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有关圣经的学期论文主题

发布时间:2024-07-04 07:44:59

有关圣经的学期论文主题

不太懂~不过针对某一个细节的内容倒是可以写,比如俚语、成语的使用,等等。

首先要找到当地教会,其次要参加教会的圣经学习班 由牧师和传道人给大家讲的。这样才行。

一般情况下是自拟的,如果是本科论文。因为老师会给你一些参考文献。当然也要老师同意,除非你不要老师指导。不过有些老师偷懒,就给几个题目大家选也是有的。这样避免那些太大或者不太合适的题目出现也便于老师的指导。

神是创造者,而在被造界中间,唯独人具有被造的创造性;因为人是按照上帝的形象样式而被造的,所以神生命里面所有的一切,都成为我们里面所有一切的根源,神里面所有的一切就成为我们形象样式的样本。从这个角度来看,我们怎样探讨自由这个大的题目呢?神是自主的,所以人才有自由,这样说来,人的自由是神的自主的一个影子、一个表彰。在我们生命里面,我们有自由,而这个自由这么伟大、这么深入、这么超越,以至于连康德都不敢随便谈论自由。康德认为一般人对自由的了解,其实是非常糊涂、非常鲁莽、自以为是的了解。康德把自由、上帝与不朽这三件事放在那个本质界(Ding An Sich)的范围里面,不把自由放在现象界,而是放在本体界(the noumenal world)那是纯理性的范围所不能构到的地方。在本体界只有三样,那就是"上帝、不朽、自由"。自由是本体界的东西,所以这不是人的纯理性有办法去探讨去明白的事情。如果连大哲学家康德都把自由看得这么深入,这么超越的话,我不知道今天这么多的人,口里讲着自由,他们到底对自由了解多少?纽约有个自由女神像,这女神像是法国一个小自由女神像的放大,然后从法国送到美国去,就竖立在纽约港口的一个小岛上。这个自由女神像的构想,曾经透过艺术表彰出来,法国有一个大美术家叫Delacroix,他曾画一幅画,描写在法国大革命的时候,有位女神正在向前走,引导整个革命的动向,那些士兵为争取自由,即使流血、牺牲、受伤、死亡,都不惧怕也不退缩。那个自由女神向前冲,把整个人类带到更自由的地步。那时法国正产生一种叫"自由思想者"(Free thinker)的运动,而那时代的这些自由思想家都站在一个反信仰、反宗教的立场来讨论自由。所以盼望基督徒谈自由的时候,我们一方面尊重自由,一方面要真正明白圣经中所说的自由是什么,一方面我们要很严肃,不随便藉自由之名而犯罪。罗曼罗兰曾说过一句很重要的话:"自由!自由!不自由母宁死!"如果没有自由宁可死,但是当他年老断气以前却说:"自由!自由!有多少罪恶假汝之名而行。"所以我们今天不是从自由思想者(Free thinker)的架构里面讨论自由,我们是从神的道来看什么叫自由。回到"自由的本质"与"自由与神自主之间的关系"来说。人是按着上帝的形象造的,因为神是自主的上帝,所以他创造了一个有他形象的人,使人也有自主性。上帝说:"我是主"!上帝说的每一句话都是真理,因他是真理的自显,也是真理的自体,这位有位格的真理本体的自启,就使我们明白他是谁。(The self-manifestation, self-revelation of the subjectivity of personal truth, God Himself, introduces and reveals Himself to man. That is the reason and the possibility of man's knowing who God is.)上帝说:"我是主"!因为他是主,所以他能说他是主,他讲的话与他的本质是一样的。神的启示和神的本体中间根本没有距离,否则的话,神是说谎者,吹牛者。神是真理的本体,所以神的自启就把他自己的事实和他自己实体的本质讲出来,所以神说:"我是主"。而人像上帝,因有他的形象和样式,但人若像神那样说"我是主",便是与上帝主权冲突的开始。当上帝决定按照自己形象造人的时候,已经把造物界与被造界之间的这一个危机放在那里了。换句话说,神做了一个很冒险的行动,他创造了那些也要做主的人,懂吗?如果你不懂,等你有了孩子以后,当你发现:岂有此理!小子怎么可以反老子!那时候你就会懂了。当神决定创造一个有自由的人的时候,他真是冒很大的险,当然,这是用人的名词讲的,其实圣经并没有这句话。上帝说:"我是主",而人像上帝,所以人最多只能说:"我像主",不能说:"我是主"。当我像主的时候,我就有一种自由形象而不是自由的本体,我们有真理的追求,但我们不是真理的本体;我们有良善的向往,但不是良善的本体;我们有圣洁的目标,但不是圣洁的本体。这是在别的宗教没有办法谈也没办法明白的,只有在基督教的道理之中才可以看见这种关系,今天许多非基督徒根本没有摸到什么是基督教,就随便攻击基督教,而更可怕的是连基督徒自己也不明白基督教是什么,随便见证。我应当像主,但我不是主;因为我像主,所以,我像神的自主一样有某一些的自由,但这自由和神的自由是不一样的,因为在受造与创造者之间有一个本质上的差异(the qualitative difference between the creature and the creator)。因着我与神之间本质上的差异,所以我不能站在神的地位,如同神一样讲话,因为那是冒犯、那是亵渎、那也是堕落。"像上帝"是伟大的一句话,也是很危险的一句话,"我要像上帝"这句话应当是人追求的最高目标,所以柏拉图说:"人生最高的目标就是要像上帝。"这是普遍启示当中,哲学家、思想家所说最伟大的一句有关人生目标的话,那是向至高者的向往。我们一切追求、奋斗的意志以及我们所有的牺牲,其总目标,就是"像上帝"。柏拉图不是基督徒却能讲出这句话来,真是很难得。但,从另一个角度来说,"像上帝"也变成撒但堕落的原因,从圣经来看,撒但堕落的起点就是在于他说:"我要与至高者同等"。这岂不是非常矛盾吗?其实,神要我们像他,这个"像"是在神安排的旨意里,本质相异之中的像,而不是跳到神位置的那个像。"像"不等于"是",这两者之间有本质性的差异,本质的差异是个绝对存在而不可忽略的事情,据此我们才能正统的思考一切有关于人性里隐藏的丰盛。人的自由与神的自由既然有本质上的差异,那么人的自由到底是怎样的自由?人很自由吗?是的,人比万物都自由,人藉着理性可以超越他在肉身里的物质限制,而去思想许许多多超越肉体限制的事情,这是思想的自由。人藉想象可以超越那现实界的世界,去架构一个很奇妙的、很特别的世界,在其中享受想象界的自由。我小时候很遗憾没有一种自由,就是没有作梦的自由。如果我们有作梦的自由,我们的生命就有三分之一很好过了,今天晚上作梦梦见自己当总统,明天晚上梦见自己当太空人……。但是我们连作梦的自由都没有,明明想要作好梦,却梦见被老虎追。到底人有没有自由?我们醒起来的时候,藉着想象,藉着理性,藉着诗意的表达、哲学的思考、文学的描写、实际的运用,我们可以很自由的发挥里面还没有达到的东西,但这不能带到梦中去,这是一种白日梦。我们不太自由,但也很自由。上帝造人连身体体态的结构、重心的安排、人行走的姿态、手脚的发挥……等,其自由的地步,是没有任何别的动物可以相比的。单单研究人体这个艺术、人体的可能性,你就可以写几百本几千本书,从建筑学一直到芭蕾舞,从马戏团一直到弹钢琴,我们里面的可能性、潜在能,我们自由发挥的可能性是多么高,连我们的性生活都比任何动物自由,因神造了一个特别的体态,非常特别的功能在我们里面,我们要感谢上帝把人造成一个这么自由的活物。人在肉身中间受物理的限制,人在肉体中间受地区的限制,人在时间中间受历史的限制,人有许多许多的限制是无可否认的,但在肉身中间有这些限制的人,仍然可以享受超过物理界、自然界里面所有动物所有的限制,来自由自在地发挥许多人性里面潜在的东西,这是神的恩典。但是,我们的自由却不是绝对的;那么,自由到底是什么?自由和放纵到底有什么不同?我们以下就来思考自由的几个性质:二、自由的特性第一、自由的限制性--为什么叫自由的限制性呢?因为自由的本身一定要保存自己自由的本质,而它的本质中间不能与非自由的其他东西混杂,这叫作自由的限制性。当火车在轨道上跑的时候,它可以尽量发挥它机器的功能,它可以自由自在的快慢,但是它不能有越过轨道的自由,越过轨道的自由就是违背自由的自由、就是危害自由的自由、就是结束自由的自由,那不是自由,那是自杀,自杀的人都用了自由,因为没有人杀他,但当他杀完了自己以后,他的自由就跟他的自杀同归于尽了,因为他已经没有不自杀的自由了,这叫自由的限制性。有人说自由就是无拘无束,不应该有所限制,如果自由是毫无限制,那叫野蛮、放纵、糊涂,那不是自由,那是没有方向的乱来。自由是有限制的,因为自由到了某一个阶段就与责任发生关系,所以自由就在责任里面找到了它的限制。圣经从来没有随便剥夺人的自由,神也不随便轻看人间的主义,但是神也很清楚的给自由画了一个界限、一个篱芭,让你走到那边的时候,发现自己不过是人。我们是人,表示我们比万物都高超,"我们不过是人"则表示人上有神;当我们真正体会到自己不过是人时,我们便在神与物之间,在天与地之间,找到我们的本位,也欣赏我们的本位;而这个本位有向上看和向下看的两个方面。当我向下看,看见原来我在万物之上,感谢主!我是人。当我向上看,看见我要向神负责,原来我不过是人。如果你不懂向下看,只是向上看,可能产生一个错误的、堕落以后的误解,那叫作自卑感、自卑情结(inferiority complex);如果你不懂向上看,只懂向下看,由于堕落以后的罪性,你可能产生一个自高感,或叫自傲情结(superiority complex);无论自高或自卑,从你原位中间出去,在神的眼光看,都叫作堕落。堕落不一定是向下,堕落也可以向上,当你夜郎自大,不与神相比,你可能会把自己当作上帝;当你没有正统的真理来启示你当怎样相比,你也可能把自己当作万物中间一个非常卑微的虫一样,这样就变成自卑、自暴自弃。在正确的人论中你能真正明白你是谁,当你与神与物相比,有神的真理引导你,你发现你不过是人,但你却在万物之上,你向神负责,却靠神管理万物,你找到你自由的界限,你也找到你自由的享受。你是自由的,不过你的自由是有限制的。第二、自由的矛盾性--当你用了自由以后,你就在自由的中间侵犯了你自己的自由,在自由的中间你就减少了你的自由。现在有两个女孩子,都可能成为你的未婚妻,成为你未来的家庭主妇、你终身的伴侣、你美丽可爱的太太,其中一个很聪明,鼻子却塌了点;另外一个很漂亮,美若天仙,头脑却差一点。你祷告了好久,一直没有答案,你等圣灵来感动,你似乎总是对漂亮的比较有感动,怎么办呢?当你还在彷徨、未决定的时候,你还很自由,却是很痛苦的自由,你盼望把这个人的鼻子换过去,或那个人的头脑换过来就好了。在这个很难作决定的自由选择中间,你是在限制中间、在矛盾中间有自由的,而你的自由就面对了矛盾。自由是很奥妙的东西,我相信我们大家都想过这些东西,只是没有把它整理出来。一旦你决定了选择这个鼻子短一点的,除非她说:"我不要",否则你就马上失去了自由,所以为了保有你的自由,最好她拒绝你;那些被拒绝的不要伤心,因为感谢主!这样你还有自由。如果她说:"是啊!我早就等你了,我已经等你很久了,我清楚知道是主引导你来的。"而这个引导就把你和她拉在一起,这时你的自由就结束了。你若再去看看那个美若天仙的,你越看越不自由,因为你已经自由过了,自由过了就不再自由了,这叫作自由的矛盾性。第三、自由的相对性--为什么自由是相对的呢?因为自由有一天要在神面前受审判,所以自由就不能够逃避神的作为和神最后的权威,所以你的自由不是绝对的,你的自由是相对的,俄国名小说家Dostoevski在"The Brothers Karamazov"(卡拉马助夫兄弟们)这本书里面有一句话说:"如果没有上帝,我什么事情都可以做!"这句话表达了一个怒吼,发挥了人里面的野性,这是人犯罪以后拒绝交帐、拒绝负责的一个挣扎。"如果没有上帝,我什么都可以做!如果没有上帝,我就更自由了!"你不要在"如果"里面自狂、自呆、自醉。你不要在"如果"里面自己欺自己,说什么:"如果我从前没有跟她结婚……"、"如果没有上帝"……等,上帝不会因为"如果"就不见了!上帝不是因为人推敲他存在才存在,也不是因为人证明他存在才存在;神的存在不是人证明的结果,神的存在是人能证明的原因;神的存在不是人信的结果,神的存在是人能信的基础,神不会因你信他才存在,也不会因你信他就更存在;神也不会因你不信他就不存在,你的变化不能影响他的不变,而他的不变要审判你的变化。照样那永恒的神,他绝对的主权要审判这相对的自由,我们所做的一切有一天都要显明在他面前,所以传道书十一章九节告诉我们:"少年人哪!……行你心所愿的,看你眼所爱看的。"这表示神尊重你的自由,最后的总意就是要你敬畏耶和华,因为你为你所做的一切最后都要站在他面前受审问,这表示自由的相对性。John Stott提到一件事情,起先我吓了一跳,后来我深深思想,觉得有道理,他说:"连上帝的自由都不是绝对的。"如果连上帝的自由都不是绝对的,那到底有没有绝对的自由?他说:"神也不能犯罪。"所以他没有犯罪的自由。那么神的自由是绝对或非绝对的?我不用他那句话,我很尊重他的神学思想,我很尊重他为信仰所作的争战,以及对神的道所作的发挥。但我一定要很严肃的把自己的信仰交待清楚。John Stott说神的自由也不绝对,而在我自己的思想里,我认为神的自由是绝对的,而他在自由的中间也懂得怎样把他的自由和他的本性作了一个绝对的调和;所以神的自由没有违背他的义、爱、圣、善,这些伟大的神性本质,神的自由在神的圣洁里面受圣洁的限制,神的自由在他公义的里面受公义的限制,神的自由在他良善的里面受良善的限制,神的自由在他爱的里面受爱的限制,神如此把自由降服在自己其他的本性里面,这个调和还是神自由的自由,是他绝对的自由,这样人的自由就与神的自由不一样。人的自由是相对的,神的自由是绝对的。第四、自由的危机性--自由如果没有被真理约束,就变成一个极大的破坏行动,自由同其他所有人性中最高的神形象里的本质,都是含有危机性的。神把创造性放在我们里面,但我们的创造性含有危机;神把自主性放在我们里面,但我们的自主性含有危机;神把理性放在我们里面,但我们的理性中含有危机;依此类推,所有神形象中人潜在的某些本质都含有危机。当一个人误用自由的时候,他就在自由中成为抵挡神的、与真理隔绝的人,成为放弃长子名份,走到堕落地步的人,所以自由是危机的。为这缘故,我们要很深刻的思想什么叫自由。康德说:"自由就是我要做什么就做什么吗?"(Is it true? Freedom means: I want to do everything and I can do it?)如果我要做什么就可以做什么,如果这就叫做自由,康德说,这种思想就太肤浅了,所以他反过来讲了一句很伟大的话,康德说:"自由是我不要做什么就能够不做什么",这才是真正的自由。我要做什么就做什么,那不是自由,乃是野蛮鲁莽,放纵情欲,就如:我要烧国旗就烧国旗,要锯旗竿就锯旗竿,要打你就打你,要杀你就杀你,这一类行为,并不是自由,而是无法无天,是乱来。但是,当你发现你生活中有什么事情你做错了,你说:"我不做了,我不要再做了!"而你果真就能不做了,那才是真正的自由。很微妙,许多自由原先都是在中性的选择中间,可是等到你做了,却发现并非中性的时候,你便没有办法放下,那便是损害自由的自由,不是真正建立自由的自由。你应当懂得分辨那似乎是自由的假自由,和那带到真自由的不大自由,二者之间的分别是什么。举一个简单的例子:我如果肆无忌惮的吃了一碗又一碗,越吃越多,结果呢?裤带一格一格的往外松,最后连裤带都不要了,难道这就自由了?裤带是自由受限制的记号。你不要受这限制,结果变成大胖子,走路就不自由了,这叫做自由的不自由。你吃得太自由,走路就不自由,为了生活很自由,吃的就不要太自由。康德说,自由不是我要做什么就做什么,而是我不要做什么就能够不做什么,这就是不受捆绑的自由,不受那些因错误的自由所产生的结果所捆绑,才是真自由,很奇妙。现在很多青年所要的自由,是他将来没有办法挣脱的捆绑,所以他们所说的自由是表面的自由,其实质却是捆绑,那不是真自由。而真自由可能产生反面的果效,表面好像是限制,其实质却是真正的释放。抽烟的时候你很自由,但要戒烟的时候就很难,那就不是真自由;吸毒的时候你很自由,开始抽大麻的时候你很自由,但是当你要丢掉它的时候,它却不让你丢掉,你才知道那不是真自由。凡是你很难挣脱的、损坏你的、玩弄你的那些恶习,起初给你十分自由自在的快乐,那都是假的,在这方面,耶稣说:"我实实在在告诉你们,所有犯罪的就是罪的奴仆。"耶稣基督论到自由的时候,先把这世界的现象用一句很特别的话讲出来--我实实在在告诉你们--这是用真理来谈自由与不自由的问题,耶稣以"实实在在的"这句从真实者、真理者的本体所讲出来的话,对自由作一个很清楚的交待:"我实实在在告诉你们,所有犯罪的就是罪的奴仆。"人总以为当他正在犯罪的时候,就在运用他自由,而耶稣基督说,当人犯罪的时刻正是他结束自由的时刻,正是他把自己放在奴役之下的时刻(The time you are enslaving yourself)。三、自由的真谛第一样,自由与意志有关,所以自由变成意志的一个动向,也是意志的一个本能的表达。但是,当意志没有被任何力量控制的时候,这个意志就不能保证它的动向都是自由的,这样,那一个控制意志的力量,可能成为意志的拦阻,也可能成为意志自由的一个保障、保证。关于这点,改教时期的人文主义学者和改教家,这两者便产生了一个很正面的无可避免的冲突。Erasmus这个与马丁路德同时代的人文学者,写过一篇文章叫自由意志,当他写完此文时,马丁路德拿去一看,大摇其头,马上拿起笔来写了另一篇文章,叫"被奴役的意志"。他说:不!那不是自由意志,那是被奴役的意志!(No! That's not free will, that's the bondage of the will)不是意志有自由,乃是自由已经受捆绑,意志已经在这个奴役的状况中间,这是基督教在改教时候发现的一个有关人性的极大的真理。因着这个了解,和罪带来的堕落与历史上堕落的事实发生了关连,所以基督教可以在整个处理社会的问题上提出一个最能发挥真理的答案。我告诉你,今天的政治家如果没有从圣经来看真正的人性是怎么样的,他们怎么搞,都没有办法把世界搞好。廿世纪是一个很特别的世纪,这个世纪的创造性不太厉害,我被生在廿世纪有一点不好意思,我分析廿世纪有一点不大满意,我觉得廿世纪的人没有什么骨头,因为廿世纪变成了十九世纪的玩具。十九世纪产生的许多思想动态,许多意识型态,而廿世纪就变成他们思想的一个实验的场所。存在主义从十九世纪开始,实证主义也是从十九世纪开始;神死的哲学从十九世纪开始,共产主义从十九世纪开始,辩证唯物论也是从十九世纪开始。廿世纪如同十九世纪的奴才一样被他们玩弄,被他们拿来实验,结果就是一代代被杀、被甩、被丢弃、被轻视,被剥除了许多人应当有的权利。1917年到1990年,苏俄革命到现在,在苏联被杀的人超过四千万;这许多灵魂只不过是为了证明马克斯思想对不对。廿世纪的人笨透了,还自以为聪明得不得了,但是在廿世纪没有结束以前,在我还没有死以前,特别感谢主!我看见人醒悟过来了,他们发现那些所谓的真理不是真理,所谓的自由不是自由,所谓可靠的理论不是真正的理论。我们被玩弄够了,而中国的思想家、政治家,中国执掌政府大权的人,没有几个真正看见人性在神光照中间实际的情形是什么样子。新儒家的学者死抓住中国文化来表示我们是忠于中国的,凡是不赞成这思想的都被认为是背叛国情的,这并不表示他们实实在在是要追求真理,他们只是保守一套他们所认为是真理的东西而已。圣经很清楚地使我们看见,人已经堕落了,人已经有罪。在有罪以后的生活中的自由,其实是在罪里面的奴仆,并不是真正的自由。所以改教家马丁路德、加尔文都看透了人性堕落的本质。"全然败坏"是人论当中最重要且是最基本的一项(Total depravity is most important and fundamental aspect of the doctrine of man.)当你看人性的时候,你用什么眼光来看?你是否把人当作一个相当中性的、未曾犯过罪的、很可爱的一个中性的活物来看?改教家说:"不是!我看见人现在所有的潜能虽然大,其背后、其骨子里面有罪的控制却是没有办法除去的,除非你回到耶稣基督面前。"这是今天基督教应当据理、根据神的道力争,与世界的政治家看法不同的地方。我不是单单看看今天有多少人来参加这个讲座,我盼望这几天所讲的东西,有一天实实在在可以影响那些中国未来政坛里面,执牛耳的重要人物;我盼望这几天所讲的东西,可以影响那些以后坐在中国政坛最高宝座上的人,使他们不再把人当作非人,不再把人当作神,也不把人当作畜,而把人当作按神真理启示的,是有罪而需要神光照的人来看待。否则,所谓人权的问题,没有真正的答案。柏拉图说:大自然把意志安置在腰的部位,把感情安置在心的部位,把理性安排在脑的部位。所以从层次来看,就很清楚的看到意志是在最低的地方,而感情是超越意志的,所以感情的位置比意志更高,理性又超越感情,所以理智的位置比感情更高。根据柏拉图的思想,意志的主要活动就是性行为,所以意志力表现出来的就是性的冲动。这是他的思想,你想,一个人如果没有神的道,他可以想出多么厉害的东西,也可以想出多么败坏的东西,但他是左右全世界思想动向的人,所以他说:"为这个缘故,如果你能用感情来得胜你的意志,你是高人一等,但是高人一等不够,应该高两等,最高的人是用理性克服感情,再用感情克服意志,这样的人就是哲学家,这样的人就是世界上最高超、最有人格的人"。换句话说,要用真理克服你的感情,用感情克服你的性欲,这样你就是正人君子,是一个有学问有智慧的人,你的人生就平衡、有方向。从某一个角度来看这种说法很对,一个只懂得性欲冲动,顺着意志随便行动的人的确与动物没有多大的分别,但一个人的性欲和意志的力量,能在那圣洁的感情的引导之下有所动作,有所支配的时候,这个人过的生活当然就比较有规范,比较合乎正轨。但是,如果是感情冲动在引导意志,没有被真理约束怎么办呢?所以哲学家是用理性来引导他的感情,再用感情来引导他的意志,这当然相当好,然而理性本身是不是绝对的?理性本身是不是在正轨中间?理性受谁约束?所以如果你没有回到神的道面前,你没有办法找到人生的出路,没有办法找到解决社会问题的良方,也没有办法找到整个宇宙中人性的救药。圣经的真理告诉我们,让神的道管理你的思想,然后用被神的道所管理的思想来引导你的感情,再用这样的感情来引导你的意志,那么你的自由就在真理的范围里面行动,你的自由就在真理的规范里面受限制,你也就在这限制中享受真正有保障的自由。这样,自由在真理的保障里面才有真正的享受,真正的喜乐,真正美好的果效。第二样,自由与权利有关,自由不但与意志发生关系,自由与权利也发生关系,当我们谈到权利的时候,就要先注重尊严的问题,我用我的权利,因我是有尊严的;我用我的权利,因在我的权限之下,我不能随便被侵犯。自由与权利发生关系的时候,人的尊严的问题就当变成一个很重要的课题。人权到底是用什么作基础?到底是根据什么建立起来的?当人文主义重整人的权威的时候,他们又与宗教改革家有一个完全不同的看法。宗教改革家是由另外一个源头看见人的尊严,那个源头就是神的形象,不是从人本的思想,不是从古代的思想,从古代的成就,从人想象中的潜能,来发挥、发扬人的权柄,而是从"神按照自己的形象造了人,人的尊严在神的旨意里应当是怎样,从这个源头去发挥人权。"第三样,自由与道德有关,凡是不因自由的催动而产生的道德行为,都不需要负道德的责任,所以需要在人的生命中赐下自由,人才可以成为道德的活物。自由是道德的基础(Freedom is the foundation of morality)。如果你所做的不是出于你的自由,而是出于别人的强迫,你不必负道德责任;但如果是出于你的选择,你就必需负道德责任。在这里我们看见了自由和道德有密切的关系。至于上帝为什么要给人自由呢?这是上帝冒险,上帝故意要这么做的,因为上帝要造一个"道德活物"(The moral being)。我们是道德活物,所以自由与道德是不能分的,道德的基础是自由,自由就成为道德负责任的一个

关于圣经的论文主题

呵呵,我第二专业是英语,将来也需要写论文。但是,你需要选择一个角度不是? 新约中有非常多富含真理的话语,请认真阅读马太、马可、路加、约翰四本福音书中的任意一本(当然全看了最好),从中选择一个你感兴趣的话题来探讨吧。定下主题或有新的需要可以继续联系我。 :)

RECOGNIZING FALSE PROPHETSProve All Things1 Thessalonians 5:21: "Prove all things; hold fast that which is good.''To recognize false prophets we must heed the above verse and "prove all things." One does not arrive at being an overcomer until he first learns the all important lesson of testing or "proving" the issues of this life. In the hour that we live there are so many things that are false and evil. We must be constantly on guard and "prove" or test things, lest we become ensnared by something that is wicked. Cults are spreading. Eastern idolatrous religions are creeping into our country in very subtle forms, and many Christians are being deceived and have accepted their practices without even being aware of their evil. Some religious groups have existed for years under the guise of Christianity, and yet are far from the teachings of Jesus Christ. The Lord warns us of these false teachers and tells us to beware of at Matthew 7:15-23, we find Jesus gives us the guideline for determining false prophets:"Beware of false prophets, which come to you in sheep's clothing, but inwardly they are ravening wolves. Ye shall know them by their fruits. Do men gather grapes of thorns, or figs of thistles? Even so every good tree bringeth forth good fruit; but a corrupt tree bringeth forth evil fruit. A good tree cannot bring forth evil fruit, neither can a corrupt tree bring forth good fruit. Every tree that bringeth not forth good fruit is hewn down, and cast into the fire. Wherefore by their fruits ye shall know them. Not every one that saith unto me, Lord, Lord, shall enter into the kingdom of heaven; but he that doeth the will of my Father which is in heaven. Many will say to me in that day, Lord, Lord, have we not prophesied in thy name? and in thy name have cast out devils? and in thy name done many wonderful works? And then will I profess unto them, I never knew you: depart from me, ye that work iniquity."God's Standard, The BibleCertainly, we are admonished to be on guard. However, some go to such extremes as to become narrow-minded and closed to some beautiful truths in the name of being careful. What should our role as Christians be in regard to acceptance of a new thought, idea or doctrine? We are told to prove all things, not to reject them because they might be strange or new to us. However, we should not receive them either, until we first prove them. How do we prove things? All true Christians are in agreement that our standard is the Word of God, the Bible. God left us this Book as a reference, standard, or gauge so we could know whether something is good or evil, truth or error, right or wrong. (2 Timothy 3:16-17: "All scripture is given by inspiration of God, and is profitable for doctrine, for reproof, for correction, for instruction in righteousness: That the man of God may be perfect, thoroughly furnished unto all good works.'')One of our major faults as Christians is that we tend to quote men on certain subjects instead of referring to the Book God gave us. We recognize that God gave us men to lead us into the truths of God, but our problem becomes who are the true men of God and who are the false ones that Christ warned us about? Sometimes we tend to evaluate men according to the size of their ministries, their popularity with men, or their endowment of certain gifts, the FruitThe Lord said in verse 20 of Matthew 7 that we would know them by their fruits. What are these fruits? Galatians 5:22-24 defines them as being the fruit of the Spirit. "But the fruit of the Spirit is love, joy, peace, longsuffering, gentleness, goodness, faith, meekness, temperance: against such there is no law. And they that are Christ's have crucified the flesh with the affections and lusts." We are told to look at their lives and see if these fruits are predominant in them and examine if they are living the crucified life. Of course, we must allow for imperfections that have not been overcome yet; but we should readily see the fruit of the Spirit in more abundance than the imperfections. One way we can check this is to notice the words that a man speaks. The Scripture says in Matthew 12:33-35, "Either make the tree good, and his fruit good; or else make the tree corrupt, and his fruit corrupt: for the tree is known by his fruit. O generation of vipers, how can ye, being evil, speak good things? for out of the abundance of the heart the mouth speaketh. A good man out of the good treasure of the heart bringeth forth good things: and an evil man out of the evil treasure bringeth forth evil things.''Pride and Lustful LifestylesMany people have been led astray when they could have recognized the wrong spirit simply by the braggadocios and prideful words of men who exalted themselves instead of Christ. Others would have been spared if they had examined the lifestyles of certain men who claim to be God's anointed. Their lifestyles are far from being temperate, reflecting the most expensive and extravagant clothes, diamonds, homes, cars, etc. This is not referring to well-dressed men and women, nice homes, and quality things but the extremes which reveal anything but the nature of Christ. Of course, neither is the other extreme of poverty the nature of Christ. Men of God should live temperate, moderate lives, overcoming poverty and avoiding extreme wealth. Jesus always went about giving to the poor. He never stored up His wealth even though He apparently handled a lot of money, thus the need for a treasurer, Judas (John 13:29). He gave away the things He could have used on Himself, yet He never lacked as He went about ministering. He should be our example today. The affection and lust for the things of this world do not portray the Spirit of Prophets Reflect JesusExamining the conversation of these leaders can quickly reveal the God they serve. Do they speak of God's kingdom, His righteousness, and His love; or does their conversation center on the things of this world and life? Are they peacemakers, sowing mercy and love? Are they gentle and patient, or do they lose their temper easily? Do they walk in faith, or are they continually looking to other men for their needs to be supplied? Are they always pressuring people for money, or do they simply receive those gifts of money as unto the Lord? Do they have the joy of the Lord, or do they minister out of duty? Are they truly joyous with that joy spilling over to others, or do they continually complain and gripe over all the things that are not pleasing to them? Is goodness evident in their lives instead of evil? Do they put people in bondage by always threatening them with the wrath of God, or is freedom of choice extended with the warning of the penalties of sin? Jesus came to set us free, not to bring us under the bondage of us prove all leaders and see if their fruit is good fruit. Do they love and not hate, have joy instead of depression, and promote peace instead of strife? Are they longsuffering (patient) or impatient, gentle or harsh? Do they show love and tolerance for those that oppose them? Do they walk in faith, or doubt and unbelief? Are they meek, giving God the glory for their talents and gifts, or do they pridefully talk of all they are doing or their group is doing? Does temperance prevail not only in their lifestyle, but in their personal habits as well, or do extremes exist that do not glorify God? In essence they will not live for themselves, but for others as Jesus did. Do they reflect Jesus? They will live a crucified life that glorifies God! Proverbs 20:11 says, "Even a child is known by his doings, whether his work be pure, and whether it be right.''Examining lives by this standard we must be careful not to go to extremes ourselves and expect total perfection of all ministers. There are many godly men and women who are called of God, who have overcome in many areas, although they still have some weak areas. They are believing as they walk with the Lord that these too will be perfected. We are especially called to be patient and loving towards our brothers and sisters in the Lord.

诗篇卷一弃恶从善必蒙福1不从恶人的计谋,不站罪人的道路,不坐亵慢人的座位,2惟喜爱耶和华的律法,昼夜思想,这人便为有福。3他要像一棵树栽在溪水旁,按时候结果子,叶子也不枯干。凡他所作的尽都顺利。4恶人并不是这样,乃像糠秕被风吹散。5因此当审判的时候,恶人必站立不住;罪人在义人的会中也是如此。6因为耶和华知道义人的道路,恶人的道路却必灭亡。BOOK ONE(Psalms 1-41)True Happiness1Happy are those who reject the advice of evil people, who do not follow the example of sinners or join those who have no use for , they find joy in obeying the Law of the LORD, and they study it day and (*)They are like trees that grow beside a stream, that bear fruit at the right time, and whose leaves do not dry up. They succeed in everything they evil people are not like this at all; they are like straw that the wind blows will be condemned by God and kept apart from God's own righteous are guided and protected by the LORD, but the evil are on the way to their doom.箴言的价值1以色列王大卫儿子所罗门的箴言:2要使人晓得智慧和训诲,分辨通达的言语,3使人处事领受智慧、仁义、公平、正直的训诲,4使愚人灵明,使少年人有知识和谋略,5使智慧人听见,增长学问,使聪明人得着智谋,6使人明白箴言和譬喻,懂得智慧人的言词和谜语。给年青人的忠告7敬畏耶和华是知识的开端,愚妄人藐视智慧和训诲。8我儿,要听你父亲的训诲,不可离弃你母亲的法则(或作“指教”),9因为这要作你头上的华冠,你项上的金链。10我儿,恶人若引诱你,你不可随从。11他们若说:“你与我们同去,我们要埋伏流人之血,要蹲伏害无罪之人。12我们好像阴间,把他们活活吞下;他们如同下坑的人,被我们囫囵吞了。13我们必得各样宝物,将所掳来的,装满房屋。14你与我们大家同分,我们共用一个囊袋。”15我儿,不要与他们同行一道,禁止你脚走他们的路,16因为他们的脚奔跑行恶,他们急速流人的血,17好像飞鸟,网罗设在眼前仍不躲避。18这些人埋伏,是为自流己血,蹲伏,是为自害己命。19凡贪恋财利的,所行之路都是如此。这贪恋之心乃夺去得财者之命。智慧呼唤人20智慧在街市上呼喊,在宽阔处发声,21在热闹街头喊叫,在城门口、在城中发出言语,22说:“你们愚昧人喜爱愚昧,亵慢人喜欢亵慢,愚顽人恨恶知识,要到几时呢?23你们当因我的责备回转,我要将我的灵浇灌你们,将我的话指示你们。24我呼唤,你们不肯听从;我伸手,无人理会。25反轻弃我一切的劝戒,不肯受我的责备。26你们遭灾难,我就发笑;惊恐临到你们,我必嗤笑。27惊恐临到你们,好像狂风,灾难来到,如同暴风,急难痛苦临到你们身上。28那时,你们必呼求我,我却不答应,恳切地寻找我,却寻不见。29因为你们恨恶知识,不喜爱敬畏耶和华,30不听我的劝戒,藐视我一切的责备,31所以必吃自结的果子,充满自设的计谋。32愚昧人背道,必杀己身;愚顽人安逸,必害己命。33惟有听从我的,必安然居住,得享安静,不怕灾祸。”The Value of Proverbs1(*)The proverbs of Solomon, son of David and king of are proverbs that will help you recognize wisdom and good advice, and understand sayings with deep meaning. 3They can teach you how to live intelligently and how to be honest, just, and fair. 4They can make an inexperienced person clever and teach young people how to be resourceful. 5These proverbs can even add to the knowledge of the wise and give guidance to the educated, 6so that they can understand the hidden meanings of proverbs and the problems that the wise to the Young7(*)To have knowledge, you must first have reverence for the LORD.(a) Stupid people have no respect for wisdom and refuse to child, pay attention to what your father and mother tell you. 9Their teaching will improve your character as a handsome turban or a necklace improves your child, when sinners tempt you, don't give in. 11Suppose they say, "Come on; let's find someone to kill! Let's attack some innocent people for the fun of it! 12They may be alive and well when we find them, but they'll be dead when we're through with them! 13We'll find all kinds of riches and fill our houses with loot! 14Come and join us, and we'll all share what we steal."15My child, don't go with people like that. Stay away from them. 16They can't wait to do something bad. They're always ready to kill. 17It does no good to spread a net when the bird you want to catch is watching, 18but people like that are setting a trap for themselves, a trap in which they will die. 19Robbery always claims the life of the robber-this is what happens to(b) anyone who lives by Calls20(*)Listen! Wisdom is calling out in the streets and marketplaces, 21calling loudly at the city gates and wherever people come together:22"Foolish people! How long do you want to be foolish? How long will you enjoy making fun of knowledge? Will you never learn? 23Listen when I reprimand you; I will give you good advice and share my knowledge with you. 24I have been calling you, inviting you to come, but you would not listen. You paid no attention to me. 25You have ignored all my advice and have not been willing to let me correct you. 26So when you get into trouble, I will laugh at you. I will make fun of you when terror strikes- 27when it comes on you like a storm, bringing fierce winds of trouble, and you are in pain and misery. 28Then you will call for wisdom, but I will not answer. You may look for me everywhere, but you will not find me. 29You have never had any use for knowledge and have always refused to obey the LORD. 30You have never wanted my advice or paid any attention when I corrected you. 31So then, you will get what you deserve, and your own actions will make you sick. 32Inexperienced people die because they reject wisdom. Stupid people are destroyed by their own lack of concern. 33But whoever listens to me will have security. He will be safe, with no reason to be afraid."推荐楼主从这里下载中英文电子圣经 (Chinese- English Bible )里面有中英文对照。另:如果是要应用在英语论文中的话,推荐楼主查阅旧约诗篇和箴言书。

有关圣经论文题目

圣经与西方文化、中西文化交流、中世纪经院哲学对后世的影响12~13世纪西欧“新春天”与文艺复兴的对比文艺复兴中的“异端”成分宗教改革与反宗教改革西欧宗教地域划分的历史由来三十年战争对欧洲的影响

RECOGNIZING FALSE PROPHETSProve All Things1 Thessalonians 5:21: "Prove all things; hold fast that which is good.''To recognize false prophets we must heed the above verse and "prove all things." One does not arrive at being an overcomer until he first learns the all important lesson of testing or "proving" the issues of this life. In the hour that we live there are so many things that are false and evil. We must be constantly on guard and "prove" or test things, lest we become ensnared by something that is wicked. Cults are spreading. Eastern idolatrous religions are creeping into our country in very subtle forms, and many Christians are being deceived and have accepted their practices without even being aware of their evil. Some religious groups have existed for years under the guise of Christianity, and yet are far from the teachings of Jesus Christ. The Lord warns us of these false teachers and tells us to beware of at Matthew 7:15-23, we find Jesus gives us the guideline for determining false prophets:"Beware of false prophets, which come to you in sheep's clothing, but inwardly they are ravening wolves. Ye shall know them by their fruits. Do men gather grapes of thorns, or figs of thistles? Even so every good tree bringeth forth good fruit; but a corrupt tree bringeth forth evil fruit. A good tree cannot bring forth evil fruit, neither can a corrupt tree bring forth good fruit. Every tree that bringeth not forth good fruit is hewn down, and cast into the fire. Wherefore by their fruits ye shall know them. Not every one that saith unto me, Lord, Lord, shall enter into the kingdom of heaven; but he that doeth the will of my Father which is in heaven. Many will say to me in that day, Lord, Lord, have we not prophesied in thy name? and in thy name have cast out devils? and in thy name done many wonderful works? And then will I profess unto them, I never knew you: depart from me, ye that work iniquity."God's Standard, The BibleCertainly, we are admonished to be on guard. However, some go to such extremes as to become narrow-minded and closed to some beautiful truths in the name of being careful. What should our role as Christians be in regard to acceptance of a new thought, idea or doctrine? We are told to prove all things, not to reject them because they might be strange or new to us. However, we should not receive them either, until we first prove them. How do we prove things? All true Christians are in agreement that our standard is the Word of God, the Bible. God left us this Book as a reference, standard, or gauge so we could know whether something is good or evil, truth or error, right or wrong. (2 Timothy 3:16-17: "All scripture is given by inspiration of God, and is profitable for doctrine, for reproof, for correction, for instruction in righteousness: That the man of God may be perfect, thoroughly furnished unto all good works.'')One of our major faults as Christians is that we tend to quote men on certain subjects instead of referring to the Book God gave us. We recognize that God gave us men to lead us into the truths of God, but our problem becomes who are the true men of God and who are the false ones that Christ warned us about? Sometimes we tend to evaluate men according to the size of their ministries, their popularity with men, or their endowment of certain gifts, the FruitThe Lord said in verse 20 of Matthew 7 that we would know them by their fruits. What are these fruits? Galatians 5:22-24 defines them as being the fruit of the Spirit. "But the fruit of the Spirit is love, joy, peace, longsuffering, gentleness, goodness, faith, meekness, temperance: against such there is no law. And they that are Christ's have crucified the flesh with the affections and lusts." We are told to look at their lives and see if these fruits are predominant in them and examine if they are living the crucified life. Of course, we must allow for imperfections that have not been overcome yet; but we should readily see the fruit of the Spirit in more abundance than the imperfections. One way we can check this is to notice the words that a man speaks. The Scripture says in Matthew 12:33-35, "Either make the tree good, and his fruit good; or else make the tree corrupt, and his fruit corrupt: for the tree is known by his fruit. O generation of vipers, how can ye, being evil, speak good things? for out of the abundance of the heart the mouth speaketh. A good man out of the good treasure of the heart bringeth forth good things: and an evil man out of the evil treasure bringeth forth evil things.''Pride and Lustful LifestylesMany people have been led astray when they could have recognized the wrong spirit simply by the braggadocios and prideful words of men who exalted themselves instead of Christ. Others would have been spared if they had examined the lifestyles of certain men who claim to be God's anointed. Their lifestyles are far from being temperate, reflecting the most expensive and extravagant clothes, diamonds, homes, cars, etc. This is not referring to well-dressed men and women, nice homes, and quality things but the extremes which reveal anything but the nature of Christ. Of course, neither is the other extreme of poverty the nature of Christ. Men of God should live temperate, moderate lives, overcoming poverty and avoiding extreme wealth. Jesus always went about giving to the poor. He never stored up His wealth even though He apparently handled a lot of money, thus the need for a treasurer, Judas (John 13:29). He gave away the things He could have used on Himself, yet He never lacked as He went about ministering. He should be our example today. The affection and lust for the things of this world do not portray the Spirit of Prophets Reflect JesusExamining the conversation of these leaders can quickly reveal the God they serve. Do they speak of God's kingdom, His righteousness, and His love; or does their conversation center on the things of this world and life? Are they peacemakers, sowing mercy and love? Are they gentle and patient, or do they lose their temper easily? Do they walk in faith, or are they continually looking to other men for their needs to be supplied? Are they always pressuring people for money, or do they simply receive those gifts of money as unto the Lord? Do they have the joy of the Lord, or do they minister out of duty? Are they truly joyous with that joy spilling over to others, or do they continually complain and gripe over all the things that are not pleasing to them? Is goodness evident in their lives instead of evil? Do they put people in bondage by always threatening them with the wrath of God, or is freedom of choice extended with the warning of the penalties of sin? Jesus came to set us free, not to bring us under the bondage of us prove all leaders and see if their fruit is good fruit. Do they love and not hate, have joy instead of depression, and promote peace instead of strife? Are they longsuffering (patient) or impatient, gentle or harsh? Do they show love and tolerance for those that oppose them? Do they walk in faith, or doubt and unbelief? Are they meek, giving God the glory for their talents and gifts, or do they pridefully talk of all they are doing or their group is doing? Does temperance prevail not only in their lifestyle, but in their personal habits as well, or do extremes exist that do not glorify God? In essence they will not live for themselves, but for others as Jesus did. Do they reflect Jesus? They will live a crucified life that glorifies God! Proverbs 20:11 says, "Even a child is known by his doings, whether his work be pure, and whether it be right.''Examining lives by this standard we must be careful not to go to extremes ourselves and expect total perfection of all ministers. There are many godly men and women who are called of God, who have overcome in many areas, although they still have some weak areas. They are believing as they walk with the Lord that these too will be perfected. We are especially called to be patient and loving towards our brothers and sisters in the Lord.

圣经文学中的主题论文

2013年,“威尔豪森对早期以色列历史的研究,”《东方论坛》(青岛大学学报),2013年。2013, “The Basis of China’s Pro-Palestine Stance and The Current Status of its Implementation,” Digest of Middle Eastern Studies, volume 22, Number 2, pp. 年,“叙利亚冲突的宗教派别分析”,《阿拉伯研究》,2013年11月,第六期,第53-65页。2012年,“希伯来圣经的‘正典化’探究,”《世界历史》2012年第4期(8月刊),总第215期,88-98页。2012,“China’s Relationship with Israel, Opportunities and Challenges: Perspectives from China,” Israel Studies(SSCI 索引期刊), 2012年第三期(秋季),1-22页。2011年,“圣经希伯来语中的以色列(北方)方言研究,”《圣经文学研究》,第5辑,171-195页,人民文学出版社。2011,“犹太文化是三星堆文化的源头吗?——对犹太历史中‘出埃及’的时间和‘石头崇拜’的考证,”《西北师大学报(社会科学版)》(CSSCI核心期刊),2011年3月,第48卷第2期,14-19页。2011, Seth L. Sanders, The Invention of Hebrew, Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2009. Pp. xviii + 258. Book Review for Biblical Interpretations, 19, pp. ,“Text-centric Chinese translation of the Hebrew Bible Based on the Understanding of Israelite religion in and Ancient Near East Context of the Bible,”(“以文本为中心的、基于希伯来圣经中的以色列宗教和古代近东背景的汉语圣经翻译”), 《中西文化交流学报》,第二期第1辑,美国:中西文化交流研究院,2010年7月,99-111页。2010,“希伯来圣经中有多少是可靠的历史资料?”《犹太研究》(CSSCI核心辑刊)第9辑,2010年8月,3-16页。2010,“阅读希伯来《圣经·箴言》——阅读犹太文化独特的思想世界,”《西南语文学刊》,第2辑,2010年5月,90-95页;第一作者(第二、三作者为范晓、刘朗月)。2010,“犹太复国主义言说和希伯来圣经元素的融入,”《北京大学以色列研讨会论文集》(《中西文化交流学报》专刊),美国:中西文化交流研究院,2010年4月。2010,“希伯来语圣经中描述的以色列宗教,”李灵、刘杰、王新春主编:《中西文化精神与未来走向》,上海人民出版社,2010年4月,431-447页。2010,“叙利亚-巴勒斯坦地区圣经考古学的历史和方法框架,”《亚非研究》,北京外国语大学亚非学院辑刊(第三辑),2010年1月,435-456页。2010,“北京大学在中国1922-1927年非基督教运动中的角色,”《中国社会科学》英文版,2010年第01期。(英文)2009,“试图反映圣经《箴言》的希伯来语语言特色的翻译尝试 ”《国外文学》(CSSCI核心期刊),2009年第03期。2009, Kalimi, Isaac, An Ancient Israelite Historian: Studies in the Chronicler, His Time, Place and Writing, Studia Semitica Neerlandica 46, Assen: Van Gorcum, 2005. Pp. x + 212. Hardcover. €. ISBN 9023240715. Book Review for Journal of Ancient Civilizations, pp. ,“希伯来语圣经中描述的以色列宗教,”《宗教学研究》(CSSCI核心期刊),2009年第03期。2009,“塔尔艮及其解经特色,”《犹太研究》(CSSCI核心期刊),第七期。2009,“希伯来民间文学,”《东方民间文学概论》,陈岗龙主编,北京大学出版社。2009, 会议综述:第二届「圣经智慧文学教学方案研讨会」(The Second Round “Curriculum Building for Teaching the Bible” Seminar-Workshop), 汉语基督教学术论评(Journal of Sino-Christian Studies)(A&HCI期刊)。2008,“希伯莱语圣经在现代中国角色的演变,” 《中犹关系》文集,英国 Routledge,152-163 (英文)。2008,“早期以色列历史中的统一王国阶段研究现状,”《犹太研究》(CSSCI核心期刊),第六期, 87-96。2007,“历史语言学方法在圣经阐释中的运用,”《圣经文学研究》,第一期,人民文学出版社,134-153。2007,“犹太研究中的乌伽里特研究分支和乌伽里特神话点滴,” 《犹太研究》(CSSCI核心期刊), 第五期,83-94。2007,“北京大学的希伯来语专业历史,”《朝向东方》,第22期,美国中犹关系研究所,1-6(英文,第二作者,第一作者孟振华)。2006,“了解古代以色列的宗教——中文圣经翻译的新挑战,”英国 Blackwell 出版 Religion Compass,1 (1),50–60 (英文)。2006,“希伯来语圣经中文译本中的若干翻译问题举例,” 《东方研究·古代东方文明专刊》? 北京大学出版社。2005年,“希伯莱语圣经汉译回顾,”The SBL Forum vol 3,no. 6,2005,美国亚特兰大(英文)。2005年,“在北京大学教学圣经——一些思考,”The SBL Forum vol 3,no. 5,2005,美国亚特兰大(英文).1999年,“Tel Dor 考古挖掘报告,”《圣经考古学期刊》,1999年1月刊 (英文).1997年,“希伯莱语圣经中的Anoki Adonai的用法,”《加州柏克莱大学近东研究会专刊》 (英文)。1996年,“约书亚,”(以) Avner Shatz 所著的同名短篇小说的中译本,北京大学出版社《外国文学》第 64 期。1994年,“北京大学的希伯莱语班,”《以色列通讯》,以色列使馆印行。1994年,“开封犹太人同化问题初探,”《世界宗教研究》(CSSCI核心期刊),中国社会科学院宗教研究所出版。

RECOGNIZING FALSE PROPHETSProve All Things1 Thessalonians 5:21: "Prove all things; hold fast that which is good.''To recognize false prophets we must heed the above verse and "prove all things." One does not arrive at being an overcomer until he first learns the all important lesson of testing or "proving" the issues of this life. In the hour that we live there are so many things that are false and evil. We must be constantly on guard and "prove" or test things, lest we become ensnared by something that is wicked. Cults are spreading. Eastern idolatrous religions are creeping into our country in very subtle forms, and many Christians are being deceived and have accepted their practices without even being aware of their evil. Some religious groups have existed for years under the guise of Christianity, and yet are far from the teachings of Jesus Christ. The Lord warns us of these false teachers and tells us to beware of at Matthew 7:15-23, we find Jesus gives us the guideline for determining false prophets:"Beware of false prophets, which come to you in sheep's clothing, but inwardly they are ravening wolves. Ye shall know them by their fruits. Do men gather grapes of thorns, or figs of thistles? Even so every good tree bringeth forth good fruit; but a corrupt tree bringeth forth evil fruit. A good tree cannot bring forth evil fruit, neither can a corrupt tree bring forth good fruit. Every tree that bringeth not forth good fruit is hewn down, and cast into the fire. Wherefore by their fruits ye shall know them. Not every one that saith unto me, Lord, Lord, shall enter into the kingdom of heaven; but he that doeth the will of my Father which is in heaven. Many will say to me in that day, Lord, Lord, have we not prophesied in thy name? and in thy name have cast out devils? and in thy name done many wonderful works? And then will I profess unto them, I never knew you: depart from me, ye that work iniquity."God's Standard, The BibleCertainly, we are admonished to be on guard. However, some go to such extremes as to become narrow-minded and closed to some beautiful truths in the name of being careful. What should our role as Christians be in regard to acceptance of a new thought, idea or doctrine? We are told to prove all things, not to reject them because they might be strange or new to us. However, we should not receive them either, until we first prove them. How do we prove things? All true Christians are in agreement that our standard is the Word of God, the Bible. God left us this Book as a reference, standard, or gauge so we could know whether something is good or evil, truth or error, right or wrong. (2 Timothy 3:16-17: "All scripture is given by inspiration of God, and is profitable for doctrine, for reproof, for correction, for instruction in righteousness: That the man of God may be perfect, thoroughly furnished unto all good works.'')One of our major faults as Christians is that we tend to quote men on certain subjects instead of referring to the Book God gave us. We recognize that God gave us men to lead us into the truths of God, but our problem becomes who are the true men of God and who are the false ones that Christ warned us about? Sometimes we tend to evaluate men according to the size of their ministries, their popularity with men, or their endowment of certain gifts, the FruitThe Lord said in verse 20 of Matthew 7 that we would know them by their fruits. What are these fruits? Galatians 5:22-24 defines them as being the fruit of the Spirit. "But the fruit of the Spirit is love, joy, peace, longsuffering, gentleness, goodness, faith, meekness, temperance: against such there is no law. And they that are Christ's have crucified the flesh with the affections and lusts." We are told to look at their lives and see if these fruits are predominant in them and examine if they are living the crucified life. Of course, we must allow for imperfections that have not been overcome yet; but we should readily see the fruit of the Spirit in more abundance than the imperfections. One way we can check this is to notice the words that a man speaks. The Scripture says in Matthew 12:33-35, "Either make the tree good, and his fruit good; or else make the tree corrupt, and his fruit corrupt: for the tree is known by his fruit. O generation of vipers, how can ye, being evil, speak good things? for out of the abundance of the heart the mouth speaketh. A good man out of the good treasure of the heart bringeth forth good things: and an evil man out of the evil treasure bringeth forth evil things.''Pride and Lustful LifestylesMany people have been led astray when they could have recognized the wrong spirit simply by the braggadocios and prideful words of men who exalted themselves instead of Christ. Others would have been spared if they had examined the lifestyles of certain men who claim to be God's anointed. Their lifestyles are far from being temperate, reflecting the most expensive and extravagant clothes, diamonds, homes, cars, etc. This is not referring to well-dressed men and women, nice homes, and quality things but the extremes which reveal anything but the nature of Christ. Of course, neither is the other extreme of poverty the nature of Christ. Men of God should live temperate, moderate lives, overcoming poverty and avoiding extreme wealth. Jesus always went about giving to the poor. He never stored up His wealth even though He apparently handled a lot of money, thus the need for a treasurer, Judas (John 13:29). He gave away the things He could have used on Himself, yet He never lacked as He went about ministering. He should be our example today. The affection and lust for the things of this world do not portray the Spirit of Prophets Reflect JesusExamining the conversation of these leaders can quickly reveal the God they serve. Do they speak of God's kingdom, His righteousness, and His love; or does their conversation center on the things of this world and life? Are they peacemakers, sowing mercy and love? Are they gentle and patient, or do they lose their temper easily? Do they walk in faith, or are they continually looking to other men for their needs to be supplied? Are they always pressuring people for money, or do they simply receive those gifts of money as unto the Lord? Do they have the joy of the Lord, or do they minister out of duty? Are they truly joyous with that joy spilling over to others, or do they continually complain and gripe over all the things that are not pleasing to them? Is goodness evident in their lives instead of evil? Do they put people in bondage by always threatening them with the wrath of God, or is freedom of choice extended with the warning of the penalties of sin? Jesus came to set us free, not to bring us under the bondage of us prove all leaders and see if their fruit is good fruit. Do they love and not hate, have joy instead of depression, and promote peace instead of strife? Are they longsuffering (patient) or impatient, gentle or harsh? Do they show love and tolerance for those that oppose them? Do they walk in faith, or doubt and unbelief? Are they meek, giving God the glory for their talents and gifts, or do they pridefully talk of all they are doing or their group is doing? Does temperance prevail not only in their lifestyle, but in their personal habits as well, or do extremes exist that do not glorify God? In essence they will not live for themselves, but for others as Jesus did. Do they reflect Jesus? They will live a crucified life that glorifies God! Proverbs 20:11 says, "Even a child is known by his doings, whether his work be pure, and whether it be right.''Examining lives by this standard we must be careful not to go to extremes ourselves and expect total perfection of all ministers. There are many godly men and women who are called of God, who have overcome in many areas, although they still have some weak areas. They are believing as they walk with the Lord that these too will be perfected. We are especially called to be patient and loving towards our brothers and sisters in the Lord.

圣经论文主题是什么

好人无辜受难

《约伯记》是《圣经》旧约的一卷书,本卷书共42章。记载了义人受苦、他的朋友们与他的辩论,以及上帝给他的回答等,最后约伯因回转而比受苦之前更加蒙福。本卷圣经着重探讨了为什么行为完全的人却会受苦的主题。

该书记述了主人公约伯信仰历程,一开始约伯相信天上有神,敬畏神,在生活中努力行善帮助人,远离恶事,生活上富有平顺,在当时当地被许多人称慕,约伯自己也庆幸因相信有神,行事为人总凭良心按善意,尽量不亏欠人,故而蒙神护佑赐福,不料有一天,天灾人祸突然降临,夺去他所有儿女、家产、富有,甚至他的健康。生活上遭遇灾祸,心灵上反思所信的神到底是怎样的神。

书卷背景

约伯住在乌斯地。据有些地理学家声称,这个地方位于以东人之地附近的阿拉伯北部,即上帝应许赐给亚伯拉罕子孙之地的东面。南面有示巴人,东面有迦勒底人。

《约伯记》第1章第8节描述说,当时“地上再没有人像[约伯]完全正直。”可能这件事应当发生在约瑟——一个具有杰出信心的人——死后(约公元前1657年)到摩西开始踏上持守忠诚的一生途径之前的一段时期内。

当时以色列人深受埃及鬼魔崇拜的污染,但约伯却谨守纯真的崇拜。从约伯记第一章所记述的情况,及上帝称许约伯是个谨守纯真崇拜的人一事来看,当时很可能是族长时期而非自公元前1513年起,上帝颁下律法惟独与以色列人交往的较后时期。

约伯享有很高寿数,此书可能包含从公元前1657年到公元前1473年摩西去世之间的一段时期。摩西在约伯去世之后,当以色列人仍在旷野流浪之际,完成了此书的写作。

以上内容参考:百度百科-《约伯记》

《圣经》是犹太教与基督教的共同经典,出于希伯来文kethubhim,意为“文章”,后衍意为“经”;希腊文作graphai,拉丁文作Scripturoe,汉译作“经”。

基督教的《圣经》又名《新旧约全书》,由《旧约》《新约》组成。《旧约》一共有三十九卷,以古希伯来文(含亚兰文)写成,由犹太教教士依据犹太教的教义编纂而成,囊括了犹太及邻近民族从公元前12世纪至公元前2世纪的人文历史资料。

《新约》一共27卷,《旧约全书》即犹太教的圣经,是基督教承自犹太教的,但《旧约全书》和《希伯来圣经》有所差异,书目的顺序也不同。

重要性:

1、在新约中,六十多次被不同的作者引用,就连主耶稣也提到过多次创世记上的话。

2、圣经中一切真理的种子,都先种在这本书里,以后在后面诸书中发芽、生长并结实。

3、神在本书中藉着各种不同的名字把自己向人多方启示出来,使我们可以由此得着许多宝贵的亮光。

4、本书就是论到天地的起初、万物的起初、人的起初、罪恶的起初、救赎的起初、宗教的起初、凶杀的起初、文化的起初、家谱的起初、世人被灭的起初、国家的起初、巴比伦的起初、神呼召的起初、信心和应许的起初、以色列人的起初、选民下埃及的起初。

主要是一本神话故事书,也作为基督教的教材。

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