论文投稿百科

论什么对什么的影响论文开题报告

发布时间:2024-07-07 04:13:17

论什么对什么的影响论文开题报告

范文没有。提供点思路: 企业文化,就是企业在发展过程中最优秀的智慧的结晶,是企业发展,管理历程的经验的总结和沉淀。他的作用为激励该企业员工,更好的服务于企业,也就是说企业文化的实质,是用来指导员工更好的工作和上进,使员工把企业当家业。。。和企业同呼吸,共命运!希望能帮到你!

你写出来了吗?同求

一、知识经济与会计环境变化知识经济是相对于农业经济、工业经济的一个新时代的概念。经济合作与发展组织(OECD)在其1996年题为《以知识为基础的经济》的报告中所提出的定义是,“知识经济是建立在知识和信息的生产、分配和使用上的经济”,其主要特征是以高新技术产业化为基础,以信息和通讯技术为条件,以人力资源和知识资本为首要生产要素等,知识将在社会生产和社会资源配置中发挥主体作用,并为社会创造出巨大的财富。“会计主要是适应一定时期的商业需要而发展的,并与经济的发展密切相关。”(M.查特菲尔德《会计思想史》)“人类经济社会发展历史中的任何一次变革都会引发会计的变革。会计作为生产力发展的”亲生儿子“,自然与经济、科技的发展有着不可割断的”血缘“。作为一门方法的科学,会计总是要以其技术性的主要属性不断地适应、服务于经济发展的需要。当然,会计总是一定历史条件下或一定社会形态的会计,它必然要体现出某个历史阶段或社会形态的特征,亦即体现出其社会属性一面。无论是技术属性还是社会属性,都可以归结为外部环境对会计要求的结果。知识经济时代的到来,使会计所处的环境发生重大变化。例如,知识经济导致世界产业经济结构从物质型经济转向知识和信息型经济,信息和通讯技术的空前发展,全球网络的形成,将创造出许多过去完全想象不到的新产业、新产品、新技术、新服务。生产过程、产品和服务越来越知识化、智能化、数字化;生产规模从大批量生产转向个性化规模生产;生产形式从扩大再生产转向创新再生产;市场和贸易行为越来越电子化;企业组织结构由金字塔式垂直管理转向网络式水平管理(孟翠湖,1998),等等。经济形势的巨大变化,必然对一个社会的教育文化、法律政治及社会文化产生深刻影响,并使之发生相应变化,进而形成与知识经济相适应的外部环境。处于知识经济时代中的会计,在其会计思想、会计目标、会计管理体制、会计技术方法和会计政策规范等方面,都要从原有的工业经济环环境中脱变出来,重新构建符合知识经济时代要求的会计模式式。“会计环境对会计目标以及根据逻辑导出的各种会计原则和规则有直接影响”(享德里克森,《会计理论》)特定的环境必然造就与之相适应的会计,这是为会计发展史所证明的。二、知识传播对会计理论的冲击由于知识经济带来会计环境的变化,因而对环境所决定的会计理论也产生极大冲击。这主要表现在:1、对会计目标的冲击。对财务会计目标的认识;不论是“决策有用观”,还是“经营责任观”,都是工业经济时代的产物,并未考虑知识经济时代的新情况。会计目标的确定,应以信息使用者的信息需求为矢的。美国AICPA的企业报告特别委员会于1994年提出的题为《改进企业报告——着眼于用户》的综合报告中认为,投资者的主要目标是对企业的绝对价值和相对价值及其权益性证券做出判断;债权人的主要目标是评价一个企业承担与当期或未来债务或其他金融工具有关的义务的能力。从他们的目标出发,信息使用者要逐个分析有不同机会和风险的企业分部,掌握企业经营业务的性质,着眼于企业未来,掌握管理部门意图,要求企业报告信息相对可靠,了解相对于竞争对手和其他企业的业绩,及时了解影响企业的重大变动。在知识经济时代,信息使用者对这些方面的要求会是有过之而无不及,并且对企业知识资本拥有量和知识创新能力的信息也会提出相应的要求。因而企业财务报告的目标,不仅要满足使用者对企业资本、物质等财务资源的增长和创造的兴趣,也要满足他们对人力资源、知识资源的信息需求。2、会计假设的冲击。知识经济对传统的会计基本假设产生了极大的撼动。(l)关于会计主体。提出会计生体假设是为了明确会计核算的空间范围。但在知识经济时代,会计主体的界限将会变得模糊,尤其是在按不同交易事项自由组合经营主体的情况下,一个主体在完成某项经济效果之后,很可能在下一交易事项中按照其资金、技术和知识的要求重新组合成一个新的主体进行经济活动,这就使得会计主体的认定产生困难。(2)关于持续经营。持续经营是假定一个企业在可预见的将来会持续经营下去。由于在知识经济时代,会计主体的多变性,使得人们对一个主体是否在持续经营的辨别上难以分清,再加上企业跨生产、销售、科技的广泛联合(有的是短暂的联合),并随市场要求不断变换联合的对象和范围“借壳经营”的现象大量出现,因而企业持续经营的假定变得有名无实。(3)关于会计分期。会计分期的假定满足不了信息使用者随时利用会计信息作出及时决策的是需要。在知识经济时代,信息的充分及时供应成为决策致胜的关键。有人提出,将企业各种原始数据直接在网络上提供,由使用者各取所需,即时利用。如果这样,会计分期的假设将毫无意义。(4)关于货币计量。货币计量包含了币值不变的假定,这是一个老生常谈的问题。但在知识经济时代;由于产品知识含量高,更新换代速度极快,价值变动的频率和幅度极大,一种商品会很快被另一种性能更佳、质量良好的商品所替代,而且贸易壁垒进一步打破,国际金融一体化,这些都会对币值变化产生影响。3、对历史成本原则的冲击。在知识经济时代,传统的历史成本原则将会对不断涌现的新的会记事项感到束手无策。在通货膨胀的情况下,历史成本原则已经招致来自各方面的尖锐批评。在知识经济时代,企业以知识资本作为企业资本源泉,以知识创新作为其发展动力。对知识资本的计价,按照传统计价原则,可能只是几本书的价钱,或是委托培养费以及其他各种取得知识的可证明的实际支出,这无疑会极大歪曲知识资本的价值。4、对资产概念的冲击。资产是一个企业所拥有或控制的、可计量的、能为企业带来未来经济利益的经济资源。企业的经济资源在工业经济时代主要指物质或财务资源,通常表现为有形资产。在知识经济时代,经济资源的主要表现形式为知识资源。知识资源是由人力资源和知识两部分构成,其中人力资源是知识的载体;知识通过人的积累、运用、创新而发挥作用,是人的创造能力的源泉和动力。把人力资源和知识纳入企业资产的范围,无疑是对会计观念的重大挑战,它意味着传统的资产概念将被赋予新的含义。资产范围的扩展,将为会计的核心问题之一——资产计价带来新的课题。实际上,现在的许多新的会计现象,都对资产定义的扩展提出了要求。如衍生金融工具,它们表现的仅仅是一种契约和要求权,并且是尚未发生的事项,这在会计上如何进行确认和计量已成为会记界研究的热点。三、知识经济要求会计创新面对知识经济对会计的影响,我们的唯一选择就是迎接时代的挑战,认真研究会计的科学框架、进行会计创新,以满足信息经济时代使用者对会计的新要求。我们认为应从以下几方面作好会记创新工作:1、构建适应知识经济要求的会计模式。现有的会计模式是工业经济时代的产物,它不适应知识经济时代的要求。因而在新的形势下,它遇到了许多亟待解决的问题,从会计目标、会计观念、会计管理体制、会计规范体系等各个方面,都表现出与知识经济格格不入的倾向。例如自创商誉在传统的会记系统中是不予反映的,但在知识经济条件下,由知识创新而带来的企业价值增加和获得超额利润的能力会成为一种较普遍现象。而且企业的合并或解体也会经常发生,如不在市场交易前确定自创商誉价值,那么在市场交易时的价值确定就会显得“离谱”。会计模式的构建是一个全方位的系统工程,它要求按照知识经济的要求,对会计模式的各个组成要素赋予新的涵义。2、研究和引入新的计量手段。由于知识经济时代会计计量重心要从财务资源转向知识资源,其中的最大障碍就是会计计量问题。传统的计量手段已不适应知识经济要求,因而在计量手段上需要革命性的变化。在会计系统中引入多重计量手段,因不同会计事项性质而选择不同计量手段,似是一条可取之到道。多元化的社会由五彩缤纷的事物组成,强调独一无二的计量手段,只能使会计陷入困境。3、尽快将人力资源会计纳入财务会计系统。人力资源会计的研究已有30多年,由于涉及到经济理论、会计理论以及会计计量等一些“禁区”问题,它仍然未登入财务会计大堂。知识经济时代的企业劳动主体是智力劳动,智力劳动的知识价值如何确认、计量、记录和报告,应是该时代财务会计的重要内容。此外,在知识经济时代,企业知识资本的时间、空间范围将比财务资本要宽广得多,财务会计要跟上这种要求,就必须拓宽自己视野,把知识资本延伸到企业外部范围的内容都纳入核算的范围(如环境报告等),才符合知识经济的要求。4、变革财务报告。现行的财务报告是一种非黑即白的模式(black and white model),即在会计报表中反映的事项会计上可确认,而在其他财务报告中反映的事项会计上不予确认。美国学者韦尔曼针对这种模式的弊端,提出了一个彩色模式(colour mode)。所谓彩色模式是将财务报告的内容分为5个不同层次,第一层次,即符合可定义性、相关性、可靠性和可计量性的传统的会计报表内容;第二层次,报告那些只符合可定性、相关性和可计量性的事项(例如自创商誉等);第三层次,报告那些只符合相关性、可计量性的事项(如顾客满意程度等);第四层次,报告那些只符合相关性、可靠性和计量性的事项(如风险等);第五层次,报告那些只符合相关性的事项(如知识资本等)。按照彩色模式,可以较全面地报告与企业相关的各类信息,从传统财务报告的墨守成规中“解套”,较好地适应知识经济对会计的要求。知识经济对会计的挑战是严峻的,但同时又给了会计一个创新的机遇。我们有理由相信,会计不会而对知识经济束手无策,它会成为知识经济时代极为重要的角色。

企 业 文 化企业文化是以企业在长期生产经营过程中逐步形成与发展的、带有本企业特征的企业经营哲学,即价值观念和思维方式为核心所生成外化 的企业行为规范、道德准则、风俗习 惯和传统的有机统一。它可以分为企业精神文化、企业制度行为文化和企业形象物质文化三大层次。企业文化的核心是企业精神文化即它的价值观念、思维方式。 企业文化对人力资源管理的导向作用,主要是指这种企业价值观念和思维方式的导向作用。 企业文化与人力资源管理相结合的可能性还在于企业文化的二元性特征(E•海能,1990)。企业文化、企业特有的价值观念和行为准则,一方面是由一些特定的、与企业有关的价值观念和思维方式所构成(如顾客至上,质量第一,没有最好只有更好等),另一方面也是由个人在社会化过程中带到企业里去的社会文化、价值观念和思维方式的结果。 企业文化是亚社会文化。企业的员工走进企业时,他不是一个抽象的自然人,而是一个社会人,是有一定意褒、信仰、价值观念的人,这正是人力资源区别于物力、财力及自然资源的显著特征。 也就说,企业人力资源管理面对的是社会化了的人。 以企业文化为导向的人力资源管理就是要把企业文化的这两个方面,双向生成过程有机地融合起来,形成一个更好的企业文化,从而有利于人力资源有效管理。 企业文化为导向的人力资源管理的具体形式与过程。 第一,从招聘阶段就开始企业文化,尤其是企业价值观念的导向。企业人力资源管理者要通过有目的公关活动和广告宣传,让潜在的员工了解企业的企业文化,特别是企业的基本价值观念,基本的原则和宗旨。接下来要用合理的测试手段分析判定应聘者的价值倾向与企业的价值观体系是否一致。 第二,对招聘来的新的企业员工进行企业文化培训,即定向(入厂、入社)教育。通常的做法有,一是进行规章制度奖惩纪律方面的教育;二是进行企业发展史的教育,接受本企业的好的传统。三是进?quot;师傅带徒弟"式 的实际试用实践考察。这种上岗前的培训、定向教育对于新企业员工的价值观念的导向是十分重要的。在这一阶段不同的价值观念和思维方式会发生激烈的碰撞,对企业存在的问题会有鲜明强烈的感受和印象,它虽有直观感性认识的片面,但它却克服了老企业员工的熟视无睹乃至麻木不仁,认真听取新职工的意见,加以归纳分析,找出合理的因素加以吸收,不仅会使新的员工加快对企业已有文化价值观念的认同,而且更主要的是它会给企业文化注入新的活力因素,保持企业组织具有不断变革的动力。这是企业文化与社会文化通过人力资源的互动过程。 第三,在人力资源使用过程中培养企业员工的企业精神。 企业精神是企业文化的核心,即企业价值观念和 思想信念的体现。它要求有奉献、团结协作,以人为本、创新、追求卓越等精神。比如它要求尊重企业员工权利,公平对待每一个员工,包括犯错误乃至被解雇的员工,鼓励员工参与企业的管理与决策,保障职工的劳动安全和合法权益,加强管理者与被管理者之间的沟通,形成和谐的人际关系,包括劳资关系等,以及保证员工的工资福利,等等。 总之,在企业人力资源调配、考核等方面,培养企业员工的企业精神,形成一个和谐向上充满活力与朝气的组织目标与员工价值自我实现相一致的利益、文化、精神共同体。 第四,人力资源管理中企业文化作用的媒介形式。 任何文化发挥作用都必须通过感官媒介,企业文化也是这样。企业文化在人力资源管理中的媒介形式主要有: 一是良好的企业环境和优质的产品与服务对企业员工潜移默化的作用,这要求企业管理者外树良好的企业形象,内创优美的生产工作环境等; 二是企业开展象征性的企业欢庆仪式、礼仪、纪念等活动; 三是宣传企业特有的语言、口号、标语、传闻轶事、"神话"故事。特有的标语口号简明洗炼,好懂易记,易于传播。 四是企业人力资源管理者要树立本企业的英雄人物、传奇人物。因为榜样的力量是直观的感性的,他/她 明确地告诉人们企业在提倡什么、鼓 励什么,企业员工也就知道自己应该 怎么做。这也就是"树典型"的方法, 实事求是的人物典型就会发挥鲜明生动的感召力。如果企业家身体力行,成为企业文化中的典型人物,那么就会更好地发挥企业文化的导向作用了。总之,企业文化导向下的人力资源管理会使人力资源管理更加有效率,二者是一个互相促进的管理活动。企业文化与人力资源管理企业文化形成的基础来源于企业奠基人的哲学思想(无论它起初是多么朦胧),我们称之为经营理念。这种理念在企业的经营活动中对雇员的价值标准产生强烈的影响;通过高层管理活动创造、维持一种氛围——什么样的行为可接受和不可接受。怎样使员工认同企业文化,取决于两方面的工作:选择具有企业相同价值标准的员工,通过培训使新员工适应企业的价值标准要求。人力资源管理在企业文化的营造、维持、传播上起着非常重要的作用:建立价值评价体系,制订价值观取向的政策,选择员工,通过培训传播企业文化等等。企业文化在企业经营管理中的意义到底是什么?起什么样的作用?让我们先来看下面的一个案例:Wal—Mart是美国现代商业最成功的商业企业。它成立于1962年。在1980年以前,年销售额24亿美元,不到Sears销售额的12%。但在80年代,Wal—Mart年营业额以每年25%的速度增长。目前,它的年销售额达400亿美元,超过Sears ard Kmatt,成为美国最大的零售商。Wal—Mart销售的是和其他同行同样的商品,为什么能成功?其中一个因素是企业创立者Walton's最初选择了正确的成长战略:在少有竞争对手的小城镇,建立毗邻的销售网点,方便分配商供货。但Wal—Mart's成功的真正秘决是它的企业文化。Sam Walton创立的企业文化,成为350,000企业员工共同承认的价值标准。这种文化强调质量、低消耗、服务顾客。在企业中,Wal—Mart's鼓励在各层面上工作的员工冒险、创新,对待员工真正象自己的伙伴一样。有一则小故事可以说明这种企业文化。1985年,在阿拉巴拿的一位商店经理助理John犯了非常愚蠢的错误,他订了商店所需量的4~5倍的甜点。发生这种情况在别的企业责任人必然被辞退。但在Wal—Mart则不然,商店的经理告诉他:“John,发挥你的想象力,想出各种方法将它卖掉。”John的答案:在他的商店附近停车场举办第一次吃月饼世界冠军比赛。促销活动非常成功,以致这项赛事已成为该店每年一度的传统活动。一、规范化——企业文化的先驱从文化角度观察企业,是近二十年的新事物。在60年代,组织被视为用来协调、控制一群人的工具,它借助权威关系的线条将各部门串在一起。但真实的却是组织有更多的含意,它象一个人一样也有个性。组织的个性或固执、或灵活、或敌对、或友善,或开放、或保守。将两个具有相同的组织结构,处在相同的地域,又从事完全同样的经营活动的企业加以比较,它们一定有不同的“情感”和个性特征。到70年代,组织理论开始承认文化在组织成员中起的重要作用。有趣的是,企业文化作为影响员工态度和行为的独立因素,起源于20~30年代的规范化概念。规范化使组织成员产生共识:什么是恰当的、基本的、有意义的行为。当一个组织使制度程式化,它的作用是把为组织成员普遍接受的行为模式变成成员的自我行为。而这恰恰也是企业文化所要做的。二、企业(组织)文化的定义.......内容较多,如需可以找我或者留一个邮箱!

什么对什么的影响论文题目

环境影响人成长所谓“一方水土养一方人”,又有谓“近朱则赤,近墨者黑”.环境对人的影响是潜移默化的,大家耳熟能详的“孟母三迁”的故事就说明此理.当一个人身边所接触的人是正直者,这个人很容易也变为正直的人;反之,友人皆为巧言令色者,这人也容易变为巧言令色者.对于事物的判断也是如此,当一个错误的想法被周围人都认为是正确时,这位有自觉者也会对自己开始怀疑.当更多人都如此认为时,这个人就会接受这错误的想法.故人处世间,没有良师益友提拔就随波逐流,如果是好的风气则有好的影响,如果是坏的风气,则受坏的影响.纵观历史历朝历代与世界各国,各种思潮、制度,屡屡变更,皆没有一定.每个时代的人多被那个时代的思潮制度所影响,很少能跳出这种局限.俗话说得好“环境造就人”,环境能影响人,可以熏陶人,也能潜移默化地改变一个人,它能从多个侧面直接或间接地影响着孩子的成长和发展,并支配着孩子思想道德行为.良好的环境能成就一个人,而不良的环境也将会给一个人的成长带来负面作用,当然这里的环境既指家庭环境、也指学校环境和社会环境.大家也都听过易中天品三国吧,在电视上曾进行过专题报道,他的成长就是得益于良好的家庭环境的影响,易中天的父亲是大学教授,热衷于搞学术研究,家里藏书丰富.孩子在这样的环境中成长,自然地就好学乐学了.他的儿子个个都很有优秀.易老在电视采访中说:“我从来没有为儿孙们的学习操过心,也从来没有打骂过他们.”最后总结时说,家庭潜移默化的教育最关键,言传不如身教.所以,我们在对孩子进行教育时,就要注意营造良好的环境氛围,让环境感染着孩子、教育着孩子,无言胜于有言,潜移默化中孩子就会受到教育.教育的重要由此可见,很可惜的是现今的教育实在办得不好,没有注重人性的培养,而只注重在技术、知识上的东西.教育应该是探寻生命、人与人、人与世界的关系.不然的话,这个世界就只成为一个机械人的世界,只知道赚钱、被潮流牵着跑,是何等的无意义.已故的宣化法师对当今的教育有一番精辟的见解,他认为现今的教育可说是破产,在学校里老师给同学灌输的就是如何争第一.学生就如一张白纸,结果就养成人人好争好斗的性格.国与国的战争皆是好争、好斗而产生,谦让的精神却没有给与灌输.写到这里,希望见闻者能或多或少那出自己的一些力量,推动世界教育的发展,使其走入正轨.如此一来,人类的未来才多一份希望、多一份光明.

第一 在教育理念上更倾向西方的标准,觉得西方的教育就比我们高级,比我们要强,总去参考或贴近西方的标准,对老一辈的教育都是批判的态度第二 学校的模式本来就是西方的东西嘛第三 学校教育说白了是统治者的教育,为统治阶级服务的,到处都一样,只有小部分是针对个人发展的1、对孩子的喂养讲究科学喂养,像喂猪一样,什么什么多少比例几许,科学喂养,麦当劳肯德基等等垃圾食品对饮食文化都有影响啊。价值观还都是往钱看吧,大部分人都以金钱去衡量一个人的成就,中外都这样,有少数是以文化、个人行为方面去看的,但大部分都是金钱,这是肯定的,特别是对活着的人的评价。所以读书就是为了赚钱,是大多数人最直接的观点。2、电影、电视等媒体对孩子的道德观有很大的冲击,现在的孩子更早熟,更开放,更以自我为中心,明哲保身,对很多事情都不闻不问,不理不睬,虽然不能说道德沦丧,但也是让人不舒服的,喝倒彩、嘲笑人家缺点等等,时有发生。总的来说还是我们周围的环境发生变化,对孩子的影响比较大。

西方教育孩子是跟据孩子的兴趣!中国只是传统观念严紧!所以中国与西方的教育有了很大的差别!~

由于我们使用的大多数塑料制品并不能在自然环境中直接降解,如果不加干预其平均寿命会超过500年。随着时间的推移,它们会分解成越来越小的碎块,而分子结构却没有任何改变。这些“塑料沙子”表面上看与海洋动物的食物极为相似,一旦被吞食将无法消化、难以排泄,最终将导致鱼类和海鸟因营养不良而死亡。另外,这些塑料颗粒还能像海绵一样吸附高于正常含量数百万倍的毒素,其连锁反应可通过食物链扩大并传至人类。投入海洋的东西会进入动物体内,最终会将在我们的餐桌上出现。事事都是相同的,如果我们不保护环境,最后受到惩罚的会是谁?是我们人类,我们要为自己所做的事情来承担后果;就像前面说到的一样,温州瑞安的河流污染严重,可能会导致空气的不清新而令人患上病症,那时候再后悔已经晚了。现在每到上下班的时间,都是高峰期,车来车往,道路上总是排起了长龙,难道大家就不能骑自行车吗?总是说低碳出行,请问是在做广告还是嘴巴上说说的?汽车排放出来的尾气,大家心里都知道会有什么危害,那为什么还要开车呢?环境的美好,是要靠我们大家一起努力的,并不是几个人说说做做就可以了,如果是这样,那会有什么用,可能连幼儿园的小朋友都知道要保护环境,可能小朋友都会提醒家长少开车,低碳出行,那么作为家长的大人,有没有做起带头的作用,给小朋友们作出榜样。我们中华民族的传统美德是中国五千年历史流传下来,如果区区的环保意识都没有,那又怎能谈上老祖宗为我们留下的优良传统呢?古人云:“皆知有耻,则国家永无耻矣”在这里,我希望我们人类从现在开始可以保护环境,让人类都有良好的生活环境,而不是继续坐视不理,虽然世界末日是假,可能在不久的将来,地球真的会因为环境而毁灭了。

什么什么什么论文开题报告

就是写写1为什么选择这个论文题目2论文大纲3要通过怎样的途径收集资料4国内外关于这个题目的现行研究有哪些

开题报告是指开题者对科研课题的一种文字说明材料。这是一种新的应用写作文体,这种文字体裁是随着现代科学研究活动计划性的增强和科研选题程序化管理的需要应运而生的。开题报告是由选题者把自己所选的课题的概况(即"开题报告内容"),向有关专家、学者、科技人员进行陈述。然后由他们对科研课题进行评议。亦可采用"德尔菲法"评分;再由科研管理部门综合评议的意见,确定是否批准这一选题。开题报告作为毕业论文答辩委员会对学生答辩资格审查的依据材料之一。

论文开题报告基本要素

各部分撰写内容

论文标题应该简洁,且能让读者对论文所研究的主题一目了然。

摘要是对论文提纲的总结,通常不超过1或2页,摘要包含以下内容:

目录应该列出所有带有页码的标题和副标题, 副标题应缩进。

这部分应该从宏观的角度来解释研究背景,缩小研究问题的范围,适当列出相关的参考文献。

这一部分不只是你已经阅读过的相关文献的总结摘要,而是必须对其进行批判性评论,并能够将这些文献与你提出的研究联系起来。

这部分应该告诉读者你想在研究中发现什么。在这部分明确地陈述你的研究问题和假设。在大多数情况下,主要研究问题应该足够广泛,而次要研究问题和假设则更具体,每个问题都应该侧重于研究的某个方面。

首先你要了解毕业设计要做哪些东西,什么开题报告,毕业论文,系统设计啥的,一大堆,具体时间要看你是做什么东西的,你可以到星海毕业设计网上了解下做毕业设计的整个过程,他们那边有一个毕业设计宝典,有3篇文章,讲解了毕业设计从选题到制作再到答辩的一个完整过程,每份资料都有二十几页,真的很详细。另外,上面还有些资料是可以免费下载的,强烈推荐你去看看哦。。

对翻译的影响论文开题报告

英语专业翻译方向论文开题报告范文

以下是由我整理的.英语专业翻译方向论文的开题报告范文,供大家参考!

How to Deal with Ellipsis in English-Chinese Translation

I. Purpose and Significance

With the development of globalization, the world’s political, economic and cultural communications are becoming increasingly frequent. Therefore, the role of translation cannot be ignored. However, the differences between English and Chinese cultures that are reflected in the two languages pose considerable difficulty.

It is acknowledged that when doing translation one can not translate word for word, or sentence by sentence. Therefore, we must use some translation strategies such as amplification, ellipsis, conversion and so on. Ellipsis as one of the basic translation methods plays an essential role in English-Chinese rendition. Translators apply it in order to make their versions more coherent and understandable.

According to the Oxford Advanced Learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary, ellipsis means leaving out a word or words from a sentence deliberately, when the meaning can be understood without them. Ellipsis in translation does not mean cutting some content from the original articles. What could be omitted are words that are useless in translated works or else they will make the versions redundant or disobey the manner of expression in another language.

Some words and phrases are useless in Chinese but necessary in English. Articles in English are the most significant phenomenon from this aspect. They are very important in English, but we can hardly see any reflection of this part in Chinese. Ellipsis is designed on the basis of faithfulness to the original text, making it more fluent, smooth, concise, thus conforming to idiomatic Chinese. The paper will explore ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from five aspects, which are ellipses of pronouns, conjunctions, articles, prepositions, modifications, so as to achieve smoother and clearer communications among China and English-speaking countries.

II. Literature Review

Long before, some people began to learn other countries’ languages to understand others cultures. In China, Xuanzang was the first translator who not only translated the Sanskrit sutras into Chinese, but introduced the first Chinese writings to foreign countries, making foreigners understand China’s ancient culture. Meanwhile, he was the first to translate Lao Tse's works into Sanskrit. Indian scholars had a high opinion of Xuanzang, "In China, there is no such great translator, and also in the human cultural history, we can only say that Xuanzang is the first great translator."(Ye Lang, 2008) We can say that it was Xuanzang who motivated people to know the different parts of the world, their cultures and the peoples who live there. Then, some big countries such as America, China, and so on became a melting pot.(Gu Zhengkun, 2000) People have imperceptibly spent thousands of years in knowing each other.

With China’s entry into WTO and its open-up policy, cross-cultural exchanges are increasingly frequent between this country and others. A lot of foreign tourists come to visit China. While traveling, these foreigners are not satisfied with the translations of the scenic spots. Sometimes, they even feel confused. A lot of problems exist in the translation, such as misuse of words, poor expression of meaning and so on. All of these poor translations do harm to our country’s international image, and cause a lot of inconveniences for the foreign visitors. (Ma Zuyi, 2000). I am fond of tourism and being a free tourist like the others who are good at enjoying their wonderful lives. The love of tourism makes me feel the need to improve the translation. But every time when I have a trip, many unsuitable translations of the names of those scenic spots will embarrass me. Tourism is part of intercultural communication, so proper translation of the scenic spots become more and more important to our country.

Communication plays a significant role in the globalized society. In order to know each other better, people from all over the world have tried a verity of ways. Of course, translation is one of them. All translators have done their best to make the translated works more consistent with the needs of people.(Gu Jinming, 1997) From my perspective, they really have done a great job. And I want to retrospect the cause of their development. After a thorough evaluation, I choose a branch of translation—ellipsis in translation from English to Chinese, then I did the following jobs.

I put all my researches and other stuffs together, and then I found that it is a common case in English and Chinese which draws much academic interest. In 1976, Halliday and Hsan classified ellipsis into nominal, verbal and clausal ellipsis. This classification exerts great influence in academic circle. Thereafter, ellipsis in Chinese and English has been studied according to this theory, which is based on different layers of structure. This kind of study underlines differentiations and similarities of ellipsis in Chinese and English.

Another famous theory to explain ellipsis is Economy Principle. Economy Principle was put forward by Chomsky (1991,1993, and 1995) in his Generate Crammer. It maintains that language and linguistic study follow Economy Principle, which means using the least effort to express the most information. This principle just coincides with ellipsis in function.

In this thesis, I think that brevity is the most obvious and common function of ellipsis, especially in daily language. And in both English and Chinese, people advocate brevity. Shakespeare once remarked, “brevity is the soul of wit”, and in Chinese there are numerous idioms like “yan jian yi gai” (meaning compendious). However, apart from the function of brevity, ellipsis embodies other functions which are also pretty common in the two languages but less noticed.(Hua Xianfa,2002)These functions distribute in both English and Chinese unevenly and represent great colorfulness of language. Exploring other functions of ellipsis and searching for functional recreation in translation will be of much benefit to both English to Chinese and Chinese to English translation.

I found that when Chinese authors try to analyse ellipsis in English to Chinese translation, they always initially put articles in the list. They consider that it is a common phenomenon that Chinese always leave out personal articles. While it is obviously different in English that almost every sentence has a subject, we can see articles fluently. That is because when we translate from English to Chinese, personal articles can be omitted, even though sometimes it may appear once, it can also be omitted if necessary. Furthermore, if the objects can be seen obviously, personal articles should also be omitted. However, it never happens in English. From this point, it is not only allowable but also necessary when we translate personal articles which are objects in sentences into Chinese.

In my point of view, the development of society has in some way has deliberately promoted the way of people’s thinking, translation system has become more and more perfect, people from all over the world have enjoyed the convenience. However, we can not neglect that there are still some problems in this field in China, and we have less influential Chinese translators in the world. Therefore, we still have a long way to go in translation.

III. Feasibility Analysis

This academic paper is a feasible project and the reasons are as follows:

have great interests in the way of English-Chinese translation.

have already studied translation methods and have been familiar with the functions and applications of ellipsis .

have collected enough references both Chinese and Western on ellipsis in

translation and do a scrupulous study of the relationship between them.

have a carefully planned schedule and have worked out a detailed outline of this thesis.

have acquainted myself with the correct format, a clear and complete structure required by the academic paper, and my adequate English competence will enable me to write in fluent and precise English.

instructor is a qualified translator who is familiar with the subject I havechosen.

IV. Problems of the research and solutions

1. Problems

Despite the references I have collected and read, a thorough study of ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from the point of freely using still needs far more. What’s more, owing to the limited ways of getting references in Xinjiang, I will have to make full use of my present resources. Also, this is the first time I have ever written such a serious academic paper. I am therefore a learner and lack the needed training and experience.

2. Solutions

(1) I shall make full use of my already acquired references which come from books, magazines and the Internet as well.

(2) I shall value my own original thoughts and mainly rely on detailed analysis that I have read from the books which have closely idea with my purpose.

(3) When I have difficulties in the writing process, I shall consult my instructor and seek for help.

V. Necessary conditions

1. Our university and school of foreign languages have provided the basic study and research conditions and facilities, including books and journals in the library and reading rooms.

2. The Internet is another source of information and on the campus we have easy access to the Internet.

3. I have been assigned an instructor to guide me through the whole process of planning and writing.

VI. Outline

I. Introduction

A. A Brief Introduction of Ellipsis in Translation

B. What Should We Pay Attention to When Dealing with Ellipsis

C. The Reason Why Ellipsis Is So Widely Used in Translation

1. Chinese Expressions Are Much Briefer Than That of English

2. English Grammar Is Wee-Knit and Complete in Sentence Structure

II. The Principles of Ellipsis

A. Omitted Words Must Be Useless And Unnecessary in the Translated Works

B. The Meaning of the Omitted Words Is Implied in the Test

C. Omitted Words Which Are Self-Evident

Ш. The Functions and Applications of Ellipsis

A. The Coherence of the Meaning of Expression

B. The Coincidence of the Manner of Expression

1. Ellipsis of Articles

a. Ellipsis of Definite Articles

b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Articles

2. Ellipsis of Prepositions

3. Ellipsis of Pronouns

a. Ellipsis of Personal and Impersonal Pronouns

b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Pronouns

c. Ellipsis of Relative Pronouns

4. Ellipsis of Conjunctions

a. Ellipsis of Coordinating Conjunctions

b. Ellipsis of Subordinate Conjunctions

5. Ellipsis of Rhetoric

a. Ellipsis of Repeated Words

b. Ellipsis of Synonyms

翻译学论文开题报告

开题报告是提高选题质量和水平的`重要环节。下面是我为大家整理的一篇以《目的论在英汉广告翻译上的应用》为例的语言学硕士论文开题报告,供参考阅读,希望对您有所帮助。

1、选题意义和背景

The progress of economic globalization has greatly hit the social life.

Advertising has become an important way of modern marketing and has attractedmerchants and the company. As people's consciousness worldwide enhances, manyproducts and services of advertising will be translated into other languages forpromotion to explore overseas markets. Advertising, as an effective way ofdisseminating brand information, has penetrated into many aspects of social life, andit plays a bridge role in connection and communication. Since China's accession tothe WTO, its connection with the world gets even closer. More and moreinternational enterprises and product brands come into China's huge market.

Translation of products and services for overseas consumers is not only the functionof promoting consumption, but also the effect of external publicity. In the globalmarket, advertising translation not only brings an opportunity for advertising, butalso has brings the huge challenge. Therefore, mastery of both Chinese and Englishadvertising translation is particularly important.

Skopos theory is the foundation and the core theory of functionalism. Skopostheory holds that the process of the whole translation behavior is determined to thepurpose of translation action, that is, the end justifies the means. The purpose of thetranslation behavior is the core element which determines the translation process.

Advertising translation has a strong purpose. What is more important toadvertising translation is whether translation can convey the purpose of source textand achieve the anticipated target of the source text, so as to attract the attention offoreign customers to induce their consumption desire, eventually to incur purchasebehavior.

2、论文综述/研究基础

1 Advertising Translation Studies in the West.

Advertising translation was mentioned in translation studies for the first time inHurbin's (1972) article “Peut-on traduire la langue de la publicé” (Can OneTranslate the Language of Advertising?)。 At that time, linguistics was the dominanthumanistic discipline, meanwhile, linguistics made translating a code-switchingoperation. Equivalence-based linguistic approaches mainly focus on the source text.

Hurhin argued that for one source text, there are several translations, and thetranslators chose which translation is the most appropriate one. Hurbin also pointedthat if glossaries of advertising language is compiled, this was made easier. So thetranslators will be easy to find the most appropriate equivalent expressions betweenthe source and the target text.

In Candace Seguinot's (1995) article “Translation and Advertising: GoingGlobal in Cultural Functions of Translation”. The main opinion of which is thatacross cultural boundaries, there is an understanding of culture and semioticsappearing in the marketing of goods and services. It goes well beyond both languageand design.

Another representative article “Advertising: a five-stage strategy for translationin Translation” as Intercultural Communication which is edited by C. Nord et al. Thearticle is published by Smith & Klein-Braley (1997)。 In this article, they conduct acontrastive analysis of English and German advertising. Then they developedtaxonomy of strategies for the analysis of advertising translation.

Up to now, the book which maybe the only one published exclusively onadvertisement translation is Translation Practices in International Advertisingwritten by Mathieu Guidere (2001)。 This book mainly talks about various aspects ofadvertising translation in international market and mainly concerns the globaladvertising of multinational companies, because they need to translate their productsinformation into other languages. The author analyzes some examples in advertisingtranslation and he shows readers some essential problems in current translation ideas.

This book introduced the strategies of translation which are implemented by the multinational firms to break into new markets.

2 Advertising Translation Studies in China.

Domestic advertising translation studies officially started in 1990s. In terms ofresearch contents, the initial studies mainly focused on the discussion about specificadvertising translation of idioms and the existing problems in Chinese-Englishadvertising translation. That was the primary stage. Years later, advertisingtranslation principle and criteria became the research themes. People hold the viewthat, advertising translation should give attention to in many aspects, such as text,language beauty, consumer psychology. Researchers illustrated their respectivepoints of view from different angles. Since the late 90s, although the discussion oftranslation principle and criteria were still mentioned, the researchers' attention weregradually focused on translation of difficult parts in advertising, such as therhetorical devices, emotional transmission, brand image and trademark reproduction ,etc. In terms of research methods, domestic advertising translation study mainly usesthe inductive method and the case study. Nevertheless, in recent years, researchersbegin to use the theory achievements of pragmatics and other related disciplines toanalyze different kinds of problems in advertising translation, and then put forwardsome translation strategies.

As early as xx, Li Fan proposed the development of the advertising languageposed a severe challenge to advertising translation. The artful advertisings require thetranslator to break hard the tradition of the original, boldly innovate, and improve thequality of translation. There are three reasons for flexible advertising translation: 1)the purpose of advertising is to induce consumer to purchase products. Text is justmeans, so translations do not have to stick to the text equivalent; 2) the feature ofadvertising language is vivid, which is the essence of advertising language. If thetranslation is not bold to change, there will be no magic translation; 3) formulaicexpressions are common use in advertising, if not alternative, it may be translatedinto foreign stereotyped writing (黎凡 xx:29-31)。 At the same time, researchersthought in terms of some specific advertisements, flexible translation seems to be theonly way, especially in the four kinds of advertising: 1) advertising used of witty and polished words; 2) advertising used of brand name; 3) advertising used of puns; 4)advertising with strong national culture color.

In order to achieve concise expression, attract more readers' attention, facilitatereaders recognize and remember, advertising writing should follow the KISSprinciple, namely, “keep it short and sweet” (郭可 1992:57-64)。 A great number ofstudies on advertising translation are associated with concise problem. Ding Shude isdedicated to his studies. He holds that: 1) Chinese advertising often uses modifiers toemphasis, product characteristics, while English advertising is simple words, mainlywith oral type. a lot of subject-predicative phrases in Chinese can be directlytranslated into adjectives English , such as 速度快、效率高、行动灵活 can betranslated into “fast, efficient and handy”; 2) There are a large number of the fourwords in Chinese advertising structure, which bring parallelism and overlapping tostrengthen language, but there is no such characteristic in English. InChinese-English translation should hold the center, around the center word leads toall aspects; 3) there are often loose sentences, which express a large amount ofinformation in Chinese advertising. Translation should be concise and compact,strengthen the logic; 4) Chinese advertising commonly uses formulaic expressions.

Translation should be fascinating, considering the overall rhetorical, but not stackrhetoric. Good English advertising language is not many words, but it is impressive(丁树德 xx: 42-43)。 Cao Shunfa also takes a large number of examples of bothEnglish-Chinese translation two aspects show that based on the principle of simple,the translation of advertising language should strive to use the most simple languageto express the most complex meaning, to make it easy to be remembered (曹顺发xx: 43-45)。

Equivalence theory is based on Nida's equivalence translation theory. On thisbasis, some researchers point out that commercial advertising translation is mainlyon the equivalence of semantic, social and cultural, and stylistic aspect. 1) Thesemantic equivalence. This is the most basic and important equivalence. From wordto chapter, in order to achieve the semantic equivalence, the first thing to thetranslator is that he must determine the meaning of the translation unit in context.

开题报告对论文影响大吗

开题报告是引出论文的关键因素,开题报告是老师对你选题是否认可的关键性凭证。你好,希望我们可以帮你。开题报告写作是我们特长,我们的服务特色:支持支付宝交易,保证你的资金安全。3种服务方式,文章多重审核,保证文章质量。附送抄袭检测报告,让你用得放心。修改不限次数,再刁难的老师也能过。

根据学术堂的了解吗,不论哪个学校,相信每个学生在确定好自己的毕业设计题目后导师首先都会催促撰写开题报告,由此可见开题报告的重要性。开题报告是我们撰写的毕业论文的中心和浓缩,整个论文的内容将是对开题报告的扩充。所以如果想写好一篇论文首先应该能大致清楚自己论文的整体框架,加以整理浓缩就会构成一个好的开题报告。开题报告一般包括:论文题目、理论支撑即毕业论文选题的目的与意义、国内外研究现状、研究方法、内容,起止时间、进度安排及导师意见等。开题报告中书写过程中要注意考虑选题目的与意义,即为什么选择这个毕业论文题目,这个题目有什么研究的价值及现在国内外的研究状况。由浅及深先谈现实存在的问题由问题引出研究的实际意义及学术价值,这个过程中我们要脚踏实地具体、客观有针对性的分析,不要空想。同时应该阐述整篇论文的主要内容,将整体内容提炼浓缩,让导师清晰明了的看出自己论文的整体情况。在撰写文献综述以前要认真查阅相关文献,提前充分了解自己研究的相关内容。所查阅的文献要与自己研究的内容相关,要注重分析研究,善于发现问题,突出选题在当前研究中的意义、优势及突破点。同时不能照搬文献内容,要把文献主要内容与自己的观点加以结合。开题报告在时间及顺序上要合理安排,每个阶段的起止时间、相应的研究内容及成果要明确说明,同时整个研究进程要有连续性。

万事开头难,但是一定要做好,那是脸!

是的开题报告要答辩啊,通不过就不能开论文啊

相关百科
热门百科
首页
发表服务