英语阅读文章哪里找

英语阅读文章哪里找

您可以尝试使用有道e读、扇贝阅读、Zo Reader、爱洋葱和各大英文网站的应用，这些APP提供的英文文章资源和阅读体验都不错。以下是详细介绍:

1、有道e读，这款软件可以根据你的英语水平推荐适合你阅读的资讯。它还支持导入功能，您可以在网上下载英文电子书或者输入网站链接，很方便地在这个APP中阅读你感兴趣的内容并随时查看不认识的单词的翻译；

2、扇贝阅读，这是一款很好的阅读软件，它自身有强大的翻译功能，生词表功能，每中不足的是内置英文资源少，并且不支持导入文件；

3、Zo Reader，这是一款阅读器软件，可以导入词典文件实现各种网络词典和牛津朗文的翻译词库，在阅读英文原文的时候就可以使用即点即译功能；

4、爱洋葱是外语教学与研究出版社(外研社)旗下社会化双语阅读平台。能够提供外语与汉语的无障碍阅读，评论与读后感的无障碍分享以及阅读平台的无障碍体验；

5、此外，手机上还有很多英文报刊和博客的应用可以下载，您可以根据自己的关注方向搜索对应的权威网站下载APP。

阅读英语文章的app有：道e读、扇贝阅读、ZoReader、爱洋葱和各大英文网站的应用，这些APP提供的英文文章资源和阅读体验都不错。手机上还有很多英文报刊和博客的应用可以下载，可以根据自己的关注方向搜索对应的权威网站下载APP。

道e读，这款软件可以根据你的英语水平推荐适合你阅读的资讯。它还支持导入功能，可以在网上下载英文电子书或者输入网站链接，很方便地在这个APP中阅读你感兴趣的内容并随时查看不认识的单词的翻译；

扇贝阅读，这是一款很好的阅读软件，它自身有强大的翻译功能，生词表功能，每中不足的是内置英文资源少，并且不支持导入文件。

西梅，这个APP还有一大亮点在于支持双语对照阅读，而且不只是英语，还有日语、德语、法语、西班牙语等等21种语言，对于学习小语种的人来说是很友好的。

点击查词，添加生词本这些功能基本是英语阅读类APP的标配了，但是西梅还有很特别的一点是，一打开生词本的时候会只显示单词和音标，可以先自行回忆一下TA的意思，然后再点击显示答案。

使用历年高考真题即可，不要把精力放在刷题上面，而是提升阅读能力方面，

回答：可以通过百度查高中英语阅读文章。也可以去下载高中英语阅读文章App、去查找

英语文章在哪里找

学术文献下载器（)整合汇集中外文献数据库资源，如：ScienceDirect（Elsevier）、Web of Science、SpringerLink、PubMed、Wiley、EI、Taylor & Francis、IEEE、ProQuest等等以及世界顶级知名期刊：nature《自然》、science《科学》、CELL《细胞》、PNAS《美国科学院院报》等等。Elsevier（sciencedirect）是荷兰一家全球著名的学术期刊出版商，每年出版大量的学术图书和期刊，大部分期刊被SCI、SSCI、EI收录，是世界上公认的高品位学术期刊。涉及众多学科：计算机科学、工程技术、能源科学、环境科学、材料科学、数学、物理、化学、天文学、医学、生命科学、商业、及经济管理、社会科学等。Web of Science数据库是国际公认的反映科学研究水准的数据库，其中以SCIE、SSCI、A&HCI等引文索引数据库，JCR期刊引证报告和ESI基本科学指标享誉全球科技和教育界。EI(工程索引 )在全球的学术界、工程界、信息界中享有盛誉，是科技界共同认可的重要检索工具。涉及领域：机械工程、机电工程、船舶工程、制造技术、矿业、冶金、材料工程、金属材料、有色金属、陶瓷、塑料及聚合物工程等。PubMed 是一个免费的搜寻引擎，提供生物医学方面的论文搜寻以及摘要的数据库。它的数据库来源为MEDLINE。提供指向全文提供者（付费或免费）的链接。Wiley 作为全球最大、最全面的经同行评审的科学、技术、医学和学术研究的在线多学科资源平台之一，Wiley Online Library为全学科期刊全文数据库，出版物涵盖学科范围广泛——包括化学、物理学、工程学、农学、兽医学、食品科学、医学、护理学、口腔医学、生命科学等。SpringerLink是全球最大的在线科学、技术和医学(STM)领域学术资源平台。Springer 的电子图书数据库包括各种的Springer图书产品，如专著、教科书、手册、地图集、参考工具书、丛书等。IEEE致力于电气、电子、计算机工程和与科学有关的领域的开发和研究，在太空、计算机、电信、生物医学、电力及消费性电子产品等领域已制定了1300多个行业标准，现已发展成为具有较大影响力的国际学术组织。谷歌学术是一个可以免费搜索外文学术文章的搜索引擎，包括了世界上绝大部分出版的学术期刊， 可广泛搜索学术文献。部分文献可直接下载。Taylor & Francis科技期刊数据库，拥有全球最多社会科学期刊，提供550余种经专家评审的高质量科学与技术类期刊，其中近80%的期刊被Web of Science 收录。该人文社科期刊数据库包含14个学科：人类学、考古学与文化遗产，人文与艺术，商业管理与经济，犯罪学与法学，教育学，地理、城市、规划与环境，图书馆与信息科学，媒体、文化与传播研究，心理健康与社会保健，政治国际关系与区域研究，心理学，社会学及其相关学科，体育、休闲与旅游，策略、防务与安全研究。ProQuest学位论文全文数据库，是将ProQuest公司PQDD文摘库（现名PQDT）中适合中国科研人员科研和教学使用的论文全文建设而成，并向全国百数家科研教学单位的读者提供全文服务。是目前国内最完备、高质量、唯一的可以综合查询国外学位论文全文的数据库。sci-hub免费下载外文文献，但该网站经常换域名，而且没有新文献。

问题一：论文的外文参考文献从哪里找呢 在中国期刊网ki/里找，有那种英文的文献，之后翻译过来。万方、维普都可以。或者直接到外人数据库找。 APS美国物理学会电子出版物 AIP美国物理研究所电子出版物 ASME美国机械工程师学会电子期刊 ASCE美国土木工程协会电子期刊 ACS美国化学学会数据库 IOP英国皇家物理学会户刊 RSC英国皇家化学学会期刊 AIAA美国航空航天学会 John Wiley电子期刊 Kluwer电子期刊 Springer LINK 电子期刊 EBSCO学术、商业信息数据库 Elsevier Science IEEE/IEE Electronic Library ACM Digital Library 但估计你们学校没有数据库。 如果找不到干脆找个中文的自己翻译过来算了。 问题二：外文参考文献怎么找 在中国期刊网ki/里找，有那种英文的文献，之后翻译过来。万方、维普都可以。或者直接到外人数据库找。 APS美国物理学会电子出版物 AIP美国物理研究所电子出版物 ASME美国机械工程师学会电子期刊 ASCE美国土木工程协会电子期刊 ACS美国化学学会数据库 IOP英国皇家物理学会期刊 RSC英国皇家化学学会期刊 AIAA美国航空航天学会 John Wiley电子期刊 Kluwer电子期刊 Springer LINK 电子期刊 EBSCO学术、商业信息数据库 Elsevier Science IEEE/IEE Electronic Library ACM Digital Library 但估计你们学校没有数据库。 如果找不到干脆找个中文的自己翻译过来算了。 问题三：写论文怎么找外文文献 中国知网――ki你可以访问国家图书馆，找到学士论文那一项，再往下分类。或者高级搜索外文文献。 斯普林格（Splinger）――外国网站，如果你们学校买了的话就可以看，很多检索需要验证IP的。 到最近的大学办个图书证，花钱办的，还要带身份证或者学生证。都有外文图书室的。 别的就要看您什么专业，有专业用的检索网站等等。 通过看相关的中文文献，找到他们用的参考书，再把那本书弄到手看看有没有用。（我常用）这个不会出错，而且经常有翻译版。 问题四：查找下载学术论文和外文文献都有哪些途径和方法？具体一点 最常见的是知网。对于外文文献主要还有以下一些网站。楼主要采纳哦！ 问题五：毕业论文的外文文献去哪里能找到比较好的？ 1、手工查找图书馆外文期刊常2、检索图书馆外文数据库 推荐两个外文数据库，分别是EBSCOhost（）和WSN（）。 3、利用搜索引擎检索 利用Google、GoogleScholar（谷歌学术）或SCIRUS（scirus）等外文搜索引擎。 问题六：毕业论文的外文文献怎么找 有的 很多,是个人原创。 你好，帮你就是的，一份完整的 问题七：毕业论文的外文文献怎么找 有的 很多,是个人原创。 你好，帮你就是的，一份完整的 问题八：毕业论文外文文献在哪里找啊 15分 谷歌学术里可以找 不过你这个题目我估计是找不到外文文献的 问题九：一般在哪里下载英文论文文献 在淘宝里搜英文文献下载，就可以。也可以按店名来搜 “木虫屋” 就行，好像还可以代查，感觉挺方便的。 问题十：去哪找论文的外文文献？ science鸡irect/在这个网站,就可以找对外文文献的.在all fiedls,输入关键词,

您可以尝试使用有道e读、扇贝阅读、Zo Reader、爱洋葱和各大英文网站的应用，这些APP提供的英文文章资源和阅读体验都不错。以下是详细介绍:

1、有道e读，这款软件可以根据你的英语水平推荐适合你阅读的资讯。它还支持导入功能，您可以在网上下载英文电子书或者输入网站链接，很方便地在这个APP中阅读你感兴趣的内容并随时查看不认识的单词的翻译；

2、扇贝阅读，这是一款很好的阅读软件，它自身有强大的翻译功能，生词表功能，每中不足的是内置英文资源少，并且不支持导入文件；

3、Zo Reader，这是一款阅读器软件，可以导入词典文件实现各种网络词典和牛津朗文的翻译词库，在阅读英文原文的时候就可以使用即点即译功能；

4、爱洋葱是外语教学与研究出版社(外研社)旗下社会化双语阅读平台。能够提供外语与汉语的无障碍阅读，评论与读后感的无障碍分享以及阅读平台的无障碍体验；

5、此外，手机上还有很多英文报刊和博客的应用可以下载，您可以根据自己的关注方向搜索对应的权威网站下载APP。

主要有以下几种英文阅读app：

阅读文章英语

英语阅读精选文章

学习英语需要每天积累，除了积累单词之外，还有就是文章了。以下是网我整理的关于英语阅读的精选文章，供同学们阅读。

篇一：读书之乐

Reading is a pleasure of the mind, which means that it is a little like a sport: your eagerness and knowledge and quickness make you a good reader. Reading is fun, not because the writer is telling you something, but because it makes your mind work. Your own imagination works along with the author's or even goes beyond his. Your experience, compared with his, brings you to the same or different conclusions, and your ideas develop as you understand his.

Every book stands by itself, like a one-family house, but books in a library are like houses in a city. Although they are separate, together they all add up to something; they are connected with each other and with other cities. The same ideas, or related ones, turn up in different places; the human problems that repeat themselves in life repeat themselves in literature, but with different solutions according to different writings at different times.

Reading can only be fun if you expect it to be. If you concentrate on books somebody tells you "ought" to read, you probably won't have fun. But if you put down a book you don't like and try another till you find one that means something to you, and then relax with it, you will almost certainly have a good time--and if you become as a result of reading, better, wiser, kinder, or more gentle, you won't have suffered during the process.

读书是愉悦心智之事。在这一点上它与运动颇为相似:一个优秀的读者必须要有热情、有知识、有速度。读书之乐并非在于作者要告诉你什么，而在于它促使你思考。你跟随作者一起想像，有时你的想象甚至会超越作者的。把自己的体验与作者的相互比较，你会得出相同或者不同的结论。在理解作者想法的同时，也形成了自己的观点。

每一本书都自成体系，就像一家一户的住宅，而图书馆里的藏书好比城市里千家万户的居所。尽管它们都相互独立，但只有相互结合才有意义。家家户户彼此相连，城市与城市彼此相依。相同或相似的思想在不同地方涌现。人类生活中反复的问题也在文学中不断重现，但因时代与作品的`差异，答案也各不相同。

如果你希望的话，读书也能充满乐趣。倘若你只读那些别人告诉你该读之书，那么你不太可能有乐趣可言。但如果你放下你不喜欢的书，试着阅读另外一本，直到你找到自己中意的，然后轻轻松松的读下去，差不多一定会乐在其中。而且，当你通过阅读变得更加优秀，更加善良，更加文雅时，阅读便不再是一种折磨。

篇二：任教印象

The main impression growing out of twelve years on the faculty of a medical school is that the health problem in the . today, even more than AIDS or cancer, is that Americans don’t know how to think about health and illness. Our reactions are formed on the terror level.

We fear the worst, expect the worst, thus invite the worst. The result is that we are becoming a nation of weaklings and hypochondriacs, a self-medicating society incapable of

distinguishing between casual, everyday symptoms and those that require professional attention.

Early in life, too, we become seized with the bizarre idea that we are constantly assaulted by invisible monsters called germs, and that we have to be on constant alert to protect ourselves against their fury. Equal emphasis, however, is not given to the presiding fact that our bodies are superbly equipped to deal with the little demons and the best way of forestalling an attack is to maintain a sensible life-style.

在医学院任教十二年来，我获得的主要印象是，当今美国头号健康问题——一个比艾滋病或癌症更为严重的问题——是美国人不知道如何去认识健康与疾病。我们的反应是惊恐万状。我们怕最坏的事，想着最坏的事，而恰恰就召来了最坏的事。结果 ，我们变成了一个孱弱不堪，总疑心自己有病的民族，一个分不清哪些是日常偶发症状，哪些是需要治疗的症状，而自己擅自用药的社会。

我们年轻的时候还染上了一种奇怪的观念：一种肉眼看不见的叫做细菌的小妖怪在不断向我们进攻，我们必须长备不懈地保护自己不受其伤害。然而，对另一个重要事实，我们却未能给予同样的重视，那就是，我们的身体装备精良，足以对付这些小妖怪，而且防止妖怪进攻的最佳途径就是保持合理的生活方式。

英语阅读：The Language of Music

A painter hangs his or her finished pictures on a wall, and everyone can see it. A composer writes a work, but no one can hear it until it is performed. Professional singers and players have great responsibilities, for the composer is utterly dependent on them. A student of music needs as long and as arduous a training to become a performer as a medical student needs to become a doctor. Most training is concerned with technique, for musicians have to have the muscular proficiency of an athlete or a ballet dancer. Singers practice breathing every day, as their vocal chords would be inadequate without controlled muscular support. String players practice moving the fingers of the left hand up and down, while drawing the bow to and fro with the right arm-two entirely different movements.

Singers and instruments have to be able to get every note perfectly in tune. Pianists are spared this particular anxiety, for the notes are already there, waiting for them, and it is the piano tuner’s responsibility to tune the instrument for them. But they have their own difficulties; the hammers that hit the string have to be coaxed not to sound like percussion, and each overlapping tone has to sound clear.

This problem of getting clear texture is one that confronts student conductors: they have to learn to know every note of the music and how it should sound, and they have to aim at controlling these sound with fanatical but selfless authority.

Technique is of no use unless it is combined with musical knowledge and understanding. Great artists are those who are so thoroughly at home in the language of music that they can enjoy performing works written in any century.

英语阅读：An Empty Box

Once upon a time, a man punished his 5-year-old daughter for using up the family's only roll of expensive gold wrapping paper. Money was tight, and he became even more upset when on Christmas Eve, he saw that the child had pasted the gold paper so as to decorate a shoebox to put under the Christmas tree.

Nevertheless, the next morning the little girl, filled with excitement, brought the gift box to her father and said, "This is for you, Daddy!"

As he opened the box, the father was embarrassed by his earlier overreaction.

But when he opened it, he found it was empty and again his anger flared. "Don't you know, young lady, " he said harshly, "when you give someone a present there's supposed to be something inside the package!"

The little girl looked up at him with tears rolling from her eyes and said: "Daddy, it's not empty. I blew kisses into it until it was all full."

The father was crushed. He fell on his knees and put his arms around his precious little girl. He begged her to forgive him for his unnecessary anger.

An accident took the life of the child only a short time later. It is told that the father kept that little gold box by his bed for all the years of his life. Whenever he was discouraged or faced difficult problems he would open the box, take out an imaginary kiss, and remember the love of this beautiful child who had put it there.

In a very real sense, each of us as human beings have been given an invisible golden box filled with unconditional love and kisses from our children, family, friends and God.

There is no more precious possession anyone could hold.

英语阅读：Happiness Equates with Fun?

I live in Hollywood. You may think people in such a glamorous, fun-filled place are happier than others. If so, you have some mistaken ideas about the nature of happiness.

Many intelligent people still equate happiness with fun. The truth is that fun and happiness have little or nothing in common. Fun is what we experience during an act. Happiness is what we experience after an act. It is a deeper, more abiding emotion.

Going to an amusement park or ball game, watching a movie or television, are fun activities that help us relax, temporarily forget our problems and maybe even laugh. But they do not bring happiness, because their positive effects end when the fun ends.

I have often thought that if Hollywood stars have a role to play, it is to teach us that happiness has nothing to do with fun. These rich, beautiful inpiduals have constant access to glamorous parties, fancy cars, expensive homes, everything that spells "happiness".

But in memoir after memoir, celebrities reveal the unhappiness hidden beneath all their fun: depression, alcoholism, drug addiction, broken marriages, troubled children, profound loneliness.

The way people cling to the belief that a fun-filled, pain-free life equates happiness actually diminishes their chances of ever attaining real happiness. If fun and pleasure are equated with happiness, then pain must be equated with unhappiness. But, in fact, the opposite is true: More times than not, things that lead to happiness involve some pain.

As a result, many people avoid the very endeavors that are the source of true happiness. They fear the pain inevitably brought by such things as marriage, raising children, professional achievement, religious commitment, civic or charitable work, and self-improvement.

英语阅读：Today is a Gift

Two men, both seriously ill, occupied the same hospital room. One man was allowed to sit up in his bed for an hour each afternoon to help drain the fluid from his lungs. His bed was next to the room‘s only window. The other man had to spend all his time flat on his back. The men talked for hours on end.

They spoke of their wives and families, their homes, their jobs, their involvement in the military service, where they had been on vacation. And every afternoon when the man in the bed by the window could sit up, he would pass the time by describing to his roommate all the things he could see outside the window. The man in the other bed began to live for those one-hour periods where his world would be broadened and enlivened by all the activity and color of the world outside.

The window overlooked a park with a lovely lake. Ducks and swans played on the water while children sailed their model boats. Young lovers walked arm in arm amidst flowers of every color of the rainbow. Grand old trees graced the landscape, and a fine view of the city skyline could be seen in the distance. As the man by the window described all this in exquisite detail, the man on the other side of the room would close his eyes and imagine the picturesque scene.

One warm afternoon the man by the window described a parade passing by. Although the other man couldn‘t hear the band - he could see it in his mind‘s eye as the gentleman by the window portrayed it with descriptive words.

Days and weeks passed. One morning, the day nurse arrived to bring water for their baths only to find the lifeless body of the man by the window, who had died peacefully in his sleep. She was saddened and called the hospital attendants to take the body away.

As soon as it seemed appropriate, the other man asked if he could be moved next to the window. The nurse was happy to make the switch, and after making sure he was comfortable, she left him alone. Slowly and painfully, he propped himself up on one elbow to take his first look at the world outside. Finally, he would have the joy of seeing it for himself. He strained to slowly turn to look out the window beside the bed. It faced a blank wall.

The man asked the nurse what could have compelled his deceased roommate who had described such wonderful things outside this window. The nurse responded that the man was blind and could not even see the wall. She said, "Perhaps he just wanted to encourage you."

英语阅读：Is Packing Important to You?

A young man was getting ready to graduate from college. For many months he had admired a beautiful sports car in a dealer's showroom, and knowing his father could well afford it, he told him that was all he wanted.

As Graduation Day approached, the young man awaited signs that his father had purchased the car. Finally, on the morning of his graduation, his father called him into his private study. His father told him how proud he was to have such a fine son, and told him how much he loved him. He handed his son a beautiful wrapped gift box. Curious, but somewhat disappointed, the young man opened the box and found a lovely, leather-bound Bible, with the young man's name embossed in gold.

Angrily, he raised his voice to his father and said, "With all your money you give me a Bible?" He then stormed out of the house, leaving the Bible.

Many years passed and the young man was very successful in business. He had a beautiful home and a wonderful family, but realizing his father was very old, he thought perhaps he should go to see him. He had not seen him since that graduation day. Before he could make the arrangements, he received a telegram telling him his father had passed away, and willed all of his possessions to his son. He needed to come home immediately and take care of things.

When he arrived at his father's house, sudden sadness and regret filled his heart. He began to search through his father's important papers and saw the still new Bible, just as he had left it years ago.

With tears, he opened the Bible and began to turn the pages. As he was reading, a car key dropped from the back of the Bible. It had a tag with the dealer's name, the same dealer who had the sports car he had desired. On the tag was the date of his graduation, and the words… "PAID IN FULL".

How many times do we miss blessings because they are not packaged as we expected? I trust you enjoyed this. Do not spoil what you have by desiring what you have not; but remember that what you now have was once among the things you only hoped for. Sometimes we don't realize the good fortune we have or we could have because we expect "the packaging" to be different. What may appear as bad fortune may in fact be the door that is just waiting to be opened.

英语阅读：The Baby Eagle

Once upon a time there was a baby eagle living in a nest perched on a cliff overlooking a beautiful valley with waterfalls and streams, trees and lots of little animals, scurrying about enjoying their lives.

The baby eagle liked the nest. It was the only world he had ever known. It was warm and comfortable, had a great view, and even better, he had all the food and love and attention that a great mother eagle could provide. Many times each day the mother would swoop down from the sky and land in the nest and feed the baby eagle delicious morsels of food. She was like a god to him, he had no idea where she came from or how she worked her magic.

The baby eagle was hungry all the time, but the mother eagle would always come just in time with the food and love and attention he craved. The baby eagle grew strong. His vision grew very sharp. He felt good all the time.

Until one day, the mother stopped coming to the nest.

The baby eagle was hungry. "I'm sure to die," said the baby eagle, all the time.

"Very soon, death is coming," he cried, with tears streaming down his face. Over and over. But there was no one there to hear him.

Then one day the mother eagle appeared at the top of the mountain cliff, with a big bowl of delicious food and she looked down at her baby. The baby looked up at the mother and cried "Why did you abandon me? I'm going to die any minute. How could you do this to me?"

The mother said, "Here is some very tasty and nourishing food, all you have to do is come get it."

"Come get it!" said the baby, with much anger. "How?"

The mother flew away.

The baby cried and cried and cried.

A few days later, "I'm going to end it all," he said. "I give up. It is time for me to die."

He didn't know his mother was nearby. She swooped down to the nest with his last meal.

"Eat this, it's your last meal," she said.

The baby cried, but he ate and whined and whined about what a bad mother she was.

"You're a terrible mother," he said. Then she pushed him out of the nest.

He fell.

Head first.

Picked up speed.

Faster and faster.

He screamed. "I'm dying I'm dying," he cried. He picked up more speed.

He looked up at his mother. "How could you do this to me?"

He looked down.

The ground rushed closer, faster and faster. He could visualize his own death so clearly, coming so soon, and cried and whined and complained. "This isn't fair!" he screamed.

Something strange happens.

The air caught behind his arms and they snapped away from his body, with a feeling unlike anything he had ever experienced. He looked down and saw the sky. He wasn't moving towards the ground anymore, his eyes were pointed up at the sun.

"Huh?" he said. "What is going on here!"

"You're flying," his mother said.

"This is fun!" laughed the baby eagle, as he soared and ped and swooped.

"Yes it is!" said the mother.

英语文章阅读

英语 散文 的翻译,最难的不是语言的翻译,而是如何传递原文所给人的感觉和神韵。下面是我带来的关于英语优秀 文章 阅读，欢迎阅读!关于英语优秀文章阅读篇一 Alienation and the Internet (网络，你“离间”了人群?) The Internet provides an amazing forum for the free exchange of ideas. Given the relatively few restrictions governing access and usage，it is the communications modal equivalent of international It is my personal belief that the human potential can only be realized by the globalization of ideas. I developed this position2 years before the Internet came into wide spread use. And I am excited at the potential for the Internet to dramatically alter our global society for the better. However I am also troubled by the possible unintended negative consequences. There has been much talk about the“new information age.”But much less widely reported has been the notion that the Internet may be responsible for furthering the fragmentation of society by alienating its individual At first this might sound like an apparent contradiction：how can something，that is on the one hand responsible for global unification by enabling the free exchange of ideas，alienate the participants? I had a recent discussion with a friend of mine who has what he described as a“problem”with the Internet. When I questioned him further he said that he was“addicted，”4 and has“forced”himself to go off-line. He said that he felt like an alcoholic，in that moderate use of the Internet was just not possible for I have not known this fellow to be given to exaggeration，therefore when he described his internet binges，6 when he would spend over twenty-four hours on line non-stop，it gave me pause to think. He said，“the Internet isn‘t real，but I was spending all my time on line，so I just had to stop.”He went on to say that all of the time that he spent on line might have skewed7 his sense of reality，and that it made him feel lonely and depressed. The fragmentation of society has been lamented for some time now. It seems to me that it probably began in earnest after World War II when a generation returned from doing great deeds overseas. They won the war，and by God they were going to win the peace. Automobile ownership became commonplace and suburbs were created.“Progress”was their So even prior to the Internet‘s widespread popularity，folks were already becoming distanced from their extended families and neighbors. And when we fast-forward to today we see an almost cruel irony in that people can and often do develop on-line relationships with folks on the other side of the globe，without leaving their homes. But at the expense of the time that would have otherwise been available for involvement in other activities which might foster a sense of community in their villages，towns and cities. Last weekend my wife and I invited our extended family to our home to celebrate our daughter‘s birthday. During the celebration my young nephew spent the entire time on my computer playing a simulated war game. My brother-in-law and I were chatting near by and it struck us that in generations past，his son，my nephew，would have been outside playing with his friends. But now the little fellow goes on line to play his games against his friends in cyberspace. It seems to me that the Internet is a powerful tool that presents an opportunity for the advancement of the acquisition and application of knowledge. However，based on my personal experience I can understand how，as they surf the web some folks might be confronted with cognitive And I can also understand how one might have his or her sense of reality distorted in the process. Is the Internet a real place?Depending upon how a“real place”is defined it might very well be. At the very least，I believe that when we use the Internet，we are forced to ask fundamental questions about how we perceive the world about us—perhaps another unintended consequence. Some would argue that the virtual existences created by some users who debate，shop，travel and have romance on line are in fact not real. While others would argue that，since in practical terms，folks are debating，shopping，travelling and having romance，the converse is true. All of this being said，I believe that the key to realizing the potential of the Internet is in achieving balance in our lives. This would allow us to maximize its potential without losing our sense of However like most things that is easier said than done. It seems to me that we are a society that values immediate gratification above all else，and what better place to achieve it than in cyberspace，where the cyber-world is your The widespread use of the automobile forever changed our society and culture，and perhaps a similar sort of thing is occurring now. I am not at all certain where the“information superhighway”will lead us：some say to Utopia，12 while others feel it‘s the road to hell. But I do know that we all have the ability to maintain our sense of place in the world. Whether we choose to take advantage of this ability is another matter. 关于英语优秀文章阅读篇二 You! 生命掌握在你的手里——超越卓越的你 Consider…YOU. In all time before now and in all time to come，there has never been and will never be anyone just like you. You are unique in the entire history and future of the universe. Wow!Stop and think about that. You‘re better than one in a million，or a billion，or a gazillion… You are the only one like you in a sea of infinity! You‘re amazing!You’re awesome!And by the way，TAG，you‘re it. As amazing and awesome as you already are，you can be even more so. Beautiful young people are the whimsey of nature，but beautiful old people are true works of art. But you don’t become“beautiful”just by virtue of the aging process. Real beauty comes from learning，growing，and loving in the ways of life. That is the Art of Life. You can learn slowly，and sometimes painfully，by just waiting for life to happen to you. Or you can choose to accelerate your growth and intentionally devour life and all it offers. You are the artist that paints your future with the brush of today. Paint a Masterpiece. God gives every bird its food，but he doesn‘t throw it into its nest. Wherever you want to go，whatever you want to do，it’s truly up to you. 试想一下……你!一个空前绝后的你，不论是以往还是将来都不会有一个跟你一模一样的人。你在历史上和宇宙中都是独一无二的。哇!想想吧，你是万里挑一、亿里挑一、兆里挑一的。 在无穷无尽的宇宙中，你是举世无双的。 你是了不起的!你是卓越的!没错，就是你。你已经是了不起的，是卓越的，你还可以更卓越更了不起。美丽的年轻人是大自然的奇想，而美丽的老人却是艺术的杰作。但你不会因为年龄的渐长就自然而然地变得“美丽”。 真正的美丽源于生命里的学习、成长和热爱。这就是生命的艺术。你可以只听天由命，慢慢地学，有时候或许会很痛苦。又或许你可以选择加速自己的成长，故意地挥霍生活及其提供的一切。你就是手握今日之刷描绘自己未来的艺术家。 画出一幅杰作吧。 上帝给了鸟儿食物，但他没有将食物扔到它们的巢里。不管你想要去哪里，不管你想要做什么，真正做决定的还是你自己。 关于英语优秀文章阅读篇三 The Blanket (一床双人毛毯) Floyd Dell，born June 28，1887，Barry，Ill.，. died July 23，1969，Bethesda，Md. novelist and radical journalist whose fiction examined the changing mores in sex and politics among American bohemians before and after World War I. A precocious poet，Dell grew up in an impoverished family and left high school at age 16 to work in a factory. Moving to Chicago in 1908，he worked as a newspaperman and soon was a leader of the city‘s advanced literary movement. He became assistant editor of the Friday Literary Review of the Evening Post in 1909 and editor in 1911，making it one of the most noted American literary supplements. As a critic，he furthered the careers of Sherwood Anderson and Theodore Dreiser. A socialist since his youth，he moved to New York in 1914 and was associate editor of the left-wing The Masses until 1917. Dell was on the staff of The Liberator，which succeeded The Masses，from 1918 to 1924. His first and best novel，the largely autobiographical Moon-Calf，appeared in 1920，and its sequel，The Briary-Bush，in 1921. Homecoming，an autobiography taking him to his 35th year，was published in 1933. His other novels on life among the unconventional include Janet March(1923)，Runaway(1925)，and Love in Greenwich Village(1926)。His nonfiction includes Were You Ever a Child?(1919)，on child-rearing;the biography Upton Sinclair：A Study in Social Protest(1927);and Love in the Machine Age(1930)，which presented his views on sex. Little Accident，a play written with Thomas Mitchell and based on Dell’s novel An Unmarried Father(1927)，was successfully produced in 1928. Dell joined the Federal Writers Project and moved to Washington，.，in the late 1930s as an official for the project. He continued in government work after the project ended，until his retirement in 1947. Petey hadn‘t really believed that Dad would be doing It—sending Granddad away.“Away”was what they were calling until now could he believe it of his father. But here was the blanket that Dad had bought for Granddad，and in the morning he‘d be going away. This was the last evening they’d be having together. Dad was off seeing that girl he was to marry. He would not be back till late，so Petey and Granddad could sit up and talk. It was a fine September night，with a silver moon riding high. They washed up the supper dishes and then took their chairs out onto the porch.“I‘ll get my fiddle，”said the old man，“and play you some of the old tunes.” But instead of the fiddle he brought out the blanket. It was a big double blanket，red with black stripes.“Now，isn‘t that a fine blanket!”said the old man，smoothing it over his knees.“And isn’t your father a kind man to be giving the old fellow a blanket like that to go away with?It cost something，it did—look at the wool of it!There‘ll be few blankets there the equal of this one!” It was like Granddad to be saying that. He was trying to make it easier. He had pretended all along that he wanted to go away to the great brick building—the government place. There he‘d be with so many other old fellows，having the best of everything. . . . But Petey hadn’t believed Dad would really do it，not until this night when he brought home the blanket. “Oh，yes，it‘s a fine blanket，”said Petey. He got up and went into the house. He wasn’t the kind to cry and，besides，he was too old for that. He‘d just gone in to fetch Granddad’s fiddle. The blanket slid to the floor as the old man took the fiddle and stood up. He tuned up for a minute，and then said，“This is one you‘ll like to remember.” Petey sat and looked out over the gully. Dad would marry that girl. Yes，that girl who had kissed Petey and fussed over him，saying she‘d try to be a good mother to him，and all. . . . The tune stopped suddenly. Granddad said，“It‘s a fine girl your father’s going to marry. He‘ll be feeling young again with a pretty wife like that. And what would an old fellow like me be doing around their house，getting in the way?An old nuisance，what with my talks of aches and pains. It’s best that I go away，like I‘m doing. One more tune or two，and then we’ll be going to sleep. I‘ll pack up my blanket in the morning.” They didn‘t hear the two people coming down the path. Dad had one arm around the girl，whose bright face was like a doll’s. But they heard her when she laughed，right close by the porch. Dad didn‘t say anything，but the girl came forward and spoke to Granddad prettily：“I won’t be here when you leave in the morning，so I came over to say good-bye.” “It‘s kind of you，”said Granddad，with his eyes cast down. Then，seeing the blanket at his feet，he stooped to pick it up.“And will you look at this，”he said.“The fine blanket my son has given me to go away with.” “Yes，”she said.“It‘s a fine blanket.”She felt the wool and repeated in surprise，“A fine blanket—I’ll say it is!”She turned to Dad and said to him coldly，“That blanket really cost something.” Dad cleared his throat and said，“I wanted him to have the best. . . .” “It‘s double，too，”she said，as if accusing Dad. “Yes，”said Granddad，“it‘s double—a fine blanket for an old fellow to be going away with.” 17 The boy went suddenly into the house. He was looking for something. He could hear that girl scolding Dad. She realized how much of Dad‘s money—her money，really—had gone for the blanket. Dad became angry in his slow way. And now she was suddenly going away in a huff. . . . As Petey came out，she turned and called back，“All the same，he doesn‘t need a double blanket!”And she ran off up the path. Dad was looking after her as if he wasn‘t sure what he ought to do. “Oh，she‘s right，”Petey said.“Here，Dad”—and he held out a pair of scissors.“Cut the blanket in two.” Both of them stared at the boy，startled.“Cut it in two，I tell you，Dad!”he cried out.“And keep the other half.” “That‘s not a bad idea，”said Granddad gently.“I don’t need so much of a blanket.” “Yes，”the boy said harshly，“a single blanket‘s enough for an old man when he’s sent away. We‘ll save the other half，Dad. It’ll come in handy later.” “Now what do you mean by that?”asked Dad. “I mean，”said the boy slowly，“that I‘ll give it to you，Dad—when you’re old and I‘m sending you—away.” There was a silence. Then Dad went over to Granddad and stood before him，not speaking. But Granddad understood. He put out a hand and laid it on Dad‘s shoulder. And he heard Granddad whisper，“It’s all right，son. I knew you didn‘t mean it. . . .”And then Petey cried. But it didn‘t matter—because they were all crying together. Floyd Dell

教育 的进步是在改变的基础上实现的,改变的第一步就是摒弃墨守成规的教学思维,英语作为国际沟通交流的语言工具,其在全球化进程中扮演着重要的角色。下面是我带来的经典英语 文章 阅读，欢迎阅读!经典英语文章阅读篇一 十二月的玫瑰 Roses in December Coaches more times than not use their hearts instead of their heads to make tough decisions. Unfortunately, this wasn’t the case when I realized we had a baseball conference game scheduled when our seniors would be in Washington, . for the annual senior field trip. We were a team dominated by seniors, and for the first time in many years, we were in the conference race for first place. I knew we couldn’t win without our seniors, so I called the rival coach and asked to reschedule the game when everyone was available to play. “No way,” he replied. The seniors were crushed and offered to skip the much-awaited traditional trip. I assured them they needed to go on the trip as part of their educational experience, though I really wanted to accept their offer and win and go on to the conference championship. But I did not, and on that fateful Tuesday, I wished they were there to play. I had nine underclass players eager and excited that they finally had a chance to play. The most excited player was a young mentally challenged boy we will call Billy. Billy was, I believe, overage, but because he loved sports so much, an understanding principal had given him permission to be on the football and baseball teams. Billy lived and breathed sports and now he would finally get his chance to play. I think his happiness captured the imagination of the eight other substitute players. Billy was very small in size, but he had a big heart and had earned the respect of his teammates with his effort and enthusiasm. He was a left-handed hitter and had good baseball skills. His favorite pastime, except for the time he practiced sports, was to sit with the men at a local rural store talking about sports. On this day, I began to feel that a loss might even be worth Billy’s chance to play. Our opponents jumped off to a four-run lead early in the game, just as expected. Somehow we came back to within one run, and that was the situation when we went to bat in the bottom of the ninth. I was pleased with our team’s effort and the constant grin on Billy’s face. If only we could win..., I thought, but that’s asking too much. If we lose by one run, it will be a victory in itself. The weakest part of our lineup was scheduled to hit, and the opposing coach put his ace pitcher in to seal the victory. To our surprise, with two outs, a batter walked, and the tying run was on first base. Our next hitter was Billy. The crowd cheered as if this were the final inning of the conference championship, and Billy waved jubilantly. I knew he would be unable to hit this pitcher, but what a day it had been for all of us. Strike one. Strike two. A fastball. Billy hit it down the middle over the right fielder’s head for a triple to tie the score. Billy was beside himself, and the crowd went wild. Ben, our next hitter, however, hadn’t hit the ball even once in batting practice or intrasquad games. I knew there was absolutely no way for the impossible dream to continue. Besides, our opponents had the top of their lineup if we went into overtime. It was a crazy situation and one that needed reckless strategy. I called a time-out, and everyone seemed confused when I walked to third base and whispered something to Billy. As expected, Ben swung on the first two pitches, not coming close to either. When the catcher threw the ball back to the pitcher Billy broke from third base sprinting as hard as he could. The pitcher didn’t see him break, and when he did he whirled around wildly and fired the ball home. Billy dove in head first, beat the throw, and scored the winning run. This was not the World Series, but don’t tell that to anyone present that day. Tears were shed as Billy, the hero, was lifted on the shoulders of all eight team members. If you go through town today, forty-two years later, you’ll likely see Billy at that same country store relating to an admiring group the story of the day he won the game that no one expected to win. Of all the spectacular events in my sports career, this memory is the highlight. It exemplified what sports can do for people, and Billy’s great day proved that to everyone who saw the game. J. M. Barrie, the playwright, may have said it best when he wrote, “God gave us memories so that we might have roses in December.” Billy gave all of us a rose garden. 经典英语文章阅读篇二 Big Red The first time we set eyes on "Big Red," father, mother and I were trudging through the freshly fallen snow on our way to Hubble's Hardware store on Main Street in Huntsville, Ontario. We planned to enter our name in the annual Christmas drawing for a chance to win a hamper filled with fancy tinned cookies, tea, fruit and candy. As we passed the Eaton's department store's window, we stopped as usual to gaze and do a bit of dreaming. The gaily decorated window display held the best toys ever. I took an instant hankering for a huge green wagon. It was big enough to haul three armloads of firewood, two buckets of swill or a whole summer's worth of pop bottles picked from along the highway. There were skates that would make Millar's Pond well worth shovelling and dolls much too pretty to play with. And they were all nestled snugly beneath the breathtakingly flounced skirt of Big Red. Mother's eyes were glued to the massive flare of red shimmering satin, dotted with twinkling sequin-centred black velvet stars. "My goodness," she managed to say in trancelike wonder. "Would you just look at that dress!" Then, totally out of character, mother twirled one spin of a waltz on the slippery sidewalk. Beneath the heavy, wooden-buttoned, grey wool coat she had worn every winter for as long as I could remember, mother lost her balance and tumbled. Father quickly caught her. Her cheeks redder than usual, mother swatted dad for laughing. "Oh, stop that!" she ordered, shooing his fluttering hands as he swept the snow from her coat. "What a silly dress to be perched up there in the window of Eaton's!" She shook her head in disgust. "Who on earth would want such a splashy dress?" As we continued down the street, mother turned back for one more look. "My goodness! You'd think they'd display something a person could use!" Christmas was nearing, and the red dress was soon forgotten. Mother, of all people, was not one to wish for, or spend money on, items that were not practical. "There are things we need more than this," she'd always say, or, "There are things we need more than that." Father, on the other hand, liked to indulge whenever the budget allowed. Of course, he'd get a scolding for his occasional splurging, but it was all done with the best intention. Like the time he brought home the electric range. In our old Muskoka farmhouse on Oxtongue Lake, Mother was still cooking year-round on a wood stove. In the summer, the kitchen would be so hot even the houseflies wouldn't come inside. Yet, there would be Mother – roasting - right along with the pork and turnips. One day, Dad surprised her with a fancy new electric range. She protested, of course, saying that the wood stove cooked just dandy, that the electric stove was too dear and that it would cost too much hydro to run it. All the while, however, she was polishing its already shiny chrome knobs. In spite of her objections, Dad and I knew that she cherished that new stove. There were many other modern things that old farm needed, like indoor plumbing and a clothes dryer, but Mom insisted that those things would have to wait until we could afford them. Mom was forever doing chores - washing laundry by hand, tending the pigs and working in our huge garden - so she always wore mended, cotton-print housedresses and an apron to protect the front. She did have one or two "special" dresses saved for church on Sundays. And with everything else she did, she still managed to make almost all of our clothes. They weren't fancy, but they did wear well. That Christmas I bought Dad a handful of fishing lures from the Five to a Dollar store, and wrapped them individually in matchboxes so he'd have plenty of gifts to open from me. Choosing something for Mother was much harder. When Dad and I asked, she thought carefully then hinted modestly for some tea towels, face cloths or a new dishpan. On our last trip to town before Christmas, we were driving up Main Street when Mother suddenly exclaimed in surprise: "Would you just look at that!" She pointed excitedly as Dad drove past Eaton's. "That big red dress is gone," she said in disbelief. "It's actually gone." "Well . . . I'll be!" Dad chuckled. "By golly, it is!" "Who'd be fool enough to buy such a frivolous dress?" Mother questioned, shaking her head. I quickly stole a glance at Dad. His blue eyes were twinkling as he nudged me with his elbow. Mother craned her neck for another glimpse out the rear window as we rode on up the street. "It's gone . . ." she whispered. I was almost certain that I detected a trace of yearning in her voice. I'll never forget that Christmas morning. I watched as Mother peeled the tissue paper off a large box that read "Eaton's Finest Enamel Dishpan" on its lid. "Oh Frank," she praised, "just what I wanted!" Dad was sitting in his rocker, a huge grin on his face. "Only a fool wouldn't give a priceless wife like mine exactly what she wants for Christmas," he laughed. "Go ahead, open it up and make sure there are no chips." Dad winked at me, confirming his secret, and my heart filled with more love for my father than I thought it could hold! Mother opened the box to find a big white enamel dishpan - overflowing with crimson satin that spilled out across her lap. With trembling hands she touched the elegant material of Big Red. "Oh my goodness!" she managed to utter, her eyes filled with tears. "Oh Frank . . ." Her face was as bright as the star that twinkled on our tree in the corner of the small room. "You shouldn't have . . ." came her faint attempt at scolding. "Oh now, never mind that!" Dad said. "Let's see if it fits," he laughed, helping her slip the marvellous dress over her shoulders. As the shimmering red satin fell around her, it gracefully hid the patched and faded floral housedress underneath. I watched, my mouth agape, captivated by a radiance in my parents I had never noticed before. As they waltzed around the room, Big Red swirled its magic deep into my heart. "You look beautiful," my dad whispered to my mom - and she surely did! 经典英语文章阅读篇三 你才是我的幸福 She was dancing. My crippled grandmother was dancing. I stood in the living room doorway absolutely stunned. I glanced at the kitchen table and sure enough-right under a small, framed drawing on the wall-was a freshly baked peach pie. I heard her sing when I opened the door but did not want to interrupt the beautiful song by yelling I had arrived, so I just tiptoed to the living room. I looked at how her still-lean body bent beautifully, her arms greeting the sunlight that was pouring through the window. And her legs... Those legs that had stiffly walked, aided with a cane, insensible shoes as long as I could remember. Now she was wearing beautiful dancing shoes and her legs obeyed her perfectly. No limping. No stiffness. Just beautiful, fluid motion. She was the pet of the dancing world. And then she’d had her accident and it was all over. I had read that in an old newspaper clipping. She turned around in a slow pirouette and saw me standing in the doorway. Her song ended, and her beautiful movements with it, so abruptly that it felt like being shaken awake from a beautiful dream. The sudden silence rang in my ears. Grandma looked so much like a kid caught with her hand in a cookie jar that I couldn’t help myself, and a slightly nervous laughter escaped. Grandma sighed and turned towards the kitchen. I followed her, not believing my eyes. She was walking with no difficulties in her beautiful shoes. We sat down by the table and cut ourselves big pieces of her delicious peach pie. "So...” I blurted, “How did your leg heal?" "To tell you the truth—my legs have been well all my life," she said. "But I don’t understand!" I said, "Your dancing career... I mean... You pretended all these years? "Very much so," Grandmother closed her eyes and savored the peach pie, "And for a very good reason." "What reason?" "Your grandfather." "You mean he told you not to dance?" "No, this was my choice. I am sure I would have lost him if I had continued dancing. I weighed fame and love against each other and love won." She thought for a while and then continued. “We were talking about engagement when your grandfather had to go to war. It was the most horrible day of my life when he left. I was so afraid of losing him, the only way I could stay sane was to dance. I put all my energy and time into practicing—and I became very good. Critics praised me, the public loved me, but all I could feel was the ache in my heart, not knowing whether the love of my life would ever return. Then I went home and read and re-read his letters until I fell asleep. He always ended his letters with ‘You are my Joy. I love you with my life’ and after that he wrote his name. And then one day a letter came. There were only three sentences: ‘I have lost my leg. I am no longer a whole man and now give you back your freedom. It is best you forget about me.’” "I made my decision there and then. I took my leave, and traveled away from the city. When I returned I had bought myself a cane and wrapped my leg tightly with bandages. I told everyone I had been in a car crash and that my leg would never completely heal again. My dancing days were over. No one suspected the story—I had learned to limp convincingly before I returned home. And I made sure the first person to hear of my accident was a reporter I knew well. Then I traveled to the hospital. They had pushed your grandfather outside in his wheelchair. There was a cane on the ground by his wheelchair. I took a deep breath, leaned on my cane and limped to him. " By now I had forgotten about the pie and listened to grandma, mesmerized. “What happened then?” I hurried her when she took her time eating some pie. "I told him he was not the only one who had lost a leg, even if mine was still attached to me. I showed him newspaper clippings of my accident. ‘So if you think I’m going to let you feel sorry for yourself for the rest of your life, think again. There is a whole life waiting for us out there! I don’t intend to be sorry for myself. But I have enough on my plate as it is, so you’d better snap out of it too. And I am not going to carry you-you are going to walk yourself.’" Grandma giggled, a surprisingly girlish sound coming from an old lady with white hair. "I limped a few steps toward him and showed him what I’d taken out of my pocket. ‘Now show me you are still a man,’ I said, ‘I won’t ask again.’ He bent to take his cane from the ground and struggled out of that wheelchair. I could see he had not done it before, because he almost fell on his face, having only one leg. But I was not going to help. And so he managed it on his own and walked to me and never sat in a wheelchair again in his life." "What did you show him?" I had to know. Grandma looked at me and grinned. "Two engagement rings, of course. I had bought them the day after he left for the war and I was not going to waste them on any other man." I looked at the drawing on the kitchen wall, sketched by my grandfather’s hand so many years before. The picture became distorted as tears filled my eyes. “You are my Joy. I love you with my life.” I murmured quietly. The young woman in the drawing sat on her park bench and with twinkling eyes smiled broadly at me, an engagement ring carefully drawn on her finger. 看了“经典英语文章阅读”的人还看了： 1. 经典美文阅读:生命在于完整 2. 英语经典美文阅读:品味现在 3. 经典美文佳作英汉阅读 4. 励志经典英语美文阅读 5. 一生必读的英文经典美文

英语文章阅读ppt

一、注重词汇积累,打好阅读基础阅读材料中的词汇和短语如同建房子的砖瓦,没有砖瓦无法建成高楼大厦,没有相当量的英语词汇,阅读是无法进行的,所以要提高 阅读能力,就要学会积累词语. 1.注重积累 在平时的词汇教学中,我将歌谣、游戏等多种形式带进课堂,在学习的同时完成词汇的积累.在班级经常开展一些词汇积累方面的活动,如听写比赛,认读单词比赛,单词接龙,课外阅读,收集单词等,充分调动了学生积累词汇的积极性,词汇量较以前大幅提高,学生也逐渐体会到阅读的成就感和快乐感. 2.联系上下文猜词 要想阅读取得好效果,必须尽可能地以多种形式记单词,扩大词汇量.平时最常用的方法就是猜词义,比如学了6B A部分后我给学生提供这样一个阅读材料,Spring Festival is in January or is a popular holiday in China. People usually spend time with their family and friends. They eat a lot of delicious have a good time at Spring Festival.而其中popular是一个生词,我就让学生根据已有知识联系上下文猜,学生很容易便猜了出来.如果学生在猜测有困难时,可以让他们跳过去,因为阅读的主要目的是抓住文章主题,并不一定非抓住每一个细节.经过不断的锻炼,猜词的本领就会不断提高,从而促进对文章主题的理解. 二、创设课堂氛围,提高阅读兴趣 1.游戏中阅读 牛津小学英语每个单元都为学生提供了阅读材料,图文并茂,有幽默小故事,有风趣小对话,有知识性的小短文,教师可以引导学生在活动中感知、体验、感悟和表现.5B Unit 8 E部分是由昆虫而引出的小短文,在教学中我设计了猜谜活动.It’s very small,but they can carry big things.学生猜出“ant”. It’s very glows at like to catch them.猜出“firefly”.通过理解词句来认识各种昆虫,然后再用其他几个昆虫类单词让学生自由描述,接着在学这部分短文时学生便能轻松地掌握,这样的游戏形式学生喜闻乐见.2.阅读中表演 6A Unit 1 E 部分是由一个公共标志引出的幽默小故事,教学时,我先让学生借助图片自己阅读,然后在通过课件对其中的重点词句作讲解和朗读指导,再让学生扮作Mr Smith和Park keeper用自己的语言来复述表演这个故事,看谁说得最生动,最有趣.于是出现了这样一个场景,一个男生信步走上前来说；Last night I was taking a walk in the park.（忽然神色凝重,两眼直直地看着前方）Suddenly I saw something on the ’s a ten yuan note.（他东张张西望望）I looked around:nobody nearby! .(然后迅速地走过去,捡起纸币) I quickly walked to the note and picked it up.（就在这时公园管理员走了上来说）Fine ￥10,Can’t you see the sign on the grass? 一连串有趣的话语,诙谐幽默的动作引来阵阵掌声.学生们个个跃跃欲试,这样的阅读活动,激发了学生的思维,调动了学生综合运用语言的能力.3.课堂留有余地小学中高年级学生已经有了一定的词汇积累,教师可以适当地给学生留一些时间或空间,让学生几人一组合作编对话或故事,对于一些难度较大的像编故事之类的,教师可以预先向学生作一些介绍,再给出一些词语,比如,在“The Wolf and The Lambs”中,我给学生提供了这样一些词语：some bread,cakes,potatoes,long teeth,wide mouth,grey hair,Who is it?Wait a minute,Open the door.然后放手让学生去自编,尽管学生的设计显示出很多的差异,却激发了他们的创造力和想象力,使邪恶得到了惩治,真、善、美的情感在孩子们的心中荡漾.三、精心选编材料,拓宽阅读面选编合适的英语阅读材料是发展学生英语阅读能力的重要条件,教师要根据学生的年龄特点和英语水平收集、选择和编定一些程度适合每个年龄层次的阅读材料,开展有益的阅读活动,阅读材料的选择要做到；1.贴近生活 阅读材料要以趣味性为主,贴近生活,激发学生的阅读兴趣,因为兴趣是最好的老师,兴趣也需要动力来维持,教育心理学家认为,人有追求知识的需要,这种认知需要成为学习活动的重要的动力.在选材时,要注意选材的多样性,如浅显易懂的儿歌、习语、动物故事、幽默故事以及一些常识性的短文,只要学生有兴趣读,都可以列入考虑范围.2.难易适中阅读材料的难易程度直接影响学生的阅读心理与情感.往往和生词量有关,生词太多学生读不懂,达不到训练的目的,还会对阅读产生畏惧心理,给进一步的阅读造成障碍.其次,文章体裁的不同也会对阅读材料的难易产生影响,教师应首先推选全部是熟词的材料,但里面的词语是重新组合搭配的,让学生在熟词的环境中理解体会.随后,生词量再逐渐递增.学生就不会觉得力不从心,就会品尝到阅读的乐趣.3.逐渐渗透 在阅读过程中,将影响学生阅读的难点词、短语逐个渗透各个环节中,让学生在更加简短的语篇阅读过程中、在图片看说过程中、在其运用过程中将这些词和短语理解并掌握,而不是像对话课教学一样,刻意地将他们逐个进行教学,如在教学6B Unit 3 Asking the way 的过程中为了引导学生理解句子 You can’t miss it.我先通过课件向学生展示Mr Smith 所在位置的平面图,然后利用上下文来猜,这样学生理解起来就很轻松.四、多种形式并举,提高阅读水平阅读的过程中,遇到生词、难句是在所难免的,在教学中应让学生越过少量生词、难句所造成的阅读障碍,从整体对词句进行推敲,加快阅读文章的速度,提高对文章理解的正确性,同时灵活采用多种方式,提高学生的阅读水平.1.梯度性提问 提问是检测理解与否的主要方式之一,提问可以是教师与学生之间的,也可以是学生与学生之间的.提问设计要设阶梯,层层递进；提问设计要有“度”；要注意对学生回答的处理,教师只是给出问题,其真正的目的在于引领学生在阅读过程中自主探究,主动的感悟体验,做到引而不发.“引”是激疑,是提示,是点拨,是引导,是启发,通过“引”让学生自己去分析、感知、发现、创造.2.阅读指导 要提高学生的阅读能力,首先应使学生具有一定的阅读量.只有具备了一定的阅读量,才能建立起语感,才能使阅读上一个台阶.这并不是教师在课堂上所能解决的,因为阅读能力的培养是一个任重道远的过程,对于小学高年级学生来说,阅读时间是有限的,除了布置相适应的阅读任务外,在课堂上适度指导是相当有意义的.阅读以理解为目的,要培养学生正确理解语篇的能力,教师必须引导学生仔细观察语言,掌握必须的篇章知识,弄清各层次之间的制约关系以帮助他们正确预测,最大限度的提高阅读课的效率.3．尝试表达 到了小学高年级学生已经积累了一定的语言知识,同时表现欲也较强,这时可以尝试让学生自我表达,比如学完了5B Unit7 A busy day 我让学生说出他们一天的生活情况.通过这种形式的交流,增进了同学间的了解；又如在教学完了5B Unit9 The English Club 后,我让学生结合自己的情况作一个自我介绍,其中一名学生是这样介绍自己的： My name is ZhangZhongGuo, I’m a boy. I’m Chinese. I’m from Yi Zhen. I’m tall and thin. I have short hair. I am very active. I study at Xincheng Primary School. I like playing basketball and listening to music. I like reading with my classmates.通过这样的训练,不但提高了学生的表达能力,也激发了他们的学习兴趣.4．拓展延伸 英语阅读能力的培养,“得法于课内,得益于课外.”课内阅读是基础,课外延伸是补充.课外阅读不但能促进学生英语阅读理解能力的提高,还能有效促进学生英语综合技能的发展.因此,开展阅读教学活动,根据阅读教学要求,从单词、句子、短文入手,由易到难,循序渐进,让学生的阅读量在有限的时间和空间内得到延伸,让学生在运用英语进行活动、思维、交流的过程中不断的增加对阅读信息的渴望和追求.阅读,可以培养学生的学习兴趣,激发学习动机,让课堂绽放异彩.要全面大幅度提高学生的阅读理解能力,需要不断的锻炼学生的思维及想象力；需要坚持不懈,锲而不舍,在平时的教学中创设氛围,积累词汇,精心选择适合学生阅读的体裁,把课内课外有机地统一起来,充分发挥学生的主观能动性,突出他们的主体地位,让学生在享受阅读所带来的乐趣的同时进一步增强课外阅读的兴趣.

列出文章的大纲，大纲内容展示在PPT上，然后添加对应图片或者音乐就可以了。

1.小学英语课件

unit 3 part a look, read and say

教学目标：

1、学生能听说读单词exciting

2、学生能听说读写单词excited, sports.

3、学生能了解一般过去时的意义和基本用法：it was there just now. they were here a momentago.

4、学生通过本课的学习，知道要照看好自己的物品。

重点难点：

一般过去时态的理解和运用

教学准备：

1、多媒体课件

2、录音机

教学过程：

一、free talk

t: hello, boys and girls. its a fine day today, isnt?

s: yes.

t: what date is it today?

s: its …

t: whens your birthday?

s: my birthdays on the …of …

t: my birthdays on the … of … so yesterday was my birthday. i got manypresents and i was very excited. understand?

s: yes.

t: and i watched a sports meeting on tv with my friends. its olympicgames. when was the beijing olympic game?(课件展示奥运会图片和口号)

s: it was on the 8th of august.

二、presentation

1、sports

t: do you like olympic games?

s: yes, i do.

t: so i think you like sports.

(课件展示运动的单词和图片，以旧带新读出新单词)

t：look, the children are having a sports meeting. lets say a chant.

the students look at the pictures and say the chant together:

swimming, swimming, theyre swimming.

skating, skating, theyre skating.

skiing, skiing, theyre skiing.

running, running, theyre running.

2、race

t: look, the men are running, they are having a running race.

(课件展示图片，学生根据已学单词自己读出新单词race)

t: look at the pictures and tell me what race is it?

(课件出示游泳比赛、赛 马和赛车的图片，让学生说一说)

3、exciting

t: which race do you like watching?

s: i like watching … races.

t: why?

s: because its …

t: its very exciting.(课件出示图片和单词)

操练新单词，朗读、组词和造句

4、excited

t: when you watch the exciting games, how do you feel?

s: i feel very happy.

t: me, too. i will feel very excited.

(课件出示图片和单词，操练新单词，朗读、组词和造句)

巩固新内容

课件展示一段学生进行跑步比赛的视频和提示，学生以小组讨论的形式谈论该视频。

5、was were以及一般过去时的意义。

根据学生对视频的描述，教师将课件上的be动词一个个改为was, were并示范朗读，同时出现一般过去时的意义并让学生归纳be动词的变化规律。

6、just now, a moment ago

t; 如何判断一个句子是否为过去时呢?在一般过去时的句子中常会出现表示过去时间的时间状语，如just now, a moment ago.

(朗读单词和词组，用其中的新单词moment ago组词造句)

三、巩固操练

1、将下列句子改成一般过去时

2、看一看，比一比，说一说

四、consolidation

listen to the tape carefully and answer the questions.

五、practice in groups

use the things in the gift boxes and make dialogues.

2.小学英语课件

知识与技能

1、Can follow the tape and points out the correct English Numbers.

2、Can use the correct English pronunciation and intonation say 1 to 10，saying the chant.

过程与方法

to the teachers‘ instruction to act。

to the music， and cultivate with the ability of music songs.

情感态度价值观

Through games， action performances and other activities， develop andmaintain students interest in learning English.

教学重点：

To be able to understand and speak English number 1 to 10 。

教学难点：

To understand and sing English songs

授课类型：

The new teaching

教法学法：

Listen ，act ，and the game method

教学准备：

PPT课件

教学过程：

Ⅰ、Warm--up

Lets chant

One finger， two finger， three fingers， four

One two three four five fingers more

Six finger， seven finger， eight fingers， nine

Six seven eight nine ten fingers ten.

Ⅱ、Preparation

T： Good morning! Boys and girls.

Ss： Good morning!

T： Show me your pencil/ruler/schoolbag/book.

Ss will do action.

Ⅲ、Presentation

will show some pictures and let students describe thepictures.

T： Look at the pictures. Whats this?

S1： Its a tiger.

T： Ok! How many tigers do you see? You can speak Chinese.

will write the new word on the blackboard.

T： Read after me.

Ss read the new words together.

will show the other new words by the pictures.

will read the new words by the cartoon.

Ⅳ、Practice

let students count their fingers. Who can act it?

show some pictures and let students count it one by one.

and do. Teacher will say the numbers and students do action.

T： Show me five. Students listen and do action.

watch the cartoon and chant after it.

read the new words by the word cards.

chant after the tape.

板书设计：

Unit4 numbers

One two three four five

作业布置

will count the real things.

2. Sing 1-10 English songs to your parents.

3.小学英语课件

1.能比较流畅地朗读A部分对话，并进一步表演对话。

2.能熟练运用本单元的重点句型

Whens your birthday? My birthdays on…

What would you like as a birthday present?

Id like…根据实际情况进行问答。

3.通过完成D部分练习，使学生掌握听力填空的答题技巧。

教学重点：

能熟练运用本单元的重点句型

Whens your birthday? My birthdays on…

What would you like as a birthday present?

Id like…根据实际情况进行问答。

教学准备：

日历、录音机及磁带、句型小黑板

板书设计：

Unit 3 Bens birthday

A: Whens your birthday?

B: My birthdays on…

A: What would you like as a birthday present?

B:Id like…

教学过程：

A. Free talk

and say(看日历说日期)

talk

T: What day is it today? T: What date is it today?

T: Whens your birthday? T: What would you like as a birthday present?

T: Would you like a …?

T: Whens the Teachers Day?/Whens the Childrens Day? S: Its Monday.

S: Its the…

S: Its on the…

S: Id like a …

S: Yes, I do./ No, I dont.

S: Its on the tenth of September./Its on the first of June.

B. Read and act

1. Books opened at P22. Read the text after the tape.

2. Then read in chorus. Try to recite the text.

3. Act the dialogue.

C. Ask and answer

your birthday?

T: What would you like as a birthday present?

Open the books at P25. Ask and answer in pairs.

2. Do a survey

全班进行汇总反馈

A: Xxs birthday is on … He would like……

D. Listen and write

opened at at the picture , please.

T: Bens birthdays coming. He is talking to his family about his birthdayparty. What would he like as his birthday present? Lets listen carefully.

: What would he like as his birthday present?

T: What else would he like?

T: What color?

T: What does Ron want?

to the tape again and fill in the blankets.

up the answers.

the sentences in chorus.

S: He would like a big cake with a lots of strawberries.

S: He would like some fish.

S: A blue one and a yellow one.

S: He wants a blue fish, too.

homework

1. Ask and answer(P25)

2. 通过询问制作全班同学生日表。

3. 预习Part E。

4.小学英语课件

教学重点、难点：听说、认读三会单词。

教具：有关六种小动物的头饰、玩具，相关单词卡片。

多媒体制作要点：创设情境引入新课、出示六种小动物的动态图片、小队比赛成绩表、根据书上练习制作小动物相应的动作（突破句子这个难点，帮助学生理解，同时调动课堂学习气氛）

教学方法：小组合作学习

教学设计：

一、组织教学：

师：看谁坐得最精神！（学生整顿坐资）

师：（手指多媒体）同学们，这节课我们要乘坐Welcome 列车到动物王国里游玩一番，你们愿意吗？（生：愿意！）

OK!Are you ready ？(生：Yes.) Now ,class begin ！

师生问好：Good morning ,class. (S:Good morning , Miss Lin .) OK,sit down ,please .

二、导入新课：

师：（多媒体展示）同学们看，动物王国的小动物可真淘气，有的露出一只小耳朵，有的露出了一只半截小尾巴，还有的露出了一只小手。那么你们能猜出它们是谁吗？（学生纷纷举手发言）——猜，是小学生的一大嗜好。一石激起千层浪，学生的热情被点燃。

师：那让我们来看个究竟吧！（多媒体展示各种小动物的动态图片）——生动有趣的动画效果，激起学生的学习兴趣

师：第一个出场的是谁……（在多媒体展示的过程中，学生说出各种小动物，老师借此板贴单词卡片）——结合个别学生课外参加补习班的情况，而这一课的单词又比较常见，很多同学能直接说出这些小动物用英语怎么说。因此，借此导课。

三、教学单词：

1、了解学生知识水平

①、师：刚才老师听到有些同学知道这些小动物用英语怎么说，老师可真佩服你。那么，你能站起来再说一遍吗？——及时鼓励！能说几个就说几个！——让每个学生知道自己很棒，感受成功的喜悦！

（生说单词。师：你真棒！老师要奖励你一个小粘贴，希望你继续努力。同学们给他鼓掌。）

②、师：有没有7个单词全会读的同学？（生举手）请你们站起来给同学们大声读一遍好吗？——教读一遍单词，在给好学生表现机会的同时，老师了解学生的知识水平。

2、小组合作学习

①、提出学习要求：我们同学可真棒！那么，如果让你把自己知道的知识教给你小组的同学，一会儿我们小组之间比一比，你们愿意吗？（生：愿意！）请你拿出单词卡片，我们比一比哪位同学最乐于助人，哪个小组学到的单词最多。开始！

②、同学们互教互学，老师巡视指导，督促性格内向或者知识基础较差的学生。——基于学生知识两极分化严重的问题，在掌握学生现有知识水平的基础上（根据情况可将基础好的学生分散到各个小组当中），通过以好带差，在好学生“吃好”的同时，让差生“吃的饱”！保证全体学生的参与，促进全体学习的积极性和主动性！

③、汇报学习结果：

师：看哪一组胸有成竹，准备好了？（巡视）

（分组考单词，并预于奖励。根据时间，最后剩下的.小组可采用集体考的方式，保证所有同学参与到学习中来。）

师：（鼓励）同学们可真棒，我们一起为自己鼓鼓掌！

④、根据学生汇报，有针对性地教读单词。——结合实际情况，注意读的方式：领读、指名读、男女生读、开火车读、高低音读等等。

3、教学Lets do 。

在教读单词的过程中，师领读，并模仿相应的动作。

四、练习、巩固单词

师：同学们，这七个单词中，你还有不会的吗？（巡视）好了，现在我们分小队比一比，看看哪个小队是我们今天最后的胜利者。（多媒体出示成绩表）

小队比赛：①、高低音比赛；②、中英对换练习；③、选代表背对黑板，师指单词，生读，小组代表做相应动作，比谁最快。最慢的将接受背诵七个单词的考验，单词过关才能为小队赢得商标；④、利用问答的形式练读句子：I have a……（对上一节课知识的巩固，也是本节课的一个知识点）（师：Whats your name ? 生：根据头饰回答自己的名字：My name is …然后举起手中的手偶：I have a……）——结合实际，温顾知新 、培养学生的竞争意识、激起学习兴趣

五、在游戏中巩固知识

1、师：同学们我们来放松一下好吗？请同学们站起来，跟老师一起说，随大屏幕一起做（Lets do）。

——多媒体配上各种小动物的叫声，演示各种小动物的动作。学生兴趣高涨。

2、练读Lets do 。师：请同学们这样做：老师说Jump like a rabbit 。同学们说 rabbit、rabbit、rabbit 。并完成相应的动作。OK？谁愿意到前面来领做？——愉快教学

3、练习Lets do 。师说生做；生说生做。

六、知识反馈

师：同学们，这节课我们学了七个单词，你们都会了吗？（生：会了。）那你们有胆量让在座的各位领导、老师考考你们吗？（生：有！）请同学们开始行动！（学生各自找老师考单词）——培养学生的交际能力、更全面地检测学生的知识掌握情况。

七、作业，扩展练习

师：同学们，除了这七个单词你还知道其他的英语单词吗？（指名说）好了，铃声已经响了。由于时间的关系我们只能说到这里。同学们看这样好不好。课后我们将自己知道的单词进行搜集整理，下节课我们来比一比看谁知道的单词最多，看谁是我们班的英语小博士，OK？——利用学生高涨的情绪，将知识自然地扩展到课外，同时让每个同学都乐于完成作业。

师：OK!Class is over . Good bye ！

生：Bye--bye. Miss Lin.

5.小学英语课件

本节课是PEP Book3第五单元第一课时。这是以“食物”为话题，主要教学“rice，noodle, fish, beef, soup, vegetable .”这6个新词，复习 “Can I have some…, please? Sure. Here you are. 句型，并初步掌握What would you like for dinner ? Id like some…新句型。并能积极的运用所学英语进行表达、交流，从而进一步激发和培养同学学习英语的兴趣，发展自主学习的能力以和综合运用英语的能力。

二、本节课优秀教案

（一）、Warm-up

.

2. Lets sing：Apple song

（二）、Revision

1、Ask and answer:

T: Good morning. Ss: Good morning.

T: Whats your name? Ss: My name is ….

T: How are you ? Ss: Fine, thank you.

T: How old are you? Ss: I am 11.

2、Lead-in

T: Look at the screen. This is my room. Whats this?

Ss: Its a TV/sofa/shelf/fridge/bed…

T: Do you like it?

Ss: Yes, I do. / No, I dont.

T: Then whats on the table?

Ss: Eggs/Bread/Milk/Chicken/Juice/Hot dog/Hamburger…

（用富有节奏的歌声将同学带入英语学习的乐园,调动同学的积极性,也为新的学习作好语言知识和情感态度上的准备。通过多媒体课件的演示，将内容直观地出现在同学面前，发明逼真的语境。）

3、Game：Quick response.

T: Lets do a quick response. Ill point to a picture. If you like it, you please say: Can I have some…，please?

S1: Can I have some milk, please?

S2: Can I have a hamburger, please?

S3: Can I have some juice, please?

T: Sure. Here you are. (Give students the pictures.)

（经过前面的热身后，同学的思维逐渐被打开。再通过游戏，更激发了同学学习的积极性。）

（三）、Presentation & Drill

1、 T: Look at the screen. This is Zooms restaurant. In this restaurant, we can see a lot of nice food and drinking. What would you like?

S1: I like bread.

S2: I like milk.

S3: I like chicken.

S4: I like juice.

T: So many people like to go to the restaurant. Look! This is the menu. What would you like?

MENU

Juice ￥3 rice ￥1

bread ￥2 fish ￥8

milk ￥1 beef ￥10

chicken ￥9 soup ￥4

hot dog ￥3 noodles ￥5

hamburger ￥3 vegetable ￥2

2、If you want to go to the restaurant and you want to eat something, you must learn to say the new words: rice, fish, beef, soup, noodles and vegetable. Today I invite Zoom to help us. You can read the words after him.

3、Lets do a quick response. Ill say a word, you please listen and raise your card quickly, ok?

4、Wonderful! Would you like to eat the nice food? I think you should say: Can I have some…,please?

Raise the pictures and let the students practice: Can I have some noodles, please?

Teacher answers: Sure. Here you are.

5、Right! Then please open your books to Page 58. You can see a menu. Listen to the tape and then read after it.

（运用多媒体课件，创设学习氛围，协助同学从Zooms menu中学习单词。）

（四）、Practice

1、Look at my picture. If you like the food , please stand up and say: Can I have some…,please?

Help the other students to say: Sure. Here you are.

Practice in your groups.

2. Then we can go to Zooms restaurant.

Im the waitress. Welcome! Can I help you?

Let the students buy something.

Can I have some…,please?

Sure. Here you are.

3、Who wants to be the waiter or waitress?

（借助图片再次复现单词和句型，开展小组操练，有助于下一环节操练内容的开展。开始进行情境模拟，先由老师辅助练习。把活动的主动权交给同学，让同学真正体验活动的乐趣。）

（五）、Consolidation

1、Today weve learnt Unit 5 What Would You Like, A. weve learnt 6 new words. And go to Zooms restaurant. Lets read the menu again.

And if we want to buy food, we should say….

2、 After the class, I hope you can use the words and sentences in your life.

3、 Homework: Go to the KFC with your father and mother. Please try to speak English to buy food.

三、教学反思

本课教学中，我为同学创设了一个喜闻乐见的情境——Zoom开 餐馆，在情境中，同学可以练习所学的单词，可以练习实用的句型，还可以初步了解西方的饮食习惯，一举多得，我教得省力，同学学得开心。在这几年的教学实践 中我们不难发现，同学对吃的食物总是有很高的热情。曾经有一个同学，平时的英语学习一团糟，但在学习食物单元时却获得了前所未有的好成果。 究其原因，就是“兴趣”两字在起作用。教食品单元时老 师经常会带上一大堆可口的食物，大家边吃边学，吃得开心，学得顺心，就算真的没带事物来，也会带来有好看好吃的食物欣赏，无意识地同学就掌握了这一大堆的 单词。除实物外，多媒体课件是教师营造逼真交际情境的手段。本课中教师除借助它发明了真实的情境外，还让多媒体开口，让Zoom教同学新单词，着实把同学的兴趣大大激发了起来，也确实收到了很好的教学效果。 在 教学中，我们不难发现任务型教学模式所倡议的教学理念鼓励师生之间进行互动，要求教师把教学内容融入具体的任务中，让同学边学边用，边用边学。在进行教学 时，同学在明确的任务目标驱动下，经常能比较自觉、主动参与课堂实践。这真正实现了以话题为核心，以任务为主线，任务以活动为载体，活动以同学为中心的教 学原则。在教学中，教师的价值就在于组织同学开展适时、适当的活动，和时提供并调整同学学习运用交流过程中发生的问题，通过结合教学目标设计出意义的情境 任务活动，引起同学的共鸣，促进同学积极主动地投入英语学习中。本课在设计时，早早地提出了Zoom的餐馆的任务，不但让同学有明确的任务目标，而且引起了同学强烈的好奇心和参与欲 望；然后，又借助课件创设出的逼真的情境，让Zoom教 小朋友们学习新单词，并通过师生、生生等不同结构的操练，巩固了教学效果。同学在感知语言的过程中通过餐厅中点餐的任务情境，习得了这个对话。像这样，在执 行任务的过程中，待时机幼稚时创设真实的活动场景，使同学学之能用，学之即用，既可以培养同学在逼真的情境中自编对话、相互交际的能力，又可以培养同学的 协作精神，充沛发挥他们的各项职能特征，真正体现英语学习的交际性。