论文投稿百科

议论文英语作文模板及翻译

发布时间:2024-07-02 11:16:15

议论文英语作文模板及翻译

英语作文写作是英语学习的重要内容,也是英语学习的最终目标。下面,是我为你整理的高中英语作文议论文范文,希望对你有帮助!

高中英语作文议论文范文篇1

Encouraging Buying Cars Isn’t Fit For Today

目前不适合鼓励买车

Nowadays, we can often hear the discussion whether buying cars should be encouraged. Some people suggest that we should buy cars. But others claim that driving cars is not a wise idea. As far as I am concerned, I am in favor of the latter opinion.

To begin with, there are few parking lots, so the streets are made narrower by the cars parked along the roads. For example, my father could not find any place to park when we went to the supermarket.

Moreover, many drivers do not obey regulations, because people do not pay enough attention to the rule of traffic. For instance, I often see people cross the road when the traffic lights are still red.

Last but not least, the growth of new roads’construction is usually slower than the increasing number of cars. For example, the length of the road has gone up by 20% in 2002. However, the number of cars increased by 50% in the meantime.

From what have been discussed above, we could draw a conclusion that encouraging buying cars is not fit for today.

as far as I am concerned 就我看

in favor of 赞成

to begin with 首先

for example =for instance 例如

moreover 并且

last but not least 其次

in the meantime 同时draw a conclusion 得出结论

高中英语作文议论文范文篇2

The Good and Bad Sides of Setting off Firecrackers

燃放鞭炮的利与弊

Dear Editor,

I’m writing to tell you about our discussion we had on the afternoon of last Wednesday about the good and bad sides of setting off firecrackers during the Spring Festival. 20 boy and 20 girl students attended the discussion. As a result, 40% of them believe that setting off firecrackers certainly adds pleasure and joy to the festival, therefore, it is a wonderful tradition. But another 40% of the students think that setting off firecrackers causes air and noise pollution, and what’s worse, it sometimes causes terrible accidents to us and to our property. The other 20% have never thought about it or don’t care a bit.

Yours truly,

Li Hua

the good and bad sides of setting off firecrackers

燃放鞭炮的利与弊

as a result 结果

It is a wonderful tradition. 它是一个优良传统。

what’s worse 更糟的是

think about 想起,想到

高中英语作文议论文范文篇3

Disability

残疾

There are too many disabled people in the world. They have no differences from country to country. Some of them were disabled when they were born, the others were injured or hurt in all kinds of accidents, which made them disabled. Almost all of us feel sorry for them. We commiserate with them because they are another kind of people. But some disabled people refuse others’commiseration. They think they can do everything by themselves. They don’t consider themselves as people who have defects. They think they are the same as normal people.

In fact, a great number of people with disabilities should be taken care of by others. They get help from the government or some beneficent organizations in society. But that’s not enough. They must look after themselves on their own. When a baby with disabilities is born, it should be taught to learn some particular skills to live. Or else, it would fail in the future. So one with disabilities must have abundant confidence to fit the hard life without others’help.

too many disabled people 太多残疾人

commiserate with them 同情他们

consider themselves as 把自己当作……

the same as 和……同样

taken care of 照看,照顾

look after themselves on their own 自己照顾自己

or else 否则in the future 将来

有很多的同学在写英语作文的时候,也会写一些经典的议论文,我整理了相关范文,希望会对大家有所帮助!

英语作文范文带中文翻译

Many years ago, the movie about the youth became very popular, every year, we can see many hot movies about the protagonist’s passed youth. People like to recall their passed youth, which makes such movies sell good. But I find the common things about these movies, all the protagonists’ youth are about fighting, love and other negative things. I understand the directors’ intention, they want to tell people youth is not perfect and having pities. Of course movie is exaggerating, the real youth is about studying, at least, most people have worked so hard to get into their ideal colleges. What the movies describe make up some people’s youth, for which they don’t have the chance to experience. We should not be misled by these movies, for the teenagers, their job is to study, so that they can have a bright future.

【翻译】很多年以前,关于青春的电影很受欢迎,此后每年,我们都可以看到很多热门电影是关于主人公逝去的青春。人们喜欢回忆他们逝去的青春,这才是让这类电影好卖的原因。但是我发现了这些电影的共同点,那就是所有的主人公的青春都是关于大家,恋爱和其他消极的东西。我明白导演们的意图,他们想要告诉人们青春是不完美的,存在遗憾。当然电影是夸张化的,真正的青春是关于学习,至少,大部分人是如此努力的学习,为了进入理想的大学。电影所刻画的弥补了一些人的青春,对于他们没有机会去体验这些东西。我们不应该被电影误导,对于青少年来说,他们的工作是学习,这样他们才能有一个美好的未来。

高中英语作文范文80词

I like English. I think I can share my English learning method with you. First of all, develop interest on English. My way to make it is to watch movies from abroad. At first, I will watch the movie with subtitle. Then I will remove the subtitle, only English left. Gradually, show great interest in English. Secondly, recite vocabularies. Vocabulary is the necessary foundation to start learn English. This time you have to force yourself to remember words. Thirdly, understand basic grammar thoroughly. It is hard for me to understand the meaning of a sentence if I don’t know the basic grammar. Last but not least is to speak more. The basic purpose to learn a language is to communicate. So talk in English as much as you can. And don’t worry about losing face, because everyone makes mistakes. Those are my methods.

我喜欢英语。我觉得我可以和你分享一下我的英语学习方法。首先,培养对英语的兴趣。我的方法是看国外电影。一开始,我会留着字幕一起看。之后我就会不看字幕,只留英文。渐渐地,我对英语表现出极大的兴趣。其次,背诵词汇。词汇是学习英语的必要根基。这一点你只能强迫自己去背了。第三,完全理解基本语法。如果我不懂基本语法,我会很难理解一整个句子的意思。最后但并非最不重要的是要多说。学习语言的基本目的就是进行沟通。因此,尽可能多的用英语交谈。不要担心丢脸,因为每个人都会犯错误的。这些就是我的方法。

英语作文100词左右带翻译——珍惜时间

Chinese Spring Festival celebrating the end of winter and the warmth of spring. It began in the last day of the lunar year, end in the 15th day of lunar New Year, also is the Lantern Festival. During the Spring Festival, people use red lantern and Spring Festival couplets decorate a house, put on all kinds of colored clothes, often

An English proverb says that time is money. I consider it (this) wrong. Why? Because we all know that we can earn money be work but can not in any way get back time (in anyway). For this reason, we may (can) say that time is more valuable than money.

Many people do not know the value of time. It (this) is indeed a great pity. We must bear (keep) in mind that wasting time is equal to wasting your life.

【翻译】英国有句谚语说,时间就是金钱。我认为这是不对的。为什么?因为我们大家都知道我们能够用工作赚钱,但无论如何却无法把时间争取回来。基于此种理由,我们可以说时间比钱钱更宝贵。

许多人不知爱惜时光。这确实是可惜的。我们必须记住浪费时间等于浪费生命。

没翻译的,留邮箱,发给你吧

英语作文是可以提前积累一些模板的,在考试的时候套用这些句型,可以提高写作速度,也可以确保句式的准确性。下面是英语议论文的万能模板及范文,速看!

英语议论文写作模板一

recently the issue of whether or not______(讨论话题) has been in the limelight and has aroused wide concern in the public. there are two major arguments that can be made for_________. for one thing, __________can bring ____ to_____________(优点 一 )。 for another, it is widely hold that people usually ____when ________________________________(优点二)。

but we must not lose sight of the fact that there are also drawbacks to__________, among which are ____________(列举缺点)。 for instance, it can be __________to _____________(举例说明)。 in addition, many people find it ________(形容词)to _______________(第二个缺点)

when asked to __________, i tend to ____________. this is because i _______________(原因 一 )。 furthermore, _______________________(原因二)。 finally, ______________(原因三)。

英语议论文写作模板二

the effects ___________ has produced on____________ can be boiled down to two major ones.

first , __________________(影响 一 )。 more importantly, ________________(影响二)。 hence, i believe that we will see a ____________(提出展望)/ nevertheless, i do not think we will see a ______(或反面展望)

there are numerous reasons why ____, and i would like to explore a few of the most important ones here. the first is that the more(比较级)_____, the more (比较级)。 in addition, we all agree that________________________(第二个原因)

In recent years, college students find it increasingly difficult to get a job. It sounds strange since young college students are usually intelligent, well-educated phenomenon, aspirant and eager to bring their talent into full play. Then what underlies the strange phenomenon?

近几年,大学生发觉找工作越来越难了。这听起来很奇怪,因为年轻的大学生通常是聪明的,受过良好教育,上进和渴望他们的才华得到充分发挥的。那么,是什么引起这一奇怪现象呢?

There are several reasons for this. To begin with, nowadays college students aim too high. All they want are “good” jobs which could offer good salary, comfortable working conditions, high social status among others. Consequently, most college students are unwilling to accept vacant jobs they consider not “good” enough. Another reason is that there is a big gap between the majors some students study in school and the demands of vacant jobs. So companies think some students are not fit for the jobs.

有很多原因可以解释。首先,现在大学生的要求太高了。他们想要的是能提供较好的薪酬,舒适的工作环境,较高的社会地位的好工作。结果,大部分的大学生都不愿意接受他们认为不够好的空缺职位。另一个原因是一些学生在校学习的专业和空缺职位的需求有很大的差距。所以企业认为有些学生不适合那些工作。

Solution to the problem requires efforts on both the society and the students. The companies should value the students, talent and knowledge while the latter should not merely aim at material gains. They should be down-to–earth in building up their career. Furthermore, they should face their weak points so as to improve themselves and be more competent.

解决这一问题需要社会和学生的共同努力。企业应该看重学生,才能以及知识,而学生不应该只着眼于物质利益。他们应该脚踏实地的建立自己的职业生涯。另外,他们应该面对他们的弱点从而提高自己,使自己更有能力。

论文英语翻译模板

高中英语实用模版1.书信开头:How nice to hear from you me tell you something about the ’m glad to have received your letter of Apr. ’m pleased to hear that you’re coming to China for a ’m writing to thank you for your help during my stay in America.结尾:With best ’m looking forward to your ’d appreciate it if you could reply earlier.二、口头通知呼语及开场白部分:Ladies and gentlemen, May I have your attention, please? I have an announcement to make.正文部分:All the teachers and students are required to attend take your notebooks and make listen carefully and we’ll have a discussion in come on time and don’t be late.结束语部分:Please come and join in is welcome to attend hope you’ll have a nice time ’s all. Thank you.三、议论文模板1.正反观点式议论文导入:第1段:Recently we’ve had a discussion about whether we should... (导入话题)Our opinions are divided on this topic.(观点有分歧)正文:第2段:Most of the students are in favour of it.(正方观点)Here are the reasons. First... Second... Finally...(列出2~3个赞成的理由)第3段:However, the others are strongly against it. (反方观点)Their reasons are as follows. In the first place... What’s more... In addition...(列出2~3个反对的理由)结论:第4段:Personally speaking, the advantages overweigh the disadvantages, for it will do us more harm than good, so I support it.(个人观点) オ2.“A或者B”类议论文模板:导入:第1段:Some people hold the opinion that A is superior to B in many ways. Others, however, argue that B is much better. Personally, I would prefer A because I think A has more advantages.正文:第2段:There are many reasons why I prefer A. The main reason is that ... Another reason is that...(赞同A的原因)第3段: Of course, B also has advantages to some extent... (列出1~2个B的优势)结论:第4段: But if all these factors are considered, A is much better than B. From what has been discussed above, we may finally draw the conclusion that ...(得出结论) オ3.观点论述类议论文:导入:第1段:提出一种现象或某个决定作为议论的话题As a student, I am strongly in favour of the decision. (亮明自己的观点是赞成还是反对)The reasons for this may be listed as follows. (过渡句,承上启下)正文:第2段:First of all... Secondly... Besides...(列出2~3个赞成或反对的理由)结论:第3段:In conclusion, I believe that... (照应第1段,构成"总—分—总"结构)4."How to"类议论文模板:导入:第1段:提出一种现象或某种困难作为议论的话题正文:第2段:Many ways can help to solve this serious problem, but the following may be most effective. First of all... Another way to solve the problem is ... Finally...(列出2~3个解决此类问题的办法)结论:第3段:These are not the best but the only two/ three measures we can take. But it should be noted that we should take action to...(强调解决此类问题的根本方法)四、图表作文写作模板The chart gives us an overall picture of the 图表主题. The first thing we notice is that 图表最大特点 . This means that as (进一步说明).We can see from the statistics given that 图表细节一 . After 动词-ing 细节一中的第一个变化, the动词-ed+幅度+时间(紧跟着的变化) . The figures also tell us that图表细节二 . In the column, we can see that accounts for (进一步描述).Judging from these figures, we can draw the conclusion that (结论). The reason for this, as far as I am concerned is that (给出原因). / It is high time that we (发出倡议).五、图画类写作:1.开头Look at this picture./The picture shows that.../From this picture, we can see.../As is shown in the picture.../As is seen in the picture...2.衔接句As we all know, .../As is known to all,.../It is well known that.../In my opinion,.../As far as I am concerned,.../This sight reminds me of something in my daily .结尾句In conclusion.../In brief.../On the whole.../In short.../In a word.../Generally speaking.../As has been stated...

英语翻译教学在高校英语教学中起着重要作用,它直接影响了学生的英语使用能力。尤其在经济全球化不断发展的当今社会,加强英语翻译教学不仅关系着大学生的就业前景,更与我国经济发展密切相连。下面是我为大家整理的英语翻译论文,供大家参考。

英语翻译论文 范文 一:中西方 文化 在英语翻译方面的差异性

一、中西方文化在英语翻译方面的差异性

(一)地理环境因素

“一方山水养一方人”,不同的地域和环境必然造就不同的民族文化。中国是一个幅员辽阔、地大物博、物产丰富的农业大国,这就使我国形成了一种典型的农耕文化。中国人注重人与自然、人与人之间的和谐与统一,故在许多 成语 中都与土地有关,如“土豪劣绅”“、土生土长”和“土崩瓦解”等。而英国则是一个典型的岛国,其四面被海水环绕,故其航海技术一直处于世界领先地位,这也促使其所形成的文化中都与水或航海有一定的联系,如在比喻一个人挥霍金钱的时候,会用“Spendmoneylikewa-ter”(挥金如土)来加以描述;在形容一个人的形体单薄、虚弱的时候则用“asweakaswater”(弱不禁风)来加以描述;而在告别友人的时候则会用“haveagoodsailing”(一路顺风)来加以描述等。因此,只有掌握了中西民族文化之间的差异性,才能够正确对语句进行理解和翻译。

(二)宗教信仰因素

宗教文化也是众多文化中的一种表现形式,其也会因信仰的不同而产生一定的差异。中国的宗教门派众多,但是主要的可以分为道家、佛家和儒家这三个主要的流派。不同的教派具有不同的教义,如中国道家主张人和神仙是可以相互转化的;佛教则主张佛祖则是至高无上的神,其法力无边,这也可以从我国古代语言中明显看出。汉语中有“天命不可违”、“借花献佛”和“不看僧面看佛面”等的语言表达。而西方则主要以基督教为主,他们只承认上帝是万事万物的主宰,其无所不能,这在西方语言中也可以明显的看出来。如“Manproposes,Goddisposes”(谋事在人,成事在天)、“GodiswhereHewas”(上帝无所不在)和“Heavenisaboveall”(上帝高于一切)等。因此,为了达到翻译忠实原意的目的,我们必须要充分了解中西宗教文化的差异性。

二、提高高校英语翻译质量的策略

(一)导入异国文化

中西翻译的差异性。因此,为了提高学生对于英语翻译的认识度和理解度,教师需要在英语翻译教学的过程中为学生们导入到量的异国文化。通过将英语翻译与文化学习二者进行有机地结合来提高学生们英语翻译的水平。但是特别需要注意一点就是,教师在导入异国文化的过程中要始终本着由易到难、由浅入深的原则。此外,教师除了要为学生们普及一些西方文化知识外,还需要为学生们普及一些西方文化习俗的来源。例如,英语中有“raincatsanddogs”的习语,这句话用汉语可以表述为“倾盆大雨”,但是如果按照直白的翻译就会理解为“下猫跟狗”,这样就明显偏离了翻译的本意。这句习语主要来源于北欧的神话 传说 ,传说猫跟狗对于风和雨等天气具有很强的预测能力。又如“asstrongasahorse”(壮如牛),但是如果单纯的按照意思来理解则成了“壮如马”了等。如果学生对于这个文化背景不了解,则会出现上述可笑的误译现象。

(二)介绍英汉语言结构上的差异性

英语结构区别于汉语结构,其重视主题句和主体结构的构成以及 句子 结构连接过渡词的作用,并且侧重用介词和连词来表示句子和词组之间的逻辑关系,这种现象在汉语中则很少用或几乎不用。另外,英语表述中特别忌讳重复,如果出现重复的问题,通常用省略、替换或代词的形式来加以表示,但是我们汉语中常用重复来表示强调。

(三)讲解一些常用的翻译技巧

在学生掌握了上述英语翻译的基本知识之后,教师需要为学生讲解一些常用的翻译技巧,从而让学生们学会如何通过删减或增加词语来使语句变得更加通顺。常用的翻译技巧主要包括词类转换、增删词语以及拆分语句等手段。首先,词类转换作为一种有效的翻译手段,其主要是将那些由动词转化来的名词或具有动作意义类型的名词后接of的形式按照汉语中动宾 短语 来进行翻译即可。其次,英语和汉语之间的结构表述有所不同,只有通过增加或删减词汇才能够使意思更加忠实原文的含义。

三、结语

总之,中西文化差异性对于英语翻译具有重要的影响。为了提高学生英语翻译能力,教师必须要在教学实践中让学生充分地了解西方的文化传统,从而使学生做到“知己知彼”,然后并要在基础上教授给学生英语翻译的一些技巧,从而达到提高高校翻译教学质量的目的。

英语翻译论文范文二:生物 医学英语 翻译得体性原则

1得体性原则及在翻译中的适用性

“得体”一词在《现代汉语词典》中的释义如下:“(言语、行动等)得当;恰当;恰如其分。”其他词典的解释与此大体相类。这是一种宽泛意义上的解释。难以确切理解其内涵,不大好把握,运用起来常常带有不同程度的盲目性、随意性。从修辞学理论的高度来衡量,离规范性、科学性相距甚远。王希杰先生在《修辞学通论》中则指出:语言的“得体性指的是语言材料对语言环境的适应程度。脱离了特定的语言环境,就没有得体不得体的问题。”他说:“修辞的原则只有一条,那就是得体性原则。一切其他的原则都从属于这个原则,都是这个最高原则的派生物。这个最高原则制约着和控制着一切其他的原则。”[1]王先生的定义简洁、明确,认为得体是语用的最高原则。聂炎[2]在《得体性原则两题》一文中对语言表达如何适应语体进行了 总结 :“每一种语体一般来说都有表现自己本身特点的不同的语料和表达手段,即常常有自己的专用词语、专用句法结构和篇章结构、语言风格等等,这是该语体区别于彼语体的重要之点。言语思维主体在选词 造句 时只有同语体和谐一致,即得语体之“体”,才可能有良好的表达效果。”翻译是一种跨文化、跨语言的交际活动,翻译过程可以定义为理解原文并创造性地运用另一种语言再现原文的过程,即语言使用的过程。[3]而得体又是语用的最高原则。因此,得体性语用原则在翻译中的适用性不言而喻。翻译的语用问题,归根到底,强调的是语言信息所采取的形式,必须由使用该语言的环境来决定,其根本是语言表达切合语境的得体性。[4]

2生物医学英语的特征及得体性翻译原则的具体内涵

从广义上来说,得体性语用原则适用于一切译作,但是,根据原作的文体不同,在具体要求上就各有侧重。生物医学英语属于科技文体的范畴。典型的科技英语是“专家与专家”交流的涉及学科的研究和发展的书面性英语。[5]其功能主要是述说事理、描写现象、推导公式、论证规律,其特点是结构严谨、逻辑严密、行文规范、用词准确,技术术语正确,修辞手段较少。[6]针对这些特点,科技英语翻译中的得体表现为忠实和通顺。所谓忠实,就是要完整地、准确地表达原作的思想内容,同时还需保持原文风格。这是对科技翻译的首要的、也是最起码的要求。原作的内容和风格是客观存在的。译者的任务,就是要把这种客观存在原封不动地传达给非原文读者。翻译虽然是语言的一种再创作,但毕竟和纯粹的创作有着本质的区别。译者必须忠实于原作,决不可自作主张,对原作进行随意的篡改、增删。所谓通顺,对科技翻译来说,虽然不像翻译文学小说那样要求雅致优美、姿态横生,也不像翻译诗歌那样要求抑扬顿挫、押韵合辙,但至少应保证译文语言符合汉语的语言规范和修辞习惯,文从字顺、明白流畅,而不能生造一些不伦不类的词句,或对原作拘泥太过,以致译文出现文理不通、结构混乱和拖泥带水的现象。在翻译实践中,若“忠实”和“通顺”二者不可兼得的情况下首先要考虑前者,即忠实、准确、规范地传达原作的意思,因为科学的灵魂是“真”,科技翻译的灵魂是“准确”。在医学文献翻译中,一字之差就可能断送病人性命;在工程技术翻译中,一个数据之误可能导致重大的技术事故。因此,“忠实”是科技翻译的根本和前提,而“通顺”是实施科技翻译达到完美的一种手段和途径。[7]

3得体性翻译原则在生物医学英语翻译中的具体运用

要实现生物医学英语翻译的篇章译文得体,就必须在词、词组、句子、段落等各语言平面上对译入语可能有的几个同义而结构不尽相同的语言形式精心选择,选择除了涉及语言结构因素(如词性、词语搭配、上下文)之外,还与文体有关。选择的目的是使译文得体,得语言和文体之体。以下通过辨析不同译文以具体说明如何实现生物医学英语各语言平面翻译的得体。

词的得体

表达规范

《现代汉语》指出:科技语体讲究论证的逻辑性,要求语言规范。[8]例1Electroporationisusedtomakesmall,temporaryholesinthemembranesoDNAcanpassin.译1:电穿孔用来在细胞膜上形成小的獉獉、暂时的孔洞獉獉獉獉獉从而使DNA通过。译2:电穿孔用来在细胞膜上形成瞬时微獉獉獉孔獉从而使DNA通过。例2Thesefindingssuggestthatoralim-munemodulationmayrepresentanattractivether-apeuticapproachtoatherosclerosis.译1:这些结果表明口服免疫调节剂代表了一种诱人的獉獉獉治疗动脉粥样硬化的新 方法 。译2:这些结果表明口服免疫调节剂代表了一种引人注目的獉獉獉獉獉治疗动脉粥样硬化的新方法。以上两例中的“小的、暂时的孔洞”以及“诱人的”用语不正式,且读来疲软。而译2中的“瞬时微孔”及“引人注目的”用语平稳、凝重、冷穆,符合科技英语的特征。

用词准确

例3PolymeraseChainReaction(PCR)isamolecularbiologicalmethodforamplifyingDNAwithoutusingalivingorganism,.译1:聚合酶链式反应是一种无需在活体(如大肠杆菌或酵母)内扩大獉獉DNA的分子生物学方法。译2:聚合酶链式反应是一种无需在活体(如大肠杆菌或酵母)内扩增獉獉DNA的分子生物学方法。译文1把amplify译成“扩大”,但根据生物学知识判断,这里的amplify是“creatingmultiplecopies(产生多个克隆)”的意思,所以译成“扩增”更准确。

词组得体

精炼、符合汉语表达习惯

例4Theabilityofmonoclonalantibody(mAb),treatmentwithmAba-lonehasonlyachievedverylimitedsuccessintheclinic.译1:体外实验中单克隆抗体(mAb)特异定位于肿瘤组织的能力为癌症治疗提供了一种引人注目的治疗方法。然而单独使用mAb治疗在临床上取得了非常有限的成功獉獉獉獉獉獉獉獉獉獉。译2:体外实验中单克隆抗体(mAb)特异定位于肿瘤组织的能力为癌症治疗提供了一种引人注目的治疗方法。然而单独使用mAb治疗在临床上收效甚微獉獉獉獉。例5Asimmunologybecomesbettercharac-terized,immunomodulatorhasprovenasoneofthemostprevalentareasinthedevelopmentofnewpharmaceuticals.译1:随着免疫学变得更富特征獉獉獉獉獉獉,免疫调节剂已成为药学研究中的一个最流行的领域獉獉獉獉獉獉。译2:随着免疫学的进一步发展獉獉獉獉獉,免疫调节剂已成为药学研究中的一个 热点 獉獉。以上两例中译2优于译1之处在于:译2表达正式规范有力,且更符合汉语习惯。由于英汉词组的构成和功能差异较大,所以总的要求是在“信”的前提下,既要充分表达原意,又要符合译入语语言形式上和修辞的和谐。科技英语中存在大量惯用和非惯用的四字词组,如asshowninfigure(如图所示),withoutlossoftime(不失时机),convertwastesintousefulmaterials(废物利用)等。合理使用这些四字词组,能起到精确紧凑,简洁明晰的效果,为译文增色不少。

专业规范

例6Thespleenmayaddbloodtothegen-eralcirculationtomakeupforwhathasbeenlostinthebody.译1:脾脏能给总循环獉獉獉增加血液,以补偿獉獉獉身体的损失獉獉獉獉獉。译2:脾脏能给周身循环獉獉獉獉增加血液,以补獉獉偿身体所失去的血獉獉獉獉獉獉獉獉。在医学中,“总循环”不如“周身循环”专业规范,而且“补偿身体的损失”过于笼统,所指不明。所以译2更得体。

句子得体

句子是语言平面中上下运转的轴心,也是翻译过程的主要着力点。句子同义手段的选择应该做到对应题旨要求,适应行文递接,切合语体特点以及依从声韵协调。[9]具体到生物医学英语的句子翻译,应该做到:

体现信息中心

每一句话、每一句群和每一语段都有一个最核心最关键的内容或意旨需要得到强调突出,以利于接受主体准确地把握其语意焦点,了解其着意传输的信息,此语意焦点成为信息中心。[9]应尽量把原语的信息中心译成汉语的信息中心,使两者相对应。例7Nucleicacid,originallyisolatedbyJohannMiescherin1871,wasidentifiedasaprimeconstituentofchromosomesthroughtheuseofthered-stainingmethoddevelopedbyFeulgenintheearly1900s.译1:核酸最初是由JohannMiescher在1871年分离成功,并被证实为是染色体组最基本的组成,这是由Feulgen在20世纪初通过使用红染色方法证实的。译2:核酸最初是由JohannMiescher在1871年分离成功,并在20世纪初由Feulgen通过使用红染色方法证实为染色体组最基本的组成。译1采取直译的方法,虽然把原文的意思表述清楚了,但是把信息中心置于句中,未予突出。而原文中的isolated和identified为本句的信息中心,译成“分离”和“证实”。译2通过语序颠倒使信息中心突出,自然流畅,符合汉语表达习惯。英汉表达方式不同,许多汉语句子往往把信息中心置于句尾,来突出重点;而多数英语句子则经常将信息中心置于句首,以突出主题。这就形成了“信息中心首位”(beginningfocus),其他信息后置的句式结构。汉译英时要注意把英语句法结构的这个规律运用到翻译中去。而出于汉语表达的需要,译者要反复推敲,甚至可以跳出原文的框框,合理使用翻译技巧,对原文句子成分、结构形式进行必要的调整,按照汉语的习惯组织译文。

体现逻辑关系

例8Lamivudine(Epivir-HBV)isapotentantiviralagentwithminimalimmunemodulatorca-pacity.译1:拉米夫定是有效的抗病毒药物,有獉着最低獉獉獉的免疫调节能力。译2:拉米夫定是有效的抗病毒药物,却獉很少有獉獉獉免疫调节能力。译1中没有反映前后两句内含的转折关系,读来有句子堆砌之感,而译2通过“却”一词使语段内含的转折关系得以彰显。

语段得体

语段是比句子高一级的语法单位,通常是由两个或两个以上的句子构成的语义整体。衔接是语段的重要特征,衔接的优劣,关系到话语题旨或信息是否被接受者理解和接受[10],译文若不能正确反映原文中的衔接关系,就反映不出生物医学英语的逻辑性和条理性。例9ThebiosynthesisofRNA,calledtran-scription,proceedsinmuchthesamefashionasthereplicationofDNAandalsofollowsthebasepairingprinciple.(5)Again,asectionofDNAdoublehelixisuncoiledandonlyoneoftheDNAstrandsservesasatemplateforRNApolymeraseenzymetoguidethesynthesisofRNA.(6)Afterthesynthesisiscomplete,theRNAseparatesfromtheDNAandtheDNArecoilsintoitshelix.译1:RNA的生物合成,也称为转录,以獉和獉DNA复制的相同的模式进行獉獉獉獉獉獉獉獉獉獉,同样也遵循碱基 配对 原理。DNA双螺旋的一段解螺旋,只有一条链作为RNA聚合酶引导RNA合成的模板。在合成完成后,RNA从DNA上分离,DNA再次形成双螺旋结构。译2:RNA的生物合成,也称为转录,和獉DNA复制的模式大致相同獉獉獉獉獉獉獉獉獉,同样也遵循碱基配对原理。同上所述獉獉獉獉,首先獉獉,DNA双螺旋的一段解螺旋,其中一条链作为RNA聚合酶引导RNA合成的模板。在合成完成后,RNA从DNA上分离,同时獉獉,DNA重新形成双螺旋结构。译2通过许多连接词(如同上所述、首先、同时)清晰流畅地讲述了DNA转录的过程,较之译1更富有条理性和整体感。

4结束语

生物医学英语翻译与文学翻译在语言的运用上,在修辞手段的选择上,是有区别的。文学作品个人风格明显,感情色彩较强,翻译时多注重形象思维,讲究语言上的形象和表达上的生动;而生物医学英语个人风格较少,感情色彩罕见,翻译上注重 逻辑思维 ,讲究语言上的规范和表达上的准确,在选择译文语言时,译者的游刃余地是不大的。得体是语用的最高原则,但在不同文体中侧重不同,生物医学英语翻译的得体性表现为忠实于源语的内容和风格,同时符合汉语的表达习惯。同时生物医学英语翻译也同 其它 文体的翻译一样,是一种既具艺术性,又具创造性的艰苦的脑力劳动。它要求创造性地运用中外文两种语言知识和专业知识。而要达到这一点,只能靠大量的实践和不断的探索,别无捷径可走。

英语翻译论文范文相关 文章 :

1. 商务英语专业论文范文

2. 大专商务英语论文范文

3. 科技英语论文范文:中国地名英译的注意事项

4. 新闻词汇翻译方法研究论文

5. 初中英语教学论文

6. 有关计算机英语论文

高考英语作文10大模板,高考英语作文十大模板!值得收藏!

翻译是一门语言的艺术,下文是我为大家整理的关于2017英语翻译论文 范文 的内容,欢迎大家阅读参考! 2017英语翻译论文范文篇1 学翻译中意境的传递 关键词:意境 传递 模糊 语言 摘 要:意境是中国传统美学的核心范畴,具有情景交融、虚实相生的特点,使读者浮想联翩,如临其境,感同身受。意境的传递受到多种因素的影响,如译者的审美能力和 文学再创造能力、语言差异和 文化 差异。意境的核心内容是模糊美,译者需要巧妙运用模糊语言来传递原文的意境。 一、引 言 意境是中国传统美学的核心范畴,凝结了中国人的 哲学 智慧和 艺术 经验 。道家的本无之论和佛禅的空观是意境诞生的哲学前提,意境的提出受到了佛、道、禅的影响,美学正是在与宗教、哲学的区别中找到了自己的独特规定。(刘成纪,2006:87,92)根据《辞海》(1999年版)的解释,意境是文学作品中所描绘的客观图景与所表现的思想感情融合一致而形成的一种艺术境界。具有虚实相生、意与境谐、深邃幽远的审美特征,能使读者产生想象和联想,如入其境,在思想感情上受到感染。中国的古典文论独标境界,以意境之高下来衡量作品的艺术价值。优秀的文学艺术往往能使情与景、意与境相交融,塑造鲜明生动的艺术形象,产生强烈的感染力。 茅盾曾为文学翻译下过一个定义:“文学的翻译是用另一种语言,把原作的艺术意境传达出来,使读者在读译文的时候能够像读原作时一样得到启发,感动和美的感受。”(茅盾,1984:10)不少人认为文学翻译是以意境的传达和再现作为自己的最高目标。意境的营造已属不易,而要在翻译中用一种语言再现另一种语言所烘托的意境就更是难上加难。“意境由意象群组合而成,它浑融诸意象,而超越于意象之和。”(吴战垒,1991:41)刘禹锡曾说:“义得而言丧,故微而难能;境生于象外,故精而寡合。”这说明“意境产生于意象又超越于意象,可意会而不可言传”(龚光明,2004:38)。翻译时译者要如何处理这种不可言传性,在译文里再现原文的意境,对自身无疑是一种高难度的挑战。其实,意境再现是一种翻译的理想境界,有时很难实现,毕竟不同国家和不同民族在语言、文化和思维等方面存在许多差异。不过,译者可通过自身的努力,用另一种语言来传递原作的意境。 二、影响意境传递的主要因素 意境的传递受到许多因素的影响。既然是翻译,就一定会涉及原文和译文、译者和读者。意境属于美学范畴。“翻译美学的研究对象是翻译中的审美客体(原文、译文),翻译中的审美主体(译者、读者),翻译中的审美活动,翻译中的审美判断,审美欣赏,审美标准以及翻译过程中富有创造性的审美再现等等。”(毛荣贵,2005:7)意境的再现或传递要求译者在翻译时“不仅要达意,还要传情,要引起读者身临其境的审美冲动”(陆洋,2005:50)。译者的审美能力和文学再创造能力是影响意境传递的主观因素,而语言差异和文化差异则是影响意境传递的客观因素。 1.译者的审美能力和文学再创造能力 译者的审美能力决定了译作的美感层次。译者从事翻译活动时是“由多种 心理要素及其功能关系组合而成,这些心理要素通力合作,才能保证译者审美经验(美感)的最终实现”(屠国元、袁圆,2006:25)。文学翻译的艺术性强调了译者对原作的思想内容与艺术风格的审美把握,要求译者以再现原作的艺术美为旨归。因此文学翻译的过程可以简单表述为“感受美—体验美—理解美—表达美”。译者要再现或传递原文的意境,自己就必须能够感知原文的意境美、体验并理解这种美,然后在译文中再现或传递原文的意境。 “意境的创造要求达到物我水乳交融,即意与境浑,心与物共。”(孙迎春,2002:87)作者是意境的创造者,他的主观心灵与客观事物相融合而产生某种意境。译者首先是原文的读者,需要细心品味文中之境,让自己如身临其境般去体验作者的审美情感,之后通过再创造将原文的意境传达给译文的读者。文学作品通常蕴涵丰富的思想内容和艺术技巧,因此译者要具备一定的文化修养和人生经历才能比较全面深刻地理解原作的意境,才能将译文读者带到原文的意境美中去。 郭沫若曾说:“翻译是一种创造性的 工作,好的翻译等于创作,甚至还可能超过创作。这不是一件平庸的工作,有时候翻译比创作还要困难。”(郭沫若,1984:22)翻译的创造性性质属于二度创造,也就是再创造。译者需要深入了解原文作者艺术创造的过程,把握原作的精神,然后用适当的语言在译文里再现或传达原作的内容、风格和意境等。文学再创造不是词对词、句对句的转换,译者为了再现或传递原作的意境,不应拘泥于原文的形式框架。“译者的创造不是指语义内容层面上的变化,而是指艺术心理的发挥。”(姜秋霞,2000:260)译者首先要感知原作的意境,再通过审美心理要素的作用,使心物交融,获取审美意象,然后用另一种语言再造象外之意的意境。 2.语言差异和文化差异 翻译需要进行语言文化的对比研究,认识差异并寻求穿越差异的 方法 。就汉语和 英语 而言,两者属于不同的语言体系,这就注定它们之间的翻译不能完全对等。比如中 英文 诗歌的互译就常常遇到难题,因为汉语的平仄和英语的十二音节诗句的韵律效果是不同的。汉语是一种意境语言,“只要排列出奇,组合得当,三言两语就能出景、出情,情景交融”(毛荣贵,2005:220)。而英语则注重逻辑分析,少了“虚”和“意”,更多的是“实”和“境”。例如:余冬日往视,但见衰柳寒烟,一水茫茫而已。此汉语 句子 里有“意”——衰、寒、茫茫,有“境”——冬日、柳、烟、水,可以说是情景交融,让人充满联想和感触。试比较林语堂的英译:I went there, however, on a winter day and saw only a stretch of cold water against some sparse willow trees and a frosty sky. 虽说林译切合原文,也传达了原文的情与景,但由于英语没有汉语那么多产生朦胧美的词,使得译者无法完全再现和传递中文原句特有的意境。 文学翻译并不是发生在真空中,当两种语言发生碰撞时,它们是在两种文化传统的背景下进行的。由于不同的文化会有不同的表达特色,所以每一种文化都存在于与另一种文化相互作用的 环境中。(王宁,2006:46,48)中国文学作品,特别是中国古典诗词,常常具有一词多义、象征性、审美意象和隐喻等特征,字里行间别有一番韵味和意境。要 体会和理解其中的深意,需要读者具备一定的 中国 文化修养和 文学功底,因此,译者要向另一种文化背景的读者传递原文的意境的确是不易。“文化具有一贯性、持久性,渗透于 社会生活的各个方面。 语言是文化的载体,具有深刻的文化内涵,因此不同的文化中很难找到意义完全对等的词语。”(廖七一,2002:276)例如,唐朝诗人孟郊的《古离别》:“欲去牵郎衣,郎今去何处?不恨归来迟,莫向临邛去!”许渊冲的英译是:I hold your robe lest you should go /Where are you going, dear, today? / Your late return brings me less woe / Than your heart b Eing stolen away.文中的临邛不仅指地名,更是一种文化意象,出自司马相如与卓文君的 故事 。“莫向临邛去”意思是不要效仿司马相如另寻新欢。由于临邛所承载的文化意象对英译本读者来说比较陌生,无法用简练的诗歌语言翻译出来,所以许渊冲不得不进行再创造,把原文隐含的意境直接用 英语 表达出来。 三、模糊语言与意境的传递 语言模糊性是语言自身的特点之一,具有较高的审美价值。语言文字构成文学作品,作家用语言文字来传达文学形象。“文学审美中的非物质形态即意象、情感、意境、风格等这些非表象要素代表文学作品的气质,虽然可感,但又因难以捉摸、不可计量而模糊。”(毛荣贵,2005:230)文学语言的模糊化是作家对语言做 艺术 处理的结果。美学意义上的所谓“模糊语言”,是指语词具有朦胧而又广远的语义外延。从一定意义上说,就是不穷自己所欲言,不“嚼饭与人”,不无视或低估受众的能动;而是让读者独立思考,让读者驰骋想象,让读者享受咀嚼。(毛荣贵、范武邱,2005:11)模糊语言调动了审美主体,扩大了审美客体,从而扩大艺术空间,增加阅读美感。意境理论最核心的内容就是模糊美,或者说含蓄美、朦胧美。 意境是中国古代文论的核心范畴,它的产生和流传是中国影响外国,有着中国的特色。汉民族善于由具体到抽象的联想综合,在文字表达中强调整体的表达,主张藏而不露,欣赏似是而非、只可意会的意境。汉语表达注重整体感应,是一种意境性语言,讲究意合意会,不注重分析和逻辑;而英语则讲逻辑、重分析、求形合,欣赏客观描述,漠视整体感应。汉英翻译的憾事之一就是眼睁睁地看着汉语模糊美感的磨蚀。由此可见,在文学翻译中要完全再现原文的意境是多么困难,在很多情况下只能力求传达或传递原文的意境。 四、结语 中国传统美学崇尚意境美,追求实境与虚境的和谐统一。作者通过形象化的艺术描写手法,将读者引入一个充满想象的艺术境界。意境的基本特点是情景交融,虚实相生,具有较强的审美冲击力,使读者如临其境,感同身受。意境产生于意象又超越于意象,具有可意会而不可言传性,文学翻译中意境的传递受到多种因素的影响,因此要再现原文的意境十分困难。为了更好地向译文读者传递原文的意境,译者必须提高自身的审美能力和文学再创造能力,把握两种语言的语言差异和文化差异,巧妙运用模糊语言来传递意境,体现出意境的核心内容——模糊美,即含蓄美、朦胧美。 参考 文献 : [1] 龚光明.翻译思维学[M].上海:上海社会 科学 院出版社,2004. [2] 郭沫若. 论文 学翻译 工作[A].翻译研究论文集(1949-1983)[C].北京:外语教学与研究出版社,1984. [3] 姜秋霞.佳境生象外——文学翻译的美学随想[A].翻译思考录[C].武汉:湖北 教育 出版社,2000. [4] 廖七一.当代西方翻译理论探索[M].南京:译林出版社,2002. [5] 刘成纪.重谈中国美学意境之诞生[J].求是学刊,2006:(5). [6] 陆洋.论“美译”——林语堂翻译研究[J].中国翻译,2005:(5). 2017英语翻译论文范文篇2 论文学翻译中的再创造 摘要 翻译是一门语言的艺术,文学翻译更是如此,与其他文本类型相比较,文学翻译具有其独特的创造性。本文探讨了文学翻译再创造的必然性以及译者在对文学作品进行再创造时要考虑的四个层面:历史层面、宗教层面、文化层面和语言结构层面。 关键词:文学翻译 再创造 层面 中国的翻译可谓源远流长,有两千多年的历史传统。随着翻译这一门学科的不断发展,人们对翻译理论的探讨也不断深化。各种翻译理论层出不穷,释道安的“五失本”,玄奖的“喻俗”,严复的“信达雅”,到鲁迅提出的“宁信而不顺”,傅雷的“神似”,钱钟书的“化镜”,再到我们现在通用的“忠实、通顺”等等,都对翻译作过精辟的论述。但文学翻译却有别于其他文本的翻译,具有其独特性。它是一种跨文化的语言艺术,要求把一种语言所表达的思想内容和风格特色用另外一种语言准确地重新表达出来。译者在翻译的过程会受制于诸如历史、文化等外部因素,使得翻译活动与前人所提出的“忠实”背道而驰。“忠实”的翻译原则似乎不能给文学翻译以有效的指导,在文学翻译中究竟要采取什么样的翻译策略,如何跨越不同文化之间的鸿沟去理解与再现他国的文学作品,这些都是文学翻译面临的挑战。 一 文学翻译再创造的必然性 译者是原文和译文之间的“媒人”,原文经过译者的加工而转换成译文。从翻译活动的开始到翻译活动的结束,原文是译文的出发点,离开了原文,翻译便无从谈起;而译文却是原文的归宿,翻译活动的最终目的是把原文转换成译语读者能读懂的信息。当一种语言环境下产生的作品被移植到另一语言环境中时,译者要让译文在译入语环境中产生与原文最为相似的效果,在这一过程中,译者的重要性不言而喻。中国传统翻译理论强调“忠实”而忽视“创造”。在过去如果有人提出翻译的创造性,就往往会被指责为误译、滥译、胡译。这实际上是曲解了创造性的真正含义,错误地把创造性当作了任意性,不能把握译者在翻译过程中主观能动性的“度”。 “过度”的创造确实会歪曲原作的内容,破坏原作的意境,但是“适度”的创造在表达原作方面起着积极的作用。好的文学作品的翻译离不开译者的再创造,忠实只是再创造的基础,但忠实的译文并不等于好的译文,太过“忠实”的译文不能满足译入语读者的期待,这好比是给译者套上了沉重的枷锁,禁锢了译者的思想,忽略了译者的主观能动性,在难译和不可译的地方,只能采取“死译”,因而与翻译的初衷背道而驰。再者,文学翻译除了要传递原文的意义外,还要涉及到复杂的审美活动。文学作品包含了作者的思想感情,是情与景交融的产物,译者在理解原文的过程中也会不可避免地受到价值评判标准、文化修养、生活阅历及审美情趣等因素的影响。因此,“再创造”这种主观的能动参与是无法避免的。 茅盾先生说过文学翻译是用另一种语言把原作的艺术意境传达出来,使读者在读译文的时候能够像读原作时一样得到启发、感动和美的感受。在文学翻译的过程中,只有根据实际情况酌情对原文进行再创造,才有可能译出好的译文。当有人把“The man is the blacksheep of family.”译成“那人是家里的黑羊”时,确实让人啼笑皆非了一把。这就是典型的“忠实”的翻译。译文确实以最大程度呈现出了原文的字面意思,但是译得很失败。译者完全陷入了所谓的“忠实”翻译,译得一字不差,但却译得不知所云。如果对原文进行创造性翻译,考虑到喻体在中国人心中的形象,将blacksheep译成“害群之马”,问题便迎刃而解。还有些译文不是对与错的关系,而是合适与不合适的关系了。 培根在《论读书》中的第一句话可谓是众所周知了,“Sdudies serve for delight,for ornament and,for ability”。如果根椐字面意思译为“读书可以让人们感觉很愉快,可以增添光彩也能增长才干”,确实让人大跌眼镜,原文的美感全无,原文的排比结构也无从体现。故王佐良先生在理解的基础上对原文进行了再创造,将其译为“读书足以怡情,足以博采,足以长才”,成为了精典译作。由此可见,文学翻译确实有其自身的特点,需要艺术性地进行再创造。 二 文学翻译再创造的层面 1 历史层面 不同的国家和民族都经历过其自身的历史演变,而作为历史文化载体的语言在这一过程中发挥着重要的作用。民族历史的差异造成了语言的差异,这种差异在文学作品中有不同的表达方式。因此,在翻译过程中,必须顾及到不同文化在历史中的积淀、 思维方式 及表达情感的方式等不同民族的习惯。毛泽东的《七律?送瘟神》里面有一句:“春风杨柳万千条,六亿神州尽尧舜。”有人译为: “Spring winds move willow wands,in tens of million:Six hundred million we shall all be Yao Shun.” 这是不合适的译文,汉语诗句中的意思不难理解,“神州”指的就是中国,“舜尧”则是中国古代两位最英明的帝王,这里引申为圣贤之人,这是译入语读者不知晓的信息,显然不能直接音译。只能进行再创造: “Spring winds move willow wands,in tens of million:Six hundred million we shall all be Sage-Kings.” 这样一来,译文中的“Sage-Kings(贤明之主)”更忠实于原文。《红楼梦》第三回有一段文字用来描写林黛玉的“稀世”之美: “两弯似蹙非蹙蹙烟眉,一双似喜非喜含露目。态生两靥之愁,娇袭一身之病。泪光点点,娇喘微微。闲静时如娇花照水,行动处似弱柳扶风。心较比干多一窍,病如西子胜三分。” 霍克斯(David Hawks)译为: She had more chambers in her heart than the martyred Bi Gan;and suffered a tithe more pain in it than the beautiful Xi Shi.(David Hawks,1973) 国外的读者理解不了上面的表达,因为比干、西施是中国历史上著名的人物,前者代表着智慧和忠诚,后者代表着绝世的美艳。此处如果不采取加注的方式对原文进行再创造,译文的失败在所难免。 2 宗教层面 宗教在文明社会的形成和发展中起着重要的作用,是人类文化的重要组成部分,它指的是由民族的宗教信仰、意识形态等所形成的文化。中国的三大宗教在中国民众心中有深远的影响。而在西方人心目中,耶稣的位置不可替代,____贯穿了社会生活的各个领域,成为西方文化的主体特征之一。由此演变出很多与宗教相关的词汇,它们承载着特殊的涵义。在宗教文化的影响下,有些词语的长期使用,其含义已远远地超出了原来宗教词语的含义,随着词语使用环境的不同,其含义也有所不同,如果不进行再创造,往往不能传达这些词的全部含义,造成文本的信息丢失。在《红楼梦》的第六回,刘姥姥说:“谋事在人,成事在天。” 英国翻译家大卫?霍克斯(David Hawkes)将这句话译为“Man proposes,God disposes”。他用英语 谚语 来对译汉语 成语 ,似乎是神形兼备。“天”译为God”。而“God”的意思是____中的上帝,原句中的“天”却是一个道教概念。这使得东方道教和西方基督____的文化差异和宗教渊源无从体现。西方读者会以为《红楼梦》里的人物信奉着基督____样作品的原汁原味就丧失了。翻译家杨宪益先生将这句话译为:“Man proposes,Heaven dosposes.”他将“天”直译为“Heaven”,保存了原文中的道教色彩,使原作的文化特色得以再现。 3 文化层面 文化是指人类社会历史实践过程中所创造的物质财富和精神财富的总和。不同的国家、不同的民族都有自己的文化,这些文化特征又在不同程度上体现在一个民族的文学作品中。在翻译的过程中灵活地采取不同的翻译方法来排除文化差异,以达到文化再现的目的。由于不同民族的文化背景各不相同,致使相同的表达在不同语言文化中所传递的内涵也大不一样。英汉语分属两个截然不同的语系,受语言和文化的特殊性的影响,不同的国家赋予词汇的意义也各不相同,在翻译时若一味“对号人座”、望文生义,不仅令人费解,而且也不能准确地表达原文真正的涵义,因此只能采用意译法恰当地进行翻译,以再现原文的神韵和意境。这方面的例子不胜枚举。例如:“Bush eats no fish and plays the game”,如果把它译成“布什不吃鱼还玩游戏”则让人莫名其妙。 查阅相关资料,了解到在伊丽莎白女王时代,教徒们为了表示绝对的忠诚,反对罗马天主教在星期五只吃鱼的习俗,所以有了“不吃鱼”这个说法,此处我们把“不吃鱼”创造性地译为“忠诚”;而“play the game”义同“play fair”,大体上是指公平地比赛,根据具体的语境在此处译为为人正直。所以上面的句子若能译为“布什既忠诚又正直”则更为达意。此外,中西文化中的“龙”也是很好的例证。在中国文化中,“龙”象征“权力、地位”,古代的皇帝都坐喜欢坐在龙椅上大概就是这个原因了;而在西方文化中,“龙”却是邪恶的象征,是一种不讨人喜欢的喷火的动物。因此,在翻译时就要准确地把握该词所在的语境。 4 语言结构层面 英语和汉语是两种不同的语言,属于不同的语系。英语隶属于印欧语系,而汉语则是汉藏语系;英语采用26个字母为其语言的表达符号,而汉语则在象形文字的基础上传情达意;汉语是螺旋式思维,而英语是直线式思维;英语重形合,而汉语重意合。这些差异使得译者在翻译过程中必须得斟词酌句、深思熟虑。如果把“The coat is nice and cheap”译为“这件外套漂亮和便宜”就失去汉语的意味了,因为原句中“nice”和“cheap”的搭配可谓是相得益彰,符合以英语为母语的读者们的审美观,但在翻译的过程中忽略了汉语语言的特点,失去了原文的“美”,若能此处译为“这件外套物美价廉”,则带给中国读者完全不同的感觉。译文充分考虑到了汉语语言结构特点,采用四个字的成语表达,符合中国人的思维,最自然最贴切地再现了原文。在英译汉的过程中,有些时候还要转换词语的词性,译文若采取与原文同样的词性,可能会造成“只可意会,不可言传”或是译文晦涩难懂的局面。如:“Independent observers have commented favourably on the achievements you have made in this direction.”翻译成了“有独立见解的观察家们对你们在这方面取得的成就给予了很好的评价。”译文把句中的动词“commented”译为了名词“评价”,而原句中修饰动词的副词“favourably”也相应地转译成汉语的形容词。 三 结语 文学翻译是一门艺术,而创造是表现这门艺术的唯一途径。翻译比写作更难,这是因为作家可根据自己的经验随意进行发挥、自由创作,而译者的翻译受原作内容与艺术意境的制约,可供译者驰骋的空间只有方寸之地。即使对那些“文化空白性”事物的翻译也不是任意的,既要使原文的艺术意境能顺利地“化出”,又要能为本族语的读者所接受,除了进行恰当的“创造”与“叛逆”,译者恐怕也别无他法。所谓百分之百的忠实只能是一种错觉。译者在翻译中必须借助自身的文化修养和经验水平,在“忠实”和“再创造”之间找到一个平衡点;只有这样,才能翻译出优秀的作品。 参考文献: [1] 中国翻译工作者协会翻译通讯编辑部:《翻译研究论文集》,外语教学与研究出版社,1984年版。 [2] 常敬宇:《汉语词汇与文化》,北京大学出版社,1998年版。 [3] 臧克家讲解,周振甫注:《毛主席诗词十八首讲解》,中国青年出版社,1957年版。 [4] 谭晓鸣:《文化差异与文学翻译障碍》,《科技信息》,2008年第28期。 [5] 黄顺红:《文学翻译中的文化差异与信息求真》,《焦作大学学报》,2008年第1期。 [6] 孟健、王春:《比较之中出鉴别――文学翻译中风格的传达》,《湖南医科大学学报》,2009年第1期。

英语翻译类论文模板

当英语论文,或其他重要的英文文书的初稿撰写完成后,在提交给相关读者阅读之前,必须要经过润色才比较保险。找北京译顶科技,性价比高,我就是在那边做的。你可以加速去知道了解下

旅游英语翻译论文模板

Higher Tourism English professional English teaching model to explore scenarios[Abstract] the primary characteristics of vocational education to write papers on behalf of students is to cultivate the ability to integrate theory with practice, this paper discusses the characteristics of tourism in English and discusses the use of more on the way to - scenes approach, noting that such Method The advantages and problems, and Tourism English Teaching Problems also included in the scope of discussion.[Key words] Vocational Education Tourism English teaching methods and problem scenariosFirst, several characteristics of Tourism English1. Practical strong. We often talk about the theory and practice should be a combination of (theory must be integrated with practice), the theory of learning is to better guide the practice, guides the work of one of the characteristics is to practice. Guides, known as civil ambassadors and image ambassador, who in the international exchanges of the role is particularly important, even if they have a solid theoretical knowledge, but it can not be used for practical work, this is not a qualified tour . Specialized. There is no doubt that in the tourism teaching English inevitably involves travel to the deep expertise. The six basic elements of tourism, food, shelter, transportation, travel purchase, entertainment and tourism resources, tourism planning, hotels, travel agencies, tourist attractions such as the various departments of knowledge, requires students to master these basic professional basic knowledge. If the creation of the relevant professional courses on tourism professionals to learn and understand English will be of great . Comprehensive and strong. Involved in the tourism industry knowledge is very complex, politics, history, literature, art, architecture, religion, gardening, such as multi-disciplinary knowledge, I have seen a few of the basic teaching materials are in accordance with the six elements of tourism know-how into the above into which constitute a , tourism scene in English TeachingAs the saying goes, interest is the best teacher, then how to train students interested in teaching has become one important aspect. Above have already said that guides the work of highly practical, but also in certain scenes occurred, such as tours at the airport shuttle, how welcoming and farewell speech, to move into the hotel, along the guided tours, attractions and so on , the author based on different scenarios into the training purposes of which have achieved good results, the following I would like to give one example, Unit 11 WaterTour: Lijiang . BACKGROUND introduced (backgroundinformation)This is paving the way each unit of knowledge and information to add, so that students of the natural resources of water have a total understanding, it can generally be divided into several categories: rivers, lakes, sea, hot springs, waterfalls, each category is a list of the most distinctive examples, such as: the Yangtze River, the West Lake, Jinan's Baotu Spring, Guizhou Huangguoshu waterfall, and then broken down into each, such as: What are the sites of West Lake, and the English translation shown to students, the I have followed each of the modules in this order, descending from a whole to partial, and the use of courseware ppt documents, first introduced after the display picture. Here I want to say is, the traditional template significantly those of very old, very old-fashioned style, teachers can browse the Web in the process of peace will be their favorite picture or interesting for tourism save the picture of English language teaching, and their ppt documents into standby, the best choice of picture and each unit can be relevant to the subject, of course, need to spend a lot of work, but good value for money, students in the learning process can inspire their . Courseware on specific (detailed explanation)The theme of this module is to introduce the world famous Lijiang River in Guilin landscape, the article is mainly to readers as a tourist, took us to visit the scenic甲天下, Castle Peak, Xiushui, Qishi, reflection ..., the article is more inclined to the narrative is a Field guides word. In order to allow students to Lijiang's landscape there is a general understanding, I will introduce into the relevant spots in which, such as the Reed Flute Cave, Cheung Pei Shan, Qixingyan and so on, to the students a whole . Scenarios interpretation (situational presentation)This is the most difficult step in the process of belonging to the output. At the end of each unit after the lecture, I will place the students of this unit have learned the content of drilling can be carried out group work, to enable students through role-playing (role play), so that students feel like, and give full play to their own imagination, and promote active learning students enthusiasm. Another method is to knowledge in their own language to organize themselves, and then they speak out, each class 10 minutes before I do, so can study the effect of book knowledge. However, in the course of the author, Professor, students or the existence of certain problems will arise, if students are too rigidly adhere to teaching materials, as well as the students are short of certain cross-cultural communication of knowledge, in exchange they would often make the phenomenon of culture shock. Such as in teaching to join the cross-cultural communication on the knowledge, you can play with the foreign exchange the role of lubricants to avoid conflict, do not be embarrassed to enable the two , the main problems1. Materials relatively singleMost of the tourism professional teaching English only for the province or a region, there is no nationwide introduction of the overall attraction, and the same theme, introducing a time when almost all of the same language, the lack of reference materials; part of teaching materials to more Tourism deep expertise in the overall translated into English, which is no tourism expertise to pave the way for English learners is difficult to understand, but such a career as higher vocational institutions, such as pure things significantly less useful, specific spots should be introduced to include a good word to focus on a good sentence, such as better able to recite in order to achieve the purpose of training. In addition, if the publication of these films all over the scenery of the English version of CD-ROM, coupled with on-site tour guides, students can imitate, or if there is mute function to allow students to come under the shooting scene with their own explanations, so the skills the requirements and further improved, for those who have a higher base and capacity of . The lack of professional teaching English for TourismAt present, the majority of teachers are tourism management professional or graduate English majors, specialized school English teachers very little tourism, so it is very difficult to teach the process of grasping the curriculum focus, or not grasped, may be the beginning of the semester or students, and gradually becomes a monologue students became teachers, Ap Lei like to listen to teaching. I think the teachers can take part in some training activities, continue to accumulate experience, check the length of others make up for our own short, At the same time, teachers can also go to the first line of services for others to experience the pleasure brought about by, to better promote classroom . The lack of school internship training baseAt present most of the opening of Tourism English professional school, the teaching and practice are basically out of touch. First of all, to impart theoretical knowledge, and then make use of other practical semester. If we can combine theory and practice so that you can receive good results. However, due to practical needs some practice material support, so most students will need on their own to sum up in practice, so that delayed a lot of valuable time.

越来越多的人热爱旅游,因此,旅游英语在旅游发展方面发挥了至关重要的作用,它促进了全球经济的发展、加强了国际交流以及推动了国内外服务业的发展。我精心收集了旅游英语作文万能模板,供大家欣赏学习!

More and more college students choose self-help trayelijig rather than arranged tours when they plan to travel. The reason inay be that by ananging the route, booking cheaper hotels and taking cheaper transportation means by themselves, they can save a lot of money.

Convenient and economical as self-help traveling sounds, it still has some potential problems Perhaps the most important one is the safety hazard. Being alone without a group or a tour guide, a traveler may be helpless in face of danger, . robbery, wild animal attacks, etc. In addition, they are more Eikely to be at risk of getting lost when traveling alone in a strange city or in the remote countryside.

In my view, self-help traveling can be exciting and challenging which is worth trying. However, before setting out alone on a tour, travelers should make good preparations. Besides, they should hear security in mind all the time and keep ia touch with their friends or relatives. By doing soa they can enjoy the pleasure of exploring a strange city safe and sound.

Self-help traveling enjoys great popularity among college students today. The reason may be that they can save a lot of money by arranging the routes, booking cheaper hotels and deciding cheaper transportation tools all by themselves.

Convenient and economical as self-help traveling sounds, they still have some potential problems. Perhaps the most important one is the safety problem. Being alone without a group or a tour guide, a traveler may be helpless in face of danger, . robbery, wild animal attacks, etc. In addition, they are more likely to be at risk of getting lost when traveling alone in a city strange to them or in the remote countryside.

In my view, self-help traveling can be exciting and challenging and is worth trying. However, before setting out alone, travelers should make good , they should bear safety and security in mind all the time and keep in touch with their friends or , they can enjoy both safety and pleasure of exploring different places.

So called self-help traveling refers that travelers themselves arrange travel route, travel time, and all the other matters during travel, without any guide and team leader. Nowadays this kind of traveling model is gaining more and more popularity among college students. According to the survey, over 80% of college students prefer self-help traveling to following a tour group.

Why are college students so fond of self-help traveling? Above all, self-help traveling gives travelers more freedom and space. College students don’t like being restricted. They want to arrange their travel as they wish. Moreover, self-help traveling provides college students a good chance to improve their adaptability and viability. Besides, the expenses in self-help traveling are controlled by travelers themselves. It is a good choice for those college students who have not much money for their disposal.

As a college student, I enjoy self-help traveling very much, and I have benefited a lot from it. For one thing, I have appreciated many amazing scenery that those travelers who follow tour groups can not. For another, self-help travel helps me learn how to deal with people better.

1、I went to three cities to play during last summer holidays. They are Beijing, Dalian and HuHehot. 我去了三个城市,在去年夏天的假期。他们是北京,大连和呼和浩特。 2、I went to Beijing more than eight times. Beijing is the capital of China. It’s a big city. I am very familiar with Beijing. It takes an hour and forty minutes from Nantong to Beijing by plane. There are many tall buildings in Beijing. It’s a modern city. My family visited the Great Wall, the Summer Palace, the Palace Museum, the Beihai Park, the Space Museum, etc. I went to the countryside of Beijing to go boating and fishing. It was very interesting. I went shopping in WangFuJing. I bought lots of souvenirs and other things. I like eating Beijing snacks. They are delicious. It is really nice. 北京是中国的首都。这是一个很大的城市。我对北京很熟悉。它需要一个小时和四十分钟从南通到北京乘飞机。在北京有许多高大的.建筑物。这是一个现代化的城市。我的家人参观了长城,颐和园,故宫,北海公园,太空馆,等我去了北京农村去划船和钓鱼。这是非常有趣的。我去了王府井。我买了很多纪念品和其他东西。我喜欢吃北京小吃。他们很美味。这真是太好了。 3、Dalian is a beautiful city. Dalian is close to Beijing. I spent 5o minutes on the plane. Dalian is near the sea. I smelled the salty taste in the air. The roads are clean. There are lots of trees and flowers near the roads. There are many esplanades and Japanese buildings. There are some fountains in one of the esplanades. Some people flew kites and walked on the esplanades. We went to see the beach and the sea. The sea is blue. There were many swimmers in the sea. I lay on the beach to see the is a very nice place to live. 大连是一个美丽的城市。大连离北京很近。我在飞机上度过了5o分钟。大连附近海域。我闻到了咸咸的味道在空气中。道路是干净的。有许多树木和花草附近的道路。有许多esplanades和日本的建筑物。有一些喷泉中esplanades之一。有些人放风筝的esplanades走去。我们去看海滩和大海。海是蓝色的。在海中有许多游泳者。我躺在沙滩上,看天空。大连是一个很好的地方。 4、Huhehot is in Inner Mongol. There are lots of large grasslands. The grasslands are endless. The sky is bright blue. There were a lot of horses and sheep. They were running or eating grass. I rode a horse on the graland. I picked some colourful flowers. We drank the tea with milk. There is a small desert, it was very hot。 内蒙古呼和浩特。有很多的大草原。草原是无穷无尽的。天空是明亮的蓝色。有一个很大的马和羊。他们正在运行或吃草。我骑着马在草原。我挑选了一些五颜六色的花朵。我们喝的茶与牛奶。有一个小的沙漠,这是非常热的。 5、These trips helped me open my eyes. I enjoyed my day. 这些旅行使我打开我的视野。我很喜欢。

英语翻译论文万能模板

没翻译的,留邮箱,发给你吧

高中英语实用模版1.书信开头:How nice to hear from you me tell you something about the ’m glad to have received your letter of Apr. ’m pleased to hear that you’re coming to China for a ’m writing to thank you for your help during my stay in America.结尾:With best ’m looking forward to your ’d appreciate it if you could reply earlier.二、口头通知呼语及开场白部分:Ladies and gentlemen, May I have your attention, please? I have an announcement to make.正文部分:All the teachers and students are required to attend take your notebooks and make listen carefully and we’ll have a discussion in come on time and don’t be late.结束语部分:Please come and join in is welcome to attend hope you’ll have a nice time ’s all. Thank you.三、议论文模板1.正反观点式议论文导入:第1段:Recently we’ve had a discussion about whether we should... (导入话题)Our opinions are divided on this topic.(观点有分歧)正文:第2段:Most of the students are in favour of it.(正方观点)Here are the reasons. First... Second... Finally...(列出2~3个赞成的理由)第3段:However, the others are strongly against it. (反方观点)Their reasons are as follows. In the first place... What’s more... In addition...(列出2~3个反对的理由)结论:第4段:Personally speaking, the advantages overweigh the disadvantages, for it will do us more harm than good, so I support it.(个人观点) オ2.“A或者B”类议论文模板:导入:第1段:Some people hold the opinion that A is superior to B in many ways. Others, however, argue that B is much better. Personally, I would prefer A because I think A has more advantages.正文:第2段:There are many reasons why I prefer A. The main reason is that ... Another reason is that...(赞同A的原因)第3段: Of course, B also has advantages to some extent... (列出1~2个B的优势)结论:第4段: But if all these factors are considered, A is much better than B. From what has been discussed above, we may finally draw the conclusion that ...(得出结论) オ3.观点论述类议论文:导入:第1段:提出一种现象或某个决定作为议论的话题As a student, I am strongly in favour of the decision. (亮明自己的观点是赞成还是反对)The reasons for this may be listed as follows. (过渡句,承上启下)正文:第2段:First of all... Secondly... Besides...(列出2~3个赞成或反对的理由)结论:第3段:In conclusion, I believe that... (照应第1段,构成"总—分—总"结构)4."How to"类议论文模板:导入:第1段:提出一种现象或某种困难作为议论的话题正文:第2段:Many ways can help to solve this serious problem, but the following may be most effective. First of all... Another way to solve the problem is ... Finally...(列出2~3个解决此类问题的办法)结论:第3段:These are not the best but the only two/ three measures we can take. But it should be noted that we should take action to...(强调解决此类问题的根本方法)四、图表作文写作模板The chart gives us an overall picture of the 图表主题. The first thing we notice is that 图表最大特点 . This means that as (进一步说明).We can see from the statistics given that 图表细节一 . After 动词-ing 细节一中的第一个变化, the动词-ed+幅度+时间(紧跟着的变化) . The figures also tell us that图表细节二 . In the column, we can see that accounts for (进一步描述).Judging from these figures, we can draw the conclusion that (结论). The reason for this, as far as I am concerned is that (给出原因). / It is high time that we (发出倡议).五、图画类写作:1.开头Look at this picture./The picture shows that.../From this picture, we can see.../As is shown in the picture.../As is seen in the picture...2.衔接句As we all know, .../As is known to all,.../It is well known that.../In my opinion,.../As far as I am concerned,.../This sight reminds me of something in my daily .结尾句In conclusion.../In brief.../On the whole.../In short.../In a word.../Generally speaking.../As has been stated...

英汉翻译过程包括理解和表达两个重要的阶段,只有在正确理解原文词义的基础上,才能正确地表达原文。下文是我为大家整理的关于英汉翻译论文范文的内容,欢迎大家阅读参考!

探析英汉翻译陷阱

【摘 要】英语陷阱的表现形式多种多样,常常是句子或词语的表层结构与其要表达的真实含义相反。为了避免落入英语陷阱,学习者对英语的某些词句、语义应克服表面化的理解,也不能简单照搬辞典上的释义,更不能望文生义;对中西文化差异也必须有深刻的了解。只要对英语陷阱多注意、多分析、多体会,便可避免误入一些似是而非的“陷阱”。

【关键词】英汉翻译;陷阱;表层结构;深层含义

英语陷阱的表现形式多种多样,对学习者来说的确是一个必须要注意的问题。在英汉翻译中,初学者往往从语法角度对英汉两种语言做机械对比,有时还下意识地将词典释义不加斟酌,拿来就用。在审查译文表达是否准确时,又习惯于将自己的母语思维定势用作衡量正误的标准。这些做法实际上都很容易造成释义与原文真实含义的脱节,甚至南辕北辙,落入英语“陷阱”。

一、短语翻译中的陷阱

例子如下:

1、confidence man

误译:值得信赖的人

正译:

2、sleep late

误译:睡觉很晚

正译:起床很晚

3、black tea

误译:黑茶

正译:红茶

4、gas mask

误译:赌气面具

正译:防毒面具

5、mad-doctor

误译:发疯的医生

正译:精神病医师

6、lightning rod

误译:闪电针

正译:避雷针

7、trouble man

误译:制造麻烦的人

正译:故障检修员

8、be in control

误译:被控制

正译:掌控……,控制……

9、flu mask

误译:流感口罩

正译:卫生器具

10、fire engine

误译:点火机器

正译:救火车、消防车

11、fire wall

误译:着火的墙

正译:防火墙

对这些短语均须准确理解,否则便会落入陷阱之中。

二、习语翻译中的陷阱

在翻译英语习语时,初学者有时总想找一个汉语的习语或成语,使之与英语习语相对应。虽然这种对应在某种程度上可以做到,但却不一定在所有情况下都能成功。英语陷阱的特点就是其表层意思和深层含义常常貌合神离,甚至南辕北辙,若抛开语言文化差异而不顾,盲目追求“形似”,就难免会落入英语陷阱。如:

1、Gild(或Paint)the lily

该习语似乎与“锦上添花”意思相近,但实际上却相差甚远。在汉语中,“锦上添花”比喻使美好的事物更加美好,而这个习语的意思是指对已经很完美的东西做不恰当甚至过分的修饰,结果是破坏了原来的美。这有点近似于汉语的“画蛇添足”。

2、Strange bedfellows

这个习语不等于“同床异梦”。“Strange bedfellows”指走到一起的不同类型的人,萍水相逢的人;或有些人性格、兴趣、习惯等都不相同,本来不会碰到一起,而现在却成了伙伴。“同床异梦”指的是虽然共同生活或共同从事某项活动,但各有各的打算,面和心不合。可见“strange bedfellows”和“同床异梦”所指很不一样。

3、Turn the table

这个习语很容易被误译为“把桌子掀翻”,而且好像还带有气愤至极的味道。其实,这种理解是不对的,“turn the table”在含义上并不带有这种激动的成分。譬如,一对夫妻吵架、闹离婚,经过调解之后,终于化干戈为玉帛。丈夫的一位美国朋友打来电话,询问情况,当知道是这么一种结果时,便说:“Oh,thank God!You turned the table.”这位男士听后很不理解:朋友是不是以为自己对妻子动粗了?其实,这个习语的意思和掀翻桌子一点关系也没有,也不带有什么负面的感情色彩,它的意思是“扭转了局面”。

4、The last straw

如:The service in this shop has been bad before,but this is the last straw.

误译:这家商店的服务一向不好,这可是救命稻草。

学习者对这句英文容易误译的原因就是在阅读时容易忽略中西方文化因素,望文生义。因为在我们的文化中,很容易把“the last straw”和“最后一根稻草(救命稻草)”联系起来。可是在英语中,“the last straw”指的是“the last in a series of bad events, makes it impossible for somebody to accept a situation any longer(令人忍无可忍之事;终于使人不堪忍受的最后一件事或一个因素等)”。该习语源于谚语“It is the last straw that breaks the camel’s back”。(最后添加的一根稻草压断骆驼脊背。)可见,它的指称意义与汉语的“救命稻草”大相径庭。所以,“The service in this shop has been bad before,but this is the last straw.”应该译为:这家商店的服务一向不好,这一次更是叫人受不了。

三、句型翻译中的陷阱

释义与原义南辕北辙,这种现象在某些英语句型和特殊结构的翻译中也很常见。当然,之所以出现“南辕北辙”的现象,归根到底还是由于没有掌握英语陷阱的规律。由于英语中一些固定结构的深层含义与表层含义相反,所以,若仅仅按照句子的表层结构进行翻译,那就很容易会落入英语陷阱之中。

1、For all 结构

如:For all I care,you can throw it away.

误译:你把它丢了,我很在乎。

正译:你把它丢了,我也不在乎。

2、It + be + adj.+ n.+ that 结构

著名翻译家钱歌川教授认为像这一类的句型应从反面理解,以适应英语语言的独特意境。

如:It is a good workman that never blunders.

误译:一个好的技工从来不会犯错。

正译:智者千虑,必有一失。

It is a wise father that knows his own child.

误译:聪明的爸爸会了解自己的孩子。

正译:聪明的爸爸也未必了解自己的孩子。

3、being + a.

如:They are being friendly.

误译:他们现在很友好。

正译:他们装出一副友好的样子。

“being friendly”之所以是“装出一副友好的样子(或姿态)”,是因为从深层结构看,“being”表示的意思是“目前”或“现在”,其含义短暂。它说明这是主语有意识的一个动作,因而在这类句子里面就隐含着一个意思:他们平时并不这么友善,现在是故意作秀。在这个句型里,“being”的含义相当于“故意地”。

4、形式否定,实为肯定

(1)….cannot…….too

如:You cannot be too careful when driving.

误译:你开车的时候不能太小心了。

正译:你开车的时候越小心越好。

此结构在形式上是否定的,但意义却是肯定的。表示一个人“无论怎么…..也不过分”,“越……越好”。

(2)……never……but……

如:I never go to that city but I want to eat the characteristic food there.

误译:我从来不去那个城市,但是我想吃那里的特色食品。

正译:我每次去那个城市都要吃那里的特色食品。

在“……never……but……”这个结构中,never和but是用来加强语气的,实表肯定的意思,可译为“每次……都/必……”。

(3)……nothing if not……

如:The book is nothing if not interesting.

误译:这本书没有什么意思。

正译:这本书相当有意思。

在这里,“nothing if not”是一个双重否定,实际上它是一个强调肯定意义的结构。“nothing if not”相当于“extremely”、“very”,意思是“极其……”,“非常……”。

5、形式肯定,实为否定

(1)……the last…… + 不定式短语/定语从句

如:This is the last thing I expect him to do.

误译:这是我希望他做的最后一件事。

正译:这是我最不希望他做的事。

在这个句型中,“last”应理解为“最不可能的”。

(2)……anything but……

如:This math text is anything but easy.

误译:这次数学考试很容易。

正译:这次数学考试一点也不容易。

“……anything but……”应理解为never,意思是“决不”。

6、貌似全部否定,实为部分否定

如:All of the students did not turn up.

误译:所有的学生都没有出席。

正译:并非所有的学生都出席了。

Both of us are not teachers.

误译:我们俩都不是教师。

正译:我们俩并不都是教师。

英语中,当all,both,every,each等表示整体意义的代词与否定词not连用时,一般只表示部分否定,而不是全部否定。

7、否定转移

如:He was not ready to believe something just because Aristotle said so.

误译:他不会相信此事,因为亚里士多德这样说过。

正译:他并不会因为亚里士多德说过如何如何就轻信此事。

否定转移结构往往貌似一般否定结构,not的位置与一般否定结构中的not完全相同,但实际上却是一种部分否定,not由一部分转移到了另一部分。

英汉翻译中稍不留意就会出现意思南辕北辙的现象还有很多,例子不胜枚举,限于篇幅,这里不再赘述。

四、如何避免落入陷阱

从上面所举的这些例子不难看出,英语陷阱的表现形式多种多样,学习者可谓一不留神就会落入陷阱。如何避免这种情况的发生呢?

首先,学习者对英语的词句、语义应努力克服机械理解,不能简单照搬辞典上的释义,更不能想当然。在翻译时,望文生义是最要不得的。

第二,学习者对中西文化差异必须要有深刻的了解。

语言是文化的载体,是折射不同民族文化的一面镜子。有时,英汉翻译之所以会掉入陷阱,一个很重要的原因就是学习者忽视对中西文化差异的学习和掌握,这种忽视势必会使学习者误入歧途,掉入文化的“陷阱”。只有在文化中去探寻词语或某些特殊表达方式的真实内涵,才会有效地避免翻译中的“南辕北辙”;只有了解不同国度的文化差异,在英汉翻译过程中才不会落入陷阱。正如王佐良先生所指出的:“在寻找与原文相对的‘对等词’的过程中,就要做一番比较,因为真正的对等应该是在各自文化的含义、作用、范围、感情色彩、影响等各个方面都相当。这当中,陷阱是不少的,如果我们望文生义就会出毛病……译者做的文化比较远比一般人细致、深入。他处理的是个别的词;他面对的则是两大片文化。”由此可见,学习者对中西文化的了解何其重要。

第三,对英语陷阱的规律要多注意、多分析、多体会。

英译汉有时可以做到形式结构上的对等,但并不是每个英文习语、短语都能在汉语中找到意义对等且形式结构也相当的习语或惯用法。在这种情况下,译者可采用音译加注、意译、增译等其他技巧来表达某些英语特殊结构或词语的真正含义,这样才能避免误入一些似是而非的“盲区”或“陷阱”。

参考文献:

[1]孙海运.英语成语来龙去脉[M].中国对外翻译出版社,1989.

[2]鲁迅.准风月谈[M].人民文学出版社,2006.

[3].牛津高阶英汉双解词典(第七版)[M].牛津大学出版社,2010.

[4]董乐山.英译汉理论与实例[M].北京出版社,2005.

[5]王佐良.翻译中的文化比较[J].中国翻译,1984(01).

英汉翻译的词序差异

摘要:本文主要研究英汉翻译中经常出现但又不被重视的词序问题。通过以词序中的副词、形容词为研究对象来体现在英汉翻译中词序使用正确的价值与意义,从而促进英汉翻译技能的成熟与完整。

关键词:词序渊源;副词词序;形容词词序

在平时的练习中我们不难发现英译汉的过程中词序的一些变化,这种差异值得学习的人研究和琢磨。因此,在英汉翻译中应首先了解这种差异中的一种,即词序的变化对翻译者而言是有价值的。价值何在?通过以下的比较研究,让我们来认识这一点,并且让这一点服务于翻译。

一、练习

妇女要求同工同酬。他们终于找到了一个能应付这种局面的人。译者的对应结构式:“Woman demands equal pay for equal work.”这句话没有问题。但对第二句话的词序就犯了愁,怎么写呢?“They finally found a man equal to the they found an equal man to the occasion.”前一句的翻译正好是在说汉语原句的意思,这句是对的,而后一句会产生歧义。看的人会认为意思是:他们终于找了一个公平公正的人去应付这种局面。这些经常出现的问题体现了译者的基础薄弱。对词序的不甚了解而导致了问题的出现。这种问题在翻译中会带来一些不必要的甚至是负面的影响,好在初学者大多是在练习中而已。试想,对于一个翻译工作者来讲,掌握且精通词序是有意义的。

这便给我们提了个醒。要怎样才能掌握好副词在句中的词序呢?“diligently”,“characteristically”等置于动词之前时,仅修饰动词本身。而置于句末时,其修饰对象及句意均有变化。对比以下句子可以看出这种特点。The people in the show their capacity on settling the diligently complex problems,for instance,the colleague ,Lillian showed Parent Zhang all around Beijing City,who comes from Shanghai.

二、给出的例句

The kitty nearly touched the back of herself as she would be the greatest painter around Town Sony.翻译成:这可爱的猫咪一伸手就能摸到自己个儿的背,看起来像是索尼镇上最了不起的画家。这显示猫咪并不真的是画家,只是有一种能显示出猫咪妖娆的色彩,让人觉得她是灵活的、聪明可爱的。我们也能感受到,似我们在其他情绪中如“蕴酿”一般,没有体现一个什么过程,只是有一种“身临其境”的感受,没多想就写出来了。

从以上的比较中我们可以看出这两句中的副词“nearly”与“too”是相反的。置于不同的词之前,会产生不同的句意。而“too”只是强调所紧跟的词,无论该词是人称代词还是地点名词。如:I,too,brushed the yellow 此处强调主语I。而My grandpa and I brushed the yellow shoes,too.该处仔细读来是在强调“爷爷也刷了他的黄色的鞋子”这件事情。

因为副词在语法上的功能是做状语使用,所修饰的是一个完整的句子,或是某个形容词,使语言本身更富色彩。在词序的学习研究中,副词的研究很具代表性。

下面我们来研究一下形容词在词序上的位置给句子带来的变化。例句:Young Chairman Mao,proper pioneer of the Chinese Communist Party(which put him involved into the liberation of whole China)had gained the support from the bosom friends as in his student year.(作为身兼解放全中国伟大事业及带领中国共产党的合适的领袖,年轻的毛主席以自己学生时代的志同道合者们作为开展工作的基石。)They failed to trust the matter to a responsible man.(他们未能将此事委托给一个负责任的人.)The man responsible was at last punished.(应负责任的当事人最终受到了处罚。)三个形容词proper,bosom,responsible在两组句子里不同的位置可以看出形容词作前置定语与后置定语所产生的在汉语上的效果。“合适的领袖、志同道合的朋友、一个负责任的人、应负责任的人”,这些理解把形容词带给语言的修饰功能已经带出来了。让语言本身拥有多变的外貌,统一的思想,即:实现语言所表达的色彩。

三、除了以动词、副词和形容词的例句来研究词序外,还涉及到的内容

这些包括连贯(Coherence)、强调(Emphasis)、悬念(Suspense),分别来了解一下。

In the inn the Kuomintang set for the so-called Hot Red liberators,Yuan Juemin kneed on the cold looked like that he would say no other words from now a slim light put on his white and skinny face as a shower that made him feel so smiled then,no other words,just smile that also covered the roommates from the front corner to the back roommates also said no other words knew clearly what waited before them.

如果翻译只达到“信”,这让人觉得这橡皮筋被拉扯得太过费劲,且那么不自然,让业内人士一看就觉得动力火候欠缺,不够专业。那要如何处理呢?我们不妨来剖析剖析这个句子。主人翁是袁觉民,一个被国民党当成赤色分子关在监狱里的革命人。当我们看到因为长久没见到阳光,而现在哪怕见到从窗户里挤进来的一丝阳光就满足得心甘情愿接受折磨也不透漏出卖同志的一个字。他跪在冰冷的地上时,我们按一般的思维会产生一个悬念:接下来他要哭还是难受还是怎样。待全句读完,这个悬念才待释。原来他不难受不伤心,而是很满足,很知道从这一刻起生命、人生对他来讲的意义是什么。一个大转折,让读者读完也产生一种“生的伟大,死的光荣”的豪情壮志。一瞬间那种所谓的民族豪情便油然而生。而且全句都是连贯且有强调的,强调袁觉民的表现。译句中体现出悬念再加上深具节奏,读来抑扬顿挫,语句丰润有泽,所以佳句便呈现出来了。

四、我们来检验检验词序在翻译上的作用与之服务的意义

The young sisters told their teacher all their young sisters told all their troubles to their teacher.从前译者认为这两句话所说的是一个意思,译作同一个句子便可。便直接译为:这对姐妹把他们的烦恼全都告诉了他们的老师。这样看似是对的。但严格的放到词序这个问题上来分析,前一句的信息核心是all their troubles——告诉了老师什么?后一句的信息核心是to their teacher——告诉谁?因此,该译文只适合后一句,而前一句当译成:这对姐妹对老师讲了他们所有的烦恼。

仅以本文的陈述、论述和例证来让译文在对待英汉翻译上从大局出发,从小节着手,如词序问题,从而译出叫人拍手称好、张嘴叫绝的文字,从理论上更上一个研究的新台阶。从实践中印证英汉翻译的细节讲究,为英汉翻译积累更多更好的原始佐证材料,促使译文的发展和完整。

参考文献:

[1]郑立信,王菊泉.英汉语言文化对比研究[M].北京:上海外语教育出版社,2004.

[2]从莱庭,徐鲁亚.西方修辞学[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社,2007.

作文常用句式总结开头 Recently, the problem of … has aroused people’s concern. 最近,…问题已引起人们的关注. Internet has been playing an increasingly important role in our day-to-day life. It has brought a lot of benefits but has created some serious problems as well. 互联网已在我们的生活中扮演着越来越重要的角色.它给我们带来了许多好处,但也产生了一些严重的问题. Nowadays, (overpopulation) has become a problem we have to face. 如今,(人口过剩)已成为我们不得不面对的问题了. It is commonly believed that… / It is a common belief that… 人们一般认为… Many people insist that… 很多人坚持认为… With the development of science and technology, more and more people believe that… 随着科技的发展,越来越多的人认为… A lot of people seem to think that… 很多人似乎认为… 引出不同观点: People’s views on… vary from person to person. Some hold that… . However, others believe that…. 人们对…的观点因人而异.有些人认为….. 然而其他人却认为... People may have different opinions on… 人们对…可能会有不同的见解. Attitudes towards (drugs) vary from person to person. 人们对待吸毒的态度因人而异. There are different opinions among people as to… 关于…. 人们的观点大不相同. Different people hold different attitudes toward (failure). 对(失败)人们的态度各不相同. 结尾 Taking all these factors into consideration, we naturally come to the conclusion that… 把所有这些因素加以考虑,我们自然会得出结论… Taking into account all these factors, we may reasonably come to the conclusion that… 考虑所有这些因素,我们可能会得出合理的结论… Hence/Therefore, we’d better come to the conclusion that… 因此,我们最好得出这样的结论… There is no doubt that (job-hopping) has its drawbacks as well as merits. 毫无疑问,跳槽有优点也有缺点. All in all, we cannot live without… But at the same time we must try to find out new ways to cope with the problems that would arise. 总之,我们没有…是无法生活的.但同时,我们必须寻求新的解决办法来对付可能出现的新问题. 提出建议: It is high time that we put an end to the (trend). 该是我们停止这一趋势的时候了. It is time to take the advice of … and to put special emphasis on the improvement of … 该是采纳…的建议,并对…的进展给予特殊重视的时候了. There is no doubt that enough concern must be paid to the problem of … 毫无疑问,对…问题应予以足够的重视. Obviously,…. If we want to do something… , it is essential that… 显然,如果我们想做某事,很重要的是… Only in this way can we… 只有这样,我们才能… It must be realized that… 我们必须意识到… 预示后果: Obviously, if we don’t control the problem, the chances are that… will lead us in danger. 很明显,如果我们不能控制这一问题,很有可能我们会陷入危险. No doubt, unless we take effective measures, it is very likely that… 毫无疑问,除非我们采取有效措施,很可能会… It is urgent that immediate measures should be taken to stop the situation. 很紧迫的是,应立即采取措施阻止这一事态的发展. 论证 From my point of view, it is more reasonable to support the first opinion rather than the second. 在我看来,支持第一种观点比支持第二种观点更有道理. I cannot entirely agree with the idea that… 我无法完全同意这一观点…. Personally, I am standing on the side of … 就个人而言,我站在…的一边. I sincerely believe that… 我真诚地相信… In my opinion, it is more advisable to do … than to do…. 在我个人看来,做…比做…更明智. Finally, to speak frankly, there is also a more practical reason why… 给出原因: This phenomenon exists for a number of reasons. First, … Second, … Third, … 这一现象的存在是有许多原因的.首先, … 第二, … 第三, … Why did… ? For one thing… For another…. Perhaps the primary reason is… 为什么会…? 一个原因是… 令一个原因是… 或许其主要原因是…. I quite agree with the statement that… the reasons are chiefly as follows. 我十分赞同这一论述,即…,其主要原因如下: 列出解决办法: Here are some suggestions for handling… 这是如何处理某事的一些建议. The best way to solve the troubles is… 解决这些麻烦的最好办法是… People have figured out many ways to solve this problem. 人们已找出许多办法来解决这个问题. 批判错误观点和做法: As far as something is concerned, …. 就某事而言,… It was obvious that… 很显然,…. It may be true that…, but it doesn’t mean that… 可能…是对的,但这并不意味着… It is natural to believe that… , but we shouldn’t ignore that… 认为….是很自然的,但我们不应忽视…. There is no evidence to suggest that… 没有证据表明… 如何连接 强调 still, Indeed, apparently, oddly enough, of course, after all, significantly, interestingly, also, above all, surely, certainly, undoubtedly, in any case, anyway, above all, in fact, especially. Obviously, clearly. 比较 like, similarly, likewise, in the same way, in the same manner, equally. 对比 by contrast, on the contrary, while, whereas, on the other hand, unlike, instead, but, conversely, different from, however, nevertheless, otherwise, whereas, unlike, yet, in contrast. 列举 for example, for instance, such as, take …for example. Except (for), to illustrate. 时间 later, next, then, finally, at last, eventually, meanwhile, from now on, at the same time, for the time being, in the end, immediately, in the meantime, in the meanwhile, recently, soon, now and then, during, nowadays, since, lately, as soon as, afterwards, temporarily, earlier, now, after a while. 顺序 first, second, third, then, finally, to begin with, first of all, in the first place, last, next, above all, last but not the least, first and most important. 可能 presumably, probably, perhaps. 解释 in other words, in fact, as a matter of fact, that is, namely, in simpler terms. 递进 What is more, in addition, and, besides, also, furthermore, too, moreover, furthermore, as well as, additionally, again. 让步 although, after all, in spite of…, despite, even if, even though, though, admittedly, whatever may happen. 转折 however, rather than, instead of, but, yet, on the other hand, unfortunately. whereas 原因 for this reason, due to, thanks to, because, because of, as, since, owing to. 结果 as a result, thus, hence, so, therefore, accordingly, consequently, as consequence. 总结 on the whole, in conclusion, in a word, to sum up, in brief, in summary, to conclude, to summarize, in short. 其他 Mostly, occasionally, currently, naturally, mainly, exactly, evidently, frankly, commonly, for this purpose, to a large extent, for most of us, in many cases, in this case, 图表作文常用句型 As is shown in the graph… 如图所示… The graph shows that… 图表显示… As can be seen from the table,… 从表格中可以看出… From the chart, we know that… 从这张表中,我们可知… All these data clearly prove the fact that… 所有这些数据明显证明这一事实,即… The increase of …. In the city has reached to 20%. ….在这个城市的增长已达到20%. In 1985, the number remained the same. 1985年,这个数字保持不变. There was a gradual decline in 1989. 1989年,出现了逐渐下降的情况.

相关百科
热门百科
首页
发表服务