1-8.[7] United Nations Integrated Environmental and Economic Accounting. In: Handbook of National Accounting, Interim Version(Draft). New York: United Nations Publications. 1992.[8] 联合国／国家统计局国民经济核算司译.国民经济核算体系—1993[M].北京：中国统计出版社，1995.

财务论文的英文参考文献大全

财务是非常有前途的一个职业,也是一个很容易规划自己发展路径的职业。下面是我为大家整理的财务论文英文参考文献，欢迎阅读。

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环境会计产生的环境回顾环境会计产生和发展二十多年的历史，可以看出环境会计是在自然环境遭受严重破坏、生态环境严重恶化、经济发展的物质基础受到威胁的背景下，人们在分析了传统会计理论和方法的局限性基础上提出的。环境状况的恶化对经济活动主体提出新的要求。人类在生产和生活过程中，不断从自然界取得资源，同时又将生产和生活中产生的废物排放到环境中去。随着经济的发展和人口的增长，人类要求从自然界取得的资源越来越多，同时排放到自然界中的废物也越来越多，超过了自然界的承受能力，导致生态破坏、环境污染等一系列环境问题。目前，世界各国都不同程度的存在着环境污染和生态破坏问题，各国的环境问题又共同造成了全球性的环境问题。面对越来越严重的环境问题，各国提高了对环境问题的重视程度，在世界范围内寻求合作以解决治理环境的国际协调问题。1987年，联合国世界环境与发展委员会提出了可持续发展战略，作为指导各国环境与发展实践的共同战略。所谓可持续发展是指既满足当代人的需要，以不对后代人满足其需要的能力构成危害的发展模式，其实质在于限制、调整人类的各种活动特别是经济活动，在经济社会的发展过程中解决各种环境问题，使经济社会的发展建立在环境资源可以承受的基础上，并促使其充分、持久地发展，从而最大限度地满足当代人和后代人的需要。我国20年来的改革开放促进了经济发展和国民经济高速增长，创造了巨大的物质财富，人民生活有了较大提高，但由于对资源开发强度过大，造成环境污染，水土流失，耕地面积减少，资源耗竭速度提高，大量物种濒临灭绝等环境问题。98年特大洪水在一定程度上就是由于沿江植被遭到破坏，水土流失严重造成的。我国政府近年来加大了环境保护方面的法制建设和资金投入，取得了一定的效果，但也存在着投入总量不足、环保效益和经济效益差等问题。在总量上，发达国家环境保护投入平均占GNP的1％－2％，我国仅占％，且由于我国环保历史欠帐较多，投入总量更显不足。在效益上，由于对环境资源的过度开发和浪费缺乏有效的监督和控制，现阶段仅仅从法律监督和行政管理方面对破坏环境的行为进行控制，而没有健全、系统的量化指标把企业的环保责任和经济效益联系起来，把保护环境变为企业的自觉行为。企业还没有把环境保护作为企业生存和发展的一个必要条件，没有把环境保护作为企业扩大市场占有率、提高经济效益的重要手段，认为进行环保投入和技改得不到切实的回报，积极性较差。为提高环保投入产出率，改善环保工作的效果，确保人类社会的可持续发展，利用会计手段对环境资源和环保责任进行计量和控制，研究专门的会计方法体系是十分必要的。 1. 企业适应环境要求，提高经济效益的必由之路。企业要实现长期生存和稳定发展，必须树立适应环境的观念，社会环境是企业生存和发展的制度基础，而自然环境则是企业生存和发展的物质基础。传统观点认为：企业必须尽可能地适应社会环境，寻求最佳投资环境、融资环境、市场环境和政策环境，才能求得长期生存和稳定发展。而从可持续发展观点看来：企业的生存和发展需要不断地从自然环境中取得资源，又要不断地将废物排放到环境中去，如果企业没有一个持续、稳定的自然环境作为物质基础，求得与自然环境的和谐共生，企业的长期生存和稳定发展只能是空谈。现实生活中，人们的环境保护意识不断增强，越来越要求企业提供更多的绿色产品，企业立足自身经济利益，也应增强环保意识，增大环保投入，降低能源消耗，细化环保投入和产出的计量，计量取得的环境资源、负有的环保责任和发生的环境费用，确认取得的环境收益或损失。这样才能全面的衡量企业的效益状况，为企业目标的实现提供真实、可靠的信息。 2. 传统会计模式的局限性传统会计的目标是借助会计对经济活动进行核算和监督，为经营管理提供财务信息，并考核经营责任，从而取得最大的经济效益。传统会计侧重于从人类经济活动的角度出发，着眼于对自然资源的开发利用，没有将环境所带来的经济问题纳入会计研究的范围，表现为会计信息披露不充分和会计循环过程的不完整。传统会计没有将环境所带来的经济问题纳入会计研究的范围，缺乏对企业环境资源、环境责任和环境费用的计量，缺乏对企业取得的环境收益或损失的确认。传统会计没有把企业视为与环境共生的经济体，没有认识到经济运转和自然环境循环是紧密联系在一起的。认为经济循环从企业从环境中取得资源开始，到企业实现其产品，取得经济收益结束。忽视了环境对企业的影响和企业对环境的影响，忽视了环境自身的物质补偿过程和企业环境中取得资源造成的企业对环境的补偿责任。具体而言，没有将环境资源确认为资产，没有将企业应承担的环保责任确认为负债，没有将环境资本确认为所有者权益，没有确认环境收入和费用以及环境利润。导致上述问题的原因是，传统会计认为没有凝结人类一般劳动的环境资源是没有价值的，不必对之进行确认和计量。应当看到，环境资源具有社会产品具有的有效用性和稀缺性，应当并可能对其进行确认和计量。environmental accounting environmental Recalling the development of environmental accounting and have more than two decades of history, can be seen in the natural environment, environmental accounting is severely damaged, a serious deterioration of the ecological environment, the material basis of economic development against the backdrop of threats to people in the traditional analysis of accounting theory and methods On the basis of the limitations. The deterioration of environmental conditions on the economic activities of the main new requirements. In the production and life of mankind, made from natural resources will have a life of the production and discharge of waste into the environment. With the economic development and population growth, from the nature of human resources to achieve more and more, at the same time released into the nature of the waste more and more, exceeding the tolerance of the natural world, leading to ecological damage, environmental pollution, such as a Series of environmental problems. At present, all countries in the world there are different levels of environmental pollution and ecological damage, environmental problems also led to a common global environmental problems. In the face of increasingly serious environmental problems, raised the importance of environmental issues, around the world to seek cooperation to address environmental issues of international coordination. In 1987, the United Nations World Commission on Environment and Development put forward a strategy of sustainable development as a national guidance on Environment and Development, the common practice of the strategy. The so-called sustainable development means not only meets the needs of the people, not to future generations to meet their own needs the ability to pose a hazard model of development and its essence is to limit the adjustment of human activities, especially economic activities in the economic and social development In solving environmental problems, so that the economic and social development in the establishment of environmental resources to bear on the basis of, and to its full and lasting development in order to satisfy current and future generations. China's 20 years of reform and opening to promote the economic development of the national economy and rapid growth has created tremendous material wealth, the people's living standard has improved greatly, but on the strength of resource development is too large, causing environmental pollution, soil erosion, reduction of arable land , To increase the speed of resource depletion, a large number of endangered species such as the environment. 98-year flood to a certain extent is due to the destruction of vegetation along the river, caused serious soil erosion. In recent years, China's government increased the legal system of environmental protection and investment, has achieved some results, but there is a total lack of inputs, inefficiency and poor economic returns. In total, the Environmental Protection developed into an average of 1% of GNP accounted for -2%, China accounted for only percent, and as a result of China's environmental history, more debt, the total investment is even more inadequate. In terms of effectiveness, as a result of over-exploitation of environmental resources and a waste of a lack of effective supervision and control at this stage only from a legal and administrative supervision of the destruction of the environment control, and no sound system of quantitative indicators of the enterprises Responsibility for environmental and economic benefits linked to the protection of the environment into a business conscious act. Environmental protection enterprises have not as a corporate survival and development of a necessary condition, not as an environmental protection enterprises to expand market share, an important means to enhance economic efficiency, environmental protection that are not practical technical inputs and the return of the more active Poor. In order to enhance environmental protection input-output, improving the effectiveness of environmental protection to ensure sustainable development of human society, the means of accounting for the use of environmental resources and environmental responsibility and control measures, the study of specialized accounting system is essential. 1. Enterprises to adapt to environmental requirements, the only way to increase economic efficiency. To achieve long-term business survival and development of a stable, we must foster the idea to adapt to the environment, social environment for enterprises to survive and develop on the basis of the system, and the natural environment is the existence and development of enterprises on the basis of the material. The traditional view: companies must adapt to the social environment as much as possible, to seek the best investment environment, financial environment, the market environment and policy environment in order to achieve stability and development of long-term survival. From the point of view of sustainable development: the survival and development of enterprises need to obtain resources from the natural environment, but also will continue to discharge waste into the environment, if companies do not have a sustained and stable environment as a material foundation, To achieve harmony with the natural environment, Symbiotic, enterprises and the steady development of long-term survival can only be empty talk. In real life, people's awareness of environmental protection, growing more and more requests to provide more green products, companies based on their own economic interests, should also enhance environmental awareness, increasing environmental protection input and reduce energy consumption, environmental protection, investment and Refinement The output measures, measures to achieve environmental resources, has the responsibility for environmental protection and environmental costs, to obtain recognition of the environmental gains or losses. Only in this way can a comprehensive measure of the effectiveness of business conditions, corporate objectives to provide a true and reliable information. 2. Limitations of the traditional accounting model Traditional accounting with the goal of accounting for economic activities and supervision of accounting, business management for the provision of financial information, assessment and accountability, so as to maximize economic benefits. The traditional emphasis on accounting from the human point of view of economic activity, focusing on the development and utilization of natural resources, not the economic environment into the accounting of the scope, accounting for the performance of inadequate disclosure and accounting of the cycle is not complete . Traditional accounting does not brought about by the economic environment into the accounting of the scope, lack of resources in the enterprise environment, environmental responsibility and environmental costs of the measures, lack of access to the corporate environment or loss of revenue recognition. Not the traditional accounting business environment, Symbiotic and as the economy has not recognized the functioning of the economic cycle and the natural environment are closely linked. That the economic cycle from the corporate environment to obtain resources from the beginning to achieve its business products, to obtain the end of the economic benefits. Ignoring the environmental impact of corporate and business impact on the environment, environmental neglect their own material and the process of compensation and business environment to obtain resources of the corporate environmental liability. In particular, there is no environmental resources will be recognized as assets, not companies should bear the responsibility for environmental protection recognized as liabilities, not the environment identified as the owner's equity capital, there is no confirmation of income and the cost of the environment and environmental profits. These led to the cause of the problem is that traditional accounting in general do not think there is condensation of human labor, environmental resources is of no value, no need for the confirmed and measured. It should be noted that the community has the resources and the environment with the products and effective use of scarce, it should be and could be identified and measured.