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家电英文论文参考文献

发布时间:2024-07-04 12:22:34

家电英文论文参考文献

提供一些有关家电服务的参考文献,供参考。[1]从立法与实践的矛盾看当前中国家电售后服务体系[J]. 家用电器, 2007,(04) . [2] 周业乍,胡武青,王欢,朱玉. 家电行业售后服务问题探析[J]. 科技资讯, 2007,(17) . [3] 石少菊. 海尔的售后服务体系是怎么管理的?[J]. 现代家电, 2007,(02) . [4] 李晶. 2007上海市场家电调查报告 售后服务:家电品牌竞争的制高点[J]. 中国质量万里行, 2007,(06) . [5] 沈际. 略论中小城市家电企业售后服务[J]. 滁州学院学报, 2007,(04) . [6] 梅澎. 家电行业怎样打好售后服务牌[J]. 经营与管理, 2004,(04) . [7] 郑红,张振业. 我国家电行业售后服务新模式初探[J]. 家电科技, 2006,(07) . [8] 家电售后服务包修≠保修[J]. 广西质量监督导报, 2006,(08) . [9] 张德南,孙晓园. 谈我国家电企业的售后服务[J]. 辽宁经济, 2005,(02) . [10] 于华. 感性消费时代的售后服务[J]. 四川经济管理学院学报, 2007,(02) . [11] 向益生. 家电服务管理的现状分析及其对策[J]. 现代营销(学苑版), 2008,(01)

英文论文写作参考文献

参考文献是文章或著作等写作过程中参考过的文献,文后参考文献是指为撰写或编辑论文和著作而引用的有关文献信息资源。

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[1] Zhixin W, Chuanwen J, Qian A, et al. The key technology of offshore wind farm and its new development in China[J]. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2009, 13(1):216-222.

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[1] T. Paulay and J. R. Binney. Diagonally Reinforced coupling beams of shear Walls[S].ACI Special Publication 42, Detroit, 1974, 2: 579-598

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根据学术堂的了解,参考文献是英语论文的重要组成部分,也是编辑加工和重要内容。接下来就为大家介绍英语论文参考文献格式要求,欢迎阅读。I.文内引用(一)直接引用1.引用中的省略原始资料的引用:在正文中直接引用时,应给出作者、年份,并用带括号的数字标出页码。若有任何资料省略,使用英文时,应用3个省略号在句中标出(…),中文用6个(……);若两句间的资料省略,英文应用4个省略号标出(‥‥),中文用6个(……)。若要在直接引用插入自己的解释,应使用方括号[ ]。若在资料中有什么错误拼写、错误语法或标点错误会使读者糊涂,应在引用后立即插入[sic],中文用[原文如此]。下面是一些示例:例一:The DSM IV defines the disorder [dysthymic] as being in a chronically depressed mood that occurs for "most of the day more days than not for at least two years (Criterion A) .... In children, the mood may be irritable rather than depressed, and the required minimum duration is only one year" (APA, 1994, p. 345).例二:Issac (1995) states that bipolar disorder "is not only uncommon but may be the most diagnostic entity in children and adolescents in similar settings .... and may be the most common diagnosis in adolescents who are court-remanded to such settings" ().2.大段落引用当中文引用超过160字时,不使用引号,而使用“块”的形式(引用起于新的一行,首行缩进4个空格,两端对齐,之后每行都缩进)。当英文引用超过40字时,不使用引号,而使用“块”的形式(引用起于新的一行,首行缩进5个空格,左对齐,之后每行都缩进)。Elkind (1978) states:In general, our findings support Piaget's view that perceptionsas well as intelligence are neither entirely inborn nor entirely innate but are rather progressively constructed through the gradual development of perceptual regulations. The chapter has also attempted to demonstrate the applicability of Piaget's theory to practical issues by summarizing some research growing out of an analysis of beginning reading. ()(二)间接引用1.基本格式同作者在同一段中重复被引用时,第一次必须写出日期,第二次以后则日期可省略。a.英文文献:In a recent study of reaction times, Walker (2000) described the method…Walker also found…。b.中文文献:李福印(2004)提出概念隐喻的重要性,…;李福印同时建议…。2. 单一作者a. 英文文献:姓氏(出版或发表年代)或(姓氏,出版或发表年代)。例如:Porter (2001)…或…(Porter, 2001)。b. 中文文献:姓名(出版或发表年代)或(姓名,出版或发表年代)。例如:杨惠中(2011)…或…(杨惠中,2011)。3.两个作者英文引用时,在圆括号内使用两名作者的姓氏,并使用“&”来连接,在正文中,使用“and”连接两名作者。中文引用时,在圆括号内使用两名作者的姓名,并用顿号“、”来连接,在正文中,使用 “和”、“与”、“及”等字连接两名作者。例如:(Smith & Jones, 1994), or Smith and Jones (1994) found....In 1994 Smith and Jones researched.... Always cite both names in text.陈国华和田兵(2008)认为…或…(陈国华、田兵,2008)4.三至五个作者英文第一次引用参考资料时,列出所有的作者的姓氏,除最后一名作者之前在正文中使用逗号加“and”、在圆括号内使用逗号加“&”连接外,之前的其他作者之间使用逗号“,”;之后引用时,英文用第一个作者的姓随之以“et al.”。中文第一次引用参考资料时,列出所有作者的姓名,除最后两名作者之间用“和”连接外,之前的其他作者之间使用顿号“、”;之后引用时,用第一名作者加“等”字。例如:Strasburger, Jorgensen, and Randles (1996) found differences.... (第一次使用).Strasburger et al. (1996) also created tests.... (在段落中第二次使用).Starsburger et al. found discrepancies.... (在同一段落中再次使用,此时省略年份).卫乃兴、李文中与濮建忠(2005)指出…或…(卫乃兴、李文中、濮建忠,2005)。(第一次使用)卫乃兴等(2005)指出…或…(卫乃兴等,2005)。(第二次使用)5.六个作者及以上使用英文时,只用第一个人的姓氏加“et al.”;使用中文时,只列出第一名作者的姓名,再加上“等”。例如:Pouliquen et al. (2003)……或……(Pouliquen et al., 2003)王洪俊等(2007)…或…(王洪俊等,2007)6.团体作者使用中文时,第一次用全称,比如,(首都师范大学教育科学学院[首师大教科院],2001);之后可以用简称,比如,首师大教科院(2001)的调查表明……。使用英文时,第一次引用时,拼出团体,比如, (National Institute of Mental Health [NIMH], 1996);以后用团体缩写加年份表示,比如,The NIMH (1996) examined....。7.没有作者的文献当一部作品没有作者时,在文中引用参考文献目录单中的前几个字(通常是标题)和年份。比如,一项关于成年人抑郁症的调查(“Study Finds”, 1997)报告……。当某作品的作者列为“Anonymous”、中文使用“匿名”或“无名氏”时,英文引用时用“Anonymous”加逗号及年份,即(Anonymous, 1997),中文用“匿名”加逗号及年份,即(匿名,1997)。8.英文文献作者姓氏相同英文文献作者姓氏相同时,相同姓氏之作者于论文中引用时均引用全名,以避免混淆。例如:R. D. Luce (1995) and G. E. Luce (1988)…。9.多篇文献a. 多篇文献,同一作者若一作者有多篇你想引用的文献,只需用逗号“,”来区隔作品的发表年份(最早到最晚依序排列)。若多篇文献在同一年内发表,请在年份后面加上a、b、c……等标注。(按:abc的使用需与参考文献部分有所对应,而这些文献的编排以标题名称的字母来决定。)例如:1)A recent study found a possible genetic cause of alcoholism (Pauling, 2004, 2005a, 2005b).2)Pauling (2004, 2005a, 2005b) conducted a study that discovered a possible genetic cause of alcoholismb.多篇文献,多位作者文献依姓氏字母(笔画)、出版年代等顺序排列,不同作者之间用分号“;”分开,相同作者不同年代之文献用逗号“,” 分开。例如:…(Pautler, 1992; Razik & Swanson, 1993a, 1993b)。例如:…(董伟,2010;周音,2011a,2011b)。

在经历了激烈的市场竞争后,家电零售已经日趋成为中国流通业中较为成熟的行业——从原来的商品进货渠道的比拼,到家电经营规模的对抗,后又经历了残酷的价格血刃战,当前又是品牌、经营模式、供应链、服务等综合能力的较量,总之,现在的家电经营商家为保持现有市场的既得利益,并提升经营业绩,已到了一个几乎将所有经营要素都被翻腾个遍,似乎用烂的程度了。记得前几天听一位专家讲,一分钱可以将一个企业打败,似乎耸人听闻,但是仔细想来,也确实这样,一个高速发展的大型企业,如果不能比竞争对手在成本控制上降低1分钱,那么结果可想而知。家电竞争已开始为1分钱而争,但对于那些刚进入家电市场的新经营者或拟进入的未来经营者,除了要在开业初期考虑如何通过自己的优势和差异战略快速击败竞争对手,抢夺市场,提高商品的市场销售份额外,是否认真考虑过被商家视为棘手和“投入有形回报无形”的售后服务的规划和设计呢?那么又应该怎样进行新门店的家电售后服务的规划呢?目前中国家电市场的一个现状是,各厂家产品同质化、商家服务无严重等,使得售后服务成为取胜市场的重要法宝之一,基于此,不少厂家和商家都纷纷扩大服务的内容,类似于“10年保修”“终身保修”等不切实际的承诺陆续出台,正是由于家电服务的功能被错误的扭曲,不少家电巨头和商家背负上了售后服务的沉重包袱,据笔者调查了解,像海尔、海信、TCL等家电大鳄,每年用于售后、维修服务的支出超过1亿元,因此,面对如此的家电市场和巨大的售后服务压力,中国的商家一般有三种售后服务的操作模式。一是自己不建售后服务中心和售后服务站,售后咨询和维修等服务完全依赖生产厂家的维修站和特约维修点去处理,这样节约了商家的经营费用,同时对商家来说也存在降低服务质量的隐患;第二种是将售后服务作为家电销售服务的提升,市场竞争的武器,通过售后服务,获取的忠诚度而达到占领市场的操作模式,但是这种方式却存在长期的服务投入成本与当期的销售获益难以衡量的问题,存在服务成本无底洞的风险;第三种是把家电售后服务作为商场销售服务保障外,也作为自己商场的另一种可销售的“商品”,通过争取成为厂家的特约维修站,既保证了对自己本商场销售商品的售后维修,又通过替厂家维修非本商场销售的家电商品而获取厂家的维修结算费;并通过各种途径接收本商场售后服务以外的维修任务(超出保修范围以外及其他商家销售的家电类商品),使售后服务成为商家的又一利润创增点,但如果该种模式控制不好,就会造成售后服务赢利与商场整体服务提升之间的矛盾。在国外,用户须为维修家电付费早已成为惯例,比如东芝电梯主要靠卖维修耗材、配件及获取高额维修费作为获利点的,但在国内,由于在家电市场竞争初期企业盲目的承诺,及市场消费水平较低等因素,使已形成了“买家电的同时也买了服务”的观点,认为售后服务应该免费或低收费,因此我们不能为甩掉售后服务高投入低产出的包袱,盲目套用国外的售后维修的经验,也不能通过降低服务质量而缩减服务成本。因此我们不难看出,第三种售后服务模式的优势显而易见,重点在于经营者怎样把握利润与服务成本之间的关系。于是,我们就站在这种思路的基础上来尝试进行家电新开门店售后服务的规划。首先,我们就以一家位于中等规模城市,经营规模在1500~3000平方米,初期资金投入在500~1000万元的门店为例,把最难做的头三年进行详细设计和规划,三年后,该店的售后维修即进入正常的设计运营状态——既要保持持续的获利,实现自保,又能节省费用而不降低服务质量。家电新开门店的第一年,作为家电类生产厂家一般都有整机一年保修,主要部件三年保修,超过三年自己维修的服务承诺,因此经营者完全可以在开业第一年把精力重点放在提高前台家电商品的销售额,扩大当地的市场份额上。与此同时建立起售后服务平台,提升企业形象上,增加市场卖点。

家电论文英文参考文献

英文参考文献标准格式

参考文献是学术论文的重要组成部分,它的作用众所周知,在此不再赘述。参考文献是英语论文的重要组成部分,也是编辑加工和重要内容。为帮助大家顺利完成学术论文的撰写,我为大家介绍英语论文参考文献格式要求,欢迎阅读。

学位论文参考文献的.格式

丨 期刊

期刊作者.题名[J].刊名,出版年,卷(期):起止页码

周庆荣,张泽廷,朱美文,等.固体溶质在含夹带剂超临界流体中的溶解度[J].化工学报,1995,46(3):317 323

Dobbs J M, WongJ M. Modification of supercritical fluid phasebehavior using polorcoselvent[J]. Ind Eng Chem Res, 1987,26:56

刘仲能,金文清.合成医药中间体4-甲基咪唑的研究[J].精细化工,(2):103-105

Mesquita A C,Mori M N, Vieira J M, et al . Vinyl acetatepolymerization by ionizingradiation[J].Radiation Physics and Chemistry,2002, 63:465

丨 专著

专著作者.书名[M].版本(第一版不著录).出版地:出版者,出版年.起止页码

蒋挺大.亮聚糖[M].北京:化学工业出版社,

Kortun Spectroscopy[M]. New York: Spring-Verlag,1969

丨 论文集

论文集作者.题名[C].编者.论文集名.出版地:出版者,出版年.起止页码

郭宏,王熊,刘宗林.膜分离技术在大豆分离蛋白生产中综合利用的研究[C].余立新.第三届全国膜和膜过程学术报告会议论文集.北京:高教出版社,

Eiben A E,vander Hauw J 3-SAT with adaptive geneticalgorithms [C].Proc 4th IEEEConfEvolutionary Press,

丨 学位论文

学位论文作者.题名[D].保存地点:保存单位,年份

陈金梅.氟石膏生产早强快硬水泥的试验研究(D).西安:西安建筑科学大学,2000

ChrisstoffelsL A J . Carrier-facilitated transport as a mechanistic tool insupramolecular chemistry[D].The Netherland:

丨 专利文献

专利文献题名[P].国别,专利文献种类,专利号.出版日期

仲前昌夫, 佐藤寿昭. 感光性树脂[ P ]. 日本, 特开平

Hasegawa,Toshiyuki, Yoshida,et Coating composition[P].EP

Yamaguchi K,Hayashi A. Plant growth promotor and productionthereof [P].Jpn,

丨 技术标准文献

标准标准编号,标准名称[S]

ISO 1210-1982,塑料 小试样接触火焰法测定塑料燃烧性[S]

GB 2410-80,透明塑料透光率及雾度实验方法[S]

丨 报纸

报纸作者.题名[N].报纸名,出版日期(版次)

陈志平.减灾设计研究新动态[N].科技日报,1997-12-12(5)

丨 报告

报告作者.题名[R].保存地点:年份

中国机械工程学会.密相气力输送技术[R].北京:1996

丨 电子文献

电子文献作者.题名[电子文献及载体类型标识].文献出处,日期

万锦柔.中国大学学报论文文摘(1983-1993)[DB/CD].北京:中国百科全书出版社,1996

文献类型及其标识

根据GB3469 规定:

①期刊[J]

②专著[M]

③论文集[C]

④学位论文[D]

⑤专利[P]

⑥标准[S]

⑦报纸[N]

⑧技术报告[R]

电子文献载体类型用双字母标识,例如:

①磁带[MT]

②磁盘[DK]

③光盘[CD]

④联机网络[OL]

①联机网上数据库[DB/OL]

②磁带数据库[DB/MT]

③光盘图书[M/CD]

④磁盘软件[CP/DK]

⑤网上期刊[J/OL]

⑥网上电子公告[EB/OL]

英文文献采用 APA格式

丨 单一作者著作的书籍:

姓,名字首字母.(年). 书名(斜体). 出版社所在城市:出版社.

Sheril, R. D.(1956). The terrifying future: Contemplating color television. San Diego:Halstead.

丨 两位作者以上合著的书籍:

姓,名字首字母., & 姓,名字首字母.(年). 书名(斜体). 出版社所在城市:出版社.

Smith, J., & Peter, Q. (1992).Hairball: An intensive peek behind the surface of an enigma. Hamilton, ON:McMaster University Press.

丨 文集中的文章:

Mcdonalds, A.(1993). Practical methods for the apprehension and sustained containment ofsupernatural entities. In G. L. Yeager (Ed.), Paranormal and occult studies:Case studies in application (pp. 42–64). London: OtherWorld Books.

丨 期刊中的文章(非连续页码):

Crackton, P.(1987). The Loonie: God's long-awaited gift to colourful pocket change?Canadian Change, 64(7), 34–37.

丨期刊中的文章(连续页码):

姓,名字首字母.(年). 题目. 期刊名(斜体). 第几期,页码.

Rottweiler, F. T.,& Beauchemin, J. L. (1987). Detroit and Narnia: Two foes on the brink ofdestruction. Canadian/American Studies Journal, 54, 66–146.

丨月刊杂志中的文章:

Henry, W. A., III.(1990, April 9). Making the grade in today's schools. Time, 135, 28-31.

在经历了激烈的市场竞争后,家电零售已经日趋成为中国流通业中较为成熟的行业——从原来的商品进货渠道的比拼,到家电经营规模的对抗,后又经历了残酷的价格血刃战,当前又是品牌、经营模式、供应链、服务等综合能力的较量,总之,现在的家电经营商家为保持现有市场的既得利益,并提升经营业绩,已到了一个几乎将所有经营要素都被翻腾个遍,似乎用烂的程度了。记得前几天听一位专家讲,一分钱可以将一个企业打败,似乎耸人听闻,但是仔细想来,也确实这样,一个高速发展的大型企业,如果不能比竞争对手在成本控制上降低1分钱,那么结果可想而知。家电竞争已开始为1分钱而争,但对于那些刚进入家电市场的新经营者或拟进入的未来经营者,除了要在开业初期考虑如何通过自己的优势和差异战略快速击败竞争对手,抢夺市场,提高商品的市场销售份额外,是否认真考虑过被商家视为棘手和“投入有形回报无形”的售后服务的规划和设计呢?那么又应该怎样进行新门店的家电售后服务的规划呢?目前中国家电市场的一个现状是,各厂家产品同质化、商家服务无严重等,使得售后服务成为取胜市场的重要法宝之一,基于此,不少厂家和商家都纷纷扩大服务的内容,类似于“10年保修”“终身保修”等不切实际的承诺陆续出台,正是由于家电服务的功能被错误的扭曲,不少家电巨头和商家背负上了售后服务的沉重包袱,据笔者调查了解,像海尔、海信、TCL等家电大鳄,每年用于售后、维修服务的支出超过1亿元,因此,面对如此的家电市场和巨大的售后服务压力,中国的商家一般有三种售后服务的操作模式。一是自己不建售后服务中心和售后服务站,售后咨询和维修等服务完全依赖生产厂家的维修站和特约维修点去处理,这样节约了商家的经营费用,同时对商家来说也存在降低服务质量的隐患;第二种是将售后服务作为家电销售服务的提升,市场竞争的武器,通过售后服务,获取的忠诚度而达到占领市场的操作模式,但是这种方式却存在长期的服务投入成本与当期的销售获益难以衡量的问题,存在服务成本无底洞的风险;第三种是把家电售后服务作为商场销售服务保障外,也作为自己商场的另一种可销售的“商品”,通过争取成为厂家的特约维修站,既保证了对自己本商场销售商品的售后维修,又通过替厂家维修非本商场销售的家电商品而获取厂家的维修结算费;并通过各种途径接收本商场售后服务以外的维修任务(超出保修范围以外及其他商家销售的家电类商品),使售后服务成为商家的又一利润创增点,但如果该种模式控制不好,就会造成售后服务赢利与商场整体服务提升之间的矛盾。在国外,用户须为维修家电付费早已成为惯例,比如东芝电梯主要靠卖维修耗材、配件及获取高额维修费作为获利点的,但在国内,由于在家电市场竞争初期企业盲目的承诺,及市场消费水平较低等因素,使已形成了“买家电的同时也买了服务”的观点,认为售后服务应该免费或低收费,因此我们不能为甩掉售后服务高投入低产出的包袱,盲目套用国外的售后维修的经验,也不能通过降低服务质量而缩减服务成本。因此我们不难看出,第三种售后服务模式的优势显而易见,重点在于经营者怎样把握利润与服务成本之间的关系。于是,我们就站在这种思路的基础上来尝试进行家电新开门店售后服务的规划。首先,我们就以一家位于中等规模城市,经营规模在1500~3000平方米,初期资金投入在500~1000万元的门店为例,把最难做的头三年进行详细设计和规划,三年后,该店的售后维修即进入正常的设计运营状态——既要保持持续的获利,实现自保,又能节省费用而不降低服务质量。家电新开门店的第一年,作为家电类生产厂家一般都有整机一年保修,主要部件三年保修,超过三年自己维修的服务承诺,因此经营者完全可以在开业第一年把精力重点放在提高前台家电商品的销售额,扩大当地的市场份额上。与此同时建立起售后服务平台,提升企业形象上,增加市场卖点。

家电的服务是学电工的技术人员的一种职业

英文参考文献格式举例

参考文献是毕业论文的重要组成部分,对其进行统计分析,不仅有利于本科生的.教育和管理,而且能为图书馆文献保障和读者服务等工作提供一定的参考依据。下面是我整理的英文参考文献格式举例,希望大家重视。

一、参考文献的类型

参考文献(即引文出处)的类型以单字母方式标识,具体如下:M——专著C——论文集N——报纸文章J——期刊文章D——学位论文R——报告

对于不属于上述的文献类型,采用字母“Z”标识。对于英文参考文献,还应注意以下两点:

①作者姓名采用“姓在前名在后”原则,具体格式是:姓,名字的首字母.如:MalcolmRichardCowley应为:Cowley,.,如果有两位作者,第一位作者方式不变,&之后第二位作者名字的首字母放在前面,姓放在后面,如:FrankNorris与IrvingGordon应为:Norris,F.&.;

②书名、报刊名使用斜体字,如:MasteringEnglishLiterature,EnglishWeekly。

二、参考文献的格式及举例

1.期刊类

【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[J].刊名,出版年份,卷号(期号):起止页码.【举例】

[1]王海粟.浅议会计信息披露模式[J].财政研究,2004,21(1):56-58.[2]夏鲁惠.高等学校毕业论文教学情况调研报告[J].高等理科教育,2004(1):46-52.

[3]Heider,[J].ForeignLanguageTeachingandResearch,1999,(3):62–67.

2.专著类

【格式】[序号]作者.书名[M].出版地:出版社,出版年份:起止页码.【举例】[4]葛家澍,林志军.现代西方财务会计理论[M].厦门:厦门大学出版社,2001:42.

[5]Gill,[M].London:Macmillan,1985:42-45.

3.报纸类

【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[N].报纸名,出版日期(版次).【举例】

[6]李大伦.经济全球化的重要性[N].光明日报,1998-12-27(3).

[7]French,[N].AtlanticWeekly,198715(33).

4.论文集

【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[C].出版地:出版者,出版年份:起始页码.【举例】

[8]伍蠡甫.西方文论选[C].上海:上海译文出版社,1979:12-17.

[9]Spivak,G.“CantheSubalternSpeak?”[A].(eds.).VictoryinLimbo:Imigism[C].Urbana:UniversityofIllinoisPress,1988,.

家电论文参考文献有哪些

亚洲是全世界家电销售增长最快的地区,而中国,即是规模宏大的生产制造基地,又是蕴藏着巨大潜力的消费市场,在这种双重角色下,中国家电销售正在上演着中国传奇。家电销售额增长迅速,有三个因素构成了市场增长的驱动力,推动着各大家电的更新换代。首先,随着生活水平的提高,消费者希望选择容积更大的产品,如更大容量的冰箱和洗衣机。其次,消费者喜欢使用更便捷的产品,融入了新技术、新概念、新设计的产品吸引了消费者。此外,随着消费者节能环保意识的不断增强,能效高的家电产品变得更受欢迎。家电销售市场竞争行情在全球家电销售市场的整体增长趋势下,中国家电销售正在以竞争的方式来完善扩容这个市场。渠道参与下的竞争一般产品的竞争,基本上都是产品企业之间的竞争,品牌,技术,价格等各个方面,但是在这个家电销售市场,流通渠道也参与到了竞争行业之中,且日益明显,苏宁、国美、大型商场、专业家电卖场、单个家电专卖店及批发市场等多种业态共同呈现,互相竞争,为家电企业提供了良好的平台,但是,在家电销售渠道多元化的今天,要好取得好成绩,家电企业要考虑好各个方面,选择适合自己的销售渠道。之差异化竞争价格战一直是国内家电销售的主要手段,且威力巨大。价格的竞争有力促进家电销售市场的发展与壮大,众多的企业也在残酷的价格竞争中被除名,但价格竞争并没有因此退出市场,而是进一步催生众多品牌在价格的压榨下开始寻求差异化竞争手段进行突围。这种差异化竞争思想让市场不断细分,并不断的使市场更加丰富,也让部分的家电企业找到了自己的市场优势,摆脱了低级竞争。套装销售家电套装销售是近年来的新趋向,它是品牌、价格、服务和品质消费的必然产物,对家电企业的设计创新能力等提出更高的要求,同时也逐渐成为不论是生产企业还是流通企业取得竞争优势的砝码,近年家装家电超市在市场的快速成长,亦从事实上证明了家电套装销售的新趋向和强大发展潜力。技术和创新在家电销售这个大市场里,技术跟创新能力依然是企业产品决胜的基础,且是重要因素。由于产品特色明显,销售情况远比其它以价格做为手段的企业。这种能力再结合品牌效应,就强者愈强,弱者更弱,加速了市场的优胜劣汰。家电销售员销售原则(1)满足需要的原则。现代的推销观念是推销员要协助顾客使他们的需要得到满足。推销员在推销过程应做好准备去发现顾客的需要,而应极力避免"强迫"推销,让顾客感觉到你在强迫他接受什么时你就失败了。最好的办法是利用你的推销使顾客发现自己的需要,而对你的产品正好能够满足这种需要。(2)诱导原则。推销就是使根本不了解或根本不想买这种商品的顾客产生兴趣和欲望,使有了这种兴趣和欲望的顾客采取实际行动,使已经使用了该商品的顾客再次购买,当然能够让顾客开口代我们宣传则会更为成功。这每一阶段的实现都需要推销员把握诱导原则,使顾客一步步跟上推销员的思路。(3)照顾顾客利益原则。现代推销术与传统推销的一个根本区别就在于,传统推销带有很强的欺性,而现代推销则是以"诚"为中心,推销员人顾客利益出发考虑问题。企业只能战胜同行,但永远不能战胜顾客。顾客在以市场为中心的今天已成为各企业争夺的对象,只有让顾客感到企业是真正由于消费者的角度来考虑问题,自己的利益在整个购买过程中得到了满足和保护,这样企业才可能从顾客那里获利。(4)创造魅力。一位推销员在推销商品之前,实际上是在自我推销。一个蓬头垢面的推销员不论他所带的商品多么诱人,顾客也会说:"对不起,我现在没有购买这些东西的计划。"推销员的外形不一定要美丽迷人或英俊潇洒,但却一定要让人感觉舒服。那么在准备阶段你能做到的是预备一套干净得体的服装,把任何破坏形象、惹人厌恶的污秽排除,充分休息,准备以充沛的体力、最佳的精神面貌出现在顾客面前。语言是一个推销员的得力武器,推销员应该仔细审视一下自己平日的语言习惯。是否有一些令人不快的口头禅?是否容易言语过激?有没有打断别人讲话的习惯等等。多多反省自己,就不难发现自己的缺点。 随着微利时代的到来,市场的透明度越来越高,百货商场这种业态已经不能适应家电大规模销售的要求。相比之下,统购分销的连锁超市却能够凭借数量巨大的订单拿到相当高的利润返还,且经营成本更低,在竞争中处于领跑地位。据统计,在广东,销售额领先的家电经销商是海印、高塘、易发等专业电器市场;在山东临沂也有全国闻名的市场;在浙江宁波有江东、城隍庙两个着名的家电城,全部由个体工商户组成。众所周知,中国家电行业的竞争越来越激烈,甚至达到了白热化的程度,而从世界各国企业之间的竞争来看,最终将集中于品牌的竞争和销售网络的竞争。对于家电企业的销售工作来说,网络的建设是至关重要的。网络的开发、建设和管理本身是一个不断变化的过程,这主要取决于两个因素:一是生产厂家和社会需求的发展变化。随着社会供求平衡的变化,商品由卖方市场向买方市场转变,企业的网络开发和建设也应该不断调整;二是特定市场环境流通领域的变化。以前没有超市和平价市场,现在超市出现了,平价商场也有了,流通领域变化了,所以家电企业网络的设计、开发、管理也要相应发生变化。当前我国家电流通领域发生了如下的变化:在大中城市的零售领域以前大中城市家电零售传统网络基本是大中型商场一统天下,但目前正发生着变化。据有关方面估算,百货公司的零售总额大致在70%左右,另外30%被新兴的专业家电城和各种专卖店挖走。全国的家电城、家电专卖店发展势头非常迅猛。尽管全国各大城市不尽相同,但总的来说,家电城、专卖店的发展是一个趋势。其实,在欧美发达国家,家电产品的绝大部分是由家电城、专卖店、连锁超市进入用户终端的。通过以下专业家电城、专卖店与百货公司的竞争对比,我们可以发现,百货公司的没落与家电城、专卖店的崛起是一种必然。在品种、经营成本、交通运输等方面,百货公司无法与专业家电城和家电专卖店相比。百货公司的家电品种没有专业市场齐全,经营成本没有家电城低,而且百货商场大多位于闹市,交通不便,运输服务方面也没有专业家电城快捷。国家正强力启动经济,实行适度的通货膨胀政策,大商场的员工要增加工资福利待遇,要扩大管理费用的支出,而百货公司之间、工业企业之间过度竞争,打价格战,使百货公司经营成本上升的同时,还不得不降低家电产品价格,导致家电产品销售毛利率不断下降。而且,家电产品的特殊性使百货大楼的商业信誉优势得不到发挥。一般来说,家电产品不存在假冒伪劣,家电城或专卖店出售的家电产品与百货商场“百年老店”出售的产品处在相同的起点上,由于家电产品的售后服务基本上都由工业企业自己承担,因此百货商场的服务优势难以体现出来。百货公司往往还有自身历史痼疾的束缚,这使其在两大网络的竞争中处于劣势。所以,百货公司家电销售量下降不是暂时和偶然的。当然,百货公司在竞争中也不是铁板一块。有些百货公司以积极的姿态参与竞争,包括实行股份制、上市、合资甚至进入家电城或与工业企业联办一些专卖店和连锁店,有些商场为了降低经营成本,开办了仓储式的平价商店,有的通过扩大自身规模降低经营成本,这些都取得了很好成效。然而多数百货公司是以消极的、保守的姿态参与竞争,要么改变楼层,要么将损失转嫁给工业企业,大量拖欠、占用工业企业的资金,长此以往,将给商业企业自身带来不可估量的损失。首先,百货公司的商业功能退化,造成人才流失,经营队伍萎缩。其次,破坏了工商关系。转嫁危机致使工业企业的市场、销售费用上升,很多工业企业纷纷在传统网络之外开发新的渠道,加速了百货公司家电经营业务的衰亡。在二、三、四级市场的零售领域二、三、四级市场的零售网点近年也发生了巨大变化,家电经营的百货公司零售业务情况更糟。就数量上的估计,百货公司经营的家电业务在30%左右,其他大部分份额被家电个体户和家电专业市场瓜分。表明中国家电的经营业务二、三、四级市场零售终端发生了根本性变化,家电个体户和专业市场已经上升为主体,这种变化带来的影响是:第一,导致家电的批发系统发生变化。传统的批发系统以五交化站和百货公司为主,由于家电个体户和专业市场上升为零售终端的主体,现在的批发大户将被新的批发系统取代。第二,零售终端的行为方式发生变化。主要包括:1.规模小,零售半径有限。因为我们的产品还没有丰富到各种规格款式都有,所以这样的零售终端不容易直接向工业企业进货,他们需要在不同品牌、不同家电产品之间进行配货。2.利润动机增强,而产值、销售额的动机淡化,因此对价格特别敏感。交易方式出现变化,往往以现金为主。3.交往的方式发生变化。

百度一下就可以了,报告是[R],research的意思。

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电商论文英文参考文献

Managing Channels of Distribution Under the Environment of Electronic Commerce【英文篇名】 Managing Channels of Distribution Under the Environment of Electronic Commerce 【作者英文名】 ZHENG Bing~1 FENG Yixiong~2 of Economics & Management; Dalian University; Dalian 116622; China Key Laboratory of CAD&CG; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou 310027; China; 【文献出处】 武汉理工大学学报, Journal of WuhanUniversity of Technology, 编辑部邮箱 2006年 S2期 【英文关键词】 marketing channels; distribution strategy; customer demand; electronic commerce; Fair E-Payment Protocol Based on Simple Partially Blind Signature Scheme【英文篇名】 Fair E-Payment Protocol Based on Simple Partially Blind Signature Scheme 【作者英文名】 LIU Jingwei; SUN Rong; KOU Weidong State Key Laboratory of Integrated Service Networks; Xidian University; Xi’an 710071; Shaanxi; China; 【文献出处】 Wuhan University Journal of Natural Sciences, 武汉大学自然科学学报(英文版), 编辑部邮箱 2007年 01期 【英文关键词】 electronic commerce; e-payment; Schnorr signature; partial blind signature; 【英文摘要】 This paper presents a simple partially blind signature scheme with low computation. By converse using the partially blind signature scheme, we build a simple fair e-payment protocol. In the protocol, two participants achieve the goals of exchanging their digital signatures from each other in a simple way. An ad- vantage of this scheme is that this approach does not require the intervention of the third party in any case. The low-computation property makes our scheme very attractive for mobile client and sma...

E-business environment under the logistics and distributionAbstract: e-commerce under the logistics and distribution will help reduce production business inventories and accelerate capital turnover, enhance logistics efficiency and reduce logistics costs, and stimulate the social needs and is conducive to the whole community's macro-control and promote the healthy operation of the market economy and electronic Business to develop in depth. Key words: e-commerce distributionFirst, China's development of logistics distribution E-commerce logistics entity is the core issue of the distribution items. China, as a developing country, the logistics industry to its late start, low level, the introduction of e-commerce, e-commerce did not have to support the activities of the modern logistics level. However, since e-commerce in China to settle down, people did not stop distribution of the discussion. At present, China mainly three types of e-commerce distribution model, is a full distribution system, that is, the domestic Internet-based, to various regions of the country's logistics system has been linked by agreement, a comprehensive distribution network for the entire process straight . The second category is a regional system of a single business model. Partial to the original business of a single regional distribution site for the base and be integrated, similar to a single business to business services, computer networking, the entire system of networking, and automated management. The third category is professional distribution system of the model. Such as postal communications, railway transport, air, water, Qiyun and other departments have been the perfect use of the national transport network resources to carry out specialized distribution. From across the country, China has long been subject to the impact of the planned economy, low levels of social logistics, logistics management system confusion, the existing three categories of e-commerce distribution model is not yet ripe, efficiency is not high, but in the red. Therefore, the need for China's economic development, enterprise reform and development of e-commerce logistics and distribution, learn from developed countries through the road and experience from China in 1992 began a logistics distribution center of the experimental work. In 1996 the Internal Trade issued "on strengthening the commercial development of logistics distribution center construction work of the notice," pointed out the development and construction of logistics distribution center the importance of the proposed development and construction of the guiding ideology and principle, put forward the "mechanisms and intensive Management, improve the function of the development of the logistics and enhance strength "of the reform and development principles, to establish modern logistics distribution center to change the social construction of logistics distribution centers, the development of modern network as the main direction. Second, China's logistics and distribution patterns and problems of At present, China's increased the number of e-commerce sites, transactions involving goods of daily necessities and other non-consumables, and on its e-commerce distribution model, can be divided into three types, namely operating BtoB (business to business) business model, BtoC (Business to consumers) model and the virtual logistics company model, in practice, although these three models get the recognition and application of common, but in e-commerce and distribution of convergence and optimal operation, there are still many problems, reflected in concrete : China's current social low level of information networks, network infrastructure is relatively weak, especially as e-commerce platform for the delivery and billing infrastructure lags behind, the computer penetration rate low rate of Internet users only about 8 percent and are mainly concentrated in major cities , The use of Internet users in the real rate of online shopping less than percent, electronic shopping credit has not been widely recognized. The understanding of the importance of e-commerce logistics enough. Availability of the overall level of enterprise network low ratio of less than Internet companies, logistics enterprise information construction lagged behind, logistics and distribution of specialization, social, electronic, modern low level. There have been serious problems of poor business reputation, late delivery, delivery or do not send the wrong frequent phenomenon. E-commerce logistics infrastructure is not yet perfect, logistics systems theory is not enough, the logistics technology is still very backward, China's logistics workers and practice the theory of modern logistics of the new theories, new technologies, such as integrated supply chain management, third party logistics, automation Warehouse, automatic sorting system, global positioning system (GPS), and so has just contacted. Jidong of the lack of e-commerce and e-commerce technology has practical experience in human resources, in particular the lack of Jidong e-commerce and logistics distribution to understand the innovative spirit of the compound talents. Third, logistics and healthy development of the countermeasure 1. Enhance the degree of information. Distribution of information for performance: the logistics of the database of information collection and code, the logistics of the electronic information processing and computer, the transmission of information and the standardization of real-time logistics information such as the digital storage. Therefore, the bar-code technology, database technology, electronic ordering system, electronic data exchange, radio frequency technology, management information systems, enterprise resource planning, and other advanced management strategy should be in China's logistics and distribution enterprises to promote use. Information is all modern technology and management tools of the foundation, only to achieve distribution of information can take up to the era of e-commerce distribution industry and historic task. 2. Improve the logistics management system, improve service quality. Internet shopping for the delivery time is too long and has yet to supply the phenomenon as e-commerce company in order to better serve customers, suppliers and customers should be strengthened between the exchange of information and feedback. This will save users to order processing fees, users can also save time and gradually raise awareness of online shopping sense of trust, making good steady development of e-commerce. 3. Distribution lower prices. China's large-scale development of e-commerce online shopping has been difficult, logistics and distribution costs high, especially in the type of Internet transactions, for each client to achieve door-to-door is the high cost, we must work hard to reduce costs, e-commerce solution Logistics and distribution companies and distribution services among enterprises in the prices of contradictions. 4. Perfect laws and policies. E-commerce for the logistics and distribution problems, the relevant government departments should actively study the characteristics of e-commerce, the rapid development of targeted laws, regulations and policies to regulate e-commerce activities, enterprises and consumers in general to increase the confidence of e-commerce Flu. 5. Actively developing third-party logistics enterprises. "TPL" refers to the logistics business from the supply side and demand-side beyond the completion of a third party, in a sense that it is a form of logistics professionalism, "third-party logistics" in logistics management experience, Talent, technology, philosophy and other areas have certain advantages, the e-commerce transactions in both supply and demand of all the logistics activities of agent credentials, well-funded third-party logistics, the logistics can take full advantage of modern technology, is built on the foundation of modern information network technology On the logistics management software to ensure that customers at any time and any place check of goods and provision of supporting services, e-commerce transactions between the parties involved in the logistics can be entrusted to professional logistics enterprises, concentrate on developing the electronics market and business efficiency of the e-commerce BtoB transactions. The establishment of a national logistics public information platform, the development of 4PL. 4PL is a supply chain integrator, mobilization and management organizations and their complementarity of the service provider's resources, capacity and technology to provide an integrated supply chain solutions. Clearly, 4PL must meet three conditions: not the interests of the logistics side, to achieve information sharing, the ability to integrate all the logistics resources. And really meet these conditions, only a virtual network of platforms, and this is the logistics and public information platform. It provides comprehensive supply chain solutions to social integration of logistics resources, enhance the country's logistics industry integrated collaborative capabilities.电子商务环境下的物流配送摘要:电子商务下的物流配送既有利于减少生产企业库存,加速资金周转,提高物流效率,降低物流成本,又刺激了社会需求,有利于整个社会的宏观调控,促进市场经济的健康运行及电子商务向纵深发展。关键词:电子商务 物流 配送一、我国物流配送发展概况 电子商务物流的核心问题是实体物品的配送。我国作为一个发展中国家,物流业起步较晚,水平低,在引进电子商务时,并不具备能够支持电子商务活动的现代化物流水平。但自从电子商务在中国落户,人们就没有停止对物流配送问题的讨论。目前,我国主要有三类电子商务物流配送模式,一类是全程物流配送系统,即以国内互联网为基础,把全国各地区已有的物流系统通过协议联系起来,形成全方位的全程直投配送网。第二类是区域性单一业务系统改造模式。以原有局部区域性单一业务的配送站点为基础,并加以集成,把单一业务改为同类业务服务,通过计算机联网,实现整个系统的网络化、自动化管理。第三类是专业化配送系统改造模式。如邮政通讯、铁运、空运、水运、汽运等部门利用已有的完善的全国性运输网络资源进行专业化配送。从全国范围来看,我国长期以来受计划经济的影响,物流社会化程度低,物流管理体制混乱,已有的三类电子商务物流配送模式还不成熟,效率不高,而且处于亏损状态。因此,针对我国经济发展需要、企业改革及电子商务物流配送发展现状,借鉴发达国家走过的道路和经验,我国从1992年起开始了物流配送中心的试点工作。1996年原国内贸易部发出了《关于加强商业物流配送中心发展建设工作的通知》,指出了发展建设物流配送中心的重要意义,提出发展建设的指导思想和原则,同时提出了“转换机制、集约经营、完善功能、发展物流、增强实力”的改革与发展方针,确定以向现代化物流配送中心转变,建设社会化的物流配送中心,发展现代化网络为主要方向。 二、我国物流配送模式及存在的问题 目前我国电子商务网站数量大增,交易商品涉及日用品及其他非易耗品等,就其电子商务物流配送模式而言,可分为三种类型,分别是经营BtoB(商家对商家)业务的模式、BtoC(商家对消费者)的模式以及虚拟物流公司模式,在实践中这三种模式虽然得到共同的认同与应用,但在电子商务与物流配送的接轨和优化运行上还存在许多问题,具体体现在: 中国目前的社会信息网络化水平低,网络基础设施相对薄弱,特别是作为电子商务平台的传递和结算基础设施滞后,计算机普及率低,网民比率只有8%左右,并主要集中在各大中城市,网民中真正采用网上购物的比率不到,电子购物的信用没有得到广泛认同。 对电子商务物流的重要性认识不够。供货企业网络化整体水平低,上网企业比率不足,物流企业信息化建设滞后,物流配送的专业化、社会化、电子化、现代化程度低。 存在严重的商业信誉差的问题,迟送、送错或不送现象时有发生。 电子商务物流基础尚不完善,物流理论还不够系统,物流技术还很落后,我国物流理论工作者和实践者对现代物流的新理论、新技术,如集成化供应链管理、第三方物流、自动化立体仓库、全自动分拣系统、全球定位系统(GPS)等才刚刚接触。 缺乏既懂电子商务理论和技术又有电子商务实践经验人才,尤其缺乏既懂电子商务又懂物流配送的有创新精神的复合型人才。三、物流配送健康发展的对策 1.提高信息化程度。物流配送信息化表现为:物流信息收集的数据库化和代码化、物流信息处理的电子化和计算机化、信息传递的标准化和实时化、物流信息存储的数字化等。因此,条码技术、数据库技术、电子订货系统、电子数据交换、射频技术、管理信息系统、企业资源计划等先进的管理策略,应在我国的物流配送企业大力推广运用。信息化是一切现代技术和管理手段的基础,只有实现物流配送信息化,才能承担起电子商务时代赋予物流配送业的历史任务。 2.完善物流管理系统功能,提高售后服务质量。针对网上购物出现的送货时间过长以及迟迟没有货源的现象,作为电子商务公司为了能更好的服务于顾客,应加强顾客和供货商之间信息的交流与反馈。这样可以给用户节约订单处理费用,又可以节约用户的时间,逐渐提高人们对网上购物的信任感,使得电子商务良性稳步发展。 3.降低配送服务价格。我国发展电子商务实现大规模的网上购物一直困难重重,物流配送费用偏高,特别是零售型的网上交易,为每个客户实现送货上门是高成本的,必须努力降低成本,解决电子商务公司与物流配送企业之间在配送服务价格方面的矛盾。 4.完善法律政策。针对电子商务物流配送出现的种种问题,政府有关部门应该积极研究电子商务的特点,迅速制定有针对性地法律、法规和政策,以规范电子商务活动,增加企业和广大消费者对电子商务的信任感。 5.积极发展第三方物流企业。“第三方物流”是指物流由商务的供方、需方之外的第三方完成,从某种意义上说它是物流专业化的一种形式,“第三方物流”一般在物流管理经验、人才、技术、理念等方面都具有一定的优势,对电子商务交易中供求双方的所有物流活动进行全权代理,同时第三方物流资金雄厚,可以充分利用现代物流技术,具有建立在现代信息网络技术基础上的物流管理软件,保证客户在任何时间、任何地点查看货物及提供配套的服务,参与电子商务交易的双方可以把物流委托给专业物流企业,专心于电子市场的开拓和商务效率的提高电子商务BtoB交易模式。 建立全国物流公共信息平台,发展第四方物流。第四方物流是一个供应链集成商,它调集和管理组织自己的以及具有互补性的服务提供商的资源、能力和技术,以提供一个综合的供应链解决方案。显然,第四方物流必须满足三个条件:不是物流的利益方、能实现信息共享、有能力整合所有的物流资源。而真正满足这些条件的只有一种虚拟的物流网平台,这就是全国物流公共信息平台。它能提供综合的供应链解决方案,以整合社会物流资源,提高我国物流产业的综合协同能力。

请问,这个文献的作者是谁啊

电子论文英文参考文献

这里将参考文献格式分为两种,一种是文内注(In-text Citation),另一种是文章结尾的参考文献目录,一般称为Reference List,也有不同叫法的,下面会说到。

一般来说,许多参考文献格式都是基于两种格式:APA格式和MLA格式,另外还有CMS格式和哈佛文献格式(Harvard System)等,都是比较常见的参考文献格式。下面就分别对这四种格式做一个简要的说明。

 格式

APA是美国心理协会的缩写,全称是The American Psychological Association,APA格式指的是该协会出版的《美国心理协会刊物准则》,目前已出版至第7版。主要用于社会科学和自然科学类(Social and Natural Sciences)的文章。国内很多期刊也是采用的APA格式。

APA格式的细节十分复杂,这里就不赘述了,如果想深入了解,普渡大学官网有一个版块:里面对前面提到的前三种格式都有详细的介绍。APA文内注的基本格式是“(作者姓氏,发表年份)”。文末的参考文献目录是Reference List,必须以姓(Family name)的字母顺序来排列,基本结构为:

期刊类:

【作者】【发表年份】【文章名】【期刊名】【卷号/期数:起止页码】

Smith, J. (2006). The title of the article. The title of Journal, 1, 101-105.

非期刊类:

【作者】【发表年份】【书籍名】【出版地:出版社】

.(2002).What computers can’t do. New York: Harp& Row.

格式

MLA 是美国现代语言协会(Modern Language Association)制定的论文指导格式,多用于人文学科(Liberal Arts)。MLA文内注的基本格式是“(作者姓氏,文献页码)”。文末的参考文献目录在MLA格式中称为Works Cited,同样是以姓(Family name)的字母顺序来排列,基本结构为:

期刊类:

【作者】【“文章名”】【期刊名】【卷号或期数】【发表年份】起止页码】

Nwezeh, . “The Comparative Approach to Modern African Literature.” Year book of General and Comparative Literature 28 (1979): 22.

非期刊类:

【作者】【书籍名】【出版地:出版社】【发表年份】

Winfield, Richard Dien. Law in Civil Society. Madison: U of Wisconsin P, 1995.

格式

CMS格式,又叫芝加哥论文格式,全称The Chicago Manual of Style,源于芝加哥大学出版社在1906年出版的Manual Style,目前已出至第十七版,主要用于人文学科(humanities),它使用脚注、尾注和参考文献目录来注明文献来源。

芝加哥格式的文内注和APA格式一样,采取作者姓氏加上年份,如果需要,还可以加上页码,比如:(Goman 1989, 59)。脚注和尾注(Footnote or endnote)的结构为:

期刊类:

【作者】【“文章名”】【期刊名】【卷号或期数】【发表年份】【起止页码】

Susan Peck MacDonald, “The Erasure of Language,” College Composition and Communication 58,no. 4 (2007): 619.

非期刊类:

【作者】【书籍名】【出版地:出版社】【出版年份】

First name Lastname, Title of Book (Place of publication: Publisher, Year of publication), page number.

文末参考文献称为bibliography或者References,其结构为:

期刊类:

【作者】【“文章名”】【期刊名】【卷号或期数】【发表年份】【起止页码】

MacDonald, SusanPeck. “The Erasure of Language.” College Composition and Communication 58, no. 4 (2007): 585-625.

非期刊类:

【作者】【书籍名】【出版地:出版社】【出版年份】

Last name, Firstname. Title of Book. Place of publication: Publisher, Year of publication.

4.哈佛文献格式

顾名思义,是哈佛大学的论文参考文献标准,全名为:哈佛注释体系(Harvard System),起源于美国,但是在英国和澳洲等国家运用得比较多,尤其在物理和自然科学领域。

哈佛格式的文内注也和APA格式一样,采取作者姓氏加上年份的方式。文末的参考文献目录的基本结构为:

期刊类:

【作者】【发表年份】【文章名】【期刊名】【卷号或期数】【起止页码】

Ross, N. (2015). On Truth Content and False Consciousness in Adorno’s Aesthetic Theory. Philosophy Today, 59(2), pp. 269-290.

非期刊类:

【作者】【出版年份】【书籍名】【出版地:出版社】

以上就是四种参考文献格式的一个最简要介绍,每一种格式的规定中还有非常多的细节,比如相同姓氏的作者、多个作者、电子出版物、会议论文等等情况,另外还有排版、字号、缩进、空格等等,具体在写作中采用哪一种再去查找相关细则。

英文论文写作参考文献

参考文献是文章或著作等写作过程中参考过的文献,文后参考文献是指为撰写或编辑论文和著作而引用的有关文献信息资源。

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[12]Blumer, H. , 1980, “Mead and Blumer : The Convei^ent Methodological Perspectives of Social Behaviorism and Symbolic Interactionism”,AmericanSociological Review, 45,pp. 409-419.

[13]Bondy,K.,2008,“The Paradox of Power in CSR : A Case Study on Implementation”. Journal of Business Ethics? 82(2),pp. 307-323.

[14]Bowen, F.,Aloysius. N. K. and Herremans,I.,2010,“When Suits Meet Roots:The Antecedents and Consequences of Community Engagement Strategy”, Journal of Business Ethics, 95,pp. 297-318 ?

[15]Brammer,S, and Millington,A., 2003, “The Effect of Stakeholder Preferences >Organizational Structure and Industry Type on Corporate Community Involvement”,Journal of Business Ethics,45(3)? pp. 213-226.

[16]Bridoux, F. and Stoelhorst, J. W.,2014, “Microfoundations for Stakeholder Theoiy : Managing Stakeholders with Heterogeneous Motives” , Strategic Management Joumah 35, pp. 107-125

[17]Bryson, J. M., Crosby, B. C, and Stone? M. M.,2006, “The Design and Implementation of Cross-Sector Collaborations: Propositions from the Literature”,Public Administration Review, 66(sl)。

[18]Carey, J. M.,Beilin, R., Boxshall,A.,Burgman M. A. and Flander , “Risk-Based Approaches to Deal with Uncertainty in a Data-Poor System:Stakeholder Involvement in Hazard Identification for Marine National Parks and Marine Sanctuaries in Victoria,Australia”, Risk Analysis: An International Journal,27(1),pp. 271-281,

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