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论电信企业市场营销策略[摘要]电信全球化与国际竞争的新趋势,给我国电信业带来了前所未有的压力与挑战,根据我国电信企业行业特点与营销重点,提出全员营销、摒弃传统广告宣传方式、营建全新企业文化及拓宽范围,实行差别化经营等策略。“所谓服务业这一行业根本不存在,只是各行业中服务成分所占的比重大小有所不同而已,每个人都在为他服务”。(TheoeloeLevitt语)显然,电信企业应属于服务成分较大的行业,笔者试从电信企业现状及服务业的特点入手,阐述电信企业的营销策略。一、电信企业的正确定位电信全球化与国际竞争的新趋势,给我们带来了前所未有的压力和挑战。一些新的经营理念,竞争观念、手段和策略正以惊人的速度向国人走来,并日益深刻地影响着国内通信市场。资产重组后的电信企业由于无线寻呼的剥离,邮政与电信的分营,移动公司的独立,实力受到了明显的削弱,经营范围与市场空间也随之相应变得狭窄。而在我们电信企业整体实力削弱的同时,我们的竞争对手无论从数量还是从实力,都不再是以前那样的弱小。我们对于通讯市场曾经有过的垄断时代已成为“昨日黄花”,电信市场不再有“巨无霸”的存在,代之而起的是诸侯割据群雄逐鹿。同时经历了这几年电信市场的长足发展,邮电通信能力和技术水平飞速提高,邮电通信不再是影响国民经济发展的瓶颈部门。从总体上说,通信能力与市场需求相比已经不再是短缺。更为严重的是,在国内需求普遍疲软的情况下,WTO正一步步向我们走来,我们未来的竞争对手将比现在可怕上不只十倍百倍。因而,在目前市场相对饱和的情况下,“加快发展,千方百计满足用户需要”,已经不应再成为我们电信企业的宣传口号和行动指南。面对日益壮大的竞争对手和相对狭小的空间,如果仅仅立足于用户需要的满足,我们将失去现有的市场。我们必须清醒地认识到:市场营销才是企业的首要任务。这既是企业工作的起点,又是企业工作的终点。没有市场营销企业就无法生存。“先有市场后有产品”之所以成为近几年企业界流行的经营方针即缘于此。由此可见,市场营销是企业发展的必由之路,强化营销,发现需求,选择市场需求是企业的第一任务,是关系企业生存发展的大事。因而,我们当前的任务当是创造市场,制造需求,引导消费,唯如此,我们电信企业方会在市场竞争中立于不败之地。二、电信企业行业特点与营销重点电信企业从属服务行业,因而我们必须从服务行业的特点出发,制定出符合行业特征的市场营销方案。“服务是一方能够向另一方提供的基本上是无形的任何功效或利益,并且不导致任何所有权的产生。它的生产可能与某种有形产品密切联系在一起,也可能毫无联系”。这就决定了电信企业具有如下行业特点:(一)不可触摸性服务是无形的。与有形产品不同,服务在被购买以前是看不见、品味不到,摸不着、听不到或嗅不出的。而购买者为减少这种不可触摸性所带来的不确定性,他们必然会寻求服务质量的标志或证据。他们将从看到的地方、人员、设备、沟通资料、象征和价格等方面,作出服务质量的判断。因此,服务提供者的任务是“经营证据”、“化无形为有形”。产品营销者受到的挑战是要求他们增加抽象观念,而服务营销者受到的挑战则是要求他们在其抽象供应上增加有形证据。如果我们想使我们的企业看起来服务快速和有效,就要中以试用以下几种工具使这种定位策略有形化。1、场所电信的有形环境必须暗示出快速和有效的服务。企业的外部和内部设计要做到整洁明快,对办公桌子的摆设和人行通道应进行认真设计规划,从外观上看,等持接持的顾客所排队伍不应过长,应有足够的坐位给正在办理业务的顾客。2、人员全体工作人员应当是忙碌的。他们应当做到衣着得体统一,并佩戴统一标志如工牌,并在始终保持微笑服务的同时做到来有迎声,去有送语。3、沟通资料沟通资料应能表明高效率,宣传小册子应做到印刷清晰,层次分明,图片也应经过认真选择。4、象征即企业的标志,如电信的徽记。5、价格各种服务价格要能始终保持简单明了。(二)不可分离性服务的生产与消费二者一般而方是同时进行的。这与有形物品的情况不同,后者是被制造出来的,先投入存储,随后销售,最后被消费。如果服务是由人提供的,那么这个人就是服务的一部分。因为当服务正在生产时顾客也在场,提供者和顾客相互作用,是服务营销的一个特征,提供者和顾客两者对服务的结果都有影响。(三)可变性服务具有极大的可变性。因为服务取决于由谁来提供以及在何时、何地提供。对服务质量的控制可采取两个步骤:第一步,投资于挑选优秀的工作人员并进行培训。对服务提供者进行培训,使其对顾客出现的各种情况都能做出适当反应,从而减少服务的可变性;第二步,通过顾客建议和投诉系统,顾客调查和对比购买,追踪了解顾客的满意情况。这样,质量较差的服务便可被察觉出来并得以更正。(四)易消失性服务不具有可贮藏性。不可能事先生产出服务留待以后消费。它的生产过程本身就是消费的过程,因而极易消失。由于服务性企业具有以上特点,因而服务性企业如果只用传统的市场营销方法来经营势必困难。在服务性企业中,顾客面对着服务质量不太稳定和较多变化的服务者,服务结果不仅受服务提供者的影响,而且受“不公开的”生产过程的影响。因而服务性企业的营销不仅需要传统的市场营销,而且还要插入其他两种市场营销,即内部市场营销和交互作用的市场营销。内部市场营销,意指服务公司必须对直接接待顾客的人员以及所有辅助服务人员进行培养和激励,使其通力合作,以便使顾客满意。市场营销部门可能做的最大贡献应是:“特别善于促使机构的其他部门每个人都实行市场营销。”(贝利语)交互作用市场营销,意指感知的服务质量在很大程度上取决于买者和卖者之间交互工作用的质量。在产品营销中,产品质量与如何被取得的方式之间毫无联系,但是在服务营销中,服务质量则是同服务供应者混为一体的。顾客评价服务质量,不仅依据其技术质量,而且依据其职能质量。因此,专业人员必须掌握交互作用市场营销的技巧。相对于传统营销而方,内部市场营销与交互作用的市场营销共同构成现代市场营销———全员营销。亦即市场营销的重点就是全员营销。三、全员营销的营销策略全员营销不仅包括营销手段的整体性,还包括营销主体的整体性及营销战略的整体性。传统的营销是以生产者为中心,以产品售出为目的,而现代营销是以顾客为中心,以顾客满意为目标,所要达到的最终目的如日本丰田公司的经理在推出凌志汽车时所说:“我们不应仅满足于顾客满意,我们的最终目的是使顾客愉悦”。怎样才能做到这一点呢?这就要求我样牢固树立“企业以市场营销为核心,市场营销以顾客满意为核心”的观念,将产品开发、技术改造、结构调整、生产管理、内部改革、资本运营等工作统一到服务和服从于市场这个中心上来,把搞好市场营销放在一切经营活动的第一位,以市场营销部门为中心,管理、生产、后勤部门以顾客满意为目标向市场营销部门提供服务。亦即搞好对外营销必须先搞好对内营销。某家旅游公司曾提出过这样的口号“员工第一、顾客第二”,其含义并非是不重视顾客,而是将员工列为第一的目的在于使企业员工满意,以崭新的面貌迎接顾客,从而实现顾客的满意。在树立“员工第一”思想的同时牢固树立“前一部门是后一部门的顾客”的思想,从而最大限度的激活内部市场营销。全员营销的一个很明显的特征就是:每道工序、每个员工与顾客都处于同一个不可分割的价值链,每个员工的工作都与顾客密切相关,只不过越靠近顾客的对顾客的影响越大。作为电信企业仅局限于对外的窗口,更不能仅仅局限于营业厅,我们以前抓服务的重点放在营业厅,而忽视了对另一些主要的服务群体如机线人员的管理。对于电信企业而言,机线人员服务的好坏对我们企业经营的影响更为直观。而在我们以前的实际工作当中,只是狠抓营业员的服务,而忽视了机线人员的规范化服务,导致我们的机线人员不象是国有企业的员工,反倒象是农村的个体包工队,极大地影响了我们的声誉。全员营销应注重这些重要环节,不允许出现任何细徽的漏洞。全员营销的另一个前提是员工整体素质的提高。这就要求我们的员工不仅要精通自己分管的业务,对于我们电信企业所有的业务都应有全面的了解。威海电信局曾经实行过“首问负责制”,意即每个员工在接听客户的电话,为客户提供咨询服务时,不应回答“不知道”,而应负责到底,为客户咨询有关部门,给予客户满意的答复。这种做法虽然比以前有所进步,但弊端在于浪费了客户的时间,降低了客户的满意度。请设想一下,如果我们每一个员工对每个问题都能对答如流,对每项业务都能如数家珍,这对我们的企业发展将会起到多大的推动作用。因而,从一线员工到支撑系统员工,不但要有全心全意为客户服务的觉悟,还要有过硬的服务本领。加强全体员工的技能培训,使其不仅知其然,而知其所以然,为客户提供高质量的服务。全员营销还需要提供相应的技术支持,提高服务的技术层次。体现服务水平的还有服务技术、服务手段。不仅包括服务手段的技术化,还包括通信能力的提高和通信手段的增多。借助高科技手段,实现服务层次的飞跃。如计算机的普及,使收费速度大大提高;联网收费,使客户体会网多面广的优势;产品的更新换代,满足不同层次消费群体的消费需求。由于全员营销具有上述特征,因而在实际操作中,与传统营销手段并用,将会取得事半功倍的效果。四、摒弃传统广告宣传,建设全新企业文化服务性企业较之制造企业在营销方面有许多不足,根据美国乔治和迈尔克斯德尔的调查,可以得出以下结论:(1)一般来说市场营销部门较少可能实行市场营销组合活动;(2)在提供服务区域较少可能进行市场营销分析;(3)很可能在内部处理自己的广告而不是求助于外部的广告社;(4)较少可能制定全面的销售计划;(5)较少可能制定和实施销售培训方案;(6)较少可能利用营销研究公司和营销顾问;(7)如用销售总额百分比表示用于市场营销上的费用,在这方面则有可能花费更少。作为曾经是国家垄断经营的电信企业,其实际营销手段比以上的论述更差。作为“官商”,我们曾经信奉的教条是“皇帝女儿不愁嫁”,作为“瓶颈部门”,我们曾级“酒好不怕巷子深”,这些陈规陋习导致我们在向市场经济转向的同时,不可避免地留有尚未褪化完全的计划经济的胎记。我们很多电信企业的广告仅仅做在家门口,做在营业厅里,我们在电视电台报纸所做的也仅仅是干巴巴的条文广告。广告这一引导消费的手段居然堕落到“顾客须知”的地步,广告魅力在我们那种做了也白做的论调中消失殆尽。我们所做的广告仅仅向人们表明我们做过广告。值得庆幸的是,我们有些经营者发现了这些问题。虽然我们欠缺国际商业巨头的大手笔,但我们绝对不能丧失商海博激的信心和勇气。一些电信企业的经验很值得我们推广:如在不同时间,针对不同的消费群体实行了不同的广告宣传,收到了较好的社会效益和经济效益。但在我们所有广告宣传中,缺少最根本的主题———企业文化的宣传。企业文化包括在长期生产过程中形成的经营思想、管理方式、群体意识和行为规范。它贯穿于企业发展道路、生产业务、经营管理以及职工思想政治、文化修养、业务技术素质的方方面面。高水平的质量服务文化,才能创出优质的服务,创优质服务又有力地推进企业的质量服务文化建设。众所周知,海尔公司在兼并红星电器厂时,仅派驻了几个管理人员,就使红星厂由亏损几千万的企业5个月内扭亏,他们凭借的是海尔品牌、海尔企业文化的灌输。由此可见,企业文化对于一个企业而方,无疑是企业魂。因而我们在使用传统的广告营销手段的同时,应侧重于企业文化的建设与宣传,学会利用各种媒体树立我们的形象。如我们可以对社会有影响的群体实行优惠政策,借以提高我们的知名度;积极参与公益活动,树立良好的企业形象。这种投入与产出的比肯定会优于广告的效果。同时注重企业的文化建设,弘扬企业,创企业品牌,求名牌效益,力争取得经济效益的同时获得良好的社会效益。五、价格手段,不可多用,不能滥用价格大战一直是企业界惯用的营销手续。曾几何时,价格成为我们企业的制胜法宝,推销产品的不二法门。仿佛祭起价格这个大旗,就可以战无不胜,所向披靡。但我们的消费者正一步步走向成熟,他们不再满足于小幅度的降价手段,最终结果导致价格战的恶性循环。近几年较为有名的是全国的彩电价格大战,造成全国彩电行业至少53亿的损失。“城门失火,殃及池鱼”,彩电大战导致了今年上半年的彩管行业的全面停产,彩管行业只能用减少供应量祈求价格的回升。在我们通讯市场,同样是烽烟四起,价格战的最终结果是“鹬蚌相争,渔夫得利”,这里的渔夫并不是指由于降价而得到实惠的消费者,而是指国际上那些圆睁双眼,紧盯我们这块世界上最大的尚未开放的通讯市场的通讯业的巨头们。我们原本就不足以与之抗衡,我们本应该联手与之竞争,而我们采取的价格战无疑将自己的市场廉价出售给了他们。当然价格战并非一无是处,通过价格大战,可以做到优胜劣汰,导致市场资源的重新配置,并由此锻炼我们的企业抗风浪的能力。但是价格手段毕竟是双刃剑,此应不可多用,更不能滥用。而应该配合企业社会形象的树立,针对特殊群体采取价格攻势;同时价格不能一降再降,那样会使顾客有了等待心理,反而更糟。六、拓宽经营范围,实行差别化服务当价格战与铺天盖地的广告刺激不了消费时,我们应该拓宽经营范围,实行差别化管理。但是要想做到将我们的服务与竞争者的服务区别开来是件十分困难的事。经营范围的缩小,竞争对手的增多,使得价格竞争愈演愈烈,许多顾客对产品的要求不多,只要省钱就行。由此可见,只要顾客认为服务的差别不大,他们对提供关心程度便会小于对价格的关心。解决价格竞争的办法是发展差别供应和建立差别形象,提高顾客的满意度。因为一个满意的顾客对价格的关心程度低于对提供服务者的关心程度,同时一个满意的顾客较为容易的接受开展的新业务,而且对我们电信企业的成本而言,发展一个新顾客远比吸引一个老顾客的费用高。因而我们电信企业应凭借自己的资源优势实行差别化服务管理。这种差别化服务管理具有两层意思,其一为本企业与外企业的不同,使顾客能明确我们所提供的服务为别人所无法提供的。这一点可以配合企业的文化建设进行。其工作重点应侧重于经营范围的拓展,让我们的服务永远走在别人的前面。其二对不同的顾客采取不同的营销策略。经营范围的拓展,不仅包括外延的拓展,还包括内涵的拓展;不仅仅是量的增加,还包括质的提高。同时细分市场,做到有的放矢。比如对学生较为集中的地区,实行免费装机发售电话卡刺激消费;对于消费层次不高的人应教会他们使用程控电话的多项功能,如“呼叫等待”、“转移呼叫”等,提高通话率;对于消费层次较高的人应大力宣传“一线通”等先进业务;对于大用户(主要指那些群体数量少但业务量比重大的用户)建立大户室,设立大用户档案,甚至于采取青岛局的办法:为大用户设立“绿色通道”,特事特办,使大户业务稳中有升,同时推出新业务后率先向他演示,从而引导消费。总之,在我们电信企业的市场营销工作中,要以现代营销观念为主,以传统营销观念为辅;以全员营销思想为主导,突出营销部门的地位;淡化广告宣传效应,重视企业文化建设;忽略价格杠杆功能,严格差别化服务管理;立足现有市场,创造消费需求;以先进的营销理念武装我们的头脑,使我们电信企业在未来的竞争中永立潮头,勇往直前。

Management in simple terms means the act of getting people together to accomplish desired goals. Management comprises planning, organizing, resourcing, leading or directing, and controlling an organization (a group of one or more people or entities) or effort for the purpose of accomplishing a goal. Resourcing encompasses the deployment and manipulation of human resources, financial resources, technological resources, and natural can also refer to the person or people who perform the act(s) of verb manage comes from the Italian maneggiare (to handle — especially a horse), which in turn derives from the Latin manus (hand). The French word mesnagement (later ménagement) influenced the development in meaning of the English word management in the 17th and 18th centuries.[1]Theoretical scopeMary Parker Follett (1868–1933), who wrote on the topic in the early twentieth century, defined management as "the art of getting things done through people".[2] One can also think of management functionally, as the action of measuring a quantity on a regular basis and of adjusting some initial plan; or as the actions taken to reach one's intended goal. This applies even in situations where planning does not take place. From this perspective, Frenchman Henri Fayol[3] considers management to consist of five functions:planning organizing leading co-ordinating controlling Some people, however, find this definition, while useful, far too narrow. The phrase "management is what managers do" occurs widely, suggesting the difficulty of defining management, the shifting nature of definitions, and the connection of managerial practices with the existence of a managerial cadre or habit of thought regards management as equivalent to "business administration" and thus excludes management in places outside commerce, as for example in charities and in the public sector. More realistically, however, every organization must manage its work, people, processes, technology, etc. in order to maximize its effectiveness. Nonetheless, many people refer to university departments which teach management as "business schools." Some institutions (such as the Harvard Business School) use that name while others (such as the Yale School of Management) employ the more inclusive term "management."Speakers of English may also use the term "management" or "the management" as a collective word describing the managers of an organization, for example of a corporation. Historically this use of the term was often contrasted with the term "Labor" referring to those being of managerial workIn for-profit work, management has as its primary function the satisfaction of a range of stakeholders. This typically involves making a profit (for the shareholders), creating valued products at a reasonable cost (for customers), and providing rewarding employment opportunities (for employees). In nonprofit management, add the importance of keeping the faith of donors. In most models of management/governance, shareholders vote for the board of directors, and the board then hires senior management. Some organizations have experimented with other methods (such as employee-voting models) of selecting or reviewing managers; but this occurs only very the public sector of countries constituted as representative democracies, voters elect politicians to public office. Such politicians hire many managers and administrators, and in some countries like the United States political appointees lose their jobs on the election of a new president/governor/mayor. Some 2500 people serve at the pleasure of the United States Chief Executive, including all of the top US government , private, and voluntary sectors place different demands on managers, but all must retain the faith of those who select them (if they wish to retain their jobs), retain the faith of those people that fund the organization, and retain the faith of those who work for the organization. If they fail to convince employees of the advantages of staying rather than leaving, they may tip the organization into a downward spiral of hiring, training, firing, and recruiting. Management also has the task of innovating and of improving the functioning of developmentDifficulties arise in tracing the history of management. Some see it (by definition) as a late modern (in the sense of late modernity) conceptualization. On those terms it cannot have a pre-modern history, only harbingers (such as stewards). Others, however, detect management-like activities in the pre-modern past. Some writers[who?] trace the development of management-thought back to Sumerian traders and to the builders of the pyramids of ancient Egypt. Slave-owners through the centuries faced the problems of exploiting/motivating a dependent but sometimes unenthusiastic or recalcitrant workforce, but many pre-industrial enterprises, given their small scale, did not feel compelled to face the issues of management systematically. However, innovations such as the spread of Arabic numerals (5th to 15th centuries) and the codification of double-entry book-keeping (1494) provided tools for management assessment, planning and the scale of most commercial operations and the lack of mechanized record-keeping and recording before the industrial revolution, it made sense for most owners of enterprises in those times to carry out management functions by and for themselves. But with growing size and complexity of organizations, the split between owners (individuals, industrial dynasties or groups of shareholders) and day-to-day managers (independent specialists in planning and control) gradually became more writingWhile management has been present for millennia, several writers have created a background of works that assisted in modern management theories.[4]Sun Tzu's The Art of WarWritten by Chinese general Sun Tzu in the 6th century BCE, The Art of War is a military strategy book that, for managerial purposes, recommends being aware of and acting on strengths and weaknesses of both a manager's organization and a foe's.[4]Niccolò Machiavelli's The PrinceBelieving that people were motivated by self-interest, Niccolò Machiavelli wrote The Prince in 1513 as advice for the leadership of Florence, Italy.[5] Machiavelli recommended that leaders use fear—but not hatred—to maintain Smith's The Wealth of NationsWritten in 1776 by Adam Smith, a Scottish moral philosopher, The Wealth of Nations aims for efficient organization of work through division of labor.[5] Smith described how changes in processes could boost productivity in the manufacture of pins. While individuals could produce 200 pins per day, Smith analyzed the steps involved in manufacture and, with 10 specialists, enabled production of 48,000 pins per day.[5]19th centurySome argue[citation needed] that modern management as a discipline began as an off-shoot of economics in the 19th century. Classical economists such as Adam Smith (1723 - 1790) and John Stuart Mill (1806 - 1873) provided a theoretical background to resource-allocation, production, and pricing issues. About the same time, innovators like Eli Whitney (1765 - 1825), James Watt (1736 - 1819), and Matthew Boulton (1728 - 1809) developed elements of technical production such as standardization, quality-control procedures, cost-accounting, interchangeability of parts, and work-planning. Many of these aspects of management existed in the pre-1861 slave-based sector of the US economy. That environment saw 4 million people, as the contemporary usages had it, "managed" in profitable quasi-mass the late 19th century, marginal economists Alfred Marshall (1842 - 1924) and Léon Walras (1834 - 1910) and others introduced a new layer of complexity to the theoretical underpinnings of management. Joseph Wharton offered the first tertiary-level course in management in centuryBy about 1900 one finds managers trying to place their theories on what they regarded as a thoroughly scientific basis (see scientism for perceived limitations of this belief). Examples include Henry R. Towne's Science of management in the 1890s, Frederick Winslow Taylor's Scientific management (1911), Frank and Lillian Gilbreth's Applied motion study (1917), and Henry L. Gantt's charts (1910s). J. Duncan wrote the first college management textbook in 1911. In 1912 Yoichi Ueno introduced Taylorism to Japan and became first management consultant of the "Japanese-management style". His son Ichiro Ueno pioneered Japanese first comprehensive theories of management appeared around 1920. The Harvard Business School invented the Master of Business Administration degree (MBA) in 1921. People like Henri Fayol (1841 - 1925) and Alexander Church described the various branches of management and their inter-relationships. In the early 20th century, people like Ordway Tead (1891 - 1973), Walter Scott and J. Mooney applied the principles of psychology to management, while other writers, such as Elton Mayo (1880 - 1949), Mary Parker Follett (1868 - 1933), Chester Barnard (1886 - 1961), Max Weber (1864 - 1920), Rensis Likert (1903 - 1981), and Chris Argyris (1923 - ) approached the phenomenon of management from a sociological Drucker (1909 – 2005) wrote one of the earliest books on applied management: Concept of the Corporation (published in 1946). It resulted from Alfred Sloan (chairman of General Motors until 1956) commissioning a study of the organisation. Drucker went on to write 39 books, many in the same . Dodge, Ronald Fisher (1890 - 1962), and Thornton C. Fry introduced statistical techniques into management-studies. In the 1940s, Patrick Blackett combined these statistical theories with microeconomic theory and gave birth to the science of operations research. Operations research, sometimes known as "management science" (but distinct from Taylor's scientific management), attempts to take a scientific approach to solving management problems, particularly in the areas of logistics and of the more recent developments include the Theory of Constraints, management by objectives, reengineering, Six Sigma and various information-technology-driven theories such as agile software development, as well as group management theories such as Cog's the general recognition of managers as a class solidified during the 20th century and gave perceived practitioners of the art/science of management a certain amount of prestige, so the way opened for popularised systems of management ideas to peddle their wares. In this context many management fads may have had more to do with pop psychology than with scientific theories of the end of the 20th century, business management came to consist of six separate branches, namely:Human resource management Operations management or production management Strategic management Marketing management Financial management Information technology management responsible for management information systems 21st centuryIn the 21st century observers find it increasingly difficult to subdivide management into functional categories in this way. More and more processes simultaneously involve several categories. Instead, one tends to think in terms of the various processes, tasks, and objects subject to of management theory also exist relating to nonprofits and to government: such as public administration, public management, and educational management. Further, management programs related to civil-society organizations have also spawned programs in nonprofit management and social that many of the assumptions made by management have come under attack from business ethics viewpoints, critical management studies, and anti-corporate one consequence, workplace democracy has become both more common, and more advocated, in some places distributing all management functions among the workers, each of whom takes on a portion of the work. However, these models predate any current political issue, and may occur more naturally than does a command hierarchy. All management to some degree embraces democratic principles in that in the long term workers must give majority support to management; otherwise they leave to find other work, or go on strike. Hence management has started to become less based on the conceptualisation of classical military command-and-control, and more about facilitation and support of collaborative activity, utilizing principles such as those of human interaction management to deal with the complexities of human interaction. Indeed, the concept of Ubiquitous command-and-control posits such a transformation for 21st century military topicsBasic functions of managementManagement operates through various functions, often classified as planning, organizing, leading/motivating and : deciding what needs to happen in the future (today, next week, next month, next year, over the next 5 years, etc.) and generating plans for action. Organizing: making optimum use of the resources required to enable the successful carrying out of plans. Leading/Motivating: exhibiting skills in these areas for getting others to play an effective part in achieving plans. Controlling: monitoring -- checking progress against plans, which may need modification based on feedback. Formation of the business policyThe mission of the business is its most obvious purpose -- which may be, for example, to make soap. The vision of the business reflects its aspirations and specifies its intended direction or future destination. The objectives of the business refers to the ends or activity at which a certain task is aimed. The business's policy is a guide that stipulates rules, regulations and objectives, and may be used in the managers' decision-making. It must be flexible and easily interpreted and understood by all employees. The business's strategy refers to the coordinated plan of action that it is going to take, as well as the resources that it will use, to realize its vision and long-term objectives. It is a guideline to managers, stipulating how they ought to allocate and utilize the factors of production to the business's advantage. Initially, it could help the managers decide on what type of business they want to form. How to implement policies and strategiesAll policies and strategies must be discussed with all managerial personnel and staff. Managers must understand where and how they can implement their policies and strategies. A plan of action must be devised for each department. Policies and strategies must be reviewed regularly. Contingency plans must be devised in case the environment changes. Assessments of progress ought to be carried out regularly by top-level managers. A good environment is required within the business. The development of policies and strategiesThe missions, objectives, strengths and weaknesses of each department must be analysed to determine their roles in achieving the business's mission. The forecasting method develops a reliable picture of the business's future environment. A planning unit must be created to ensure that all plans are consistent and that policies and strategies are aimed at achieving the same mission and objectives. Contingency plans must be developed, just in case. All policies must be discussed with all managerial personnel and staff that is required in the execution of any departmental policies and strategies fit into the planning processThey give mid- and lower-level managers a good idea of the future plans for each department. A framework is created whereby plans and decisions are made. Mid- and lower-level management may add their own plans to the business's strategic ones. [edit] Managerial levels and hierarchyThe management of a large organization may have three levels:Senior management (or "top management" or "upper management") Middle management Low-level management, such as supervisors or team-leaders Foreman Rank and File Top-level management require an extensive knowledge of management roles and skills. They have to be very aware of external factors such as markets. Their decisions are generally of a long-term nature Their decision are made using analytic, directive, conceptual and/or behavioral/participative processes They are responsible for strategic decisions. They have to chalk out the plan and see that plan may be effective in the future. They are executive in nature. Middle management Mid-level managers have a specialized understanding of certain managerial tasks. They are responsible for carrying out the decisions made by top-level management. Lower management This level of management ensures that the decisions and plans taken by the other two are carried out. Lower-level managers' decisions are generally short-term ones Foreman They are men who have direct supervision over the working force in office factory, sales field or other areas of activity of the concern. Rank and File The responsibilities of the persons belonging to this group are even more restricted and more specific than those of the foreman. Areas and categories and implementations of managementAccounting management Agile management Association management Capability Management Change management Communication management Constraint management Cost management Crisis management Critical management studies Customer relationship management Decision making styles Design management Disaster management Earned value management Educational management Enterprise management Environmental management Facility management Financial management Forecasting Human resources management Hospital management Information technology management Innovation management Interim management Inventory management Knowledge management Land management Leadership management Logistics management Lifecycle management Management on demand Marketing management Materials management Operations management Organization development Perception management Practice management Program management Project management Process management Performance management Product management Public administration Public management Quality management Records management Research management Resource management Risk management Skills management Social entrepreneurship Spend management Spiritual management Strategic management Stress management Supply chain management Systems management Talent management Time management Visual management

RESUME SEARCH :: MARKETING & SALES RESUME BANK Results 1 - 20 of 1004 1. - Senior Management Am looking for a Senior Management or Marketing position. Have 13 years work experience (6 years in China). Fluent in English, Malay, Mandarin, Cantonese. Know Asia-Pacific markets well. Location: Abroad - Shanghai Resume reference: liulJoq8 Date: 7 May 2009 2. - Sales I am now looking to build on my selling skills as well as progress into a management position to achieve further professional development. I am therefore keen to find a new and suitably challenging role within a market-leading organisation. Location: Kuala Lumpur - Cheras Resume reference: skG4kgjt Date: 7 May 2009 3. - Marketing Executive I am now waiting my diploma results and I wanted to look for a full time job. I have worked before as promoter in fashion apparel, female supplies, and food & beverage relevance. I have confident that I can manage well in sales and marketing area. Location: Kuala Lumpur - Bandar Sri Damansara,Kepong Resume reference: sza721mY Date: 7 May 2009 4. - Petroleum Employee I am looking for any petroleum / oil company jobs that may fit my credentials. I am a computer literate individual with knowledge in SAP R3 application, know how to operate forklifts and drive. I was previously employed at Shell Philippines from Jan 1994 to May 2005 and TWA Inc - Flying V Petroleum an independent New Oil Player in the Phils as Supervisor Field Officer from July 2006 to February 2008. Location: Abroad - Davao City, Philippines Resume reference: jsOVbLZd Date: 7 May 2009 5. - Maketing Manager / Senior Exec Looking for Senior / Mananager position for Marketing. Specilize in FMCG industry with 3 years experience. Identify, execute and manage marketing strategies and initiatives for consumer products. Speaks English, Malay and Canotonese Location: Selangor - Petaling Jaya Resume reference: roWDQtRY Date: 6 May 2009 6. - MBA with 4 year Experience in Sales looking for either markrting jobs in banking , fmcg,Beverages or automobile industry languages known English, Hindi,Malayalam, Tamil Location: Abroad - India Resume reference: ba18a2ra Date: 6 May 2009 7. - NGO Executive, Project Formulation, GIS, Disaster Risk Mgt Program Coordinator,NGO Consultant, Microcredit Advancement Planning, Socio-economic data analyst,Disaster Preparedness in Agriculture Sector, Spatial data analyst, GIS Maping expert,Computer Training Coordinator, Housing and Settlement Expert, Voluntary Organizer, Adapation to Climate Change in the Agriculture Sector, Agricultural Extension Specialist Languages: English (RWS), French(RWS) , Arabic (Read only,Write)and Bangla (mother language)Typing Speed: 35 wpm (Eng) and familiar to Arabic, French typing ..... (continued) Location: Abroad - Dhaka, Bangladesh Resume reference: sisqwUsD Date: 6 May 2009 8. - Sales Manager Management Searching for a Sales and Marketing Job. Effective communication, able to Motivate and extract the market share. Location: Abroad - India Resume reference: se0hNJAC Date: 6 May 2009 9. - Management Trainee I am graduated in degree of Urban and Regional Planning from International Islamic University Malaysia. My career objective is to achieve highest ranking position in any Real Estate Company or Multinational Company. I have a very strong interest in Business, Marketing, Sales and Management. I have high determination on improving myself towards becoming highly potential business minded person. I have participated in many self-empowerment seminars, leadership training and sales training, namely; -"Unleash ..... (continued) Location: Selangor - Subang Jaya Resume reference: crhsiWJq Date: 6 May 2009 10. - Training Manager I have obtained experience in the field of education, and then to Training and Development as I have a great passion for training. In my previous company, as a Principle Lecturer I have handled a group of lectures, planning, managing and developing course syllabus for each programme in the foundation level. And now in my current company where I am given the task to plan, coordinate and train the sales force team nationwide and internal staffs in terms of product knowledge and soft skills such as greeting, ..... (continued) Location: Selangor - Klang Resume reference: naBcfoVE Date: 6 May 2009 11. - Marketing i am looking for a job, which enable me to establish my knowledge to the am fluent in English, Bahasa Malaysia, and chinese. i am self independent and fast learner,motivated and hardworking. ,good interpersonal skills in dealing with others. Location: Sarawak - Kuching Resume reference: gltYJWVF Date: 6 May 2009 12. - Web Strategist I am looking for a position to complement my corporate experience, management skills in IT and the education industry, further to my prolific research and understanding of Web and beyond. I have worked in Malaysia (3 years) and in Australia (10 years), in which I have gained authority and network within the online domain, especially Virtual Worlds. My publication, media interviews and international awards are a testament to my proficiency in spoken languages and presentation skills. Following are ..... (continued) Location: Abroad - Australia Resume reference: ssR3za4p Date: 6 May 2009 13. - Business Developemt Manager - Sales or Marketing job - Strength in Sales,Marketing and Business Developemet - English. Mandarin, Cantonese, Malay, spoken and writen Location: Kuala Lumpur - Kepong Resume reference: keQXgHZX Date: 5 May 2009 14. - Talent Hunt I have visited many of national and multinational companies including Engro Vopak, Fauji Fertilizer, IFFCO, PICT, SIEMENS, AREVA T&D and also served to several industries in the ITIF Asia and Textile Asia Exhibitions at Expo Centre Karachi. Apart from this I did internship in AREVA T&D (Formerly ALSTOM) and worked on the project of Automation of the PAINT SHOP CONVENTIONAL CONTROL SYSTEM, for a year. All the manufacturing depends on this sub-department of Production under the head of CNC machines in AREVA T ..... (continued) Location: Abroad - Pakistan Resume reference: enPrAXxC Date: 5 May 2009 15. - Retail Assistant Saya cari kerja yang sesuai dengan saya dan pengalaman yang saya ada sebelum berjanji akan membuat kerja dengan baik tanpa menimbul sebarang boleh mengendalikan komputer dan mesin duit(casheir).saya boleh bertutur bahasa inglish sederhana dan bersedia kerja lebih saya berminat kerja di adidas dan nike. Location: Sabah - kudat Resume reference: awN3QaSa Date: 5 May 2009 16. - A&P, PR, Banking,Purchasing Public Speaking, Customer services, Thinking technique, Adobe illustrator, Brand Management, Media Planning. Location: Johor - Muar, JB Resume reference: cos01NR0 Date: 5 May 2009 17. - Manager Im looking for a job of managerial cadre,i have 14 years of sales & marketing fluent in english. apart from sales job,i can do management level job too. Location: Abroad - india Resume reference: maq9eNtR Date: 5 May 2009 18. - Marketing Manager I'm looking for a Marketing Manager position as I'm relocating back to Malaysia from Dubai. My soft skills include Strategic Planning, Market Intelligence, Business Development, Customer Relationship Management, Market Analysis Forecasting, Profit & Loss Management, Negotiation, Six-Sigma Mythology, Industrial Sales, and Retail Management. Language spoken is English, Malay, Mandarin, Hokkien and Cantonese. Experience in MNC and international dealings. Friendly yet aggressive in terms of achieving objectives ..... (continued) Location: Kuala Lumpur - Kepong Resume reference: peUp96J9 Date: 5 May 2009 19. - Sales & Marketing Manager - Technical I am searching for a vacancy in Sales & Marketing. I am a Sales Manager with more than 10 years experience in Techical / Engineering Sales. I bring with me, a wealth of experience in dealing with people, customers to ensure sales objectives are met, creating a win-win environment between customers and company. As a Sales Manager, my responsibilties in my previous company ranges from being a mentor to my staff, as well as being a motivator to assist staffs in achieving the company set targets & goals. To ..... (continued) Location: Pulau Pinang - Sg. Dua Resume reference: lkOm1q7v Date: 4 May 2009 20. - Sales, export, marketing, manager Marketing % sales, managing, export department, english, german, turkish Location: Kuala Lumpur - KL Resume reference: rimvySmn Date: 4 May 2009

财务论文的英文参考文献大全

财务是非常有前途的一个职业,也是一个很容易规划自己发展路径的职业。下面是我为大家整理的财务论文英文参考文献，欢迎阅读。

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[6]Barr, P. S,Stimpert,J. L,& Huff,A. S. Cognitive change,strategic action and organizational renewal. Strategic Management Journal, 1992,13（S1），15-36.

[7]Bourgeois, L. J. On the measurement of organizational slack. Academy of Management Review, 1981,6（1），29-39.

[8]Belkin, N. J. Anomalous state of knowledge for information retrieval. Canadian Journal of Information Science, 1980,5（5），133-143.

[9]Bentler,P. M,& Chou C. P. Practical issues in structural equation Methods and Research,1987,16（1），78-117

[10]Atkin, C. K. Instrumental utilities and information seeking. New models for mass communication research, Oxford,England: Sage,1973.

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[1] Ball, R. and Brown, , “An Empirical Evaluation of Accounting Income Numbers”,journal of Accounting Research,Autumn, pp. 159-178

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mba论文格式英文

一、MBA学位论文写作规范的要求：1、MBA研究生在选定导师后，应及时与导师商定论文题目，应早开始收集和积累资料，开展调查研究。论文写作一般在课程结束后，时间最短为半年。2、为了提高论文质量，充分发挥论文工作在MBA教育中的作用，根据《西安电子大学工商管理硕士(MBA)培养方案》中对论文工作的要求，特制定本规范要求。3、MBA学位论文选题应突出实用性，要在自己调查研究的基础上，紧密结合工作单位的实际需要或经济改革与发展中的某一具体问题，在导师指导下确定论文题目。4、论文题目确定后，要写出开题论证报告，并在MBA中心组织的开题论证会上，听取其他老师和MBA研究生的意见和建议，修改完善论文写作方案。开题论证是MBA中心组织的学术活动，各位导师应精心组织，MBA研究生应积极参加。5、在论文写作中应综合运用所学知识，培养调查研究、分析问题和解决问题的能力。论文所得结论应对解决实际管理问题有指导意义和参考价值。6、论文形式可以是专题研究报告，也可以是高质量的调查研究报告、企业诊断报告或管理案例。论文必须逻辑清楚，结构合理，文字通顺流畅，字数在万字以上。7、MBA论文的评价标准注重考查MBA研究生综合应用所学知识分析解决实际问题的能力，应在理论或方法上有新的见解，或对解决实际管理问题有实用价值。8、论文初稿完成后，必须经导师仔细批阅，提出修改意见。研究生要根据导师要求认真进行补充调查和修改。二、MBA学位论文的规范格式具体要求是：1.论文封面请用学校最新规定的统一格式，字体大小，间距等不得改变;论文封面纸张一律使用白色铜版纸。论文题目用宋体3号居中;作者姓名、指导教师、学科专业和所在学院用宋体4号居中;提交日期用宋体小3号居中，日期用阿拉伯数字。2.标题用粗黑体：一级标题三号;二级标题小三号;三级标题四号;其它标题(摘要、Abstract、目录、参考文献、附录、致谢等)三号并且居中。3.正文用宋体小四号，行距倍。4.标题序号标号：一级标号：1 2 3 ……二级标号： ……三级标号： ……注意：正文中所有标题居左对齐，目录中下一级标题缩进一格。5.图表标号：图图图图 ……(标在图下方，居中，字体用宋体5号)表表表表 ……(标在表上方，居中，字体用宋体5号)特别注意：图表居中;图注、表头与相应的图表绝对不能分页;同一图表尽量不要分页，需跨页时一般排为双面跨单页，需转页时应在续表上方居中注明续表X，表头重复排出;同一页上的不同表格宽度尽量一致;图表中的英文必须译成中文;图表与上下文之间各空一行。6.论文页面上要有页眉和页脚，页眉：左面西安电子科技大学大学MBA学位论文，右面论文题目，用宋体小5号;页脚：正文页脚用阿拉伯数字，居中，小5号字;中、英文摘要页脚用罗马数字，居中，小5号字。7.论文要有中文摘要、中文关键词、英文摘要、英文关键词、目录、正文、参考文献。8.目录包括中文摘要、英文摘要和一、二、三级标题以及其它需要列入的项目(参考文献、附录、致谢等)。9.引用的参考文献统一列示于正文之后，直接引用的文字，数据，表格等应将参考文献序号标注于正文。

这是毕业论文的一般格式，希望对你有用，如还不清楚请百度搜索下“轻松无忧论文网”咨询；设为首页付款方式价格总表首页论文发表论文定制博硕论文定制论文写发填写订单期刊介绍免费论文库答疑(返回主页）毕业论文书写格式论文书写格式论文全部要采用 word 来书写，文件名统一为“ report95 ′ ′ .doc ”，其中′ ′ 代表自己的学号。学位论文一般应包括下述几部分：论文首页格式：其中学位论文题目用黑体二号字，其余用宋体四号字论文题目应能概括整个论文最重要的内容，简明、恰当，一般不超过 25 个字。中文摘要及其关键词（宋体 5 号字 b5 排版）：4 论文第二页为 500 字左右的中文内容摘要，应说明本论文的目的、研究方法、成果和结论。学位论文摘要是学位论文的缩影，尽可能保留原论文的基本信息，突出论文的创造性成果和新见解。论文摘要应尽量深入浅出，通俗易懂，少用公式字母，语言力求精炼、准确。4 在本页的最下方另起一行，注明本文的关键词 3 ╠ 5 个。英文摘要及其关键词（宋体 5 号字 b5 排版）：论文第三页为英文摘要，内容与中文摘要和关键词相同。学校名称：东北师范大学院（系）名称：计算机系本科生学号：学位论文题目学科、专业：计算机科学技术本科生姓名： _____ _指导教师姓名： _________指导教师职称： ___________东北师范大学计算机系学位评定委员会年月摘要（粗宋体居中四号字）（空一行）摘要内容（宋体 5 号左对齐）（空一行）关键词：词 1 、词 2目录：论文各章节的详细目录。格式如下：计算机概论……… ……………………………… .. …… 计算机产生…… .. ………………………………………… .. 计算机的发展…………………………………………… .. 计算机中的进制 ………………………………………… 3一二进制表示法………………………………………… .. … .3第二章计算机文化基础……………………………………… .6其中：“章”部分使用宋粗体四号字；“节”部分采用宋体 5 号字引言（或序言）（宋体 5 号字 b5 排版）：内容为本研究领域的国内外现状，本论文所要解决的问题，该研究工作在经济建设、科技进步和社会发展等某方面的实用价值与理论意义。正文是学位论文的主体 :4 要求采用宋体 5 号字 b5 排版。每页 36 行，每行 32 个字。页码打印在页面下方中间位置，论文装订后尺寸为标准 b5 复印纸的尺寸。页眉部分奇数页使用“东北师范大学计算机系学士学位论文”，偶数页使用论文题目的名称。4 论文中图表、附注、参考文献、公式一律采用阿拉伯数字连续（或分章）编号。图序及图名置于图的下方；表序及表名置于表的上方；论文中的公式编号，用括弧括起写在右边行末，其间不加虚线。4 学位论文一律在左侧装订，要求装订、剪切整齐，便于使用。4 论文字数控制在 1 万字至 3 万字之间。宋体 3 号字居中显示（空一行）§ 宋体 4 号字居中显示（空一行）粗宋体 5 号字左起正文部分宋体 5 号字，语言要简练，不能有错字、别字。也不能有错误的观点。参考文献：按学位论文中所引用文献的顺序、列于文末。[ 编号 ] 、作者、文章题目、期刊名（外文可缩写）、年份、卷号、期数、页码。文献是图书时，书写格式为：[ 编号 ] 、作者、书名、出版单位、年份、版次、页码。附录：包括放在正文内过分冗长的公式、以备他人阅读方便所需的辅助性数学工具、重复性的数据图表、论文使用的符号意义、单位缩写、程序全文及有关说明等。

摘要写完各导师要求不同，有的要求体现创新，有的要求通过章节来介绍全文内容，写作可以邮件联系我。

1、摘要简明扼要是主要的.摘要是一篇论文的浓缩和精华.内行的人看摘要就知道你的主要发现和结论,外行的人也能了解你做了什么,得到了哪些重要发现.因此,选题的意义(理论和应用),用什么方法(尤其是先进设备和技术)做了哪些工作?获得了哪些主要结果和结论?是摘要的主要内容,但不需要罗列很多.一篇MBA学位论文不可能有很多重大发现,但是一篇学位论文没有一点闪光的地方也是不可能的.因此要下功夫挖掘自己结果的重要性和结论的重要性.特别提醒:一篇论文切忌没有结论.2、英文摘要最基本的要求是要可读,没有语法错误 (readable and correct English), 如果语言地道那就最好了.一旦语法、拼写、时态、单复数、语态等等,出现多个不足,一般读者就没有欲望再读下去了.特别提醒:不要认为英文摘要不重要,这是写作论文的基本态度的体现.尤其不要用谷歌翻译直接翻译.(本回答由学术堂整理提供)

英文mba论文模板

您好！其实作文写作套用模板是为了防止自己的语法、拼写出现错误。套的是一个格式，一个安心，而不是生搬硬套，答非所问。

以大作文为例，英语二的大作文考的是图表作文。大作文的图表的主题一般是围绕社会民生和大学生活。2016年的大作文主题是“某高校学生旅游目的调查”，需要我们做的其实就是把主题词用英文表达出来塞进背好的模板中。这些主题词都有固定范围，在平时是可以积累的。

如果你背的开头是: The chart gives us the information on XXX(主题词) from XXX（年份) to XXX. 那么根据主题词，可以这么套用，The chart gives us the information on the travelling purpose of high school students. 因为主题没有提到年份就可以省略，某高校和调查其实不用翻译出来，有些赘述。只要保证语法正确，表达一定要灵活！

拿到一篇模板，一定要根据题意多练习几遍，方可上手，避免生搬硬套。

望采纳~

1、论文题目:要求准确、简练、醒目、新颖。2、目录:目录是论文中主要段落的简表。(短篇论文不必列目录)3、提要:是文章主要内容的摘录，要求短、精、完整。字数少可几十字，多不超过三百字为宜。4、关键词或主题词:关键词是从论文的题名、提要和正文中选取出来的，是对表述论文的中心内容有实质意义的词汇。关键词是用作机系统标引论文内容特征的词语，便于信息系统汇集，以供读者检索。每篇论文一般选取3-8个词汇作为关键词，另起一行，排在“提要”的左下方。主题词是经过规范化的词，在确定主题词时，要对论文进行主题，依照标引和组配规则转换成主题词表中的规范词语。5、论文正文:(1)引言:引言又称前言、序言和导言，用在论文的开头。引言一般要概括地写出作者意图，说明选题的目的和意义,并指出论文写作的范围。引言要短小精悍、紧扣主题。〈2)论文正文:正文是论文的主体，正文应包括论点、论据、论证过程和结论。主体部分包括以下内容:a.提出-论点;b.分析问题-论据和论证;c.解决问题-论证与步骤;d.结论。6、一篇论文的参考文献是将论文在和写作中可参考或引证的主要文献资料，列于论文的末尾。参考文献应另起一页，标注方式按《GB7714-87文后参考文献著录规则》进行。中文:标题--作者--出版物信息(版地、版者、版期):作者--标题--出版物信息所列参考文献的要求是:(1)所列参考文献应是正式出版物，以便读者考证。(2)所列举的参考文献要标明序号、著作或文章的标题、作者、出版物信息。

是格式错了，还是内容错了？如果是内容错了，一般作文主要是开头和结尾，比较负责一点的老师可能还会挑中段部分的几句来看一下，你也不用太着急，我之前考英语六级作文写跑题了，但是开头和结尾没问题，最后老师还是给了我70多分。如果是格式错了，内容是对的，只要书写工整更没太大问题，其实批卷老师也并不想为难大家。

参考文献mba论文

工商管理毕业论文参考文献

充实的大学生活即将结束，我们都知道毕业生要通过最后的毕业论文，毕业论文是一种比较重要的检验学生学习成果的形式，优秀的毕业论文都具备一些什么特点呢？以下是我收集整理的工商管理毕业论文参考文献，仅供参考，大家一起来看看吧。

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[10]相晓冬.品牌核心：自主知识产权.品牌视点.：22～25.

[11]何忠保，何飞云.民营企业品牌塑造探析.商场现代化.：136～138.

[12]郑昭，丁轩.民企成长与品牌战略.上海:上海三联书店,2005.

[13]李月华.论中小企业品牌建设的区域化策略.科技信息(学术研究)，2007.

[14]徐丽瑛，李正良.中小企业品牌塑造误区与对策.企业管理.：1～3.

[15]谢付亮.品牌策划的五大关键点.中国质量与品牌.：53～55.

[16]田双全，陈永丽.我国民营企业品牌塑造之战略选择.：43～45.

[17]刘峻松.品牌三藏：中国本土化的品牌观.中华工商联合出版社.

[18]苏勇，林展圣.中小企业品牌战略.当代财经.：63～65.

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[2]李琪.探索金融阴霾下的钢铁物流新出路.企业导报,2012,(02):99-100.

[3]包立军,王业军.我国中小型传统物资企业向现代物流企业转型的策略分析.中国市场物流与采购研究,2007,(5):9.

[4]史建锋.探究钢铁物流的电子商务战略.中国商贸,2013,(15):82.

[5]李庆华,项保华,王翔.共同演化视角下的企业战略更新引擎机理研究.科技进步与对策,2008,(11):85-88.

[6]李敬,陈收.企业战略管理.长沙:湖南大学出版社,2011:12-13.

[7]李拥军.钢铁供大于求渠道怎么做—2012年会员钢铁企业钢材流通渠道情况分析.中国冶金报,2013-06-18:6.

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[9]梁劲.钢铁物流企业的绩效管理[D].南京大学物流工程硕士论文,2012,(02):34-35.

[10]包斯文.转型:钢铁物流企业的出路——从一家大型物流企业转型看我国钢铁物流业面临的问题和发展方向.中国冶金报,2012-11-20:9.

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MBA论文如何写 MBA论文写作要求 MBA论文与一般论文的区别论文是从实践中寻找问题,和现实生活贴近; 论文强调实证性,用企业的例子和实际数据来进行分析论证; 3、MBA论文锻炼学生分析实际问题的能力; 论文强调现实意义,使论文有更大的实用价值.注重“实用价值”和“学以致用”。 MBA论文选题原则具有一定的学术价值和现实意义;注重理论与实践相结合;选题应该有所创新;题目定位合适;有第一手资料;充分体现MBA培养目标，全面反映MBA课程教学基本要求; 要与指导老师充分沟通，再沟通，经导师同意方可动笔。一定要选自己熟悉的题目，只有自己熟悉擅长的题目，才比较容易通过答辩。在选题的方向确定以后，还要经过一定的调查和研究，来进一步确定选题的范围，最后选定具体的题目。 MBA论文具体要求论文总体字数一般在3万字数以上，论文形式不同，具体的写作方式也不同。论文的各个部分要求有大小标题，大小标题应尽可能简练、概括、语法通顺。文中一般配有必要的图、表、注视等。硕士论文主要包括以下内容：一、封面(包括：题目、学员姓名、学号、导师姓名等) 2、版权承诺书 3、谢辞 4、中文摘要呢、英文摘要和关键词 5、目录 6、绪论 7、文献综述与评论 8、研究方法与架构设计 9、资料收集、分析与研究 10、结论 11、参考文献 12、引注资料与注视 13、附录

mba毕业论文参考文献

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