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论文范文中文英文摘要

发布时间:2024-07-02 06:10:46

论文范文中文英文摘要

一、论文摘要的定义摘要一般应说明研究工作目的、实验方法、结果和最终结论等.而重点是结果和结论。中文摘要一般不宜超过300字,外文摘要不宜超过250个实词。除了实在迫不得已,摘要中不用图、表、化学结构式、非公知公用的符号和术语。摘要可用另页置于题名页(页上无正文)之前,学术论文的摘要一般置于题名和作者之后,论文正文之前。论文摘要又称概要、内容提要。摘要是以提供文献内容梗概为目的,不加评论和补充解释,简明、确切地记述文献重要内容的短文。其基本要素包括研究目的、方法、结果和结论。具体地讲就是研究工作的主要对象和范围,采用的手段和方法,得出的结果和重要的结论,有时也包括具有情报价值的其它重要的信息。摘要应具有独立性和自明性,并且拥有与文献同等量的主要信息,即不阅读全文,就能获得必要的信息。摘要不容赘言,故需逐字推敲。内容必须完整、具体、使人一目了然。英文摘要虽以中文摘要为基础,但要考虑到不能阅读中文的读者的需求,实质性的内容不能遗漏。二、论文摘要的分类根据内容的不同, 摘要可分为以下三大类: 报道性摘要、指示性摘要和报道-指示性摘要(1) 报道性摘要: 也常称作信息性摘要或资料性摘要, 其特点是全面、简要地概括论文的目的、方法、主要数据和结论. 通常, 这种摘要可以部分地取代阅读全文.(2) 指示性摘要: 也常称为说明性摘要、描述性摘要或论点摘要, 一般只用二三句话概括论文的主题, 而不涉及论据和结论, 多用于综述、会议报告等. 该类摘要可用于帮助潜在的读者来决定是否需要阅读全文.(3) 报道-指示性摘要: 以报道性摘要的形式表述一次文献中的信息价值较高的部分, 以指示性摘要的形式表述其余部分.三、论文摘要的写法目前,我国期刊上发表的论文,多采用报道性摘要。即包括论文的目的、方法、结果和结论等四部分内容。而毕业论文的摘要的写法多是采用指示性摘要的写法,即概括文章的主题和主要内容。在指示性摘要的写作过程中,作者首先应该对论文的写作背景做简单介绍,然后应该对文章的主要内容进行简单的介绍,主要是对文章的提纲做简要的介绍,最后要对文章的研究意义进行介绍。四、论文摘要写作的注意事项(1)摘要中应排除本学科领域已成为常识的内容;切忌把应在引言中出现的内容写入摘要;一般也不要对论文内容作诠释和评论(尤其是自我评价)。(2)不得简单重复题名中已有的信息。比如一篇文章的题名是《几种中国兰种子试管培养根状茎发生的研究》,摘要的开头就不要再写:“为了……,对几种中国兰种子试管培养根状茎的发生进行了研究”。(3)结构严谨,表达简明,语义确切。摘要先写什么,后写什么,要按逻辑顺序来安排。句子之间要上下连贯,互相呼应。摘要慎用长句,句型应力求简单。每句话要表意明白,无空泛、笼统、含混之词,但摘要毕竟是一篇完整的短文,电报式的写法亦不足取。摘要不分段。(4)用第三人称。建议采用“对……进行了研究”、“报告了……现状”、“进行了……调查”等记述方法标明一次文献的性质和文献主题,不必使用“本文”、“作者”等作为主语。(5)要使用规范化的名词术语,不用非公知公用的符号和术语。新术语或尚无合适汉文术语的,可用原文或译出后加括号注明原文。(6)除了实在无法变通以外,一般不用数学公式和化学结构式,不出现插图、表格。(7)不用引文,除非该文献证实或否定了他人已出版的著作。(8))缩略语、略称、代号,除了相邻专业的读者也能清楚理解的以外,在首次出现时必须加以说明。科技论文写作时应注意的其他事项,如采用法定计量单位、正确使用语言文字和标点符号等,也同样适用于摘要的编写。目前摘要编写中的主要问题有:要素不全,或缺目的,或缺方法;出现引文,无独立性与自明性;繁简失当。

论文其实就是一种文章,就一种讨论某种问题或研究某种问题的文章.它有自己独有的论文格式.下面就是标准的论文格式:1、论文格式的论文题目:(下附署名)要求准确、简练、醒目、新颖.2、论文格式的目录 目录是论文中主要段落的简表.(短篇论文不必列目录) 3、论文格式的内容提要:是文章主要内容的摘录,要求短、精、完整.字数少可几十字,多不超过三百字为宜.4、论文格式的关键词或主题词 关键词是从论文的题名、提要和正文中选取出来的,是对表述论文的中心内容有实质意义的词汇.关键词是用作计算机系统标引论文内容特征的词语,便于信息系统汇集,以供读者检索.每篇论文一般选取3-8个词汇作为关键词,另起一行,排在“提要”的左下方.主题词是经过规范化的词,在确定主题词时,要对论文进行主题分析,依照标引和组配规则转换成主题词表中的规范词语.(参见《汉语主题词表》和《世界汉语主题词表》).5、论文格式的论文正文:(1)引言:引言又称前言、序言和导言,用在论文的开头.引言一般要概括地写出作者意图,说明选题的目的和意义,并指出论文写作的范围.引言要短小精悍、紧扣主题.〈2)论文正文:正文是论文的主体,正文应包括论点、论据、论证过程和结论.主体部分包括以下内容:a.提出问题-论点; b.分析问题-论据和论证; c.解决问题-论证方法与步骤; d.结论.6、论文格式的参考文献 一篇论文的参考文献是将论文在研究和写作中可参考或引证的主要文献资料,列于论文的末尾.参考文献应另起一页,标注方式按《GB7714-87文后参考文献著录规则》进行.中文:标题--作者--出版物信息(版地、版者、版期) 英文:作者--标题--出版物信息 所列参考文献的要求是:(1)所列参考文献应是正式出版物,以便读者考证.(2)所列举的参考文献要标明序号、著作或文章的标题、作者、出版物信息.

1、简洁、具体的摘要要反映论文的实质性内容,展示论文内容足够的信息,体现论文的创新性,展现论文的重要梗概,一般由具体研究的对象、方法、结果、结论四要素组成。 2、对象——是论文研究、研制、调查等所涉及的具体的主题范围,体现论文的研究内容、要解决的主要问题,是问题的提出,研究方向的确立与目标的定位。 3、方法——是论文对研究对象进行研究的过程中所运用的原理、理论、条件、材料、工艺、结构、手段、程序,是完成研究对象的必要手段。 4、结果——是作者运用研究方法对研究对象进行实验、研究所得到的结果、效果、数据,被确定的关系等,是进行科研所得的成果。 5、结论——是作者对结果的分析、研究、比较、评价、应用、提出的问题等,是结果的总结,显示研究结果的可靠性、实用性、创新性,体现论文研究的价值与学术水平,是决定论文被检索的窗口。 6、中文摘要的写作要求:(1)摘要以主题概念不遗漏为原则,中文摘要字数为200-300字,英文摘要为100-150words (2)用重要的事实开头,突出论文新的信息,即新立题、新方法、结论与结果的创新性等(3)叙述要完整,清楚,简明扼要,逻辑性要强,结构完整,删去背景与过去的研究信息,不应包含作者将来的计划,杜绝文学性修饰与无用的叙述(4)摘要中涉及他人的工作或研究成果的,尽量列出他们的名字(5)不以数字开头,中英文必须对应。

期刊论文摘要怎么写

期刊论文摘要怎么写?大家想要了解一下吗?下面是我为大家收集的关于期刊论文摘要范文,欢迎大家阅读借鉴!

科技期刊文章的摘要主要由三部分组成:研究的问题、过程和方法、结果。应具有独立性和自含性,包含目的、方法、结果、结论等要素,中文摘要字数控制在200~300字之间,英文摘要须比中文摘要详细,以占1个版面为宜。中、英文摘要只有写得正确、写得好,才能起到帮助读者了解原文的作用。因此必须认真对原文进行主题分析,找出主题概念,正确地组织好这些主题内容,简明、准确、完整地写出摘要来。

1摘要要有具体内容

例如:“摘要:对天铁高炉喷煤系统技术改造过程中有关问题的解决进行了分析和探讨,提出了喷煤技术发展方向的有关见解”.

可修改为:“摘要:天铁原有高炉喷煤系统的不足主要表现在:喷吹罐底部各锥体下料不均匀,造成高炉各风口喷吹不均匀;喷吹罐底部喷吹口布置不合理;”负压式“混合器限制了喷吹能力的进一步提高;只能依靠罐压调节喷煤量,煤量波动大,不能准确调节;固气比低;不能进一步提高喷煤量。天铁于1996-1998年对3座高炉的喷煤系统进行了改造,技术改造的重点问题包括:改善喷吹系统压缩空气的质量,对喷吹罐进行局部改造,采用软连接,局部计量技术;对煤粉的分配精度进行改进;对喷煤支管实施喷吹情况检测”.

2在不遗漏主题概念的前提下,摘要应尽量简洁

缩短摘要的方法

a.取消不必要的字句:如“Itisreported…”,“Extensiveinvestigationsshowthat…”,“Theauthordiscusses…”,“Thispaperconcernedwith…”;摘要开头的“Inthispaper”和一些不必要的修饰词,如“indetail”,“briefly”,“here”,“new”,“mainly”也尽量不要。

b.对物理单位及一些通用词可以适当进行简化。

c.取消或减少背景信息(BackgroundInformation)。根据经验,一篇摘要的背景信息如果过长或占摘要篇幅的比例过大,则往往伴随着对作者所做的`工作描述过于笼统和简单。如:“摘要:根据传统光学干涉原理研制出的相位调制型光纤传感器,其突出的优点是灵敏度高,但却只能进行相对测量,因此本文介绍了能实现绝对测量的全光纤白光干涉型光纤传感器及其检测技术,该技术基于白光干涉的绝对测量原理”.该摘要用一半的篇幅介绍了背景信息(斜体字部分),对自己的工作却只做了泛泛的介绍。

d.限制摘要只表示新情况,新内容,过去的研究细节可以取消。

e.不说无用的话,如“本文所谈的有关研究工作是对过去老工艺的一个极大的改进”,“本工作首次实现了…”,“经检索尚未发现与本文类似的文献”等词句切不可进入摘要。

f.作者在原文中谈及的未来计划不纳入摘要。

g.尽量简化一些措辞和重复的单元。如:不用atatemperatureof250℃to300℃,而用at250~300℃;不用atahighpressureof2000kPa,而用at2000kPa;不用atahightemperatureof1500℃,而用at1500 ℃;不用discussed and studied in detail,而用discussed.

h. 摘要第一句应避免与题目(Title)重复。

文体风格

a. 摘要叙述要完整、清楚、简明。

b. 尽量用短句子并避免句形单调。

c. 用过去时态叙述作者工作,用现在时态叙述作者结论。

例如:“The structure of dislocation cores in GaP was investigated by weak-beam electron microscopy. The dislocations are dissociated into two Shokley partials with separations of 80±10 and 40±10 A in the pure edge and screw cases respectively. The results show that…” d. 能用名词做定语不要用动名词做定语,能用形容词做定语就不要用名词做定语。

例如:用measurement accuracy 不用measuring accuracy

用experimental results 不用experiment results

可直接用名词或名词短语作定语的情况下,要少用of句型。

例如:用measurement accuracy 不用accuracy of measurement

用camera curtain shutter 不用curtain shutter of camera

用equipment structure 不用structure of equipment

e. 可用动词的情况尽量避免用动词的名词形式。例如:用Thickness of plastic sheets was measured,不用Measurement of thickness of plastic sheet was made.

f. 注意冠词用法,不要误用,滥用或随便省略冠词。

g. 避免使用一长串形容词或名词来修饰名词,可以将这些词分成几个前置短语,用连字符连接名词组,作为单位形容词(一个形容词)。例如:用 The chlorine-containing propylene-based polymer of high meld index代替The chlorine containing high melt index propylene based polymer.

h. 尽量用主动语态代替被动语态。

i. 尽量用简短、词义清楚并为人熟知的词。

j. 慎用行话和俗语。

k. 语言要简练,但不得使用电报型语言。例如:Adsorption nitrobenzene on copper chromite investigation应为Adsorption of nitrobenzene on copper chromite was investigated.

l .文词要纯朴无华, 不用多姿多态的文学性描述手法。

m. 组织好句子,使动词尽量靠近主语。例如:不用The decolorization in solutions of the pigment in dioxane,which were exposed to 10 hr of UV irradiation,was no longer irreversible.而用When the pigment wasdissolved in dioxane,decolorization was irreversible after 10h of UV irradiation.

n. 删繁从简。例如:用increased,代替has been found to increase;用the results show,代替from the experimental results, it can be concluded that. o. 摘要中涉及其他人的工作或研究成果时,尽量列出他们的名字及文献出处。

p. 摘要词语拼写,用英美拼法都可以,但在每篇文章中须保持一致。

q. 摘要中不能出现“图××”、“方程××”和“参考文献××”等句子。

r. 其他几点注意事项。如:①不要用home made表示“国产”这个概念,home made实际上表示的是“家庭制造”这一概念;②如果不会引起误解,可数名词尽量用复数;③注意中英文不同的表达方法。不要简单地逐字直译。例如,不要将because放在句首表达“因为”这一概念,because表示原因语气用在摘要中过强。不要用“XX are analyzed and studied(discussed)”.来直译“分析研究(讨论)”这一中文概念。用“XX are analyzed”就可以了。尽量不要使用not only…but also直译中文“不但”…“而且”这一概念,用and就行了。

3 摘要中的特殊字符

特殊字符主要指各种数学符号、上下角标及希腊字母,因它们无法直接输入计算机,因此都需转成键盘上有的字母和符号。希望在摘要中尽量少用特殊字符及由特殊字符组成的数学表达式。由于它们的输入极为麻烦,且极易出错,影响摘要本身的准确性和可读性,应尽量不用,而改用文字表达或文字叙述。更复杂的表达式几乎难以输入,应设法取消。

4 缩写字及首字母缩写词(Abbreviations and Acronyms)

对那些已经为大众所熟悉的缩写词,如radar,laser,CAD等,可以直接使用。对于那些仅为同行所熟悉的缩略语,应在题目、摘要或关键词中至少出现一次全称。

论文摘要范文英语

英语论文摘要

一篇合格的英语硕士论文不仅要按要求规范撰写,还必须是内容完整的,每一部分都不可或缺。论文摘要是英语硕士论文写作必不可少的写作环节,具有高度概括性,独立完整性,自明自含性等特点,起着重要的作用,我们必须加以重视。那么英语硕士论文摘要怎么写?有哪些写作要点?下面笔者具体来讲讲,大家继续往下看。

英语论文摘要写作内容须知

一般来说,英语论文对摘要主要包括了论文所研究的目的和范围、方法和过程、结果和结论三个方面。

就目的和范围而言,主要是简明扼要地陈述撰写论文的原因,常用名词短语前置的句型表示,把重点部分置于最显著的位置加以强调,但同时要兼顾平衡,避免头重脚轻。

就其方法和过程而言。主要源于实践性的论文摘要,能简约地叙述其基本原理、操作程序,使用了哪些新方法,采用了哪些新手段,如词汇手段、语法手段和逻辑承接语等,论文不宜繁琐、沉长。

就其结果和结论而言。是英语论文的核心和焦点,需要在摘要中清楚地表述出来,能直观地表达读者最为关注的问题,也同时反映论文所研究的价值、用途以及意义。

英语论文摘要写作文体要求

英语论文摘要与其他论文摘要在叙述方法上相同,能开门见山、直截了当,用词质朴无华,按照英语论文摘要的标准,一般在200——250个单词左右,要求用语准确,语法规范,句子完整,信息准确,文字精练,逻辑性强,通俗易懂,要避免带感情色彩或广告宣传的词语,不用口语体和非规范缩写词,语句中尽量使用动词靠近主语和重要事实开头,(不得用短语和从句开头),要减少或取消不必要的背景信息,使之缩小摘要的篇幅。

英语硕士论文摘要写作疑问解答

1. 怎样写英文摘要?

可以按照论文的逻辑结构撰写摘要,如概述、目的、方法、结果、结论、展望的顺序。

概述(30词左右):用最简洁的语言概括论文内容。例如:This paper is… 或 This study focuses on…

目的'(30词左右):用To…就可以了,没有必要使用 in order to 或者 for the purpose of 等较长的表述。

方法(50词左右):尽可能具体地说明操作的步骤,其中注意时态的使用。常用的词汇有:test, study, investigate, examine, analyze, measure, application 等。

结果(50词左右):直入主题地摆出结果,如 This paper shows… 或 The results are…

结论(60词左右):删去类似于“The result of the study showed that…” 的赘语,逐条罗列出结论。

展望(20词左右):指出研究对未来的意义,如 This paper is of great significance in… 或指出不足。

2. 英文摘要有多长?

一般情况下用一段的篇幅完成英文摘要,特殊情况可以分成两到三段,但最好不要超过三段。长度一般为200字到300字之间。

3. 英文摘要用什么语态和人称?

规范的学术文章通常采用被动语态,突出信息。但由于主动语态的表述更为清楚,现在有些地方也要求采用主动语态。

4. 英文摘要用什么人称?

最好不要出现I,we等第一人称代词,而是使用第三人称,如the author等。

5. 英文摘要用什么时态?

摘要的时态以一般现在时为主,表示一种存在于自然界的客观规律。在特殊的情况下可以使用一般过去时或现在完成时,用来表明一定范围内的结论或是某一过程的延续性。描述具体的动作时通常用一般过去时,总结主要的结果时通常用一般现在时。

注意:用paper 做主语来描述论文概况时后面常用一般现在时:This paper aims to focus on… 而采用study 来描述相同的内容时则常用一般过去时:This study investigated…

英语论文摘要写作六大要点

1.要善于运用自己的语言来撰写。摘要是从论文中提炼而成,是一篇论文的骨干和核心,所以又高于论文,这是运用论文的新境界,让读者能一目了然地领会作者对问题的认识和见解,所以,不能在原文词语的基础上简单堆砌和重新编排,需要重新运用语言来写,形成文字上的再创造。

2.要遵循论文的写作顺序来写。对于摘要的撰写要结构严谨,表达简明,语义确切,先写什么,后写什么,应按照逻辑顺序来安排,句子之间上下连贯,互相呼应。只要不是特殊情况,比如倒序,就不得随意更改论文的内容顺序,这样更能体现论文条理清晰。

3.要突出撰写的全面性。一篇摘要应保证内容的完整,作者要慎重恰当地处理,合理加以吸收、集中做到没有大的遗漏,能让读者直观地获取信息。摘要不同于引言,引言往往可以是文章内容的一个方面。

4.要注重撰写的高度概括。摘要是论文的“眼睛”,具有画龙点睛的效果,所以要用全面的、理性的、辩证的分析提炼和升华总结出带有总概括性的观点,学会压缩文字,英语论文就要学会压缩词组词汇,只取要点,删去细枝末节,省去例子,简化描述,避免重复,慎用长句,努力压缩一些繁沉的句子,力争把短语改成字词。如下面的例子:

(1)将His courage; in battle might withoutexaggeration be called lion-like压缩为:

He Was very brave in battle.

(2)将They acted in a manner that rendered them liable toprosecution .压缩为:

They acted illegally.

(3)将John fell into the river and,beforehelp could reach him,he sank.压缩为:

John was drowned in the river.

(4)习惯用but,then,thus,yet,for等最简短的过渡词语,禁止用at,the,Same,time,on the other hand等。

5.要慎重摘要的架构选词。一方面,在针对同一个汉语词对应的英语单词可能会有几个的情况下,要选择专业领域的常用词汇,凸显论文的专业度,同时,对词汇的选择要与句型、语法对应;另一方面,在选择句型上,在不曲解汉语摘要的愿意的前提下,尽量使用复合句,这样,更符合母语使用的阅读习惯。

6.摘要需要反复修改。要对照论文再次疏理,在时态运用上也以简练为佳,常用一般现在时,一般过去时,少用现在完成时,过去完成时,进行时态和其他复合时态基本不用,做到该压缩的压缩,该删减的删减,该充实的充实,该补失的补失,使之形成一篇完整的短文。

综上所述,英语硕士论文摘要对于整篇论文起着不可替代的重要作用,可以毫不夸张的说,它就是论文的精华所在。因此,我们要认真对待该部分的撰写,笔者以上分享了英语硕士论文摘要的写作的相关内容和要点细节,希望对大家有所指导作用。

下面是关于学术论文英文摘要模板,希望对你们有帮助。

Abstract

Since Dewey developed the concept of “critical thinking”, many scholars abroadhave carried out a series of studies about improving students' critical thinking skills ineducation field. In the 1980s,critical thinking became the target of higher educationprograms in such foreign countries as the US and Canada. It has gained its widespreadattention in China only in recent years. But there are only few studies about it ineducation field. Our traditional English teaching method pays much attention to thetraining of students' linguistic knowledge and language skills but ignores thecultivation of students' critical thinking abilities. In the process of skill practice,teachers often stress the importance of memorizing vocabulary and imitating skillsrigidly,but neglect the students' abilities in analyzing problems and putting forwardinnovative solutions. Therefore, English writing teaching is affected by this andmerely attaches emphasis to train students' reading and writing skills. There are fewstudies which aim at systematically cultivating students' analysis, synthesis, summary,comparison and reasoning skills while they are writing. Therefore,this study aims atdesigning some writings tasks and teaching strategies which can be used to fostercollege students' critical thinking awareness and promote students' all-rounddevelopment.

According to six critical thinking skills,this study was carried out by requiringstudents to hand in an argumentation. All participants in this study are non-Englishmajor college freshmen from a 211 key university. The revised version of Rubric forQualitative Critical Thinking Skills Instrument was used in this study. Withquantitative and qualitative analysis,writing experiment is conducted within a wholesemester to collect data concerning students' learning behavior. Reading-to-write isused in experimental class while traditional method is adopted in control class. Thewriting scores by the experimental and control class were statistically processed bysoftware SPSS . And also the interview was launched in some of students inexperimental class to assess students' critical thinking abilities reflected in theirwritings-The final analysis indicated that EGAP writing model exerted a significantlypositive influence in improving students' critical thinking skills, especially in arousingstudents' writing enthusiasm and critical thinking awareness. Compared with controlclass, students in experimental class made big progress in writing competence. Inaddition, this study put forward some reform proposals to the teaching of Englishwriting. The study is of great value to instruct students to employ critical thinkingskills in their writing.

Abstract

A large body of research has been conducted on the effects of technology-enhancedEnglish vocabulary learning since the 1960s (Marty, 1981)。 However, no consensus hasbeen reached yet (Choo, Lin, & Pandian,2012; Mohsen & Balakumarohsen, 2011)。

Despite the fact that some narrative reviews have evaluated and explored thesecontradictory results, this study aims at quantifying the overall effectiveness oftechnology-enhanced English vocabulary learning with a different approach to review:meta-analysis and performing in-depth moderator analyses of learning method and testtype further.

Totally, twenty effect sizes from thirteen pieces of primary research are obtainedafter collecting related literature published or unpublished in recent ten years via fourchannels and selecting through three filters. Later, all the primary research is coded anddata are computed in random-effects model with software ComprehensiveMeta-Analysis.

Results show that: (1) Technology has a positively large effect on Englishvocabulary learning according to Cohen's standards as proposed in 1992 (g = 95% confidential interval of [, ])。 (2) Learning methods (intentional learning,incidental learning, and integrated learning) have impacts on the overall effectiveness.

Heterogeneity exists in the three learning methods (g = = 0,01 < ),Effectiveness of intentional learning, incidental learning and integrated learning is ^ =, g 二 , g = respectively. Incidental learning under technology-enhancedenvironment yields the largest effectiveness on English vocabulary learning. (3) Testtypes (recognition tests, recall tests,recognition + recall tests) also have impacts on theoverall effectiveness. The three test types are heterogeneous as well {Q = , p = < )。 Recognition tests, recall tests, and recognition + recall tests have effectsizes of and respectively. Technology-enhanced English vocabularylearning achieves the largest effectiveness in recognition tests.

Abstract

The present study, which is based on the Competing Values Framework (. CVF:a framework to identify the organizational effectiveness and to define organizationalculture), aims to investigate English teachers, teaching motivation at universities, theirperception of the organizational culture in the target university,their professionalaspiration and how they affect each other. The research questions to be addressed are asfollows: (1) How do the English teachers perceive the organizational culture at theirworkplace? (2) How much effort will the teachers pay for their professionalengagement and aspiration? (3) What kinds of motivation do the English teachers in thetarget university appear to have? (4) How will the organizational culture and theprevious experience affect teachers' motivation?

This study employed four different questionnaires as the research instruments,including one demographic questionnaire and three research questionnaires, . thedemographic questionnaire, the Organizational Culture Assessment Instrument (. theOCAI) (Cameron & Quinn, 1999),the Professional Engagement and CareerDevelopment Aspiration-scale (. the PECDA-scale) (Watt & Richardson, 2008b),andthe Work Tasks Motivation Scale for Teachers Teaching (. the WTMST) (Fernet et al.,2008),to investigate the above mentioned research questions. The whole investigationtook roughly 12 weeks and involved three stages: the preparation stage,the pilot study,and the main study.

The findings of the present study show that most of the teachers are intrinsicallymotivated and with identified regulation influenced by the performance culture and theclan culture which are the dominant culture types of the target research site. Results alsoindicate that the overseas experience and length of teaching experience affect teachers'perception of tixe organizational culture and motivation. The participants who haveoverseas experience tend to be more with the sense of professionalism, moreintrinsically motivated and be more confident with their competence in the academicarea; and the ones who have longer years of teaching experience are with moreidentified regulation and introjected motivation and are more committed and moreassured of staying in the education field. The participants in the target universitybasically belong to the highly engaged persisters,and the male teachers expect to be theleadership.

Abstract

Owing to the economic, social and academic needs as well as the advantages of EGAP(General Academic Purpose in Chinese College English) itself, there exist 这 great deal ofnecessity and feasibility for applying English for EGAP class. It is our understanding thatwriting plays an extremely important role in the course of EGAP and genre is a quiteinfluential factor in improving students5 writing competency. However,the investigation ofstudents' current writing situation shows that being deeply influenced by traditional writingteaching methods which emphasize grammar and vocabulary; the students have littleknowledge about genre approach theoretically or systematically and lack the awareness ofgenre. Because of this,it becomes necessary to put forward an English writing teachingapproach which is effective as well as applicable to the situation in China so as to enhancetheir writing competence.

This paper firstly gives a brief introduction to the developing trend of EGAP bydiscussing its necessity and applicability in China and the main views of two schools of genretheory, the tiieoretical foundation and genre-based approaches of three main schools of genrestudy and practice. And also,their characteristics are compared and the adaptability inChinese College EGAP class is analyzed, based on which it puts forward a modifiedGenre-based approach in EGAP writing class in order to enhance students' genre awarenessand improve their writing skills.

To achieve this, two non-English major classes of freshmen in East China University ofScience and Technology (ECUST) have been selected as the experimental class andcontrolled class, and the research lasts one semester. The Genre-based approach is applied inthe experimental class following a modified Genre-based approach. And a comparison hasbeen made on the same subject at the beginning and the end of the semester and thecomparison and contrast between the experimental class and controlled class have also beenmade. Owing to various factors,such as learning motivation, different students show variedextent of acceptance to certain teaching approaches. Therefore, emphasis has not only beenput on the overall changes,but also on the individual differences.

There are three hypotheses:

1. Can Genre-based approach enhance students' genre awareness? 2. Can “genreawareness” really improve students' writing ability in EGAP? If the students can get overallimprovement, is there any difference in gender and the students with diverse learningaptitudes because of the individual difference? If some students fail to improve, what's thepossible reason behind it? 3. Will Chinese students accept and adapt to Genre-basedApproach?

Three sets of data from six writing assignments, writing in final-term examination andquestionnaires are collected and analyzed with the help of the software SPSS . And thestudy indicates that: (1) Genre-based approach has a significant effect in sensitizing students'genre awareness, improving holistic writing competence; (2) during the whole experimentalprocess, girls have a stable superiority over boys, however, boys' improvement fluctuation iscomparatively obvious; (3) students of medium efficiency have the greatest potential to makebig improvement; (4) Unavoidably, in this research there are some students who fail to gainimprovement in terms of writing ability or get changed in terms of writing notions, andthrough analysis it has been found that the main objective reasons are: the difficulty ofwriting itself,the differences of culture and ways of thinking between east and west,thelimited teaching period, etc.; and subjective reasons mainly come from: the limitedcompetence of students themselves, the lack of interest in English writing, etc(5) aoverwhelming majority of students are liable to accept this approach and able to adapt to itpretty well, yet acceptation is not absolutely accompanied by adaptation; (6) feedback is adispensable part in English writing teaching, and more specific feedback will bring strongermotivation in students' self-correcting and developing;In the end,the author presents some limitations in her research and hopes that this cangive some hints and tips to further research in EFL writing classes.

Abstract

In college English listening & speaking classrooms, language and other semioticsystems cooperate together to help students construct meaning. It can be reflected inthe design of textbooks and the use of audios, videos and images, etc. Thus, in thisthesis, the theoretical foundation is the theory of multimodal discourse analysis (MDA)derived from Systemic Functional Linguistics and Social Semiotics. The essence ofMDA is that other semiotic resources such as: images, audios, etc. are as important aslanguage in the meaning-making system. Visual Grammar, Acoustical Grammar andthe integrated frameworks of MDA are the main analysis approaches in this thesis.

Meanwhile, the results of the teaching investigation and the MDA for textbooksare the practical foundation for the multimodal teaching design, providing feasibleand effective suggestions in this thesis. According to the results, it can be concludedthat students have more or less realized multimodality in this course and argue thatmultimodality should be used in moderation; multimodal classroom activities, socialcontent, etc. should be brought into the class; teachers should remind students to payattention to images, fonts change and other multimodal factors in textbooks.

Therefore, when conducting the multimodal teaching design, attention should bepaid to: (1) Modalities influence each other with clear priorities in this course. (2)Words modality and acoustical modality are the primary modalities, while othermodalities are just used as tools to provide supplementary information and to improveteaching efficiency. (3) The chosen modalities should provide supplementaryinformation to make the learning material more easily understood and help studentsconcentrate. Then, on the basis of the above principles and the writer's teachingexperience, a sample teaching design has been worked out, then its' feasibility andeffectiveness have been verified by an empirical study with the method of interview.

Abstract

Degree adverbs play a crucial role in daily language communication. However,owing to their wide varieties and similar meanings, it is hard for language learners toreally master their meanings and usages.

With the aid of AntConc and based on the corpora of FROWN (TheFreiburg-Brown Corpus of American English),FLOB (The Freiburg-LOB Corpus ofBritish English) and CLEC (Chinese Learner English Corpus), the study aims tocompare the actual use of common English degree adverbs in terms of semanticprosody between Chinese EFL learners and native English speakers. The researchprocedures consist of two steps. First, AntConc is launched to extractconcordance lines of the target node words in each corpus and the semantic featuresof the node words' collocates are analyzed; then, the semantic prosodies of these nodewords are summarized and comparisons are made between the two corpora.

The results indicate that there are differences as well as similarities betweennative English speakers and Chinese learners in their use of semantic prosody.

Chinese EFL learners tend to underuse the negative semantic prosodies of fairly,highly, and totally?,overuse the negative semantic prosodies of extremely; and misusethe semantic prosody of terribly. The results also show that some problems exist inChinese learners' use of semantic prosodies of degree adverbs, and the reasons mayinclude their first language transfer, intralingual transfer, and the lack of informationabout the semantic prosody in dictionaries and textbooks.

英语论文范文摘要

英文摘要格式如下:

1、英文摘要是应用符合英文语法的文字语言,提供论文内容梗概为目的的短文(内容基本与中文摘要相同,但不用完全逐句对应)。

2、英文题目、摘要、关键词自成一页(1页即可),放在中文摘要页之后。

3、英文字体与行间距:统一使用“西文字体”中的“Times New Roman”,倍行间距。

4、英文题目:使用三号字加粗。

5、英文摘要:“Absract”顶格,使用四号字,并加粗。英文摘要具体内容使用四号字。

6、英文关键词:“Key Words”顶格,使用四号字并加粗。每个关键词使用四号字。

论文摘要应包含以下内容:

(1)从事这一研究的目的和重要性。

(2)研究的主要内容,指明完成了哪些工作。

(3)获得的基本结论和研究成果,突出论文的新见解。

(4)结论或结果的意义。

以上内容参考:百度百科-摘要

以上内容参考:百度百科-论文摘要

随着人类社会的快速发展,英语在不同国家的地理环境里和社会政治、经济、 文化 影响下发展状况自然不尽相同甚至产生了很大的变化。下文是我为大家整理的关于本科英文论文的 范文 ,欢迎大家阅读参考! 本科英文论文篇1 浅谈英汉文化差异和习语翻译 摘 要:一个民族的语言和文化相互依存、密不可分, 而习语作为语言精华更是承载了极其丰富的文化内涵,充满了人类文化活动痕迹,沉积了浓厚的民族文化。因为自然环境、历史渊源、宗教、文化、风俗民情等方面的差异,习语也就承载了不同的民族文化特色和文化信息,所以英汉习语的翻译常常会遇到许多困难。译者应遵循一定的翻译原则,找到适当的翻译 方法 ,保留原有独特味道,又使读者明确其表达意义。 关键词:文化 习语 差异 翻译方法 习语与本民族的社会风俗、历史和文化一脉相连。一个民族的价值观念、传统观念、 思维方式 都得以在其习语中反映出来。英汉两种语言历史悠长久远,其中更是包含了大量习语,它们活灵活现,典雅含蓄给人不同感受。然而不了解语言中的社会文化,就无法真正掌握语言,更不用说准确翻译。 一、习语的含义及来源 习语的含义 习语是语言在使用过程中形成的独特而固定的表达方式。习语是固定的惯用 短语 ,包括 成语 、俗语、 谚语 等。习语即是语言中重要修辞手段,同时他们本身也是各种修辞手段的集中体现。习语大多以比喻为衬托,具有鲜明的形象性和浓重的民族色彩,其寓意丰富,联想翩翩,经常用在文艺作品中,在政论 文章 中与常见到。 习语的来历 首先,自然环境影响着民族文化的形成和发展。我们的祖先居住在亚洲东北部北温带,平原辽阔,气候温和,逐渐形成自给自足的农业经济,并且相信人和自然能够和谐相处,因此与土地和农业有关的习语也就很多。如Every potter praises his pot. 指“王婆卖瓜,自卖自夸”、 “ 大雪 兆丰年”、 “苗要好,虫除早”等。而英国因为是个岛国,其渔业和航海业有着举足轻重的地位,但常年受天气影响。大量自然有关的习语便形成了。如in deep water 比喻“陷入困境”; spend money like water 比喻“花钱如流水”; to miss the boat 比喻“错失良机”。 其次,习语源自寓言、神话 传说 。古希腊传说和 故事 对英语有着深远影响,许多习语源于其中并得以广泛使用。如希腊寓言中kill the goose to get the eggs,讲述一个乡下人,急于发财杀死了一只能够下金蛋的鹅,认为这样就能一次获得想象中全部金子,最终一无所获;十七世纪英国因为没有排水口,一旦下起暴雨来街道就会水流成河,许多无家可归的流浪猫狗因为淹死而漂浮在水中,居民以为这些尸体是从天而降,从此to rain cats and dogs 就表示“下倾盆大雨”。 再次,文学作品与历史 典故 也是产生习语重要来源之一。“刻舟求剑”出自《吕氏春秋?察今》。Talk of the devil and he comes. “说曹操,曹操就到”出自中国古典名著《三国演义》。再如be seized with imaginary fears表示“风声鹤唳”。Life is but an empty dream. “人生如梦”,源于美国诗人Longfellow的诗文。The Heel of Achilles直译是“阿基里斯的脚踵”,常用来表示“致命弱点”。 最后,宗教亦是习语的重要来源之一。Don’t you see the writing on the wall? 难道你没有看出大难临头了吗?其中writing on the wall意为“不详之兆”,出自《旧约全书》。 二、英汉习语文化差异 风俗习惯差异 在中国人传统观念中,狗是一种卑微的动物。常常用来比喻恶行,含有贬义。如“狗仗人势”、“狼心狗肺”、“狗嘴里吐不出象牙”等,如lead a dog’s life表示“过着猪狗不如的生活”。在西方英语国家中,则常常视狗为伴侣,认为狗是忠实、聪敏的象征,常用狗比喻人的行为。如love me, love my dog“爱屋及乌”;You are a lucky dog.“你是一个幸运儿”; Every dog has his day.“凡人皆有得意日”;as faithful as a dog用来表示“忠诚”。 自古以来,龙在中国人心中就是象征着吉祥的一种瑞兽,古代多以龙代表天子以及权威。在汉语习语中龙一般表示褒义。如“望子成龙”、“龙腾虎跃”、“龙凤呈祥”、“乘龙快婿”等。但是在西方神话中的“dragon”,多是一种长着翅膀和利爪,拖着一根长长的蛇尾,带着满身鳞片并口吐烈火的猛兽。西方人认为龙凶残暴虐,让人感觉恐怖,多用来形容凶悍的人,含有贬义。 由于习惯不同,不同颜色在中英文中便有了不同的文化内涵。比如红色,在中国人的传统观念中,红色象征着温暖、喜庆、吉利,过年的时候会贴红 对联 、送红包,而对别人表示祝福的习语有“红红火火”、“走红运”。但在英语国家中,红色多和灾难、激进、暴力、危险、流血等坏事联系在一起,如on red alert就表示“处于紧急戒备状态”;catch someone red-handed原意指抓到杀人凶手的时候罪犯手上还带有血迹,现比喻“做坏事被当场抓住”。 宗教信仰差异 宗教是人类思想文化组成的重要部分,宗教习语中往往带有浓厚的宗教文化特色。中国人信奉佛教和道教,而英语国家多数信奉____。这使得习语在汉英文化中有着各自的色彩。在汉语中与佛教有关的习语有很多,如“三生有幸”、“ 放下屠刀,立地成佛”、“一尘不染”、“临时抱佛脚”、“六根清净”等等。道教中的习语有:“一人得道鸡犬升天”、 “福兮祸所伏,祸兮福所倚”、“ 道高一尺,魔高一丈”、“灵丹妙药”等。《圣经》在基督____有重要地位,因此大量习语都与之有关。例如Judas kiss“犹大之吻”;eye for eye, tooth for tooth “牙还牙,以眼还眼”,出自《旧约?出埃及记》;make bricks without straw形容“根本做不到的事”;ask for bread and be given a stone直译为想要面包,反而给石头,比喻“得非所求”。God在西方人的心中无所不能,与其有关的习语也有很多。如God helps those who help themselves.“天助自助者”; God sends fortune to fools.“傻人有傻福”; God damn you.则表示诅咒一个人。 死亡对于人类是个可怕又神秘的字眼,为了消除人类对死亡的焦虑和恐惧,各宗教都对死亡作出了解释,对死后的世界进行了描述。中国的佛教称其为“圆寂”、“归真”、“成佛”、“坐化”等等。道教追求得道成仙,对于死亡的描述有如“仙逝”、“羽化”、“得道”、“回光返照”等。____中认为人是上帝用泥照自己的样子捏出来的,有to return to dust/earth一说,意思是人最终会回归尘土,用以来表达死亡。to be called to God“应上帝之召”。再如to join the angelic choirs“与天使同在”都是以一种积极的态度来表示死亡。 自然环境差异 中西方地理环境迥异,中英文中便存在着大量与地理环境有关的习语。英国地处西半球,中国地处东半球,对于风的态度他们与中国人不同,我们所说的eastwind“东风”是温暖的春风,然而在英国eastwind是寒冷的风,让人感到不舒服,因此biting eastwind就指“刺骨东风”。对英国人来说west wind才是春天里温暖而又和煦的风,英国诗人雪莱就著有闻名世界的Ode to the West Wind《西风颂》。在中国热对于东风还有不同喻意。如All is ready except for the east wind.“万事俱备只欠东风”。 英国是一个岛国,因此其渔业十分发达,英语中与航海有关的习语数不胜数。如:a drop in the ocean“沧海一粟”、keep one’s head above water“奋力图存” 、in deep water“陷入严重困境”、 as weak as water “弱不禁风”。中国土地广袤肥沃,多名山大川,与农业和山有关的习语有很多。如“开门见山”、 “留得青山在,不愁没柴烧”、“瑞雪兆丰年”、“捡了芝麻,丢了西瓜”等。 因为地域不同,语言就会存在明显差异。汉语中有“不到长城非好汉”、“有眼不识泰山”、“不到黄河心不死”等。英语则有All roads lead to Rome.“条条大路通罗马”、Take a French leave.“不辞而别”、Carry Coals to Newcastle.直译为把煤送到纽卡斯尔,因为纽卡斯尔盛产煤,因此喻意为“多此一举”等等。 历史典故差异 中英两个国家都有着悠久历史和深厚文化积淀,两种语言中有着大量由历史典故而来的习语。如英文中swang song“绝唱”;castle in the air“空中楼阁”源于神话传说;a Pandora’s box“潘多拉之盒”; cat’s paw源自《伊索寓言》比喻“受人愚弄的人”; meet one’s waterloo源自拿破仑滑铁卢兵败,比喻“一败涂地”。汉语中有 “名落孙山”、“ 完璧归赵” 、“四面楚歌”、“拔苗助长”、 “卧薪尝胆”等等。 三、英汉习语互译主要方法 直译法 英语中有些习语和汉语的表达方法完全或基本相同,这个时候照译即可。如as easy as turning one’s hand“易如反掌”; as busy as a bee“像蜜蜂一样忙”; Love money as one love one’s life.“爱财如命”; sharpen one’s spear only before going into battle“临阵磨枪”; New wine in old bottles.“旧瓶装新酒”; draw water in a bamboo basket“竹篮打水一场空”; The cat weeps over the mouse.“猫哭耗子”; a stone dropped into the sea“石沉大海”;golden age “黄金时代”; as clear as crystal直译为“清澈如水晶”; as proud as a peacock “像孔雀一样骄傲”。 意译法 由于文化差异有些习语不能够直译,读者对其原本形象不够了解,这个时候可保留原文意思而丢弃其原文形象和修辞,避开原有文化背景,采用意译法。例如,to volunteer one’s service“毛遂自荐”; A fish out of water.“很不自在”; You can’t achieve the goal without a risk.“不入虎穴,焉得虎子”; in a frantic rush“手忙脚乱”; run the source of supply “涸泽而渔”; trust to chance and stroke of luck“守株待兔”; keep one’s nose down to the grindstone“埋头苦干”; what is done cannot be undone“覆水难收”。 增补法 有时根据读者需要,翻译时为了使译文更加明确易懂,文字更加通达,会结合上下文需要和原文内涵,增添原文字面上本没有但是意思上包含的词汇。例如,a bull in a china shop“公牛闯进瓷器店──肆意捣乱/一动就闯祸”; to shed crocodile tears“流鳄鱼眼泪──假慈悲”; Judas kiss “犹大之吻,背叛行为”; 盲人瞎马“A blind man on a blind horse―rushing headlong to disaster.”; preparation may quicken the process “磨刀不误砍柴工”。 Pandora’s box“潘多拉的盒子,灾难根源”。 四、结束语 总而言之,习语被人们频繁地使用,它生动形象,是一个民族语言的精华。习语有着本民族的文化色彩,传达本族文化信息,不同民族文化有一定文化差异,因此习语的翻译比较困难。但是根据不同方法,灵活处理形式和内容的关系就可使译文再现原文之美,更好促进文化交流和传播文化知识,帮助人类沟通思想感情。 参考文献: [1]方楚之.英汉翻译基础教程[J].北京:中国对外翻译出版公司,2005. [2]宋天锡.翻译新概念:英汉互译实用教程[J].北京:国防工业出版社,2005. [3]刘重德.英汉语比较与翻译[J].青岛出版社,1988. [4]王德军等.实用英汉翻译教程[J].北京:国防工业出版社,2007. 本科英文论文篇2 美国英语与英国英语差异浅析 【摘要】 “英国英语”在美国特有的地理环境里受美国历史文化的影响,随着国家的兴盛发达和其在国际社会中政治地位的迅速提高渐渐产生地区性的变异,形成了“美国英语”。两者在不同国家的地理环境里和社会政治、经济、文化长期影响下,发展状况自然不尽相同、甚至产生了很大的差异。 【关键词】 美国英语 英国 英语 差异 美国独立300多年后的今天,很多美国人(包括那些根本没有英国人血统的)仍把英国英语当作自己的母语――事实上,英国英语确可称为一切英语的基础;但随着人类社会的快速发展,英语在不同国家的地理环境里和社会政治、经济、文化影响下发展状况自然不尽相同甚至产生了很大的变化。因此,英美国英语虽然同根但它们分别在一个历史较短而又较开放的多民族移民国家和一个有着1500多年的相对闭塞的岛国发展了约400年后自然会产生或多或少的不同。总的说来,美国英语简单适用,同时词意丰富具有幽默感和独创性;英国英语纯正、规范。两者具体差别体现在以下几个方面: (一)语法方面 美国英语起源于17世纪已进入早期现代英语的英国英语,当代语法在那时已趋稳定。近400年来美国英语与英国英语虽因隔着大西洋而各自在水一方,但由于语法属于语言内在要素,基本上不受外在的自然地理、社会环境变化的影响,语音的语法体系也就不会在短时期内产生多大的差异;另一方面,现代化的交通工具和传播工具为英美两地人民之间的沟通交流创造了可能,使两者之间少许的语法差异逐渐淡化。因而准确地说,英美国英语在语法上并不存在本质差异,只是一些语法形式在两者的使用中频率有高低之分,并无明显规律。常见情况如下:1. 在动词使用上,英美两地人在使用动词have时会出现少许不同。美国人说:Do you have a pen ? 而英国人往往说:Have you got a pen? 还有一些动词,如burn,dream, learn, smell, spell, spill 和spoil的过去式、过去分词形式在美国英语中都是规则的,而在英国英语中这些动词更常被用作不规则动词;与此同时,也有些动词如fit,quit,wet,dive等在英国英语中都是规则的,而在美国英语中这些动词更常被用作不规则动词。此外,must 一词在美国英语中都可用于肯定的推测,但 must not 表否定推测只见于美国英语且不可缩写成must’t 而英国人一般用can’t或 can not;又如used to, dare, need 既可作实义动词也可用作情态动词,但美国人喜欢把它们用作实义动词,英国人却更愿意把它们用作助动词。2. 在代词使用上,英国人用one’s而美国人有时用his 指代不同性别。 (二)词汇方面 提到英美国英语词汇差异,不同的人对此认识差别很大。其实,英美国英语既然属于同一语言,它们用于表示与人们生活密切相关的基本词汇当然是相同的,英美国英语并不存在各自独立的词汇系统。尽管如此,这两者由于所服务的对象不同而产生的差异自然而然地体现在了语言的基本组成单位――词汇上。其中差异主要表现在同词异义,同义异词和特有词三种形式上:如,表达同样的意思“人行道”美国人用sidewalk 而英国人却用pavement; 有时,同一单词或词组在英美国英语意义却大相径庭,如 wash up 美国人取“洗手”之义而英国人用它表达“洗碟子”的意思。独有词属一国特有词汇,它用于表现一个国家社会政治、生活、文化等鲜明特征。既然英美两国已各自独立发展了近400年,它们的语言自然会带上其政治、经济、文化、生活的烙印。如filibuster 一词只在美语中使用,用来指美国国会中的故意拖延议事现象。 (三)拼写方面 美国人注重实效。在他们看来语言既然是为人类服务的交际工具就应该便于人们使用,因此在美国英语的发展过程中在拼写方面也出现过类似我国简化汉字的运动以求得拼写形式与发音相一致,从而使他们所使用的语言比原先更简单也更实用。这项运动取得一定程度的成功使得美语中一些单词中不发音的某些字母被删除,这也正是造成英美国英语拼写差异的最重要的原因之一。这个差异归纳起来主要有以下几种:1. 在美国英语中词尾为l但不是重读音节的动词分词形式不双写l,如travel, signal, dial, equal等,而在英国英语中却并非如此。2. 许多在美国英语中以ze结尾的动词如realize, organize, analyze, civilize, memorize, recognize等在英国英语却往往被拼作se. 3. 还有几组在美国英语中拼写形式被根据发音规则简化了的常见单词,如本以our结尾的单词labour, favour, honour, colour, 在美国英语中都简化成了以or 结尾;原先拼作centre, theatre的单词在美国英语中也被变了形,成了音形一致的拼法er. 4. 更有简化得更彻底的一些单词如catalogue, dialogue, analogue, gramme, programme, kilogramme等在美国英语都被去掉了不发音的字母成了 catalog, dialog, analog, gram, program,kilogram. (四)发音方面 英国语言学家曾在其书中指出英美国英语上的发音差异要比两者之间的语法差异有规律得多。这就是等于告诉我们:英美国英语之间的最大的差别在于发音。美国英语发音具有不同于英国英语的两大特点:一是在vast, cast, last, laugh 一类词中英国英语发的/a:/音美国人却发成/ ?/;二是在英国英语中元音后的r不发音而在美国英语中只要拼写中出现字母r 就发音,这也正是卷舌音“ r ”能成为美音最为明显的特征的原因。这两个发音特点正好体现了美国英语守旧的一面,因为它们真实地再现了伊利莎白时代这两类词的发音。概括地说,美国英语发音的一个最基本的特点也是优点就是发音与拼写的高度一致性,也正因为这个原因,越来越多的 英语学习 者更愿意接受美国英语。 参考文献 [1] 侯维瑞.英国英语和美国英语.1990年7月. [2] 英语的发展和英美语的比较.1995年1月. [3] R.穆斯曼.美国背景 (Background to the USA).世界图书出版社(北京);1995,2. [4] R.穆斯曼.英语国家背景(Background to English-speakingcountries ).世界图书出版社(北京);1995,2 .

中英论文摘要模板

英文论文摘要模板

英文论文摘要怎么写,你会写了吗?下面是我为大家收集的关于英文论文摘要模板,希望能够帮到大家!

ABSTRACT

As an important part of Chinese academic journals, sci-tech periodicalshave great significance to the spread of knowledge of science and to thedevelopment of technology. The level of internationalization of a sci-tec journalrepresents its recognition degree in the field of international publishing,besides, it is also a key criteria of the success for launching the journals. Thereare the largest number of sci-tech periodicals launched in Beijing, which leadsto a central role that taken by this area. Therefore, result from the researchwhich focus in Beijing can, to a certain extent, reflect the international level ofChinese sci-tech periodicals.

This paper is divided into six chapters: Chapter one is a brief review of theacademic theories and description about the practice status and the currentsystem of Chinese sci-tech periodicals. Also, it summarizes the stages andcharacteristics of the development of sci-tech periodicals in Beijing. In chaptertwo, it provides the historical foundation, system condition and thedevelopment of digital technology for the following analysis. Chapter three, tofive respectively elaborates the current situation of the development of sci-techperiodicals in Beijing area by 3 aspects: content innovation, business strategyand media. In chapter six, it concluded the problems that China's sci-techperiodicals are facing during the globalization and then provides possiblecountermeasures based on the analysis in previous chapters.

Key Words: Beijing; sci-tech periodicals; internationalization; impact factor

Abstract

Within the framework of feminism and archetypal criticism, this thesis, by taking ThePassion of New Eve as its discourse, analyzes and discusses Angela Carter's application ofdemythologizing as a feminist strategy. By rewriting and subverting those female archetypes,Carter aims to break the fetters and shackles of patriarchy, exploring the way to women'sliberation as well as the reconciliation between two genders.

Believing that human society has been established on patriarchy, feminists endeavor tochange women's subordinate status and achieve gender equality. Archetypal criticism, as oneof the most influential branches in literary criticism,regards myth as the origin of literature.

Myths,especially the Bible,cover all the forms and motifs known as archetypes in literature.

As a devoted pioneer and advocator of feminism, Carter realizes that those female archetypesare usually stereotyped and dogmatic, which is actually invented by patriarchy for theoppression and exploitation of women.

Based on intensive reading and exhaustive textual analysis, this thesis illustrates Carter'sdemythologizing of three female archetypes in The Passion of New Eve, which are“Temptress,,,”Mother Goddesses“ and ”Eve“ respectively. Firstly, the sufferings that Leilahencounter in the novel reveal that ”Temptresses“ are in fact victims of patriarchy instead oforigins of disloyalty and disasters. While seen by men as objects of their sexual desires, theyalso risk self-objectification, which results in the deprivation of subjectivity as independenthuman beings. Secondly, ”Mother“ in Beulah is just an artificial myth,汪 consolatory toolfabricated by patriarchy, behind the glorification of which are patriarchal values and codes.

Thirdly, the transformative journey Eve experienced from a chauvinist to a real womandemonstrates that femininity, rather than an inherent quality, is the result of social influenceand persistent imitations.

Through the demythologizing of those female archetypes, Carter overthrows thepatriarchal hegemony as well as Utopian matriarchal dreams,offering androgyny as a potentialsolution to the current sexual conflicts. In her opinion, the real reconciliation between twogenders should be based on mutual respect and understanding, which is confirmed by theunion between the new Eve and Tristessa in The Passion of New Eve.

Keywords: female archetype; demythologizing; Angela Carter; The Passion of New Eve

Abstract

In recent years, with the development of the financial sector, more and morepeople pay attention to the financial information search. However, the traditionalkeyword search method could hardly meet the needs of financial users. Therefore,semantic search products have gained more popularity. However, the semanticparsing process is complex and diverse. During the process of the analysis oflarge-scale real text, the sentence analysis which based on word granularity is verydifficult, but after chunk analysis, the accuracy can be significantly improved andthe complexity can be clearly reduced. At present, the user input method is almostthe Pinyin input method, thus it could probably happen that the input phonetic lettersare correct, while the Chinese character is wrong. In order to achieve the purpose ofimproving the user experience, the Pinyin text proofreading appears.

The content of this paper is a pretreatment subsystem of the finance Q & Asystem, and it contains two functions, Pinyin text proofreading and chunk partition.

Text proofreading is based on Pinyin, in the first place, putting the query sequenceinto phonetic sequence. Then it uses the multiple grammars, three grammars and twogrammars to fill the Chinese characters sequence. And if there is no ambiguity whenfilling, then it uses the text proofreading, otherwise, ignores the text proofreading.

For the chunk partition, this paper uses three different methods: the method ofthe shortest path chunk partition, the method of CRF chunk partition and the methodof neural network chunk partition. The subsystem designed and implemented thethree methods. The shortest path chunk partition is similar to the dictionary wordsegmentation method. CRF chunk partition divided the problem into the annotationproblem, through getting the optimal sequence labels, to reach the purpose of chunkpartition. Chunk neural network chunk partition is based on word segmentation,changing the query sequence into a sequence of nodes. If the sequence of possibilityimproved after adding chunk tag on each node sequence, the tag position is a chunkposition.

In practical test, the shortest path chunk partition based on the dictionary,cannot process the query which is not in the dictionary of chunk. CRF chunkpartition can solve the unknown chunk query, but the mark information is too simplewhen the training corpus increased,and the error percentage of results increasedsignificantly. When using neural networks in chunk partition, the predicted timeincreases significantly, however, the query generalization is a good idea. Throughthe above research, a reasonable way to chunk partition is the CRF method, whichproperly uses the query generalization.

Finally after testing, the pretreatment subsystem has not only met the needs ofthe finance Q & A system, largely improving the financial Q & A system userexperience, but also reduces the analytical complexity, significantly improved thecorrectness and performance.

Keywords: Pretreatment system question analysis, chunk, text proofreading, CRF,neural network

下面是关于学术论文英文摘要模板,希望对你们有帮助。

Abstract

Since Dewey developed the concept of “critical thinking”, many scholars abroadhave carried out a series of studies about improving students' critical thinking skills ineducation field. In the 1980s,critical thinking became the target of higher educationprograms in such foreign countries as the US and Canada. It has gained its widespreadattention in China only in recent years. But there are only few studies about it ineducation field. Our traditional English teaching method pays much attention to thetraining of students' linguistic knowledge and language skills but ignores thecultivation of students' critical thinking abilities. In the process of skill practice,teachers often stress the importance of memorizing vocabulary and imitating skillsrigidly,but neglect the students' abilities in analyzing problems and putting forwardinnovative solutions. Therefore, English writing teaching is affected by this andmerely attaches emphasis to train students' reading and writing skills. There are fewstudies which aim at systematically cultivating students' analysis, synthesis, summary,comparison and reasoning skills while they are writing. Therefore,this study aims atdesigning some writings tasks and teaching strategies which can be used to fostercollege students' critical thinking awareness and promote students' all-rounddevelopment.

According to six critical thinking skills,this study was carried out by requiringstudents to hand in an argumentation. All participants in this study are non-Englishmajor college freshmen from a 211 key university. The revised version of Rubric forQualitative Critical Thinking Skills Instrument was used in this study. Withquantitative and qualitative analysis,writing experiment is conducted within a wholesemester to collect data concerning students' learning behavior. Reading-to-write isused in experimental class while traditional method is adopted in control class. Thewriting scores by the experimental and control class were statistically processed bysoftware SPSS . And also the interview was launched in some of students inexperimental class to assess students' critical thinking abilities reflected in theirwritings-The final analysis indicated that EGAP writing model exerted a significantlypositive influence in improving students' critical thinking skills, especially in arousingstudents' writing enthusiasm and critical thinking awareness. Compared with controlclass, students in experimental class made big progress in writing competence. Inaddition, this study put forward some reform proposals to the teaching of Englishwriting. The study is of great value to instruct students to employ critical thinkingskills in their writing.

Abstract

A large body of research has been conducted on the effects of technology-enhancedEnglish vocabulary learning since the 1960s (Marty, 1981)。 However, no consensus hasbeen reached yet (Choo, Lin, & Pandian,2012; Mohsen & Balakumarohsen, 2011)。

Despite the fact that some narrative reviews have evaluated and explored thesecontradictory results, this study aims at quantifying the overall effectiveness oftechnology-enhanced English vocabulary learning with a different approach to review:meta-analysis and performing in-depth moderator analyses of learning method and testtype further.

Totally, twenty effect sizes from thirteen pieces of primary research are obtainedafter collecting related literature published or unpublished in recent ten years via fourchannels and selecting through three filters. Later, all the primary research is coded anddata are computed in random-effects model with software ComprehensiveMeta-Analysis.

Results show that: (1) Technology has a positively large effect on Englishvocabulary learning according to Cohen's standards as proposed in 1992 (g = 95% confidential interval of [, ])。 (2) Learning methods (intentional learning,incidental learning, and integrated learning) have impacts on the overall effectiveness.

Heterogeneity exists in the three learning methods (g = = 0,01 < ),Effectiveness of intentional learning, incidental learning and integrated learning is ^ =, g 二 , g = respectively. Incidental learning under technology-enhancedenvironment yields the largest effectiveness on English vocabulary learning. (3) Testtypes (recognition tests, recall tests,recognition + recall tests) also have impacts on theoverall effectiveness. The three test types are heterogeneous as well {Q = , p = < )。 Recognition tests, recall tests, and recognition + recall tests have effectsizes of and respectively. Technology-enhanced English vocabularylearning achieves the largest effectiveness in recognition tests.

Abstract

The present study, which is based on the Competing Values Framework (. CVF:a framework to identify the organizational effectiveness and to define organizationalculture), aims to investigate English teachers, teaching motivation at universities, theirperception of the organizational culture in the target university,their professionalaspiration and how they affect each other. The research questions to be addressed are asfollows: (1) How do the English teachers perceive the organizational culture at theirworkplace? (2) How much effort will the teachers pay for their professionalengagement and aspiration? (3) What kinds of motivation do the English teachers in thetarget university appear to have? (4) How will the organizational culture and theprevious experience affect teachers' motivation?

This study employed four different questionnaires as the research instruments,including one demographic questionnaire and three research questionnaires, . thedemographic questionnaire, the Organizational Culture Assessment Instrument (. theOCAI) (Cameron & Quinn, 1999),the Professional Engagement and CareerDevelopment Aspiration-scale (. the PECDA-scale) (Watt & Richardson, 2008b),andthe Work Tasks Motivation Scale for Teachers Teaching (. the WTMST) (Fernet et al.,2008),to investigate the above mentioned research questions. The whole investigationtook roughly 12 weeks and involved three stages: the preparation stage,the pilot study,and the main study.

The findings of the present study show that most of the teachers are intrinsicallymotivated and with identified regulation influenced by the performance culture and theclan culture which are the dominant culture types of the target research site. Results alsoindicate that the overseas experience and length of teaching experience affect teachers'perception of tixe organizational culture and motivation. The participants who haveoverseas experience tend to be more with the sense of professionalism, moreintrinsically motivated and be more confident with their competence in the academicarea; and the ones who have longer years of teaching experience are with moreidentified regulation and introjected motivation and are more committed and moreassured of staying in the education field. The participants in the target universitybasically belong to the highly engaged persisters,and the male teachers expect to be theleadership.

Abstract

Owing to the economic, social and academic needs as well as the advantages of EGAP(General Academic Purpose in Chinese College English) itself, there exist 这 great deal ofnecessity and feasibility for applying English for EGAP class. It is our understanding thatwriting plays an extremely important role in the course of EGAP and genre is a quiteinfluential factor in improving students5 writing competency. However,the investigation ofstudents' current writing situation shows that being deeply influenced by traditional writingteaching methods which emphasize grammar and vocabulary; the students have littleknowledge about genre approach theoretically or systematically and lack the awareness ofgenre. Because of this,it becomes necessary to put forward an English writing teachingapproach which is effective as well as applicable to the situation in China so as to enhancetheir writing competence.

This paper firstly gives a brief introduction to the developing trend of EGAP bydiscussing its necessity and applicability in China and the main views of two schools of genretheory, the tiieoretical foundation and genre-based approaches of three main schools of genrestudy and practice. And also,their characteristics are compared and the adaptability inChinese College EGAP class is analyzed, based on which it puts forward a modifiedGenre-based approach in EGAP writing class in order to enhance students' genre awarenessand improve their writing skills.

To achieve this, two non-English major classes of freshmen in East China University ofScience and Technology (ECUST) have been selected as the experimental class andcontrolled class, and the research lasts one semester. The Genre-based approach is applied inthe experimental class following a modified Genre-based approach. And a comparison hasbeen made on the same subject at the beginning and the end of the semester and thecomparison and contrast between the experimental class and controlled class have also beenmade. Owing to various factors,such as learning motivation, different students show variedextent of acceptance to certain teaching approaches. Therefore, emphasis has not only beenput on the overall changes,but also on the individual differences.

There are three hypotheses:

1. Can Genre-based approach enhance students' genre awareness? 2. Can “genreawareness” really improve students' writing ability in EGAP? If the students can get overallimprovement, is there any difference in gender and the students with diverse learningaptitudes because of the individual difference? If some students fail to improve, what's thepossible reason behind it? 3. Will Chinese students accept and adapt to Genre-basedApproach?

Three sets of data from six writing assignments, writing in final-term examination andquestionnaires are collected and analyzed with the help of the software SPSS . And thestudy indicates that: (1) Genre-based approach has a significant effect in sensitizing students'genre awareness, improving holistic writing competence; (2) during the whole experimentalprocess, girls have a stable superiority over boys, however, boys' improvement fluctuation iscomparatively obvious; (3) students of medium efficiency have the greatest potential to makebig improvement; (4) Unavoidably, in this research there are some students who fail to gainimprovement in terms of writing ability or get changed in terms of writing notions, andthrough analysis it has been found that the main objective reasons are: the difficulty ofwriting itself,the differences of culture and ways of thinking between east and west,thelimited teaching period, etc.; and subjective reasons mainly come from: the limitedcompetence of students themselves, the lack of interest in English writing, etc(5) aoverwhelming majority of students are liable to accept this approach and able to adapt to itpretty well, yet acceptation is not absolutely accompanied by adaptation; (6) feedback is adispensable part in English writing teaching, and more specific feedback will bring strongermotivation in students' self-correcting and developing;In the end,the author presents some limitations in her research and hopes that this cangive some hints and tips to further research in EFL writing classes.

Abstract

In college English listening & speaking classrooms, language and other semioticsystems cooperate together to help students construct meaning. It can be reflected inthe design of textbooks and the use of audios, videos and images, etc. Thus, in thisthesis, the theoretical foundation is the theory of multimodal discourse analysis (MDA)derived from Systemic Functional Linguistics and Social Semiotics. The essence ofMDA is that other semiotic resources such as: images, audios, etc. are as important aslanguage in the meaning-making system. Visual Grammar, Acoustical Grammar andthe integrated frameworks of MDA are the main analysis approaches in this thesis.

Meanwhile, the results of the teaching investigation and the MDA for textbooksare the practical foundation for the multimodal teaching design, providing feasibleand effective suggestions in this thesis. According to the results, it can be concludedthat students have more or less realized multimodality in this course and argue thatmultimodality should be used in moderation; multimodal classroom activities, socialcontent, etc. should be brought into the class; teachers should remind students to payattention to images, fonts change and other multimodal factors in textbooks.

Therefore, when conducting the multimodal teaching design, attention should bepaid to: (1) Modalities influence each other with clear priorities in this course. (2)Words modality and acoustical modality are the primary modalities, while othermodalities are just used as tools to provide supplementary information and to improveteaching efficiency. (3) The chosen modalities should provide supplementaryinformation to make the learning material more easily understood and help studentsconcentrate. Then, on the basis of the above principles and the writer's teachingexperience, a sample teaching design has been worked out, then its' feasibility andeffectiveness have been verified by an empirical study with the method of interview.

Abstract

Degree adverbs play a crucial role in daily language communication. However,owing to their wide varieties and similar meanings, it is hard for language learners toreally master their meanings and usages.

With the aid of AntConc and based on the corpora of FROWN (TheFreiburg-Brown Corpus of American English),FLOB (The Freiburg-LOB Corpus ofBritish English) and CLEC (Chinese Learner English Corpus), the study aims tocompare the actual use of common English degree adverbs in terms of semanticprosody between Chinese EFL learners and native English speakers. The researchprocedures consist of two steps. First, AntConc is launched to extractconcordance lines of the target node words in each corpus and the semantic featuresof the node words' collocates are analyzed; then, the semantic prosodies of these nodewords are summarized and comparisons are made between the two corpora.

The results indicate that there are differences as well as similarities betweennative English speakers and Chinese learners in their use of semantic prosody.

Chinese EFL learners tend to underuse the negative semantic prosodies of fairly,highly, and totally?,overuse the negative semantic prosodies of extremely; and misusethe semantic prosody of terribly. The results also show that some problems exist inChinese learners' use of semantic prosodies of degree adverbs, and the reasons mayinclude their first language transfer, intralingual transfer, and the lack of informationabout the semantic prosody in dictionaries and textbooks.

含中英文摘要脚注的论文范文

标准论文格式模板范文

标准论文格式模板范文,毕业论文是我们掌握所学的专业基础知识的呈现,论文基本上是每个人都要写的,对论文的题目要有自己的心得体会,论文的格式也是非常重要的,下面学习一下标准论文格式模板范文。

一、封面

使用学校统一格式,题目居中,学号等内容靠左侧对齐,后面的下画线要整齐。。题目要对论文(设计)的内容有高度的概括性,简明、易读,字数应在20以内。

二、中文论文题目

论文题目 黑体三号,居中。下面空一行。

三、中文摘要

“摘要:“顶头,黑体四号,后面内容采用宋体小四号,摘要应简要说明毕业论文(设计)所研究的内容、目的、实验方法、主要成果和特色,一般为150-300字。下面空一行

四、中文关键词

“关键词:“顶头,黑体四号,后面内容采用宋体小四号,关键词一般3-5个,以”,“号隔开,最后一个关键词尾不加标点符号,下面空两行。

五、英文论文题目

所有英文采用“Times New roman”字体,黑体三号,加粗,居中。下面空一行。

六、英文摘要和关键词

英文摘要和关键词除字体外同中文摘要和关键词的格式要求,但“Abstract:”和“Key words:”要加粗。内容翻译要准确,英文摘要的词汇和语法必须准确。

注意:如果内容教多,可以将英文题目、摘要、关键词放到下页。

七、目录

“目录”两字为黑体3号,居中,下面空一行。

第一层次标题“一、”顶头,黑体、小四号,第二层次缩进一字,宋体,小四号,第三层次再缩进一字,宋体,小四号……,页码加小括号,页码前为连续的点,垂直居中。

如果采用“1”、“1、1”、“1、1、1”的形式,则每层缩进半字。

参考文献按第一层次标题的格式。

八、正文

正文采用宋体,小四号,每段开头空两字,要符合一般学术论文的写作规范,文理科毕业论文字数一般不少于6000字,工科、艺术类专业毕业设计字数视专业情况而定。

论文应文字流畅,语言准确,层次清晰,论点清楚,论据准确,论证完整、严密,有独立的观点和见解,应具备学术性、科学性和一定的创新性。

毕业论文内容要实事求是,尊重知识产权,凡引用他人的观点、统计数据或计算公式的要有出处(引注),计算的数据要求真实、客观、准确。

九、标题

所有标题左侧空两字,数字标题从大到小的顺序写法应为:“一、”,“(一)”,“1、”,“(1)”,“” 的形式,黑体,小四号,左侧空两字,或者采用“1”、“1、1”、“1、1、1”……的形式,黑体,小四号,左侧顶格。

十、注释

采用本学科学术规范,提倡实用脚注,论文所有引用的中外文资料都要注明出处。中外文注释要注明所用资料的原文版作者、书名、出版商、出版年月、页码。

十一、图表

正文中出现图表时,调整行距至所需大小,返回正文再将行距调整为22磅。

十二、参考文献

参考文献按在正文中出现的先后次序列表于文后;文后以“参考文献:”(左顶格)为标识;参考文献的序号左顶格,并用数字加方括号表示,如[1]、[2]、…,以与正文中的指示序号格式一致。参照ISO690及ISO690-2,每一参考文献条目的最后均以“、”结束。各类参考文献条目的编排格式及示例如下:

专著、论文集、学位论文、报告

[序号]主要责任者、文献题名[文献类型标识]、出版地:出版者,出版年、起止页码(任选)、(中译本前要加国别)

[1] [英]M奥康诺尔著,王耀先译.科技书刊的编译工作[M]、北京:人民教育出版社,1982、56-57、

[2] 辛希孟、信息技术与信息服务国际研讨会论文集:A集[C]、北京:中国社会科学出版社,1994、

十三、打印及纸张

本科生毕业论文(设计)应一律采用打印的形式,使用A4规格的纸张,左边距2、75cm,右边距及上下边距2、5cm,页眉页脚1、5cm,全文行距22磅,装订线在左侧。按以下介绍的次序依次编排,页号打在页下方,宋体五号,居中。

装订次序

学生答辩后各院系要将有关资料和论文按照封面、中英文内容摘要及关键词、目录、正文、注释、参考文献、选题审批表、开题报告、中期检查表、指导教师评语、答辩记录表的顺序统一装订成册,存入院系教学档案。

十四、提交论文电子稿

学生上交的毕业论文(设计)软盘一定要经过杀毒处理!

毕业论文(设计)应用Microsoft Word编辑,存成以学号为名的、doc文件,例如一个学生的学号为0137023,则文件名应该为0137023、doc。每个学生交上来的磁盘中只能有一个名为学号、doc的文件,对于双修的学生,应上交两篇论文,其中一篇名为学号、doc,另一篇名为学号sh、doc,如 0137023sh、doc(双修专业)。

1、论文题目:

要求准确、简练、醒目、新颖。

2、内容提要:

文章主要内容的.摘录,要求短、精、完整。字数少可几十字,多不超过三百字为宜。

3、摘要及关键词:

关键词是从论文的题名、提要和正文中选取出来的,是对表述论文的中心内容有实质意义的词汇。每篇论文一般选取3-8个词汇作为关键词。

主题词是经过规范化的词。

4、论文正文:

引言:引言又称前言、序言和导言,用在论文的开头。引言一般要概括地写出作者意图,说明选题的目的和意义,并指出论文写作的范围。引言要短小精悍、紧扣主题。

正文:正文是论文的主体,正文应包括论点、论据、论证过程和结论。主体部分包括以下内容:a.提出问题-论点;b.分析问题-论据和论证;c.解决问题-论证方法与步骤;d.结论。

5、参考文献:

一篇论文的参考文献是将论文在研究和写作中可参考或引证的主要文献资料,列于论文的末尾。参考文献应另起一页,标注方式按《GB7714-87文后参考文献著录规则》进行。标题--作者--出版物信息(版地、版者、版期)

所列参考文献的要求是:

(1)所列参考文献应是正式出版物,以便读者考证。

(2)所列举的参考文献要标明序号、著作或文章的标题、作者、出版物信息。

标题:

作者:

单位:

电话:

基金项目:

摘要:

关键词:

供应链、价值链与作业成本法的有机结合摘要:本文通过介绍供应链、价值链与作业成本法的涵义,阐述了三者之间内在的相互关系,并提出三者进行有机结合的有效措施,得到了现代企业进行成本管理和提升企业竞争力的新途径。 关键词:供应链;价值链;作业成本法Abstract: This paper introduced the supply chain, value chain and Activity-based costing. Then we elaborated the intrinsic relation among them, put forward the effective measures of the organic combination made for the three. Finally, we obtain the new approaches of the managing modern enterprise cost and the enhancing the competitiveness of enterprises. Key words: Supply chain; Value chain; Activity-based costing 一、供应链与价值链的关系 1、供应链的涵义 供应链是围绕核心企业,通过对信息流、物流、资金流的控制,从采购原材料开始,制成中间产品以及最终产品,最后由销售网络把产品送到消费者手中的将供应商、制造商、分销商、零售商、直到最终用户连成一个整体的功能网链结构。供应链管理就是使供应链运作达到最优化,以最少的成本,令供应链从采购开始,到满足最终顾客的所有过程,包括工作流、实物流、资金流和信息流等均高效率地操作,把合适的产品以合理的价格,及时准确地送到消费者手中。其基本思想是要实现企业的总成本最优和满足客户需要。 2、价值链的涵义 价值链概念由美国学者迈克尔.波特于1985年在其《竞争优势》中最先提出的。他认为价值活动是企业从事的在经济上和技术上有明确界限的各项活动,它们是创造对买方有价值的产品的基础,这些相互联系的价值活动共同作用为企业创造利润,从而形成企业的价值链。包括企业内部价值链、纵向价值链和横向价值链。其研究内容分别涉及核心企业内部、企业和供应商、分销商、服务商和客户等之间的关系以及产业内部各企业之间的竞争关系。价值链分析能够全面了解企业价值活动对产品利润的贡献,有利于培育企业持续降低成本的能力 。 3、供应链与价值链的关系 (1)供应链与价值链的联系 第一、供应链也是一条价值链。供应链不仅是一条联接供应商到用户的物流链、信息链、资金链,而且是一条增值链,物料在供应链上因加工、包装、运输等经济活动过程而增加其价值,给相关企业都带来收益。从经济活动增值角度衡量其又构成了企业的价值链。因此,供应链和价值链都是增值链,供应链也是一条价值链。 第二、价值链与供应链都强调以客户为中心,以市场为导向。企业通过自己的价值链影响买方的价值链,从而达到减少买方成本和提高买方效益的目的。所以,企业的价值活动的最终着眼点在于客户的价值链。而供应链是利用信息技术一体化,把触角延伸至客户的客户,直到最终用户。为的就是以客户的需求为企业运做的中心,实时地获取客户信息了解客户需求,快速响应并做出正确的决策,从而获得竞争优势。 第三、供应链和价值链共同存在于企业的价值系统中,共同依赖于企业的组织机构和管理制度,共同培育企业的核心竞争力,共同经营和运作企业的业务流程(物流、资金流、信息流等)。 (2)供应链与价值链的区别 供应链和价值链作为现代企业两种不同的管理思想必然存在着一定的差别,如下表所示: 综上所述,供应链和价值链同处于企业的价值系统之中,在不同的位置(企业内和企业间)承担着相似的功能(协调和优化价值活动之间的关联)。因此价值链和供应链可以在价值系统中得到有效地整合。广义的价值链系统可以理解为由内部价值链和供应链两部分组成,价值链可以决定供应链,供应链同样服务和服从于价值链。企业间的竞争,既是价值链间的竞争,也是供应链间的竞争。二、供应链、价值链与作业成本法的有机结合 1、作业成本法的涵义 作业成本法以“成本驱动因素”理论为基本依据,认为:产品消耗作业,作业消耗资源。所以将成本分配分为两个过程,首先通过资源动因的确认、计量,把资源费用归集到各种作业上,然后再通过作业动因的确认、计量,把作业成本归集到成本对象,即产品或业务上去。作业成本法把“作业”作为间接费用向成本对象归集的中间环节,不仅使成本核算信息更加科学、准确,而且找到了一种更为科学的分配间接费用的方法,实现了对传统成本会计的重大突破。 作业成本法的实施,是企业降低成本的有力武器。它所掀起的“作业革命”,使成本管理发生了质的变化,在管理理论与实践方面都有着不可替代的奠基性作用。2、供应链、价值链与作业成本法三者的整合 如果把以供应链为基础的各节点经济活动作为一系列“作业”,这些作业就会形成一个有机关联的“作业链”,而作业的产出又形成一定的价值,所以作业链的形成又表现为价值链的形成。因此可以将三者有机结合在一起为打造企业核心竞争力服务,互相取长补短。 作业成本法通过引入“作业”这一中介环节,使得成本的计算对象更加明细化和精确化,其重点是找出各作业的成本动因,采取措施来降低成本,但它没有考虑到各作业之间的相互联系及由此而产生的各作业成本、价值间的相互关联性,如果单纯地降低作业成本可能导致产品价值的下降,最终可能导致企业竞争力的降低。而价值链管理是以顾客需求为导向,以实现价值增值和增强企业竞争力为目标,运用现代企业管理思想方法和技术,达到对整个供应链上的信息流、物流、资金流的有效规划和控制。在价值链理论的指导下,只有充分利用供应链一体化管理技术,发挥整个供应链的整体协作能力,才是企业保持竞争优势的有效途径。 由上可知,作业成本法的优点在于对企业内部的成本控制,而价值链管理和供应链管理的长处在于企业价值的增值和核心竞争力的培植。将三者进行有机结合不仅能降低产品成本,同时还能提高产品价值,从而形成企业核心竞争力。 三、供应链、价值链与作业成本法有机结合的措施 进行供应链分析和作业链分析。通过供应链分析和作业链分析,全面了解掌握供应链上下游企业状况和企业内部作业流程。供应链成本管理涉及到很多环节,产品设计工程师、客户、供应商和制造商等的行为对成本有很大影响,因此需要对供应链上的作业进行分析,以降低总成本。 进行价值链分析。在供应链分析和作业链分析基础上,定量描述并确定整条供应链上企业与企业、企业与供应商、企业与顾客之间,以及作业链各环节间的价值形成与转移过程,即进行价值链分析。通过分析,找出企业供应链价值所占总成本的比例和增长趋势,确定作业链各环节的价值活动的结构构成,正确区分增值作业与非增值作业,以利于进一步优化企业价值链。 通过作业成本计算有效进行成本控制。首先进行供应链作业成本计算,计算各个作业的成本,通过对作业成本的确认和计量,为进一步改进作业成本管理提供依据。其次提出动态改进方案。利用作业成本计算的数据,站在客户角度,进一步改进增值作业。最后进行业绩评价。从效率、质量和时间上对作业进行评估,评价客户的盈利能力是否得到增加。 不断维持巩固成本优势,取得成本优势的持久性。只有当企业的成本优势能够长期保持,它的来源是竞争对手们很难模仿时,企业才真正具有了具备战略价值的成本优势,成本管理的最终目标也在于此。

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