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中美饮食差异英语论文参考文献

发布时间:2024-07-02 12:55:25

中美饮食差异英语论文参考文献

中熟,美生!!!!!

only found one. hope that works~American table manners[edit] Table Layout * Bread plates are to the left of the main plate, beverage glasses are to the right. * Salad fork, knife and soup spoon are further from the main plate than the main course knife, fork and spoon. Dessert utensils are either placed above the main plate or served with dessert.[edit] General Behavior * Chew with your mouth closed. * Do not talk at an excessively loud volume. * Refrain from coughing, sneezing or blowing nose at the table. * Never tilt back your chair while at the table, or at any other time. * Do not make unbecoming noises while eating. * Do not play with food or table utensils. * Do not single out or chastise someone who has shown poor table manners. * Do not put your elbows on the table or slouch. * Always ask the host or hostess to be excused before leaving the table. * Do not stare at anyone while he or she is eating. * Never talk on your phone at the table. If urgent, ask host or hostess to be excused, and go outside. Apologize when returned.[edit] Utensils * Do not eat food with your fingers unless you are eating foods customarily eaten with fingers, such as bread, french fries, chicken wings, pizza, etc. * The fork may be used either in the American (use the fork in your left hand while cutting; switch to right hand to pick up and eat a piece) or the Continental (fork remains in the left hand) fashion -- either is now acceptable. (See Fork etiquette) * The fork is used to convey any solid food to the mouth. * The knife blade should be placed on the edge of your plate when not in use. The blade should always face inward. * When you have finished eating soup, the spoon should be placed to the side of the saucer, not left in the bowl. * Keep your napkin on your lap. At more formal occasions all diners will wait to place their napkins on their laps until the host or hostess places his or her napkin on his or her lap * When eating barbecue or some other messy foods such as cracked crab, a 'bib' napkin may be provided for and used by adults. Usually these foods are also eaten by hand, and wet wipes or paper napkins should be used to clean the hands. * When using paper napkins, never ball them up or allow stains to show. * Use your silverware from the outside moving inward toward the main plate. (Salad fork, knife and soup spoon are further from the main plate than the main course knife, fork and spoon. Dessert utensils are either placed above the main plate or served with dessert.)[edit] Dining * A prayer or 'blessing' may be customary in some families, and the guests should join in even if they are not religious or do not follow the same religion. Most prayers are made by the host before the meal is eaten. Instead or in addition, a 'toast' may be offered [1]. * Do not start eating until (a) every person is served or (b) those who have not been served request that you begin without waiting. At more formal occasions all diners will wait to begin until the hostess or host lifts a fork or spoon. * When a dish is presented 'family style', the food is served to one's plate and then passed on to the next person. put the food on your left, take some and pass to the person next to you. * When serving, serve from the left and pick up the dish from the right. Beverages are both served and removed from the right. * Eat soup noiselessly and with the side of the spoon. * Tea or coffee should never be poured into the saucer to cool but should be sipped from the cup. Alternatively, ice may be used to cool either. * Seasoning ones meal prior to tasting can be considered rude and may insult the chef.[edit] At the end of the meal * It is acceptable in most places to not finish all of the food on your plate. * When finished with your meal, place your knife and fork with handles at the 4 o'clock position and the tines of the fork down to signal to the server you are done. * Except in a public restaurant, do not ask to take some of your uneaten food away from the meal after it ends, especially when having a formal dinner.[edit] British table manners * The fork is held in your left hand and the knife is held in your right. * You should hold your knife with the handle in your palm and your fork in the other hand with the prongs pointing downwards. * If you’re eating a dessert, your fork (if you have one) should be held in the left hand and the spoon in the right. * When eating soup, you should hold your spoon in your right hand and tip the bowl away from you, scooping the soup in movements away from yourself. * It is not acceptable to use your fingers at the table to eat or push food onto your fork. You may, however, eat some foods such as fruit, sandwiches, hamburgers, crisps, chips or pizza with your fingers. * If there are a number of knives or forks, then you should start from the outside set working your way in as each course is served. * Drinks should always be to the right of your plate with the bread roll to the left. * When eating bread rolls, break off a piece before buttering. Use your knife only to butter the bread, not to cut it. * You should not start eating before your host does or instructs you to do so. At larger meals, it is considered okay to start eating once others have been served. * When you’re finished, place your knife and fork together at five o’clock with your fork on the left (tines facing up) and knife on the right, with the knife blade facing in. This signals that you are finished. * Your napkin should never be screwed up. Nor should it be folded neatly as that would suggest that your host might plan to use it again without washing it - just leave is neatly but loosely. * Never blow your nose on your napkin. Place it on your lap and use it to dab your mouth if you make a mess. * It is considered rude to answer the telephone at the table. If you need to take an urgent call, excuse yourself and go outside. * Always ask for permission from the host and excuse yourself if you need to leave the table. You should place your napkin on your seat until you return. * If you must leave the table or are resting, your fork should be at eight o’clock and your knife at four o’clock (with the blade inwards). Once an item of cutlery has been used, it should not touch the table again. * The food should be brought to your mouth on the fork; you should sit straight and not lean towards your plate. * Dishes should be served from the right, and taken away from the right. Unless the food is placed on your plate at the table, then it should arrive from the left. * Drinks should be served from the right. * Never lean across somebody else’s plate. If you need something to be passed, ask the person closest to it. If you have to pass something, only pass it if you are closest to it and pass it directly to them if you can. * Salt & pepper should be passed together. * Do not take food from a neighbour’s plate and don’t ask to do so. * You must not put your elbows on the table. * If pouring a drink for yourself, offer to pour a drink for your neighbours before serving yourself. * If extra food is on the table, ask others first if they would like it before taking it yourself. * When chewing food, close your mouth and only talk when you have swallowed it. * Swallow all food before eating more or having a drink. * Do not slurp your food or eat loudly. Burping or sneezing at the table should be avoided, too. * Never pick food out of your teeth with your fingernails. * Try to eat all the food you are served. * Glasses served in a wine glass or other stemmed-glass should be held at the stem. * Always remember “regular” manners. Remember to say "please" and "thank you".[edit] Chinese table mannersThese are mostly concerned with the use of chopsticks. Otherwise generally Chinese table manners are rather more informal, what would be considered rude in other cultures such as talking with the mouth full may be acceptable but better not to do so. * Chopsticks must always be held in the correct manner. It should be held between the thumb and fingers of the right hand, * Chopsticks are traditionally held in the right hand only, even by the left-handed. Although chopsticks may now be found in either hand, a few still consider left-handed chopstick use improper etiquette. One explanation for the treatment of such usage as improper is that this can symbolise argument, as the chopsticks may collide between the left-handed and right-handed user. * When communal chopsticks are supplied with shared plates of food, it is considered impolite to use your own chopsticks to pick up the food from the shared plate or eat using the communal chopsticks. An exception to this rule is made in intimate family dinners where family members may not mind the use of one's own chopsticks to transfer food. * It is considered impolite to use the blunt end of the chopsticks to transfer food from a common dish to your own plate or bowl. Use the communal chopsticks instead. * Never wave your chopsticks around as if they were an extension of your hand gestures, bang them like drumsticks, or use them to move bowls or plates. * Decide what to pick up before reaching with chopsticks. Do not hover around or poke looking for special ingredients. After you have picked up an item, do not put it back in the dish. * When picking up a piece of food, never use the tips of your chopsticks to poke through the food as if you were using a fork. Exceptions include tearing larger items apart such as vegetables. In informal use, small, difficult to pick-up items such as cherry tomatoes or fishballs may be stabbed but this use is frowned upon by traditionalists. * Chopsticks can be rested horizontally on one's plate or bowl to keep them off the table entirely. A chopstick rest can also be used to keep the points off the table. * Never stab chopsticks into a bowl of rice, leaving them standing upwards. Any stick-like object facing upward resembles the incense sticks that some Asians use as offerings to deceased family members. This is considered the ultimate faux pas on the dining table. * Chinese traditionally eat rice from a small bowl held in the left hand. The rice bowl is raised to the mouth and the rice pushed into the mouth using the chopsticks. Some Chinese find it offensive to scoop rice from the bowl using a spoon. If rice is served on a plate, as is more common in the West, it is acceptable and more practical to eat it with a fork or spoon. The thumb must always be above the edge of the bowl. * It is acceptable to transfer food to people who have a close relation with you (. parents, grandparents, children or significant others) if you notice they are having difficulty picking up the food. Also it is a sign of respect to pass food to the elderly first before the dinner starts (part of the Confucian tradition of respecting seniors). * Traditionally, it is polite for the youngest members of the table to address each and everyone of the elderly members of the table before a meal starts and literally tell them to "eat rice", which means "go ahead and start the meal", to show respect. * The host should always make sure the guests drinks are sufficiently full. One should not pour for ones self, but should (if thirsty) offer to pour for a neighbor. When your drink is being poured, you should say "thank you" and/or tap your fingers on the table to show appreciation. * When people wish to clink drinks together in the form of a cheer, it is important to observe that younger members should clink the edge of their drink below the edge of an elder to show respect. * When eating food that contains bones, it is customary that the bones be spit out onto the table to the right of the dining plate in a neat pile.

Eating Custom and Practice American eating is funny. They eat almost everything with a fork, and it appears that holding a knife in one's right hand longer than a few seconds is considered to be against good table manners. 饮食的风俗和习惯 美国人的饮食习惯很有趣。 他们吃所有东西都用叉子。好像用右手拿刀几秒钟就被认为与好的桌上进餐礼仪相违背。 The system is that if it is absolutely necessary to use a knife, people take the fork in their left hand, and cut off a piece of meat or whatever it is in the normal manner. Then they put the knife down, transfer the fork to their right hand, and only then do they transport the food to their mouth. This is clearly ludicrous(滑稽可笑), but it is considered good manners. 这种用法就是如果绝对需要用刀的话, 人们就用左手拿叉, 按平常的方法切下移小块肉和者其它的东西。然后他们把刀放下,把叉转到右手, 只有这时他们才把食物送入口中。这显然很滑稽, 但却是被认为是好的礼仪。 There are several results of this system. First, if it is not absolutely necessary to use a knife, Americans don't use one, because obviously this greatly complicates(使复杂化) things, and you will therefore see them trying to cut things like potatoes, fish and even bacon(熏猪肉) with a fork. Second, towards the end of a course, since only one implement(器具) is being used, food has to do chased around the plate with the fork - and for the last mouthful the thumb has to be used to keep the food in place, although one is not supposed to do this. 这样做有几种结果。 首先,如果不是绝对需要用到刀, 美国人是 不用的。 因为这样使得事情复杂化了。所以你就会看到他们用叉来切土豆, 鱼, 甚至熏猪肉。其次, 由于只是用了一种器具, 在吃完一道菜时, 就要用叉来到处弄食物,最后一口往往就需要大拇指的帮忙, 虽然是不该用的。 Third, tables are generally laid with one knife and two forks, the outside fork being for the salad. There is no need for foreign visitors to follow the American system and try to eat the salad with only a fork, but if you do use your knife, remember to save it for the meat course. 第三, 桌上通常会放一把刀, 两把叉, 外面的叉是用于吃色拉的。 外国人是不必跟美国人一样试图用一把叉来吃色拉。但是如果你用刀,记得用来切肉类。 Even desserts(甜食) (except ice cream) are eaten with a fork if at all possible, and the spoon you see by your dessert is meant to be for coffee (but if you use it for your dessert no one will say anything). 在可能的情况下,甚至甜食(除了冰淇淋) 都用叉来吃,在你看到的甜品边上的小勺是给你的咖啡用的(但是如果你用它来吃甜品,没人会说什么。 参考文献:词典

你可以从以下几点着手: 一.餐桌礼仪概述 1. 餐桌礼仪在中西方文化发展中的地位与作用. 二. 各国间不同的饮食文化 1. 我国饮食文化的发展及餐桌礼仪的形成. 2. 英、法、美、意等国家的饮食文化发展及餐桌礼仪的形成. 3. 用我国的典型食品北京烤鸭与西方国家的火鸡进行对比从而进一步比较两者差异. 4. 从差异中寻求中西文化间的共同点. 5. 形成中西方文化差异的根源. Table Manners The main difference between Chinese and W estern eating habits is that unlike the West, where everyone has their own plate of food, in China the dishes are placed on the table and everybody shares. If you are being treated by a Chinese host, be prepared for a ton of food. Chinese are very proud of their culture of food and will do their best to give you a taste of many different types of cuisine. Among friends, they will just order enough for the people there. If they are taking somebody out for dinner and the relationship is polite to semi-polite, then they will usually order one more dish than the number of guests ( people, five dishes). If it is a business dinner or a very formal occasion, there is likely to be a huge amount of food that will be impopssible to finish. A typical meal starts with garlic. These are followed by the main courses, hot meat and vegetable dishes. Finally a soup is brought out, which is followed by the starchy "staple"food, which is usually rice or noodles or sometimes dumplings. Many Chinese eat rice (or noodles or whatever) last, but if you like to have your rice together with other dishes, you should say so early on. One thing to be aware of is that when eating with a Chinese host, you may find that the person is using their chopsticks to put food in your bowl or plate. This is a sign of politeness. The appropriate thing to do would be to eat the whatever-it-is and say how yummy it is. If you feel uncomfortable with this, you can just say a polite thank you and leave the food there, and maybe cover it up with a little rice when they are not looking. There is a certain amount of leniency involved when dealing with Westerners. So you won't be chastised. Eating No-no's Traditionally speaking, there are many taboos at Chinese tables, but these days not many people pay attention to them. However, there are a few things to keep in mind, especially if you are a guest at a private home. 1) Don't stick your chopsticks upright in the rice bowl. Instead,lay them on your dish. The reason for this is that when somebody dies, the shrine to them contains a bowl of sand or rice with two sticks of incense stuck upright in it. So if you stick your chopsticks in the rice bowl, it looks like this shrine and is equivalent to wishing death upon a person at the table! 2) Make sure the spout of the teapot is not facing anyone. It is impolite to set the teapot down where the spout is facing towards somebody. The spout should always be directed to where nobody is sitting,usually just outward from the table. 3) Don't tap on your bowl with your chopsticks. Beggars tap on their bowls, so this is not polite. Also, in a restaurant, if the food is coming too slow people will tap their bowls. If you are in someone's home, it is like insulting the cook. Eat Local You can get expensive, delicious meals in any of the large hotels, but if you are looking for atmosphere, you have to go to a local joint. Not only is it cheaper, but you can get a good look at the locals and what normal people are like. And what the food lacks in presentation is made up for in the taste. Some restaurants have English menus, but don't count on it. A good way to choose dishes is to look at what othes are eating and point at it for the waitress. The other option is to play "Myatery Dinner," where players randomly point at items in the menu and wait for the surprise dishes to come. Whoever orders the braised dog heart with scallions in shark vomit sauce wins! If you bring your Guide with you, however, you can use the food guide in the back of the book to choose some safe and delicious fare. Also, be sure to sample the local brew, Yanjing Beer. Drining Gan Bei!(cheers!) Alcohol is a big part of eating in Beijing. Especially when dining with Chinese hosts, you can expect the beer to flow freely and many beis to be gan-ed.(Gan Bei literally means "dry the glass")Besides beer, the official Chinese alcoholic beverage is bai jiu, high-proof Chinese liquor made from assorted grains. There are varying degrees of bai jiu, and some are quite good. The Beijing favorite is called Er Guo Tou, which is a whopping 56% alcohol. More expensive and less formidable are Maotai and Wuliangye, which go for about 300-400 yuan per bottle. In comparison, Er Guo Tou costs a modest 4or 5 yuan per ping(bottle). If you are not a drinker, or don't feel up to the challenge, just say "wo bu hui he jiu"(I don't drink). It is generally acceptable to use Coke or tea as an alcohol substitute.

中西方饮食差异论文中英文文献

hey bro, i think u've posted in the wrong place. but never mind, i'll give u a proper response, haha The differences in food and dining culture between China and the western world Chinese dining culture: 1. People prefer to share the food together. 2. People like to order many dishes and having all of them on the table at once. 3. Bills are generally paid by one gentleman, haha Western dining culture: 1. People prefer to eat their own food. 2. There is a sequence of ordering. First, appetizer, then comes the main course finally the plate at a time. 3. Bills are generally shared among every one. r u actually asking someone to write an essay on this topic for u? well, u know, post it to the english section nxt tym, cheers!

Diet idea the Europeans said that in the world has three big good food, in each edition has China and France, only then actually had different explanations about third, has said that was Italy, also had said that was countries' and so on Turkey, Tunisia or Morocco. Although reaches a stalemate, but everybody has a mutual recognition, the diet often can reflect the different nationality aspect and so on habits and customs and cultural thought differences. one time hosts the banquet in the Chinese restaurant, on the hotel vegetable very slowly, unconscious has passed for nearly two hours, but the vegetable has as if only then gotten up half. Is first time attends the Chinese meal banquet near a place woman, cannot bear asks me, your Chinese treats on these many vegetables? I said that must be many in China, usually is above 10. She is very surprised, including said that China's banquet too has been really rich, China's good food is very no wonder famous. But after a while, she also asks me, has a phenomenon to be very strange: The Chinese eats meal each time on that many vegetables, can be why long so thinly. But France enters the vegetable to be very each time few, but is why fatter than the Chinese? I am at a loss for words for a while, but thought that she asks how many truth a little, because that day shares a table several Chinese appear quite emaciated, but several French are all tall and sturdy. Thinks that spoke an own idea with her: China is a hospitable nationality, only then on a table vegetable had only then thought that has not neglected the visitor. Sometimes moreover the Chinese pays great attention the form, therefore in China's cooking, the vegetable style is ever changing, makes concrete is fastidious about the color fragrance to each vegetable matching. But European as if some, are inferior to China obviously actually in the vegetable variety change high and low free time, what but is fastidious is its nutrition matching and the protection. This is, the French diet idea important difference, how many also reflected the French chemical property standard difference. each people have the color which to color understanding oneself like, a country and the nationality are also same, likes to the different color being possible to reflect a national or the national esthetic appeal and the likes and dislikes tendency overall. has one time bumps into an EU commission's pair of professor husbands and wives, mentions China national dress which in the Shanghai APEC conference various countries' leader puts on, they said are attractive, but has a point to be not too clear, why do the Asian leaders mostly put on red, but the Western leader has chosen the blue color. I said that the color is leader designates. The Asian country has the same cultural context probably, red in the Chinese culture, is also possibly representing lucky, the wealth in the entire Asian culture and propitious pleasant, therefore the Asian leaders as if by prior agreement have chosen red. I ask in reply them, what does the blue color represent in the Western culture? They said the westerner to believe that the blue color represents is calm and is calm. thinks that I also said the East and West cultural difference was really too big, for example the dragon in China was nationality's symbol, but had one in Belgium's Mongolian Si Shize to hit the dragon festival, the dragon is regarded as the devil, has been massacred by fable in protection sacred · Michelle, therefore did specially hits the dragon festival to congratulate that eliminated the disaster shortcoming to thank Michelle. Professor husbands and wives also approves the East and West cultural difference hugeness, and approves the culture to need to exchange. in thinking mode West's cultural difference also displays in many aspects, but simple summarizes is not actually complex: Reflected that to the thinking mode in is abstract and the embodiment difference, reflected that to the life manner in as if may understand is more practical for the westerner, but Chinese how many stresses some mental feeling. For instance compares French word and Chinese writing, this point is very obvious. The Chinese writing makes the word to pay great attention the image much, what but in the French more pays great attention to consider is the use value. Looks like in Chinese the name card, in the French translates literally is the card which the visit uses, but the aircraft carrier calls in the French to carry airplane's warship and so on, is embarks from the actual uses makes the word. But presses the glass plate which likely the picture uses, we are also the words which makes from its use value angle, but the French has been more direct-viewing, the literal translation is “places above the picture”. reflects to the drawing in is so. Everybody knew that the traditional Chinese painting greatly opens big he, splashes ink enjoyably the human body proportion which and optics principle is fastidious with the European oil painting and so on completely belongs to the technical category which two have nothing to do with one another, is as if very difficult to have the common language. Sometimes the European not too can understand that sometimes we too abstract art expression means that we also will think European's artistic skill too practical duty, deficient divine and wonderful spirit. Looked that sometimes in many European drawing history has been presented for the classics religious theme painting, the Chinese while sighs its technique practical exquisite, also will sigh with emotion European master the imagination the deficiency: In order to explain that the angel is flying, must give these lovable young and clevers to add on a pair of wing. But our ancestor has not also drawn several thousand years, how many white clouds adds on nearby these beautiful female celestial, they have not flown? Has the ideal condition, has the imagination space. this is the cultural difference. But, the difference brings not always the difference, it gave culture masters of art to leave behind the broad creation space exactly, if could find an accurate combining site, not only that will give two nationalities, will also give the entire world to bring one kind to have forgives the significance the harmony and beautiful, for instance Zhao Wuji's painting manifested the inexhaustible charm which the culture blended 饮食观念 欧洲人都说世界上有三大美食,每一个版本里都有中国和法国的,只有关于第三家却说法不一,有说是意大利的,也有说是土耳其、突尼斯或摩洛哥等国的。尽管相持不下,但大家都有个共识,饮食常能反映出不同民族的生活习惯和文化思维等方面的差异。 一次在中餐馆举行宴会,饭店菜上得很慢,不知不觉中过去了近两个小时,但菜似乎才上了一半。临座的一位女士是第一次参加中餐宴会,忍不住问我,你们中国人请客都上这么多菜吗?我说,在中国还要多,通常是10道以上。她很惊讶,连说中国的宴会实在太丰富了,难怪中国的美食很有名。但过了一会儿,她又问我,有个现象很奇怪:中国人吃饭每次都上那么多菜,可为什么都长得那么瘦。而法国入每次菜很少,但为什么都比中国人胖呢? 我一时语塞,但又觉得她问得多少有点道理,因为那天同桌的几个中国人都显得比较瘦弱,而几个法国人个个人高马大。想了想,和她讲了自己的一点想法:中国是个好客的民族,只有上了一桌子菜才觉得没怠慢客人。另外中国人有时候更注重形式,所以在中国的烹调里,菜的样式千变万化,具体到每一道菜又非常讲究色香味的搭配。而欧洲人似乎更实际一些,在菜的花色变化上下的工夫显然不如中国,但讲究的是其营养的搭配和保护。这是中、法饮食观念的重要差异,多少也反映出了中法文化性格的不同。 对色彩的认识 每个人都有自己喜欢的颜色,一个国家和民族也一样,对不同颜色的喜好从整体上可以反映出一个民族或者国家的审美情趣与好恶倾向。 有一次碰到欧盟委员会的一对教授夫妇,谈起上海APEC会议上各国领导人穿的中国民族服装,他们都说非常好看,但有一点不太明白,为什么亚洲领导人大多穿红色,而西方领导人则多选择了蓝色。我说颜色都是领导人自己选定的。大概亚洲国家有着相同的文化背景,红色在中国文化里,也可能在整个亚洲文化中都代表着幸运、财富和吉祥如意,所以亚洲领导人都不约而同地选择了红色。我反问他们,蓝色在西方文化里代表什么?他们说西方人认为,蓝色代表冷静和沉着。 想了想,我又补充说东西方文化差异实在是太大了,比如说龙在中国是民族的象征,而在比利时的蒙斯市则有一个打龙节,龙被视作恶魔,被传说中的保护神圣·米歇尔杀掉了,因此特意搞打龙节来庆贺除灾弊感谢米歇尔。教授夫妇也非常认同东西方文化差异的巨大,并认可文化需要交流。 思维方式 中西方的文化差异还表现在诸多方面,但简单加以概括其实并不复杂:反映到思维方式上是抽象和具象的差别,反映到生活态度上则似乎可以理解为西方人更加实用,而中国人则多少更偏重一些精神感受。比如把法语单词和中文文字加以比较,这一点就很明显。中国文字造词多注重形象,而法文里更多地注重考虑的是实用价值。像中文里的名片,法文里直译就是访问用的卡片,而航空母舰在法文里叫载飞机的军舰等等,都是从实际用途出发来造词的。而像压照片用的玻璃板,我们也是从其使用价值角度来造的词,但法国人就更加直观了,直译就是“放在照片上面的”。 反映到绘画上更是如此。大家都知道中国画的大开大阖、泼墨写意和欧洲油画讲究的人体比例和光学原理等完全是属于两个风马牛不相及的技术范畴,似乎很难有共同语言。欧洲人有时不太能够理解我们过于抽象的艺术表现手法,我们有时也会认为欧洲人的艺术技巧过于写实本分,缺乏灵气。看多了欧洲绘画史上被奉为经典的宗教题材画作,中国人有时在感叹其技法写实细腻的同时,也会感慨欧洲大师们想象力的贫乏:为了说明天使在飞,就非得给那些可爱的小精灵们加上一双翅膀。而我们的祖先不也画了几千年了吗,在那些美丽的仙女旁边加上几朵白云,她们不就飞起来了吗?多有意境,多有想象空间啊。 这就是文化的差异。但是,差异带来的并不总是分歧,它恰恰给文化艺术大师们留下了广阔的创作空间,如能从中找到一个准确的结合点,那不仅会给两个民族,而且也会给整个世界带来一种更具包涵意义的和谐与美丽,比如赵无极的画作就体现出了文化交融的无尽魅力。

only found one. hope that works~American table manners[edit] Table Layout * Bread plates are to the left of the main plate, beverage glasses are to the right. * Salad fork, knife and soup spoon are further from the main plate than the main course knife, fork and spoon. Dessert utensils are either placed above the main plate or served with dessert.[edit] General Behavior * Chew with your mouth closed. * Do not talk at an excessively loud volume. * Refrain from coughing, sneezing or blowing nose at the table. * Never tilt back your chair while at the table, or at any other time. * Do not make unbecoming noises while eating. * Do not play with food or table utensils. * Do not single out or chastise someone who has shown poor table manners. * Do not put your elbows on the table or slouch. * Always ask the host or hostess to be excused before leaving the table. * Do not stare at anyone while he or she is eating. * Never talk on your phone at the table. If urgent, ask host or hostess to be excused, and go outside. Apologize when returned.[edit] Utensils * Do not eat food with your fingers unless you are eating foods customarily eaten with fingers, such as bread, french fries, chicken wings, pizza, etc. * The fork may be used either in the American (use the fork in your left hand while cutting; switch to right hand to pick up and eat a piece) or the Continental (fork remains in the left hand) fashion -- either is now acceptable. (See Fork etiquette) * The fork is used to convey any solid food to the mouth. * The knife blade should be placed on the edge of your plate when not in use. The blade should always face inward. * When you have finished eating soup, the spoon should be placed to the side of the saucer, not left in the bowl. * Keep your napkin on your lap. At more formal occasions all diners will wait to place their napkins on their laps until the host or hostess places his or her napkin on his or her lap * When eating barbecue or some other messy foods such as cracked crab, a 'bib' napkin may be provided for and used by adults. Usually these foods are also eaten by hand, and wet wipes or paper napkins should be used to clean the hands. * When using paper napkins, never ball them up or allow stains to show. * Use your silverware from the outside moving inward toward the main plate. (Salad fork, knife and soup spoon are further from the main plate than the main course knife, fork and spoon. Dessert utensils are either placed above the main plate or served with dessert.)[edit] Dining * A prayer or 'blessing' may be customary in some families, and the guests should join in even if they are not religious or do not follow the same religion. Most prayers are made by the host before the meal is eaten. Instead or in addition, a 'toast' may be offered [1]. * Do not start eating until (a) every person is served or (b) those who have not been served request that you begin without waiting. At more formal occasions all diners will wait to begin until the hostess or host lifts a fork or spoon. * When a dish is presented 'family style', the food is served to one's plate and then passed on to the next person. put the food on your left, take some and pass to the person next to you. * When serving, serve from the left and pick up the dish from the right. Beverages are both served and removed from the right. * Eat soup noiselessly and with the side of the spoon. * Tea or coffee should never be poured into the saucer to cool but should be sipped from the cup. Alternatively, ice may be used to cool either. * Seasoning ones meal prior to tasting can be considered rude and may insult the chef.[edit] At the end of the meal * It is acceptable in most places to not finish all of the food on your plate. * When finished with your meal, place your knife and fork with handles at the 4 o'clock position and the tines of the fork down to signal to the server you are done. * Except in a public restaurant, do not ask to take some of your uneaten food away from the meal after it ends, especially when having a formal dinner.[edit] British table manners * The fork is held in your left hand and the knife is held in your right. * You should hold your knife with the handle in your palm and your fork in the other hand with the prongs pointing downwards. * If you’re eating a dessert, your fork (if you have one) should be held in the left hand and the spoon in the right. * When eating soup, you should hold your spoon in your right hand and tip the bowl away from you, scooping the soup in movements away from yourself. * It is not acceptable to use your fingers at the table to eat or push food onto your fork. You may, however, eat some foods such as fruit, sandwiches, hamburgers, crisps, chips or pizza with your fingers. * If there are a number of knives or forks, then you should start from the outside set working your way in as each course is served. * Drinks should always be to the right of your plate with the bread roll to the left. * When eating bread rolls, break off a piece before buttering. Use your knife only to butter the bread, not to cut it. * You should not start eating before your host does or instructs you to do so. At larger meals, it is considered okay to start eating once others have been served. * When you’re finished, place your knife and fork together at five o’clock with your fork on the left (tines facing up) and knife on the right, with the knife blade facing in. This signals that you are finished. * Your napkin should never be screwed up. Nor should it be folded neatly as that would suggest that your host might plan to use it again without washing it - just leave is neatly but loosely. * Never blow your nose on your napkin. Place it on your lap and use it to dab your mouth if you make a mess. * It is considered rude to answer the telephone at the table. If you need to take an urgent call, excuse yourself and go outside. * Always ask for permission from the host and excuse yourself if you need to leave the table. You should place your napkin on your seat until you return. * If you must leave the table or are resting, your fork should be at eight o’clock and your knife at four o’clock (with the blade inwards). Once an item of cutlery has been used, it should not touch the table again. * The food should be brought to your mouth on the fork; you should sit straight and not lean towards your plate. * Dishes should be served from the right, and taken away from the right. Unless the food is placed on your plate at the table, then it should arrive from the left. * Drinks should be served from the right. * Never lean across somebody else’s plate. If you need something to be passed, ask the person closest to it. If you have to pass something, only pass it if you are closest to it and pass it directly to them if you can. * Salt & pepper should be passed together. * Do not take food from a neighbour’s plate and don’t ask to do so. * You must not put your elbows on the table. * If pouring a drink for yourself, offer to pour a drink for your neighbours before serving yourself. * If extra food is on the table, ask others first if they would like it before taking it yourself. * When chewing food, close your mouth and only talk when you have swallowed it. * Swallow all food before eating more or having a drink. * Do not slurp your food or eat loudly. Burping or sneezing at the table should be avoided, too. * Never pick food out of your teeth with your fingernails. * Try to eat all the food you are served. * Glasses served in a wine glass or other stemmed-glass should be held at the stem. * Always remember “regular” manners. Remember to say "please" and "thank you".[edit] Chinese table mannersThese are mostly concerned with the use of chopsticks. Otherwise generally Chinese table manners are rather more informal, what would be considered rude in other cultures such as talking with the mouth full may be acceptable but better not to do so. * Chopsticks must always be held in the correct manner. It should be held between the thumb and fingers of the right hand, * Chopsticks are traditionally held in the right hand only, even by the left-handed. Although chopsticks may now be found in either hand, a few still consider left-handed chopstick use improper etiquette. One explanation for the treatment of such usage as improper is that this can symbolise argument, as the chopsticks may collide between the left-handed and right-handed user. * When communal chopsticks are supplied with shared plates of food, it is considered impolite to use your own chopsticks to pick up the food from the shared plate or eat using the communal chopsticks. An exception to this rule is made in intimate family dinners where family members may not mind the use of one's own chopsticks to transfer food. * It is considered impolite to use the blunt end of the chopsticks to transfer food from a common dish to your own plate or bowl. Use the communal chopsticks instead. * Never wave your chopsticks around as if they were an extension of your hand gestures, bang them like drumsticks, or use them to move bowls or plates. * Decide what to pick up before reaching with chopsticks. Do not hover around or poke looking for special ingredients. After you have picked up an item, do not put it back in the dish. * When picking up a piece of food, never use the tips of your chopsticks to poke through the food as if you were using a fork. Exceptions include tearing larger items apart such as vegetables. In informal use, small, difficult to pick-up items such as cherry tomatoes or fishballs may be stabbed but this use is frowned upon by traditionalists. * Chopsticks can be rested horizontally on one's plate or bowl to keep them off the table entirely. A chopstick rest can also be used to keep the points off the table. * Never stab chopsticks into a bowl of rice, leaving them standing upwards. Any stick-like object facing upward resembles the incense sticks that some Asians use as offerings to deceased family members. This is considered the ultimate faux pas on the dining table. * Chinese traditionally eat rice from a small bowl held in the left hand. The rice bowl is raised to the mouth and the rice pushed into the mouth using the chopsticks. Some Chinese find it offensive to scoop rice from the bowl using a spoon. If rice is served on a plate, as is more common in the West, it is acceptable and more practical to eat it with a fork or spoon. The thumb must always be above the edge of the bowl. * It is acceptable to transfer food to people who have a close relation with you (. parents, grandparents, children or significant others) if you notice they are having difficulty picking up the food. Also it is a sign of respect to pass food to the elderly first before the dinner starts (part of the Confucian tradition of respecting seniors). * Traditionally, it is polite for the youngest members of the table to address each and everyone of the elderly members of the table before a meal starts and literally tell them to "eat rice", which means "go ahead and start the meal", to show respect. * The host should always make sure the guests drinks are sufficiently full. One should not pour for ones self, but should (if thirsty) offer to pour for a neighbor. When your drink is being poured, you should say "thank you" and/or tap your fingers on the table to show appreciation. * When people wish to clink drinks together in the form of a cheer, it is important to observe that younger members should clink the edge of their drink below the edge of an elder to show respect. * When eating food that contains bones, it is customary that the bones be spit out onto the table to the right of the dining plate in a neat pile.

聊聊中西方饮食文化的差异。中西方在饮食文化方面有着许多差异,比如我们是蔬菜熟吃,水果生吃,西方是蔬菜生吃,水果熟吃,这其中的差异不仅有历史原因,也有经济原因,同时也与中西方哲学思想有关。中国饮食偏感性,讲究色、香、味,属于感性饮食,西方则偏理性,对食物的色、香、味不在乎,但对营养要求比较高,我们可以从几个方面来谈谈中西方饮食文化的差异。饮食观念的差异西方的饮食比较理性化,不注重食物的味道,注重食物带来的营养,讲究一天要摄取多少热量、维生素、蛋白质等等。大概是西方历史上吃饱这件事情比较难,毕竟他们是以肉食动物为生,而肉食动物的生长周期比较长,一般要好几年,这样客观上就要求饲养很多的肉食动物,但过去的历史畜牧业并不发达,所以吃饱饭这事儿在西方比较难,这也可能是西方人口少的一个原因,所以他们在营养方面更加注重。另一方面,西方哲学也起了一定的作用,当西方经历了文艺复兴之后,生产力提上来之后,经济发展了,在吃的问题上也就讲究了。在宴席上他们对餐具、用料和服务方面比较讲究,对菜的原料,菜的形式、菜的色彩搭配等比较考究,但不管怎么豪华高档,色彩上对比如何鲜明,一般只有一种味道,各种原料互不相干,各是各的味。所以,西方的饮食文化多是受到形而上学的影响。中国人的观念则不同,在品尝菜肴时,是以味道为标准,也就是好不好吃,大概是我们在历史上吃饱这件事情比西方做得更好,所以我们要求的不仅是吃不吃饱的问题,而是吃得好不好的问题。中国人注重 “民以食为天”,吃是人生一件大事,毕竟吃饱了才有力气干活,但是这“民以食为天”的背后是另一句话“食以味为先”,对味道的要求很高,各种食材经过烹饪之后混合出来的味道要深入灵魂。因此中国菜在外观上或许不如西方的精致美观,但是内在的味道却是一流的,这或许也跟中国追求灵魂深处的东西,而对形式外表这方面不太注重的哲学有关。饮食食材的差异西方人认为菜肴是充饥的,所以吃大块肉,吃热量高的食物。中国的菜肴则是吃味道,不一定吃肉,各种食材都可以搭配,更加广博。据西方的植物学者调查,中国人吃的菜蔬有600多种,比西方多六倍。但西方人在介绍自己国家的饮食特点时,觉得比中国更重视营养的合理搭配。有人根据中西方饮食对象的明显差异这一特点,把中国人称为植物性格,西方人称为动物性格。饮食氛围的差异西式饮宴上的食品和酒尽管非常重要,但实际上那是作为陪衬。宴会的桌子是长条桌,一般只能与邻座客人或对面的客人进行交谈,视角和可交流的范围较窄。中国的宴席则是以圆桌围坐,共享一席,从形式上创造了一种团圆和共趣的气氛,可交流的范围几乎是360度的,也符合中国古代的“和”的思想。如果将宴会的交谊性与舞蹈相类比,那么中式宴席好比是集体舞,而西式宴会好比是男女的交谊舞。中式宴会更多地体现在全席的交谊,而西式宴会多体现于相邻宾客之间的交谊。与中国饮食方式的差异更为明显的是西方流行的自助餐,大家各取所需,不必固定在位子上吃,走动自由,这种方式便于个人之间的情感交流,不必将所有的话摆在桌面上,也表现了西方人对个性、对自我的尊重,但各吃各的,互不相扰,又缺少了一些中国人聊欢共乐的情调。所以中西方在饮食上的差异与各自的哲学思想有关,这种差异也很难完全融合。

中西饮食文化差异论文的参考文献

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浅谈中西饮食差异 申巧锋 (山西机电职业技术学院,山西长治 046011) 摘要:常言道:民以食为天。饮食与每个人的生活密切相关。文章从饮食结构和饮食餐具两方面出发,对中西方饮食与 其历史文化背景之间的内在联系进行了简单的分析与探索。 关键词:饮食结构;饮食餐具;筷子;刀和叉 中图分类号:TS971 文献标识码:A 文章编号:1673-2014(2008)-0103-02 世界各民族由于地理环境和生活方式的不同, 从而产生了不同的文化。今日世界文化的类型可大 体上分为东西方两大类。东方文化以中华文化为 主,而西方文化以欧美文化为主。东西方文化生长 在不同的土壤中,经过历史的洗刷沉淀,张扬着迥 异的个性,从而迸发出各自独特的魅力。饮食便是 其中的一个方面。 常言道:民以食为天。“吃”与每个人都密切相 关。由于人们所属的民族、社会历史、宗教信仰、道 德传统以及文化教养的不同,从而反映在饮食上也 就有所差异。走进餐厅,你会发现,许多风格迥异, 吃法不同的中西方式,也就是所谓的“中餐”与“西 餐”。下面,我们就中西方饮食结构及使用的餐具两 方面进行分析、研究,试着探讨一下饮食与历史文 化背景之间的内在联系。 一、中西方饮食结构 我们知道,中西方饮食结构存在明显差异,中 国人的饮食以谷物为主,肉少粮多,辅以菜蔬,即饭 是主食,菜是为了下饭。而西方的饮食则是以肉、奶 为主。下面我们就看一下这种不同的饮食结构与其 历史文化背景密切联系。 中华文明源远流长,是人类文明曙光最早照耀 到的地方。在史前时期就有了高度的发展。原先的 逐水草而居的游牧生活,随着农耕时代的来临,逐 渐变成定居生活。定居后的生活主要依赖于土地, 以农作物作为主要的食物来源。而定居的稳定生活 又造成人口的大量繁衍,造成粮食紧缺,更进一步 的开垦荒地,使农业占的比例越来越多,畜牧业受 到了很大抑制。在人类的食物当中,以素食为主。当 然也有肉类食物,但受条件限制,只有社会上层的 人才能经常吃到。所以古时称有地位的人为“肉食 者”就是这个意思。大部分的人只能以素食为主,所 谓“五谷为养,五果为助,五畜为益,五菜为充”。就 是说人们生活以五谷杂粮为主要的营养提供,果类 食物也起到辅助的作用,能增加点肉类食物对身体 是有好处的,蔬菜之类的可以帮助我们补充营养。 这是我们古时候的饮食模式,这里面有主观的选 择,但更多的是客观条件的限制。 而西方社会主要由游牧民族发展而来。游牧生 活居无定所,没有固定的地方,也就很少有农作物 的播种与收获了...... 二、中西方饮食餐具 东方社会,以中国为代表,吃饭主要是靠筷子。 也就是两根小棒。在西方人看来,真的很神奇。就这 么两个小棒,便能以不变应万变,对付所有的食物。 小小的筷子就是中华文明的精髓了。那西方人吃饭 用的是什么?是刀和叉 ...... 由此可见,中西方的饮食在一定程度上受其历 史文化背景的影响。然而,我们应该清楚,文化无优 劣,饮食文化也无优劣,其区别只不过是不同的环 境条件下的生活方式或者饮食方式的不同罢了。但 是如何理解和分析这一区别则是非常重要的。本文 的目的基于这一点而作一些简单的分析和探索,是 否能够得到大多数读者的认可不得而知。在此意义 上,把我对于中国饮食文化的某些看法,行之于笔 端,希望得到方家的指教。

元朝忽思慧的《饮膳正要》《礼记》《本草纲目》

中美饮食文化的差异毕业论文

美国人喜欢一日多餐,每餐适量;而中国人传统习惯一日三餐,每餐食量都较大,且现已开始有不食早餐的风气。无疑少食多餐会比一日三餐、二餐科学,特别是不食早餐更易患胆石症。 许多中国人习惯每日购买新鲜食品烹饪;美国人往往一次性购买一周的食品贮存在冰箱里,每日食用冷冻食品,且食用的罐头和腌制品分别为中国人的八倍和六倍,要知道它们含较多的防腐剂和色素等化学品,均对身体不利,这值得生活日趋简单化的都市白领一族注意的。中国许多家庭逢年过节时菜肴特别多,应酬也特别多。而美国人宴客或过节,从不铺张,连总统宴请外国元首也是五菜一羹,更不劝酒。 中国人烹调时喜欢用植物油,美国人则喜欢用含胆固醇较高的动物油。植物油为不饱和脂肪酸,不含胆固醇,因此美国人的心血管疾病发病率特别高。 中国人的烹调往往放盐较多,而美国人做菜下盐仅为中国人的一半,有的甚至完全不放盐。摄盐太多可引发种种疾病。其六、中国人烹调时爱下味精,而美国人不下味精。味精含钠,过量摄入有损健康,特别是对幼儿的发育影响甚大。 中国人进食新鲜蔬菜瓜果比美国人多得多。而美国人较中国人每日摄入的蛋白质亦多得多,但肠胃功能却因体内缺少纤维素而受到影响。虽美国的医疗条件优于中国,可他们消化系统患病率及患癌率却大大超过中国。 中国人喜爱食糙米和普通面粉,美国人则偏爱精白面粉制作的面点。实际上糙米和普通面粉所含营养物质高于精白面粉,这对日益爱食精白面粉制品的中国人是一个有益的提示。 中国人尤其是珠三角一带的群众和美国人都有爱食刺身或煎牛扒五六成熟的习惯,但美国人十分注意刺身的海鲜和牛肉的质量和卫生条件,选取深海的无污染的为必须的条件。而中国人却注意不够。 美国人餐后习惯加一份甜食,而中国人餐后习惯食水果。水果当然比甜食有益,但现在中国人又往往餐后水果再加甜食,尤其是宴席上。不少营养学家认为餐前用水果比餐后有益。 中国人往往餐后饮一杯热茶,而美国人餐后却爱饮咖啡。茶能降低胆固醇,而咖啡却会提高血脂且刺激心脏。有营养学家指出餐后半小时左右饮用热茶将更能发挥其降低胆固醇和助消化的作用。十三、美国人已意识到被称为“红肉”的牛肉、马肉和羊肉等是导致结肠癌和前列腺癌的病因之一,亦意识到红肉的脂肪也是前列腺癌及心脏病的致病因素之一,注意到一周吃一次红肉。中国的不少报刊也多次报道过红肉的问题,但目前中国人却未能引起到足够的重视。中国人尤其是广州及珠三角一带的居民爱食猪肝、肠、肺等动物的内脏,美国人则无此爱好。动物内脏含有大量的胆固醇,不宜多食。中国人普遍都喜欢豆浆、豆腐等豆制品,它不仅保持了大豆的营养,且养分更易于人体吸收,其蛋白质的消化吸收率高达92%—96%,享有“植物肉”的美称。而美国人对豆腐至今没有兴趣。 美国人习惯于分餐制,而中国人只是“非典”时实施,过后又回到了合餐制。十六、中国人炒菜时多用大火,因而油烟多,加上多不注意厨房的通风设备;而美国人不爱用大火炝锅,且厨房通风条件相当注意。因而烹饪人员及家庭主妇中患肺癌率中国人明显高于美国人。 中国人尤其是广东人特别爱饮汤,且汤的烹制上有煲、炖、滚、羹等多种形式,材料上除果蔬、禽肉、海河鲜、干货还有特有的中药材甚至野菜,无论对佐餐、养生、辅助治疗疾病都十分有助。而美国人的汤品却比较单调。

一,饮食观念不同,比如西方人侧重营养,中国人注重美味。二,饮食方式不同,比如西方人侧重交谊,中国人注重气氛和愉悦。三,饮食习惯不同,比如西方人习惯用刀叉,中国人习惯用筷子四,饮食环境不同,比如西方人注重精致,中国人注重排场五,饮食口味不同,比如西方人吃甜食,中国人大多以咸为主。以上只是概略性的说明,你可以展开论述。可参照:略谈中西方饮食文化差异 餐饮产品由于地域特征、气侯环境、风俗习惯等因素的影响,会出现在原料、口味、烹调方法、饮食习惯上的不同程度的差异。正是因为这些差异,餐饮产品具有了强烈的地域性。中西文化之间的差异造就了中西饮食文化的差异,而这种差异来自中西方不同的思维方式和处世哲学。中国人注重“天人合一”,西方人注重“以人为本”。 这里简要从下面三个方面谈谈中西方饮食文化的差异。 一、两种不同的饮食观念 对比注重“味”的中国饮食,西方是一种理性饮食观念。不论食物的色、香、味、形如何,而营养一定要得到保证,讲究一天要摄取多少热量、维生素、蛋白质等等。即便口味千篇一律,也一定要吃下去——因为有营养。这一饮食观念同西方整个哲学体系是相适应的。形而上学是西方哲学的主要特点。西方哲学所研究的对象为事物之理,事物之理常为形上学理,形上学理互相连贯,便结成形上哲学。这一哲学给西方文化带来生机,使之在自然科学上、心理学上、方法论上实现了突飞猛进的发展。但在另一些方面,这种哲学主张大大地起了阻碍作用,如饮食文化。在宴席上,可以讲究餐具,讲究用料,讲究服务,讲究菜之原料的形、色方面的搭配;但不管怎么豪华高档,从洛杉矶到纽约,牛排都只有一种味道,无艺术可言。作为菜肴,鸡就是鸡,牛排就是牛排,纵然有搭配,那也是在盘中进行的,一盘“法式羊排”,一边放土豆泥,旁倚羊排,另一边配煮青豆,加几片番茄便成。色彩上对比鲜明,但在滋味上各种原料互不相干、调和,各是各的味,简单明了。 中国人是很重视“吃”的,“民以食为天”这句谚语就说明我们把吃看得与天一样重要。由于我们这个民族几千年来都处于低下的生产力水平,人们总是吃不饱,所以才会有一种独特的把吃看得重于一切的饮食文化,我想,这大概是出于一种生存需要吧。如果一种文化把吃看成首要的事,那么就会出现两种现象:一方面会把这种吃的功能发挥到极致,不仅维持生存,也利用它维持健康,这也就是”药补不如食补”的文化基础;另一方面,对吃的过份重视,会使人推崇对美味的追求。 在中国的烹调术中,对美味追求几乎达到极致,以至中国人到海外谋生,都以开餐馆为业,成了我们在全世界安身立命的根本!遗憾的是,当我们把追求美味作为第一要求时,我们却忽略了食物最根本的营养价值,我们的很多传统食品都要经过热油炸和长时间的文火饨煮,使菜肴的营养成分受到破坏,许多营养成分都损失在加工过程中了。因而一说到营养问题,实际上就触及到了中国饮食文化的最大弱点。民间有句俗话:“民以食为天,食以味为先”。就是这种对美味的追求,倒使我们忽略了吃饭的真正意义。 中国人在品尝菜肴时,往往会说这盘菜“好吃”,那道菜“不好吃”;然而若要进一步问一下什么叫“好吃”,为什么“好吃”,“好吃”在哪里,恐怕就不容易说清楚了。这说明,中国人对饮食追求的是一种难以言传的“意境”,即使用人们通常所说的“色、香、味、形、器”来把这种“境界”具体化,恐怕仍然是很难涵盖得了的。 中国饮食之所以有其独特的魅力,关键就在于它的味。而美味的产生,在于调和,要使食物的本味,加热以后的熟味,加上配料和辅料的味以及调料的调和之味,交织融合协调在一起,使之互相补充,互助渗透,水乳交融,你中有我,我中有你。中国烹饪讲究的调和之美,是中国烹饪艺术的精要之处。菜点的形和色是外在的东西,而味却是内在的东西,重内在而不刻意修饰外表,重菜肴的味而不过分展露菜肴的形和色,这正是中国美性饮食观的最重要的表现。 在中国,饮食的美性追求显然压倒了理性,这种饮食观与中国传统的哲学思想也是吻合的。作为东方哲学代表的中国哲学,其显著特点是宏观、直观、模糊及不可捉摸。中国菜的制作方法是调和鼎鼐,最终是要调和出一种美好的滋味。这一讲究的就是分寸,就是整体的配合。它包含了中国哲学丰富的辩证法思想,一切以菜的味的美好、谐调为度,度以内的千变万化就决定了中国菜的丰富和富于变化,决定了中国菜菜系的特点乃至每位厨师的特点。 二、中西饮食对象的差异 西方人认为菜肴是充饥的,所以专吃大块肉、整块鸡等“硬菜”。而中国的菜肴是“吃味”的,所以中国烹调在用料上也显出极大的随意性:许多西方人视为弃物的东西,在中国都是极好的原料,外国厨师无法处理的东西,一到中国厨师手里,就可以化腐朽为神奇。足见中国饮食在用料方面的随意性之广博。 据西方的植物学者的调查,中国人吃的菜蔬有600多种,比西方多六倍。实际上,在中国人的菜肴里,素菜是平常食品,荤菜只有在节假日或生活水平较高时,才进入平常的饮食结构,所以自古便有“菜食”之说,菜食在平常的饮食结构中占主导地位。中国人的以植物为主菜,与佛教徒的鼓吹有着千缕万丝的联系。他们视动物为“生灵”,而植物则“无灵”,所以,主张素食主义。 西方人在介绍自己国家的饮食特点时,觉得比中国更重视营养的合理搭配,有较为发达的食品工业,如罐头、快餐等,虽口味千篇一律,但节省时间,且营养良好,故他们国家的人身体普遍比中国人健壮:高个、长腿、宽大的肩、发达的肌肉;而中国人则显得身材瘦小、肩窄腿短、色黄质弱。有人根据中西方饮食对象的明显差异这一特点,把中国人称为植物性格,西方人称为动物性格。 三、饮食方式的不同 中西方的饮食方式有很大不同,这种差异对民族性格也有影响。在中国,任何一个宴席,不管是什么目的,都只会有一种形式,就是大家团团围坐,共享一席。筵席要用圆桌,这就从形式上造成了一种团结、礼貌、共趣的气氛。美味佳肴放在一桌人的中心,它既是一桌人欣赏、品尝的对象,又是一桌人感情交流的媒介物。人们相互敬酒、相互让菜、劝菜,在美好的事物面前,体现了人们之间相互尊重、礼让的美德。虽然从卫生的角度看,这种饮食方式有明显的不足之处,但它符合我们民族“大团圆”的普遍心态,反映了中国古典哲学中“和”这个范畴对后代思想的影响,便于集体的情感交流,因而至今难以改革。 西式饮宴上,食品和酒尽管非常重要,但实际上那是作为陪衬。宴会的核心在于交谊,通过与邻座客人之间的交谈,达到交谊的目的。如果将宴会的交谊性与舞蹈相类比,那么可以说,中式宴席好比是集体舞,而西式宴会好比是男女的交谊舞。由此可见,中式宴会和西式宴会交谊的目的都很明显,只不过中式宴会更多地体现在全席的交谊,而西式宴会多体现于相邻宾客之间的交谊。与中国饮食方式的差异更为明显的是西方流行的自助餐。此法是:将所有食物一一陈列出来,大家各取所需,不必固定在位子上吃,走动自由,这种方式便于个人之间的情感交流,不必将所有的话摆在桌面上,也表现了西方人对个性、对自我的尊重。但各吃各的,互不相扰,缺少了一些中国人聊欢共乐的情调。 所以,归根结底还是感性与理性之间的差异。但是,这种差异似乎在随着科学的发展而变的模糊。越来越多的中国人以不再只注重菜的色、香、味,而更注重它的卫生与营养了。尤其是在经历了非典以后。还有,人们因为越来越繁忙的工作,觉得中餐做起来太麻烦,不如来个汉堡方便等。这样一来在饮食上差异也就不太分明了。

好不好写要看你能不能找到相关的参考资料,论文中一个重要部分是引用前人的观念证明自己的论点,当然你要突破创新那应该要鼓励,不过这样论文写起来很可能没方向,给你一条建议,写前最好能找到5本以上能贴合你论点的书、杂志、报道、分析报告等,看完心里有底了,那样写起来比较顺

中国与美国的饮食差异体现在4个方面 1、中国是合餐,一桌菜众人可以共享随便吃;美国是分餐,每个人自己点自己的菜,一般不会与别人共享。 2、在吃饭时中国人喜欢给别人夹菜,或大让特让生怕别人吃不好;美国人则自己吃自己盘子里的东西,一般不会把自己盘子里的东西给别人吃,最多是向朋友推荐自己盘子里的东西好吃。 3、中国喜欢吃饭时喝烈酒吃喝不分,酒足饭饱;美国人在吃饭时不喝烈酒,只是在饭前或饭后喝。 适用于大一,大二,大三的论文

中日饮食文化差异论文日语

随着时代的发展,人们的生活水平提高了,除了基本的物质上的满足,我们对于基本的饮食更追求精益求精。俗话说“民以食为天”,可见饮食在中国五千年的文化中处于何等重要的地位。日本是与我们一衣带水的“邻邦”,自古以来,日本的文化就深受中国的影响,即便日本早期的饮食习惯来自于中国,但经过长期的历史演变,都有了一定的变化。一、食材选择的差异中国以陆地居多,而日本是一个典型围海而生的国家,中国的海岸线虽然很长,在近海地区也会有大量的海洋类菜式,但烹调上也与日本有着根本的差异。处于亚洲的人们,基本上都能很轻易的分清何种食物属于中方、何种属于日方,而且能随口就说出日本的一些传统食物,如寿司、拉面等。中国的主食北方以面食为主,南方以米饭为主,都是以谷物,不像西方国家那样依靠肉类和乳制食品。中国人的菜肴原材料多为陆生的动植物,也有江海湖泊的鱼类,在吃鱼这一方面中日还是存在差异。在日本,由于围海而生的地理特征,菜肴的原材料多为大米、鱼介、海藻类,日本每人每年平均可以吃掉70公斤左右的鱼类;中国每人每年平均食用鱼类约十几公斤,这个数字根据地理环境的不同,差异很大。1.烹调的方法有讲究(1)烹调观念:烹饪中国菜时,烹调食物尤其讲究火候,他们认为食物经过烹煮才能消灭细菌和微生物,加以佐料带出食物原本的营养物质,也能对身体进行温补,使之更容易被人体吸收,其做工精细,在食物上雕琢的样态栩栩如生,活灵活现,种类繁多。而日本,除了注重食物的样貌还注重健康性,按照他们的观念,新鲜的东西是营养价值最高的,任何生物的最佳食用期是它的新鲜期,即生命力最旺盛的时候。(2)烹调过程:在对食物进行烹调的过程中,中日两国也存在着差异。日本料理注重“新、奇、鲜”的统一,为营养型菜肴,日本人对食材的处理方法十分简单,就鱼类而言,他们在获得新鲜的鱼介之后尽量不加工,仅仅蘸佐料直接食用,像拉面、寿司等必须用火烹煮的食物才以热食方式加工,日常烹煮方法只有煮、烧、烤、炸等有限的几种;中国菜注重“色、香、味”的结合,属美味型菜肴,中国人对于食材的烹制方法有“烧、炒、爆、煮、炸、蒸、煎”等二十多种,喜欢对食材进行腌制、风干、火烤等处理之后加上各种香料佐菜烹煮,力求做到色香味俱全。2.餐具的使用在中日的饮食文化中,饮食工具起着重要作用,而传统用餐工具是筷子、碗、盘,在用餐前必须把餐具摆好才能就餐,我们中国人还习惯用汤匙舀汤或者流食,但日本人除了吃西餐喝汤时用汤匙之外,其他场合只用筷子。对比中日两国的筷子,有以下的差异:(1)日本的筷子较短,筷子尖较锋利,多是木制品,这是因为他们经常吃鱼,用筷子的时候没必要用很大力气,为了防止食物滑落,所以筷子尖锋利些可用于穿刺食物;中国的筷子长而厚重,多是木制品或竹制品,因为我国的食物都是油料理,用木筷子夹住食物的时候,可以防止打滑。(2)同是“用筷大国”,日本人换筷子的频率远比中国的高,他们平均两三个月换一次,而中国的却是两三年才换一次,不国随着经济水平的提高,国民对筷子的卫生问题日益关注,现在缩短为一年左右换一次。(3)在中国,用餐完毕后,筷子应整齐地搁在靠碗右边的桌子上,并等众人都放下筷子,主人示意离席时方可离座,不可自己用餐完毕,就扔下筷子离席;日本的筷子礼仪也相差无几,用餐既毕,筷子不可随意摆放,要规规矩矩放在自己的碗的旁侧,并要再次向桌面鞠躬道“谢谢招待”,不仅在家是这样,公众场合更是如此。二、中日酒水文化差异自古以来,酒就成为了用于交朋结友等多种用途的神奇工具。且不说古人写的那些“借酒浇愁愁更愁”等华丽诗词,也不说国人对饭局中“无酒不成欢”的传统观念,其实酒还另有妙用,适量饮酒,可以缓解疲劳,疏通筋脉。关于酒文化,多见于社交场所。中国人不仅喜欢在宴席上满布菜肴,还喜欢配上陈年佳酿与亲朋好友佳宾分享,很多人还会在下班后或者在家时来一杯酒做自我休憩,他们认为边吃边喝才能畅所欲言,使吃饭时的氛围变得轻松欢快起来,因而很多生意人在与客户应酬时都是边喝酒边谈生意,促成生意的成功率超乎你想象,这也造就了中国人喝酒也是工作的思想。日本人也爱喝酒,却绝对不允许在工作时喝酒,他们认为喝酒是放松娱乐的时候,不可以谈正经事,尤其是工作上的事,这样会显得很不严谨,即便是出于公司应酬,也只是谨慎的表面形式与人喝酒。三、历史角度看中日饮食习惯日本的饮食习惯往往都带着“清淡、量少、精细”等的评价,从总体上看,其饮食属于植物型饮食。中国的料理会大量使用油,亦称为“油料理”,做法也是纷繁复杂,几乎每样食材烹煮的时候都离不开油;而日本的料理几乎不怎么用油,精进料理用的均是植物油,如菜籽油、大豆油等,使得其料理具有少油、清淡的特点。在古代,中日两国的饮食观念大有出入。中国的饮食观念是“民以食为天”,对饮食非常重视,而日本的饮食观念与中国的截然不同。以前,日本人是通过一个人的穿着、交通工具和住宅等来判断一个人的地位和教养,对饮食也就不关心。在发展的历程中,日本人不断受到我国及其他国家的饮食文化影响,逐渐重视起饮食的营养健康,饮食的地位逐步提高。由于这些饮食的观念根深蒂固,导致现今的中日两国人民饮食水平和健康水平也产生了差异。日本是世界上有名的长寿国家,人均寿命高于中国人。中国的人均寿命值快速增长,但仍然没能达到日本的寿命值水平,这就要从经济水平与饮食习惯进行分析。我国当今社会许多中老年人所患的心脑血管病与摄入的脂肪和胆固醇过高有关是不争的事实。有专家认为,日本人之所以长寿,很大程度上得益于他们良好的饮食习惯讲究营养清淡,不暴饮暴食。随着我国经济发展和人民生活水平的不断提高,人们对于吃的观念在逐步改变,国人喜欢宴请聚餐大吃大喝、不讲营养的现象普遍存在。

日语论文开题报告题目:中日饮食文化の相违について课题を研究する目的:中国と日本は隣国ですから、多くの习惯や文化が近いと思う。でも、位置、歴史的な背景と宗教思想の差别によって、両国文化の多く方面に区别がはっきりに见える。ここで両国の饮食文化の比较を通じて、両国饮食の共通性と差别性を探索したい。そして両国人民の思想の上の差别を调べたい。课题を研究する内容:一饮食自身の比较1 料理の食材2 调理法3食べ方の违いニ饮食観の相违1饮食観の形成2饮食観の原因三结论方法:比较研究ほ法文献研究法分析法资料:[1] 谭玲著.『饮食文化対比』[M]. 成都:四川大学出版社, [2] 胡智锋.『日中饮食発展史』[J]. 北京. 北京广播学院出版社,1999,4:1-10[3] 张惠临著.『日本と中国の食文化』[M]. 山西: 山西人民美术出版社,[4]蔡毅编,《日本における中国伝统文化》[M],勉诚出版社,2002[5] 高宫和彦著,《色から见た食品のサイエンス》[M],纪伊国屋书店,2004[6] 张竞著,《中华料理の文化史》[M],筑摩书房,1997 [7] 芳贺登、石川寛子编.「日本の食文化」[M]. 雄山阁出版社,1998[8] 贾蕙萱著. 《中日饮食文化比较研究》[M].北京大学出版社,1999

日本饮食文化论文

在日常学习、工作生活中,大家肯定对论文都不陌生吧,论文是探讨问题进行学术研究的一种手段。那么一般论文是怎么写的呢?下面是我为大家整理的日本饮食文化论文,欢迎阅读与收藏。

日本的饮食文化受到其自然环境、传统文化和社会发展等各方面的影响,具有其独特性。了解其饮食文化,是了解日本社会生活的重要环节。日本饮食,作为世界上最健康的饮食,其形成与日本的地理特征是分不开的,日本是一个岛国,资源相对匮乏,但同时也给日本提供了丰富的海产品,形成了日本独特的饮食文化,日本的饮食即和食也分为主食、副食。主食是以米饭和面条为主;副食主要是新鲜的海产品,饮食时常配以独特的日本酒。在日本的饮食中最具代表性的是刺身、寿司、天妇罗、火锅、石烧等。

一、日本的饮食特征

(一)生鲜海味

日本饮食以清淡为主,讲究新鲜。日本人的观念是新鲜的东西是营养价值最丰富的,最适合食用的。日本人喜欢生吃食物,无论是新鲜的蔬菜和植物还是生鱼、肉、鸡蛋等,认为食物最佳食用期就是它的新鲜期。在日本料理中有一条原则就是美味不能超过材料原有的滋味,所有的食物都应该保持它原有滋味,日本人喜欢吃海味,而生鲜海味则是日本饮食最大的特征,这也主要是与日本的地理环境相关,四面环海,海鲜产品丰富多样,成就了日本的生鲜海味饮食。

(二)杂食性

杂食是人类独具的一种特质,是人类维持生存的重要的手段,日本的饮食同样的也体现了杂食这一特征。在二战前,日本的饮食一般都是以稻米、蔬菜、鱼虾为主,这主要是受日本的地理环境与日本当时的思想观念影响的,但是在二战后,日本思想观念受外来思想的影响,他们的饮食更加的丰富多彩,畜牧产品逐渐出现了日本人的餐桌上,而且日本饮食文化受中国阴阳五行说的影响深厚,认为食物要阴阳平衡,并且日本人始终坚持杂食的阴阳平衡,使杂食成为了日本的又一大因素特征。

(三)注重形

日本饮食的另外一个特设就是日本的菜讲究它的艺术性,注重的是色、形、味不同于中国的注重口味,讲究色、香、味日本的饮食更加偏向于食物制作的艺术性和优雅感,在日本大多数的菜肴都是以自然景观相关的,食品的名称很多都是直接采用景物的名称命名的。所以对于日本的菜肴一般都是赏心悦目的。

二、日本的饮食习惯

日本人的饮食注重的是保全食物的营养与减少毒素的产生,她们宁愿每天去买新鲜的食材保证营养,也不愿多买预存,因为她们认为冰箱只能保险,并不能防止食物中营养的流失。日本十分注重家庭饮食,注重营养之间的搭配,关注家人身体体重,对菜类的选择上要求高。

1、日本以黑为贵,黑豆、黑米、黑木耳、黑枣、乌鸡等只要食物与黑挂钩,一般价格都比较高。

2、日本的料理以鱼、虾等海海鲜为主料,口味清淡,稍带酸甜和辣味,主食是白米饭,日本人爱吃鱼、海鲜、鸡、鸭以及蔬菜、豆腐等,但是不吃羊肉、猪内脏及肥猪油,有冷、热、生、熟各种食用方法。

3、日本人喜欢喝茶,无论是餐前餐后都喜欢饮茶,一般以清茶为主。

4、日本人习惯吃咸的东西,甜的东西部普遍。

三、日本和食中的代表性食物

(一)刺身

1、刺身的由来。很久以前,日本北海道渔民在供应生鱼片的时候,由于鱼在去皮后,品种辨认比较困难,所以一般渔民会取出一些鱼皮,用竹签刺在鱼身上,方便辨认,于是被称为刺身。在日本饮食的发展中,虽然刺身的制作方法不一样了,但是仍以刺身为名。

2、刺身的材料。刺身的主要材料是鱼,多数是海鱼,但是刺身并不是只以于为材料,有:螺蛤类、虾、蟹、海参、海胆还有鸡肉,甚至会出现鹿肉和马肉等。

3、刺身的形状。刺身的形状一般根据材料而定,选择片、条、块。如:鱼肉细腻可以切成薄片,一些比较大的鱼,肉质粗糙的可以切成块状,而如牡蛎、螺肉这种尺寸小的类别,一般直接整个食用。

4、刺身的佐料。刺身的佐料有:酱油、山葵泥、醋、姜末、萝卜泥、煎酒。

刺身是日本的传统食品,很受日本人的欢迎,味道偏清淡,以新鲜的鱼。贝、肉类为原料,根据相应的刀法加工,然后培养佐料使用,简单方便。一般都是一菜一碟,是日本用餐里的一小部分。

(二)寿司

寿司是日本人最喜爱的传统食物之一。据记载,寿司是由中国流传到日本,后来在外邦中发扬光大,但是却从中国的菜谱中消失。寿司和其它的日本料理一样,色彩都非常鲜明,把新鲜的材料如:新鲜的海胆黄、鲍鱼、牡丹虾、扇贝、金枪鱼、三文鱼等切片放在醋调过的冷饭上,一揉一捏之后再抹上鲜绿的芥末,在使用的时候要整个吞进去,将寿司的饭香与配料味相融合,这样才能够体会到寿司的美味。

(三)天妇罗

天妇罗不是单指某一种食品,而是对油炸食品的总称。制作方法是将面粉、鸡蛋、水等材料合成浆,然后将这些浆包裹在食材上,放入油锅中炸。天妇罗又分为蔬菜天妇罗、海鲜天妇罗、什锦天妇罗等,在食用时蘸调制好的酱料,味道鲜美,香而不腻。

天妇罗的烹制方法也是来自于中国,名称来自于荷兰,一般以鸡蛋面糊最为普遍,炸法多样化,在制作的过程中主要的三个标准是:挂糊要薄,沥油要净,要又脆又香。

(四)面食料理

日本面条主要有切面、荞麦面条、龙须面条以及拉面等。日本全国各个地方有代表性具有特色的面条有:山梨县的地方菜甲州名产面条秋田县的道庭面条等,其中荞麦面条营养丰富、食用方便,是日本关东地区最受欢迎的大众食品。荞麦面分冷食、热食两种,冷食主要是夏天使用。龙须面细而长,在夏天制作成凉面,是日本人在夏天受欢迎的面条之一。而拉面,则是日本面食料理中最据代表性的,据说日本拉面是在中华街的中国餐厅发祥的,后来逐步的演变成了具有日本特色的'拉面。

日本对饮食的质量要求高,在饮食制作和选择上就能体现日本对饮食的重视度。对调料的选择谨慎,追求食物的新鲜度和营养价值,同时,一般料理色泽和味道都保持原始纯正,而且对于器材的选择上也要结合当时的季节与环境,护饮食的平衡,日本人对饮食的追求完全是一种对自然的尊重,对艺术的追求,体现出一种对美和自然的向往。

四、日本的餐桌礼仪

日本重视和尊重饮食也可以从日本餐桌礼仪上看出。首先在用餐前,要先表示对食品的欣赏,用餐后要觉得满足,感谢款待者;其次,在用餐期间,要注重用餐顺序,不能单一的挑选一样菜品吃,而是依次的,应顺序循环的吃每道菜,保证菜吃完的时间都维持在一定的时间内;再次,用餐方式,日本的用餐方式并不像其它国家一样细声细语,而是允许吃饭发出声音,因为这表达对厨师的一种赞赏,同时也可以用手拿寿司蘸酱,直接放入口中等。依次,日本人喜欢饮酒,一般比较正式的日式饭都备有米酒,通常在相互祝酒后才开始用餐,而且就算客人不想喝,也希望其假装喝一小口;最后,日本人喜欢饮茶,饭前喝绿茶,饭后喝煎茶。

五、总结

日本饮食文化受中国文化影响深远,但是随着时代变迁,两个之间的饮食文化都发生了差异,日本善于吸收外来的事物,通过借鉴和引用,形成具有日本独有特色的文化,日本饮食文化,在世界饮食界中都占有一定的地位,它以其特色,向全世界传达日本的思想和文化,日本的饮食特征和饮食习惯,都是由日本地理环境、思想观念和自然资源影响的,了解日本饮食文化也是对日本文化的一种了解,从而加深对日本的物质、经济、政治和思想的认识,尊重彼此的文化,有利于国家之间的和谐发展,对于两国之间的交流起到十分重要的作用。

摘要:大家都知道日本是一个长寿的国家,现在的平均寿命居位居世界首位,除了自然环境和其他因素外,追求健康而绿色的饮食习惯也是极为重要的因素。

本文通过对日本饮食特点的浅析和几个代表性料理的介绍,体现日本饮食文化的许多优点及日本人的审美意识。日本的饮食是很特别的拥有自己的风格的同时,又融入了中国和西方其他国家的色彩。这也许和日本善于吸取他国长处的原因有关。

关键词:饮食文化、特点、日本料理

日本是一个南北狭长的岛国,是一个典型的围海而生的国家。自古以来从南方、北方和西方引进文化,经过不断的沉积、融合和演变,最终形成了日本列岛的文化基础,而日本饮食文化就是这些文化基础的一个重要组成部分。中国有句俗话说“民以食为天”,食是人类生存的最基本条件,可见饮食在文化中占据多么重要的地位。在了解一个民族或国家的文化时,有必要先去研究它的饮食文化。

一、日本饮食的特点

日本料理最大的特点是生鲜海味。日本四面环海,由四千多个岛屿组成的日本列岛,气候温和,四季分明,有得天独厚的新鲜海产,所以能够发展自己的海洋菜肴。换言之,风土酿就菜系。所以,各类海鲜料理已经成为日本饮食中别具特色的代表性食品。

日本的气候四季分明,谷物、果蔬、水产品等的生长期和品质受季节变化的影响很大。基于对食物新鲜程度和品质因素的考虑,日本料理的选材也是四季分明的。思维方式也使他们合理地选择应季的食物。日本人在料理的烹调方式上崇尚食物的原汁原味,少用调料,以清淡的口味为主,生食便成为保持食物原味最好的食用方式。

日本料理是一种用眼睛和鼻子来品尝的食物,其外观造型甚是精美,配合食物,每一道菜都犹如中国的工笔画。日本饮食讲究“艺术性”和“优雅感”。在日本的食品中,其名称与自然景物有关的约占总数的一半以上,凡是去过日本的中国人或许都会感觉到,日本的菜肴与其说是让人饱口福,倒毋宁说是让人赏心悦目。所以日本人对料理的形状和色彩的搭配是极其讲究的。在日本,一个厨师水平的高低主要取决于两点:刀工和一双装菜的筷子。日本料理给予我们的是日本人审美观的表达,也是日本饮食文化的体现。

日本料理的另一个特点就是“少”。中国人吃饭讲究的就是个实在。要吃好,并且还要吃饱。吃好自然不必说,要吃“饱”,这在吃日本料理时就有点困难了。中国人吃菜是一筷子,一勺子地吃。日本人是一片菜叶一片肉地吃。往往一顿饭吃下来,只有6分饱,过两个小时又想吃饭了。在日本花400日元买的便当,也就是盒饭,往往里面就是3块炸鸡和一片黄瓜,几片腌萝卜。可别以为有3块鸡肉就很合算了,鸡肉是最不值钱的东西,白菜都比它贵。正因为蔬菜价格很高,所以日本料理里蔬菜的分量不多,我是这么认为的。也不光蔬菜,其它的东西一样很少,往往一样菜是一小口就结束了。不实惠,这也是我的感觉。

对食器的讲究也是日本饮食文化的特点之一。古人云“美食不如美器”,在日本,稍有水准的料理屋在餐具上都是很用心的。这也说明了容器在料理中的地位。美器不仅仅是对美食表层的烘托,更是对美食内涵的诠释。日餐器皿的材质多为瓷器、木器还有漆器等,丰富多彩,既实用又具观赏性,使就餐者耳目一新。另一方面,对饮食环境的考究,也反映了日本人在饮食文化上的美学追求。

“淡”可以说是日本料理的最大优点。日本人长寿的原因估计也和他们饮食的清淡有关。中国菜基本上每样菜下锅之前都要先往锅里倒油,没有油,也就不会有美味的中国菜。可是油吃多了有什么后果大家都很清楚。而传统的日本料理则很少用油,寿司,生鱼片,都是十分清淡的食品。刚吃的时候也许会感到精淡无味,但是时间长了就会感到很爽口,和中国菜是完全不同的风格。不过就健康角度来说,我认为还是日本料理更好一些。

日本饮食一般可分为主食和副食。米是主食,蔬菜及鱼等为副食。中世纪至明治时期,日本人受到佛教思想的影响,对肉食有所禁忌,所以很少食肉。明治以后,这种禁忌才得以消除。第二次世界大战以后,日本饮食中也普及了面包等面食类。随着经济的成长,由于西方文化的不断渗透,肉类和乳制品等的摄取也大幅增加。再加上速食食品的普及,使日本人的饮食生活愈发多样化。

二、日本料理

(一)酱汤

酱汤在日本也有着悠久的历史。8世纪初,随着佛教从中国的传入,酱也从中国传入日本。它先在寺庙与宫廷中兴起,后在民间被广泛食用。现在日本研制生产了各种速成酱汤,可用开水冲食,并且便于携带。由于酱汤制作容易又富有营养,日本军队也很重视这种传统食品。酱汤以酱为主,主要原料是大豆,含有大量蛋白质,营养丰富,味道较咸。在日本,人们把酱汤视为“母亲的手艺”,可见它在日本人心中的分量。米饭就酱汤吃,是日本传统式的早餐。作为从小时就养成的饮食习惯,就更适合日本人了。

(二)生鱼片

日本料理以生鱼片最有代表性,它堪称是日本料理的代表作。自古以来日本就有吃生食的习惯。江户时代以前生鱼片主要以鲷鱼、鲆鱼等为材料。明治以后,金枪鱼、鲣鱼成了生鱼片的上等材料。现在,日本人把贝类、龙虾等切成薄片,也叫“生鱼片”。去掉河豚毒,切成薄片的河豚鱼,是生鱼片中的佼佼者,鲜嫩可口,但价格很贵。吃生鱼片必须要以芥末和酱油作调料。

(三)寿司

寿司又称“四喜饭”,是日本料理的代表。寿司味道鲜美,很受日本民众的喜爱。寿司是日本料理中独具特色的一种食品,种类很多。现代日本寿司大多采用醋拌米饭的方法来加工其主料。日本四周环海,各类时鲜鱼类为寿司的制作提供了丰富的素材。正宗的寿司有酸、甜、苦、辣、咸等多种风味。因此,吃寿司时,应根据寿司的种类来搭配佐味料。现在寿司的品种根据人们的口味增加了许多,色彩也是绚丽多彩。寿司的美味不仅体现在食上,更体现在形与色上,每一块寿司都是一个精美的小艺术品。

(四)纳豆

纳豆是日本最具有民族特色的食品,大部分日本人在日常生活中经常吃。纳豆是以大豆为原料,其营养成分容易为人体吸收,是一种很具价值的营养食品。最新的研究还表明,纳豆对引起大规模食物中毒的“罪魁祸首”病原性大肠杆菌的繁殖具有很强的抑制作用。

(五)卓袱料理。

卓袱是中国式饭桌,即八仙桌。卓袱料理是中国式的料理,有蘑菇、鱼糕、蔬菜的汤面、卤面等。其特色是客人坐着靠背椅,围着一张桌子,所有饭菜放在一张桌上。

这种料理起源于我国古代的佛门素食,由隐元禅师作为“普茶料理”(即以茶代酒的料理)加以发扬。由于盛行于长崎,故又称长崎料理。料理师在佛门素食内采用了当地产的水产肉类,便创立了卓袱料理。

卓袱料理菜式中主要有:鱼翅清汤、茶、大盘、中盘、小菜、炖品、年糕小豆汤和水果。小菜又分为五菜、七菜、九菜,以七菜居多。一开始就先把小菜全部放在桌子上,边吃边将鱼翅清汤及其他菜肴摆上桌。

三、日本饮食和中国的一些区别

在中国,中国的主食是谷物,北方为面、饭等大米、小麦加工出的食物,而南方为米饭。菜肴的原材料也多为陆生的动植物,也有江海湖泊的鱼类。据有关资料显示,中国每人每年平均食用鱼类约十几公斤,这个数字根据地理环境的不同,南北差异很大。

如果说中国重视的是食物本身,日本重视的就是盛载食物的餐具,对味觉和视觉的不同追求,造就了中日不同的饮食文化。很明显的,中国人虽然注意到放置食物的器皿对食欲有影响,在评价一道菜时也会用“色、香、味”来作为标准,烹饪理论上还有“五色、五味”等的说法,但主要评分点还是在食物本身上。而日本则不同,对餐具的选择会因季节、节日、菜色等等的不同而有很大的差别。

日本是与我们一衣带水的“邻邦”,自古以来,日本的文化就深受中国的影响。因此,日本的饮食与中固有着许多相同之处。比如,日本人和中国人饮食餐具基本相同,都是使用筷子、碗、盘子等。虽说现在许多人钟情于西餐,但传统的“日本料理”吃起来还必须使用筷予。其次,日本人和中国人的待客都非常热情。古人日:“有朋自远方来,不亦乐乎。”一个中国家庭,一旦来了佳宾高朋,采购、烹饪、陪客,忙煞主人。备料丰盛,做工精细I,烹调讲究“色、香、味”,待客力尽地主之宜。日本人接待客人也是充满诚意的,“不亦乐乎”与中国人不分上下,往往为了一顿饭,提前好多天向饭店预约,甚至开车带着客人跑到老远去用餐。

四、结语

总之,从日本的饮食文化,我们可以深深地体会到,日本人之所以长寿,与他们的合理、健康、营养的饮食是密不可分的。日本文化透过饮食文化,体现出日本饮食文化的许多优点及日本人的审美意识。这些传统的饮食习惯也不同程度地反映出日本饮食文化的优点,值得我们今后思考与学习。日本饮食文化的第三个特点是“追求造型美”。日本饮食讲究“艺术性”和“优雅感”。在日本的食品中,其名称与自然景物有关的约占总数的一半以上,如松风、红梅烧、矶松、桃山、牡丹饼,以及州滨、时雨、越之雪、落雁,等等。除了名称以外,凡是到过日本的中国人或许都会感觉到,日本的菜肴与其说是让人饱口福,倒毋宁说是让人赏心悦目。

日本是一个四面环海的岛国,独特的地理位置造就了日本独特的饮食习惯。在日语中,料理一词就是菜肴、烹调的意思。日本人注重菜肴的味道更注重菜肴的美感。因此烹饪在日本形成了一种独特的文化,既日本料理文化。

一、日本地理位置对饮食习惯的影响

日本由九洲、本州、四国、北海道四个大岛及周围数十余小岛组成。由于处在西太平洋寒暖流交替的地带,鱼类资源十分丰富。因此,海鱼是日本料理中不可缺少的部分。在鱼类料理中,生鱼片最为常见。日本人好吃生食也与其文化观念有关。日本国土面积狭小资源缺乏,因此尤其具有环保和崇尚自然的意识。日本人认为生食能够最大程度上保留鱼类的鲜味,只有新鲜、未经加工的食品,才具有天然的色泽,红是红,绿是绿,黄是黄,从色彩学讲,它们都是原色,原色最具色彩生机,搭配到一起,互相衬托,格外提神,叫人欲罢不能。这令人联想到赏心悦目的日本自然景观:放眼望去,整个东瀛列岛沐浴在大自然丰沛的阳光雨露中,蓝天、绿海、白云,到处郁郁葱葱,那里的每一片树叶绿得发亮,一切都显得那样本色,堪称一个“自然”的乐园。除了生食之外,日本寿司也是一大特色。日本地处典型的温带季风气候区,适合大米的生长,因此饭团和寿司得以发展。将生鱼、生蔬菜等放入寿司卷中,又用芥末去腥,用酱油调味,便做成了美味的寿司。

二、禅文化与视觉的艺术

日本料理十分清淡,最忌讳油腻,同时日本料理讲究摆放的艺术,给人以视觉上的美感。这样的理念与日本的禅文化有关,尤其是日本的怀石料理。怀石料理最早是从日本京都的寺庙中传出来,有一批修行中的僧人,在戒规下清心少食,吃得十分简单清淡,但却有些饥饿难耐,于是想到将温暖的石头抱在怀中,以抵挡些许饥饿感,因此有了“怀石”的名称。演变到后来,怀石料理将最初简单清淡、追求食物原味精髓的精神传了下来,发展出一套精致讲究的用餐规矩,从器皿到摆盘都充满禅意及气氛。怀石料理的摆放给予食用者无限的现象,体现了日本人的含蓄。除了怀石料理,寿司也同样讲究摆放。摆放寿司时会充分考虑到颜色的搭配以及形状的美感。许多饭团还被做成了各种动漫卡通形象,增添了不少情趣。

三、介绍日本料理文化的意义

要真正了解一个国家,就要亲临那里去体验。而吃是旅游的过程中必不可少的环节。如今日本料理文化名声远扬,是日本文化的精华之一。把料理做为一个切入点能够更好的了解日本文化的方方面面。包括气候、环境、历史、人文等等。料理从某种程度上来说是一个契机,不仅可以激发我们对日本文化的研究兴趣,更能以交流料理来促进对日本的理解。

一、日本饮食量少质高体现日本文化的浓缩意识

日本料理给我们的第一印象:细致精美、品种繁多、分量很少。从感官角度来讲,精美的加工和设计,可以引起人们的食欲;从食用角度上讲,一种食物再好吃也不会一下子吃很多,但是很多种食物放在你面前的时候,就会每一种都想品尝;份量和种类上的控制可以培养人良好的饮食习惯,不至于过分偏食和挑食,也不会过多的浪费。日本的传统点心,制作时均控制在45克左右,以方便拿取和食用;点心的形状和颜色往往与当时的季节和环境相对应,是浓缩型的季节象征。食物的精巧、极具效能体现了日本文化的浓缩意识,浓缩是为了更好更合理的利用空间和资源,浓缩意识中包含着日本民族强烈的危机感和自我保护意识。日本是一个多火山、多地震的独立岛国,自然灾害多且频繁,每年大约发生一万多次地震,有感地震能达到几千次左右,极具破坏性;又常常被台风等自然灾害侵袭;领土面积狭小,人口众多,资源有限;促使了日本民族生活上的严格要求;在生产和生活上需要做到最低限度的节约,以精细小巧为导向,以精细小巧为美。

日本民族把传统的精巧观念发挥到了极致,并且将这种观念融入到生活的各方面,凡事都能做到节约,合理利用一切做到充分的自我保护。生活在岛国上的人们时刻具有危机感,不仅是日本,诸如英国这样的岛国也应该如此。日本民族生活在危机感中不只是面对恶劣的地理环境,同样面临资源匮乏,虽然地理环境是人类无力改变的,但是面对资源问题,日本人在二三十年前就已经开始垃圾分类回收利用,在分类上有着严格的要求。去过日本的人都感慨日本很干净,那是因为他们可以为了丢弃一个瓶盖而排起长队,把其放到指定的回收地点。强烈的危机意识告诉他们,现在放回去的只是一个小小的瓶盖,但将来会带给他们生存希望的源泉。

二、日本饮食文化的食肉历史发展反映出民族的矛盾性特征

日本曾经向中国称臣纳贡,在生活上谦虚谨慎至极,可以说到了自卑的程度;也曾经向中国发动过战争,战争永远印记在我们的记忆中。有的人认为很难把战争中杀戮的日本人与谦和地说着对不起的日本人联系起来,这个很大程度上是因为日本民族自身矛盾性。现如今,日本的科技和经济仍然居于世界的前列,取得令人瞩目的成就,表现出日本民族的自信。从日语语言的角度上来看,针对不同的人物对象,语言的使用上都有明确的规定,语体上分简体和敬体,除此之外日语的敬语表达更是发达,敬语的表达又被分为尊他语、自谦语和郑重语,不同的人与人之间,不同的时间地点,说的语言都有所不同,可见礼貌要求极为严格。

1868年,明治维新后日本发生了重大变化,在此之前,日本长期向中国朝拜,受到儒家思想的影响。一直到明治维新,日本都是落后的农业国,原来日本本土文化注重与大自然的和谐。但明治维新以后,受到欧美文化的影响,日本从农业国转为工业国,经济能力跃然升至世界前列。西方文化强调人的力量和人的主观能动性,和日本的自然和谐观念是相对的,以中国为代表的东方文化与西方文化在日本这个国家里发生了碰撞,日本民族性格上的兼收并蓄使两种文化实现了融合,使得日本成为矛盾的统一体,正因为如此日本人在两种不同的价值观中徘徊,成为国民性格矛盾性的主要原因。这种矛盾性,体现在日本民族生活的方方面面。

三、结语

鲁迅先生有一篇著名的杂文《拿来主义》,意指对待事物要批判地继承和批判地吸收。日本民族的思想中存在浓厚的“拿来主义”,或者说是借鉴学习,日本人善于学习,曾经一度热衷学习外来饮食文化,但并不只是停留在学习的第一层面,而是不断深入研究,并结合自身的特点形成独具一格的日本饮食文化,在这一文化的背后深藏着大和民族的特点,在饮食文化中也能看到大和民族矛盾、隐忍、细腻、精致的缩影。

浅谈中日饮食文化的差异2017-05-09 17:32:12 科学与财富 2017年10期马莹妮++苗得厚摘 要:中国的饮食文化对周边世界乃至全世界,都有着特殊的影响。众所周知,中日文化有着很深厚的渊源,但由于地理位置,历史背景和宗教思想的不同,两国在饮食文化方面有很大的区别。本文对中日两国烹饪时选用的食材、方法、用餐工具和饮食礼仪等方面的差异进行了分析。关键词:中日 饮食文化 差异前言随着时代的发展,人们的生活水平提高了,除了基本的物质上的满足,我们对于基本的饮食更追求精益求精。俗话说“民以食为天”,可见饮食在中国五千年的文化中处于何等重要的地位。日本是与我们一衣带水的“邻邦”,自古以来,日本的文化就深受中国的影响,即便日本早期的饮食习惯来自于中国,但经过长期的历史演变,都有了一定的变化。一、食材选择的差异中国以陆地居多,而日本是一个典型围海而生的国家,中国的海岸线虽然很长,在近海地区也会有大量的海洋类菜式,但烹调上也与日本有着根本的差异。处于亚洲的人们,基本上都能很轻易的分清何种食物属于中方、何种属于日方,而且能随口就说出日本的一些传统食物,如寿司、拉面等。中国的主食北方以面食为主,南方以米饭为主,都是以谷物,不像西方国家那样依靠肉类和乳制食品。中国人的菜肴原材料多为陆生的动植物,也有江海湖泊的鱼类,在吃鱼这一方面中日还是存在差异。在日本,由于围海而生的地理特征,菜肴的原材料多为大米、鱼介、海藻类,日本每人每年平均可以吃掉70公斤左右的鱼类;中国每人每年平均食用鱼类约十几公斤,这个数字根据地理环境的不同,差异很大。1.烹调的方法有讲究(1)烹调观念:烹饪中国菜时,烹调食物尤其讲究火候,他们认为食物经过烹煮才能消灭细菌和微生物,加以佐料带出食物原本的营养物质,也能对身体进行温补,使之更容易被人体吸收,其做工精细,在食物上雕琢的样态栩栩如生,活灵活现,种类繁多。而日本,除了注重食物的样貌还注重健康性,按照他们的观念,新鲜的东西是营养价值最高的,任何生物的最佳食用期是它的新鲜期,即生命力最旺盛的时候。(2)烹调过程:在对食物进行烹调的过程中,中日两国也存在着差异。日本料理注重“新、奇、鲜”的统一,为营养型菜肴,日本人对食材的处理方法十分简单,就鱼类而言,他们在获得新鲜的鱼介之后尽量不加工,仅仅蘸佐料直接食用,像拉面、寿司等必须用火烹煮的食物才以热食方式加工,日常烹煮方法只有煮、烧、烤、炸等有限的几种;中国菜注重“色、香、味”的结合,属美味型菜肴,中国人对于食材的烹制方法有“烧、炒、爆、煮、炸、蒸、煎”等二十多种,喜欢对食材进行腌制、风干、火烤等处理之后加上各种香料佐菜烹煮,力求做到色香味俱全。2.餐具的使用在中日的饮食文化中,饮食工具起着重要作用,而传统用餐工具是筷子、碗、盘,在用餐前必须把餐具摆好才能就餐,我们中国人还习惯用汤匙舀汤或者流食,但日本人除了吃西餐喝汤时用汤匙之外,其他场合只用筷子。对比中日两国的筷子,有以下的差异:(1)日本的筷子较短,筷子尖较锋利,多是木制品,这是因为他们经常吃鱼,用筷子的时候没必要用很大力气,为了防止食物滑落,所以筷子尖锋利些可用于穿刺食物;中国的筷子长而厚重,多是木制品或竹制品,因为我国的食物都是油料理,用木筷子夹住食物的时候,可以防止打滑。(2)同是“用筷大国”,日本人换筷子的频率远比中国的高,他们平均两三个月换一次,而中国的却是两三年才换一次,不国随着经济水平的提高,国民对筷子的卫生问题日益关注,现在缩短为一年左右换一次。(3)在中国,用餐完毕后,筷子应整齐地搁在靠碗右边的桌子上,并等众人都放下筷子,主人示意离席时方可离座,不可自己用餐完毕,就扔下筷子离席;日本的筷子礼仪也相差无几,用餐既毕,筷子不可随意摆放,要规规矩矩放在自己的碗的旁侧,并要再次向桌面鞠躬道“谢谢招待”,不仅在家是这样,公众场合更是如此。二、中日酒水文化差异自古以来,酒就成为了用于交朋结友等多种用途的神奇工具。且不说古人写的那些“借酒浇愁愁更愁”等华丽诗词,也不说国人对饭局中“无酒不成欢”的传统观念,其实酒还另有妙用,适量饮酒,可以缓解疲劳,疏通筋脉。关于酒文化,多见于社交场所。中国人不仅喜欢在宴席上满布菜肴,还喜欢配上陈年佳酿与亲朋好友佳宾分享,很多人还会在下班后或者在家时来一杯酒做自我休憩,他们认为边吃边喝才能畅所欲言,使吃饭时的氛围变得轻松欢快起来,因而很多生意人在与客户应酬时都是边喝酒边谈生意,促成生意的成功率超乎你想象,这也造就了中国人喝酒也是工作的思想。日本人也爱喝酒,却绝对不允许在工作时喝酒,他们认为喝酒是放松娱乐的时候,不可以谈正经事,尤其是工作上的事,这样会显得很不严谨,即便是出于公司应酬,也只是谨慎的表面形式与人喝酒。三、历史角度看中日饮食习惯日本的饮食习惯往往都带着“清淡、量少、精细”等的评价,从总体上看,其饮食属于植物型饮食。中国的料理会大量使用油,亦称为“油料理”,做法也是纷繁复杂,几乎每样食材烹煮的时候都离不开油;而日本的料理几乎不怎么用油,精进料理用的均是植物油,如菜籽油、大豆油等,使得其料理具有少油、清淡的特点。在古代,中日两国的饮食观念大有出入。中国的饮食观念是“民以食为天”,对饮食非常重视,而日本的饮食观念与中国的截然不同。以前,日本人是通过一个人的穿着、交通工具和住宅等来判断一个人的地位和教养,对饮食也就不关心。在发展的历程中,日本人不断受到我国及其他国家的饮食文化影响,逐渐重视起饮食的营养健康,饮食的地位逐步提高。由于这些饮食的观念根深蒂固,导致现今的中日两国人民饮食水平和健康水平也产生了差异。日本是世界上有名的长寿国家,人均寿命高于中国人。中国的人均寿命值快速增长,但仍然没能达到日本的寿命值水平,这就要从经济水平与饮食习惯进行分析。我国当今社会许多中老年人所患的心脑血管病与摄入的脂肪和胆固醇过高有关是不争的事实。有专家认为,日本人之所以长寿,很大程度上得益于他们良好的饮食习惯讲究营养清淡,不暴饮暴食。随着我国经济发展和人民生活水平的不断提高,人们对于吃的观念在逐步改变,国人

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