互联网保险论文参考文献
一、互联网思维的认识 （一）用户思维：用户主宰了市场中的供求关系，更看重使用产品过程中的服务体验，服务体验比产品本身更重要，甚至产品只是服务的载体，用户强调参与感，乐意保持多频互动，在互动中聚集用户，形成用户社群。（二）极致思维：在富余产品时代，用户的需求不再仅仅再是 “价廉物美”，愿意为企业的“优质服务”买单，期望体验超出预期的极致产品或服务。（三）大数据思维：一是全体数据的运用，而不再是随机采样；二是非结构性的数据的处理，不再执着于数据的精确性；三是建立基于相关关系分析法的预测，只用研究相关关系，而不一定明白搞懂逻辑关系。（四）生态思维：经济发展的最高境界是建立共生、共同进化的商业生态系统。包含基于横向关联关系形成的产业集群和基于纵向关联关系形成的产业链，通过生态系统种群之间的竞争、合作，实现动态平衡，分享利益。互联网思维本身就是利用平台，聚合双边或多边市场规模，打造有关利益方共赢的商业生态圈。（五）跨界思维：互联网思维是跨界思维，是互联网技术、互联网思维形态与其他传统行业进行的跨界融合，继而影响甚至颠覆传统行业的商业变革，让传统行业重新焕发生机。二、互联网思维与保险融合的理论背景（一）数据资产理论。互联网行业与保险业务有着天然的耦合性，即均以数据为业务核心。保险的立业之本就是数据，通过数据进行预测，实现盈利，借用数据进行风险管理。互联网催生的大规模数据产生、积累、分析处理能力，让保险行业为客户提供更加精准、更符合期望的服务，互联网思维的应用越广泛，“互联网+”的经济形态就越发达，互联网保险的业务基础就越好，业务空间也就越大[1]。（二）长尾市场理论。互联网技术具有边际成本递减甚至趋于零的特征，使得关注正态分布曲线“尾部”的成本大大降低，“长尾理论”指出只要产品的存储和流通的渠道足够大，需求不旺或销量不佳的产品所共同占据的市场份额可以和那些少数热销产品所占据的市场份额相匹敌甚至更大，借用互联网技术大幅降低“长尾市场”的关注成本，以互联网思维满足用户碎片化、个性化需求，形成长尾效益就极具可能。（三）交易费用理论。互联网时代，互联网思维、技术减少信息不对称，有效降低交易费用、提高交易效率，效率的提升又反作用于专业分工，以提升专业化程度降低交易费用，新的专业组织、组织形式将涌现。互联网思维在保险中的运用，符合保险机构和保险消费者对保险服务的效率追求，能有效促使大型企业走上扁平化、专业化， “去中心化”道路。三、互联网思维与保险理赔的融合（一）从客户思维到用户思维的转变首先优先用户量，形成平台流量，可尝试用免费形式吸引用户量，后期利用用户规模效应去盈利。其次重视互动，重视用户的参与感，始终保持多频互动，增加平台流量，流量就是用户数量与交互频数。再次追求服务体验，与用户的互动才能形成用户体验，产品只是服务的载体，良好的服务体验才是增强用户粘性的最好粘合剂。极致服务创造来源于一线员工，只要是直接和用户发生接触的员工就是 “一线员工”，而不是以科层制组织中所处的层级来做判断，同时做好EAP（Employee Assistance Program）员工帮助计划，提升工作幸福感，输出更暖心的服务。（二）以大数据思维推动全流程数字化理赔各行各业的数据化、电子化浪潮，让数据资源越来越多，加之互联网具有的减少信息不对称功能，低价、高效获取数据成为可能，因此创新“互联网+保险理赔”，利用互联网、物联网技术获取数据、解构数据、重构数据，推动全流程数字化理赔，完成跨部门间的数据连接，在线数据资料调取和分析，实现与各种相关性机构甚至是社会经济各方面无缝连接，实时连接，让保险成为整个社会风险管理中心枢纽。（三）以提供解决方案为主的保险理赔保险消费者出险后最迫切的不一定是赔款，而是保险机构提供的资源与服务。例如，驾驶车辆撞人出险后，用户最需要的为伤者提供最好的医院、医生方案，车辆的维修地点、方案、修复后检测等等一系列麻烦问题的解决方案，用户希望保险机构能帮助处理麻烦，减少被保险人的时间、精力消耗，用户也愿意为此额外支付费用。推动以提供解决方案为主的理赔模式需要整合资源，通过业务合作或者直接提供服务等形式，不断向外延伸，为构建基于保险理赔的商业生态圈打下基础。（四）构建互联网保险理赔商业生态圈经济发展的最高境界，不是做产品，也不是搞标准，而是打造平台，构建商业生态圈。我国保险行业的发展仍然处于初级阶段，以车险为例，汽车保险经营仍局限于传统模式，创新能力低、效率低、业务管控能力低、盈利模式低级，经营上更多基于价值转移的思维方式，经营过程中的价值创造能力低；汽车保险的服务水平仍较低；汽车保险与汽车产业链互动严重不足的现象。汽车保险游离于商业生态之外，也就很难找到新的盈利增长点，而互联网思维与保险理赔的融合，可以为保险机构带来新的盈利点。参考文献[1]王和.保险的逻辑[M].中国金融出版社,2015.[2]喻晓马,程宇宁,喻卫东.互联网生态重构商业规则[M].中国人民大学出版社.2016.[3]
这个很好写的，自己多去网上了解了解根本没什么问题的，一篇文章的引用参考部分包括注释和参考文献两部分，注释是作者自己的解释（转引的参考文献也可以放在注释里），参考文献仅需列出参考书或论文的名称、作者、出版社或发表的期刊、著作时间或期刊期数等。注释用圆圈1 2标注，放脚注，参考文献用[1][2]标注，放尾注。有的刊物要求注释和参考文献都要在内文标注，有的刊物对参考文献不要求内文标注，在尾注列出就行。按最新的CNKI规范的要求应是前者。为保险起见，你还是都标吧。注：参考文献如是著作要标页码，论文只要标出期刊是第几期。例：参考文献：[1]金福海.论建立我国的惩罚性赔偿制度[J].中国法学,1994,(3).[2]杨立新.“王海现象”的民法思考——论消费者权益保护中的惩罚性赔偿金[J].河北法学, 1997,(5).[3]金福海.消费者法论[M].北京:北京大学出版社，2005:251.[4]闫玮.完善我国<消费者权益保护法>中的惩罚性赔偿制度[J].太原师范学院学报,2007,(1).[5]梁慧星.<消费者权益保护法>第49条的解释适用[J].民商法论丛,2001,(3).[6]王堃.论我国<消费者权益保护法>中的惩罚性赔偿[J].现代商业,194.[7]梁慧星.关于<消费者权益保护法>第49条的解释适用[N].人民法院报,2001-3-29.[8]孔祥俊.公平交易执法前沿问题研究[M].北京:工商出版社,1998:219.
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中国保险业现状与发展前景的分析中国保险业现状与发展前景的分析本文已作为国际经济学作业上交至导师处作者地址：河南工业大学经济贸易学院2004级经济学类邮编：450001摘要纵观我国保险业20多年的发展，中国保险市场虽然取得了很大成就，但是与发达国家相比仍然有很大差距。加入WTO后，中国保险业面临着难得的机遇和前所未有的挑战。本文就中国保险业的现状、发展趋势和前景作出分析，同时提出加入WTO后应采取的对策。关键词：保险业现状发展趋势挑战潜力对策一、中国保险业的发展状况及发展趋势改革开放以来，中国保险业的发展取得了一系列成果。一个以国有保险公司为主体，中外保险公司并存，外资保险公司争相入市，多家保险公司竟争发展的保险市场新格局已初步形成。但是与发达国家相比，中国的保险业与之存在着巨大的差距。（一）中国保险业在开放中不断发展壮大，取得了一系列成果1、业务快速发展。自1980年恢复国内保险业务以来，中国的保险业保持了持续快速、健康发展的良好势头。2003年保费总收入达到亿元，比上年增长，相当于1999年的倍；保险业总资产达到亿元，比上年增长；保险资金运用余额达到8739亿元，比上年增长。2003年保险密度为元（即每个公民的平均保费），保险深度为，中国保险业呈现出蓬勃发展的良好局面。2、市场体系逐步健全。截至2003年底，全国共有保险公司61家，其中中资保险公司24家，外资保险公司37家。按业务性质分，财产保险公司25家，人身保险公司30家，再保险公司5家，政策性保险公司1家。此外还有6家保险集团(控股)公司，2家保险资产管理公司。专业保险中介机构705家，其中保险代理公司507家，保险经纪公司115家，保险公估公司83家，保险从业人员达到150万人。3、体制改革进展顺利。中国人民保险公司、中国人寿保险公司、中国再保险公司等国有保险公司股份制改革取得了重大进展。部分股份制保险公司通过吸收外资和民营资本参股，股权结构得到优化，治理结构逐步完善，经营管理水平进一步提高。保险资金运用管理体制改革取得突破。经国务院批准，中国人保控股公司和中国人寿保险集团公司分别设立了保险资产管理公司，把保险资金实行了专业化管理和集中统一运用。在探索保险资金管理改革方面迈出了重要步伐。4、法律法规初步完善。1995年《中华人民共和国保险法》颁布实施，标志着中国保险业进入了有法可依、依法管理阶段。为适应中国加入世贸组织的需要，2001年国务院颁布了《外资保险公司管理条例》，中国保监会积极清理了与世贸组织规则不符的法律法规和规章。2002年颁布实施了新的保险法，与此同时中国保监会依据新保险法的有关规定，先后制定、修改了保险公司管理规定等一系列配套的规章和制度。一个适合中国保险市场发展的法律法规体系已经逐步形成。5、保险监管逐步与国际接轨。偿付能力监管迈出了实质性的步伐，颁布了《保险公司偿付能力额度及监管指标管理规定》，建立了偿付能力预警指标体系，符合中国国情的偿付能力监督制度框架初步建立。与此同时，实施了《财产保险公司分支机构监管指标》、《财产保险公司分险种监管报表》以及《人身保险新型产品精算规定》等一系列监管规章。加强了保险业监管的制度建设。（二）与发达国家相比，我国的保险业就以下几个方面与之存在着巨大的差距1、从保险业发展的规模上看，我国保险公司的数量、保费总收入和资产总量都相对很少。规模是行业和企业发展水平的基本标志，从各方面的统计数据应该看到，我国保险业还处在起步阶段。2、从保险深度和保险密度上看，我国在这两方面都处于相当低的水平，与发达国家相距甚远。保险深度是一个国家和地区年保费收入与同期国内生产总值之比。目前，发达国家保险市场的保险深度已达10%左右。而我国2000年的保险深度为。保险密度指标是指人均保费。发达国家已达2000---3000美元，日本高达4600美元。而我国人均保费只有元，约15美元，美国1600美元，人均保费是中国的107倍，日本是中国的307倍。保险深度和保险密度是衡量保险业发展水平的重要指标。3、从我国民众对保险业认识的程度上看，保险观念还较差。人们对保险在稳定社会经济，维护个人切身利益上的作用认识不够。主动买保险的个人寥寥无几，整个保险业，特别是人身保险是个买方市场，迫使百万保险推销大军四处奔波，推销保险产品。保险作为市场经济的产物，作为社会的稳定器，必须让人们从切身利益上认识其作用。（三）根据市场经济发展的一般规律和20多年来我国保险业发展的实际状况，预计在未来一个较长时期内，我国保险业将出现以下发展趋势1.保险市场体系化。从1995年《保险法》颁布实施特别是1998年11月中国保监会成立以来的情况来看，建设和完善中国保险市场体系的步伐正在加快，一个体系完整、门类齐全、法规健全的中国保险市场体系正在建立。2.经营业务专业化。随着我国保险体制改革的深化，出口信用保险和农业保险等政策性保险业务将从商业保险公司中分离出来，由国家成立专门的政策性保险公司。与此同时，在未来几年也会成立专营诸如火险或机动车险业务的专营保险公司。3.市场竞争有序化。从1997年开始，人民银行从整顿代理人入手调整了航意险、机动车险的退费、手续费，大力整顿保险市场，许多违规行为被制止，中国保监会成立后，进一步强调要逐渐规范市场秩序，加大对违规机构和违规行为的打击处罚力度，取得显著成效。4.保险产品品格化。在逐渐成熟的市场里，产品要占领市场只能靠品牌＋价格＋服务，这就是品格化。就保险产品的品格化而言，它所包含的不仅是利益保障功能或投资功能、储蓄功能或产品的组合功能，更主要的是它的价格水平与服务水平。5.保险制度创新化。根据我国的具体情况，我国的保险创新内容主要包括产品开发、营销方式、业务管理、组织机构、电子技术、服务内容以及用工制度、分配制度、激励机制等方面的创新。通过上述内容的创新，促进我国民族保险业的发展，使国内保险公司在与国外保险公司的竞争中立于不败之地。6.经营管理集约化。在市场竞争日益激烈的背景下，国内各保险公司都已意识到原来只注重扩大规模、抢占市场的弊端，而纷纷寻求走效益型道路，向内涵式集约化发展，追求经济效益最大化。7.行业发展国际化。在全球经济一体化的大趋势下，我国保险业与国际接轨是必由之路。中资保险公司也会到国外设立分支机构，加强与国际保险（再保险）市场的技术合作和业务合作，积极开展国际保险业务。8.从业人员专业化。在国内外同行竞争的背景下，客观上对保险从业人员提出了更高的要求，各商业保险公司将更加重视人才的培养，既要培养适应国内保险业务发展需要的核保师、核赔师、精算师、专业人才，更要培养精通国际保险惯例、参与国际保险市场竞争的外向型的人才。二、中国保险业的发展面临着前所未有的挑战，同时自身又存在巨大的潜力加入WTO后，中国保险业面临着前所未有的挑战，同时中国保险业自身又存在巨大的潜力。（一）中国保险业的发展面临着前所未有的挑战1、外资保险公司的进入，加强了保险市场竞争程度，导致保险企业保费利润率的迅速下滑。2、造成一部分保费外流。尽管1995年实施的《保险法》第102条规定了“保险公司需要办理再保险分出业务的，应当优先向中国境地内的保险公司办理”，但实际操作时，难度比较大。目前保险监管部门要求外资保险公司自留保费不低于30%，加上法定分保20%部分，仍有50%的保费可以由外资历保险公司安排再保险。3、与国内保险公司争夺一定的市场份额。外资保险公司客观上有着资金实力雄厚，管理先进，技术服务水平较高的优势，目前尽管在业务经营范围上还受到一定的限制，但发展势头还是比较好的。从全国的市场结构看，外资保险公司所占比重年还不到百分之一，但在开放区域内的外资保险公司的市场份额已接近10%，并有继续扩大的趋势。4、外资保险公司由于在待遇方面有着比国内保险公司优厚的条件，会造成国内保险企业一部分优秀人才流失。（二）从影响保险业的发展的诸因素看，中国保险业的发展存在巨大的潜力1、随着我国城乡居民收入的增加，恩格尔系数的不断降低，保险品作为一种特殊的金融消费品必然会逐步伴随收入的增加而日益提高。2、随着我国经济结构的不断调整，保险业必将随着金融业在国民经济中的比重提高不断增加。在当代世界经济活动中，保险业越来越具有举足轻重的作用，保险业在经济结构中所占的比重将日益增加。保险机构应充分认识到我国保险业存在的巨大市场潜力和生存空间，实现保险业从买方市场向卖方市场的转化。3、在我国社会经济发生重大变革转型时期，投保人和被保险人的范围呈日趋增长和扩大的趋势。各种意外事故屡屡发生，天灾人祸不期而至，这就为拓展保险业的发展提供了充分的依据，为保险人员推销保险，开拓业务活动创造了有利的客观条件，为保险业进一步的发展提供了更广阔的空间。三、中国加入WTO后保险业的对策面对中国保险业与发达国家的巨大差距及加入WTO后面临的挑战，我们应考虑以下对策：（一）加快对内开放保险市场的步伐，提高民族保险业的竞争力现阶段我国保险市场有两大特征，一是封闭，二是垄断。针对我国保险市场的发展状况，加快对国内保险市场开放的步伐，尽快建立一套适应市场经济的保险机制，打破封闭垄断的市场格局，放开内资保险市场，大胆的让现有保险公司都加入竞争行列，实现保险市场的充分有序竞争，并充分发展。（二）国家对保险业应实行低税政策，进一步壮大民族保险业实力。我国现行的保险公司税收标准是按照保费收入每年上缴8％的营业税、33％的所得税和15％的调节税。我国财政对保险公司实行揽底课税，一定程度上影响保险公司责任准备金的积累，从而影响保险偿付能力的提高。此外，政策给予外资保险公司超过国民待遇的某些政策，也会使中外保险公司处于不平等的竞争地位。以上都需要国家从政策上予以探讨研究。（三）改革我国国内资保险公司的保险经营体制和管理体制，尽快实现与国际惯例接轨。我国保险业产生于计划经济时代，现在内资保险公司在人事、财务等的管理上基本是旧的管理体制。由于体制僵化、待遇低，人才的使用，员工的工资收入和福利待遇还不能与外资公司相比。因此要通过改革，克服内资保险体制上的种种弊端，引进先进的管理体制和经营体制，使内资公司尽快提高企业活力，增强市场竞争力。与此同时，要尽快健全和发展有利于内资保险公司资金运用的资本市场和证券市场，拓宽国内保险业经营渠道，壮大内资公司资本实力，在积极稳妥地推进内资保险公司改革的同时，使之在公司结构和保险业务运作上尽快的与国际接轨，积极参与竞争。（四）在竞争日益国际化的保险市场上，我国保险业要想立于不败之地，必须建立全新的保险经营理念。要真正培育出具有雄厚实力和国家知名度的民族保险公司，内资保险公司必须转变经营观念，树立效益成本的经营思想，建立适应未来保险市场的内控机制，特别对承保质量、管理效率、防范风险能力、规范操作的程序等，都要实行严格管理。变粗放经营为集约经营，苦练内功，提高风险管理及技术水平。要转变单一的经营模式为多种形式的营销模式，以勇于开拓，敢于创新的精神，创造性地探索多种形式的营销手段。要学习和借鉴国外保险公司的办惯例，侧重培育中介机构和利用中介机构展业。以提高保险服务质量为手段，使自身立于不败之地。此外，国家应从政策上对民族保险公司进行扶持，在来源配置上实行倾斜政策，增强其综合实力。（五）积极开展保险科技创新活动，全面快速提升经营管理水平。保险技术创新是就保险业的业务经营上，所进行的种种富于开拓性、创造性的变革。主要包括险种创新、营销方式创新、服务项目创新等多方面。保险技术创新有利于缩小民族保险业与国际保险市场的差距，带动保险业迅速发展，最大限度地满足社会日益增长的多层次、多样化的保险需求，使我们在未来的保险市场中居于相对有利的地位。目前，就险种创新而言，我们要大力发展责任保险、医疗保险等险种，全力开拓新险种。如分红保险、变额保险、单一疾病和特定疾病保险。其次，就营销方式而言，可以学习借鉴外国保险业的经营经验，结合我们自身情况，大力发展新的营销手段和方式，尽早为开展网络保险做好铺垫。将发展网上保险作为21世纪的战略举措，为占领网上市场做好积极铺垫。（六）加快培育高素质的人才未来的竞争，归根到底是人才的竞争。民族保险业除了要注意筑巢引凤，通过尊重、优待政策来吸引人才外，更需要全方位加快现有人才的教育和培养。与此同时，要注意培育企业文化的氛围，创造和谐宽松、团结向上的环境，以增强企业的凝聚力，防止人才流失。（七）完善保险法规，强化市场监督保证保险市场健康持续发展，做到监督的全程化、动态化、持续化。同时，要加快制定入前后的相关法律法规，包括修改和完善《保险法》，对内外保险公司应实行统一监督，在监督目标、指标、手段上应避免双重标准，切实有发挥国家保险监督的职能作用。参考文献：1.乔桂明：《中国保险业发展战略研究》复旦大学出版社.魏华林、俞自由、郭杨:中国保险市场的开放及其监管。《保险研究》,1998(7)、(8)、(9)作者地址：河南工业大学经济贸易学院2004级经济学类邮编：450001
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外文参考文献的写法
在学习和工作的日常里，大家都不可避免地会接触到论文吧，论文可以推广经验，交流认识。你写论文时总是无从下笔？下面是我帮大家整理的外文参考文献的写法论文，欢迎大家借鉴与参考，希望对大家有所帮助。不同的参考文献，引用和标注的格式要求是不一样的，特别是对于英文参考文献来说，格式不对，很容易影响整篇论文的质量和查重率，下面是我整理的外文参考文献的写法，欢迎大家阅览。
单一作者著作的书籍：
姓，名字首字母.(年). 书名(斜体). 出版社所在城市：出版社.
Sheril, R. D. (1956). The terrifying future: Contemplating color television. San Diego: Halstead.
两位作者以上合著的书籍：
姓，名字首字母., & 姓，名字首字母.(年). 书名(斜体). 出版社所在城市：出版社. Smith, J., & Peter, Q. (1992). Hairball: An intensive peek behind the surface of an enigma. Hamilton, ON: McMaster University Press. 文集中的文章：
Mcdonalds, A. (1993). Practical methods for the apprehension and sustained containment of supernatural entities. In G. L. Yeager (Ed.), Paranormal and occult studies: Case studies in application (pp. 42–64). London: OtherWorld Books. 期刊中的文章(非连续页码)：
Crackton, P. (1987). The Loonie: God's long-awaited gift to colourful pocket change? Canadian Change, 64(7), 34–37.
期刊中的文章(连续页码)：
姓，名字首字母.(年). 题目. 期刊名(斜体). 第几期，页码.
Rottweiler, F. T., & Beauchemin, J. L. (1987). Detroit and Narnia: Two foes on the brink of destruction. Canadian/American Studies Journal, 54, 66–146.
月刊杂志中的文章：
Henry, W. A., III. (1990, April 9). Making the grade in today's schools. Time, 135, 28-31.
[1] Andrea H. Creating ‘buzz’：opportunities and limitations of social media for arts institutions and their viral marketing, International Journal of Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Marketing,2012; 17(3), 173-182.
[2] Andreas M. K，Michael hearts in three-quarter time: How to waltz the social media/viral marketing horizons，2011,54(3)，253-263.
[3] Angela D.,David T.. Controlled infection! Spreading the brand message through viral marketing. Business Horizons. 2005,3(48).143-149,
[4] Bowman D.，Narayandas D.. Managing customerinitiated contacts with manufacturers: The impact on share of category requirements and word-of-mouth behavior Journal of Marketing Research, 2001，38(3),281-297.
[5] Brown J. J., Reingen P. H.. Social ties and word-of-mouth referral behavior. The Journal of Consumer Research, 1987,14(3),350—362，
[6] Carmen C. Social and attitudinal determinants of viral marketing dynamics. Computers in Human Behavior，2011,27(6)，2292-2300.
[7] Douglas Virus. New York;Ballantine Books，1994,3-16.
[8] Ennew C.，Banerjee A.. Li D..Managing Word of mouth communication: empirical Journal of Bank Marketing, 2000,18(2).75-83.
[9] Goldenberg J.，Libai B., Muller E.. Talk of the network: A complex systems look at the underlying process of word-of-mouth. Marketing Letters, 2001, 3(12).211-223.
[10] Hinz, 01iver, Strategies for Viral Marketing: An Empirical Comparison. Journal of Marketing,2011,75(6),55-72,
[11] Ho Jason ., marketing: Motivations to forward online of Business Research?2010,63(9-10), 1000-1006.
[12] Hoedemaekers, marketing and imaginary ethics, or the joke that goes too far. Psychoanalysis, Culture & Society,2011,16(2),162-178.
[13] Jinshuang L.. Scalable Influence Maximization in Social Networks Using theCommunity Discovery Algorithm. Genetic and Evolutionary Computing(1CGEC), 2012 Sixth International Conference (25),284-287.
[14] Judith C. Dina M.. The effect of word of mouth on sales: Online book of Marketing . 43(3).345-356.
[15] Jure L, Lada A. A, Bernardo A. H. The dynamics of viral marketing. In ACMconference on Electronic Commerce，2006，pages 228-237.
[16] Joseph E. ,Regina L..Viral Marketing or Electronic Word-of-Mouth Advertising:Examining Consumer Responses and Motivations to Pass Along Email. Journalof Advertising Research,2004,12(44),333-348.
[17] Lucy H..Viral Marketing: Share index is measure of a viral's success，MarketingWeek,2010,5(4)，24-32.
[18] M. J. S"Game Plan For Viral Marketing. Meetings and Conventions,2010,45(6),41-53.
[19] Malcolm G. The Tipping Point. New York： Little,Brown and Company，2000,5-20.
[20] Mani R. S.，Balaji R. Knowledge-sharing and influence in online social networksvia viral marketing. Communications of the ACM, 2003，46(12)，300—307.
[21] Matt art of buzz; Viral marketing agency knows how to get a lot ofattention. National Post,2011,FP4.
[22] McConnell， Michael.'Viral' marketing's power - and time ，2011，80(6),5-20.
[23] Michalski, Radoslaw J.. Negative Effects of Incentivised Viral Campaigns for Activity in Social Networks. Cloud and Green Computing(CGC).2012,11(1-3),391-398.
[24] Palka, word-of-mouth - A grounded theory of mobile viralmarketing. Information Technology Journal,(2), 172-185.
[25] Pandit S.，Yang Y..Maximizing Information Spread through Influence Structuresin Social Networks. Data Mining Workshops (ICDMW), 2012 IEEE 12thInternational Conference on. 2012,12(10),258-265.
[26] Raei H. A New Algorithm for Positive Influence Dominating Set in SocialNetworks. Advances in Social Networks Analysis and Mining (AS ON AM), 2012IEEE/ACM International Conference (26),253-257.
[27] Ralph . The Six Simple Principles of Viral Marketing. 2005-02-01.
[28] Scott, David M. The New Rules of Marketing and PR: How to Use NewsReleases, Blogs, Podcasting，Viral Marketing and Online Media to Reach BuyersDirectly, John Wiley &
[29] Sabrina H. Viral marketing-establishing customer relationships by 'word-of-mouse'. Electronic Markets，2000,10(3),158-161.
[30] Shapiro,Michael J.. Building Buzz:How Viral Marketing Promotes and Conventions,201045(6).36-42.
[31] Watts D., Peretti J.. Viral marketing for the Real Word. Harvard BusinessReview,2007,10(1),22-23.
[32] Wonyeol L.. CT-IC: Continuously Activated and Time-Restricted Independent Cascade Model for Viral Marketing. Data Mining (ICDM)，2012 IEEE 12thInternational Conference on. 2012,12(10),960-965.
一、论文正文引用之处用圆括号作夹注，基本格式为“（作者，发表年份）”，同时将该引文详细信息列明在参考文献内。夹注中包含多篇文献时，各作者之间用分号隔开。
二、参考文献类型以字母方式标识：期刊J，专著M，报纸N，学位论文D，论文集C，报告R，标准S，专利P，数据库DB，计算机程序CP，电子公告EB。
三、电子文献的载体类型采用双字母表示：磁带MT，磁盘DK，光盘CD，联机网络OL。以纸张为载体的传统文献在引用时不必注明其载体类型。
四、参考文献列于文末，以“参考文献：”作为标志，先中文后外文，中文按照拼音前若干字母在字母表中的顺序排列；英文按单词前若干字母在字母表中的顺序排列。参考文献请标明序号，用数字加方括号表示，如“［1］［2］［3］”。
五、对于文献有多位作者的`，只标明前三位作者，以“,”分隔，从第四位开始用“等”或者“et al.”代替。
六、外文参考文献格式与中文参考文献相同，标题的首字母及各个实词的首字母大写。
七、各类参考文献条目的具体编排格式及示例如下：
1.期刊：
[序号]作者．文章标题[J]．刊名，年，卷(期)：起止页码．
[1]刘明辉，张宜霞．内部控制的经济学思考[J]．会计研究，2002，(8)：51-53．
[1] KANAMORI H．Shaking without Quaking[J].Science,2002,15(1):12-17.
2.专著：
[序号]著者．书名[M]．出版地：出版者，出版年：起止页码．
[2]张维迎．博弈论与信息经济学[M]．上海：上海人民出版社，1996：15-18．
[2]JONES R M. Mechanics of Composite Materials[M].New York: McGraw Hill Book Company, 1975.
3.报纸：
[序号]作者．文章标题[N]．报纸名，出版日期(版次)．
[3]陈毓圭．修订完善审计准则 保持持续全面国际趋同[N]．上海证券报，2010-9-20(10)．
[3]GUO Ai-bing. Auto Show Revs up Customers' Desire[N].China Daily,2002-06-07(1).
4.学位论文：
[序号]作者．文章标题[D]．地点：单位，年．
[4]朱刚.新型流体有限元法及叶轮机械正反混合问题[D]．北京：清华大学，1996．
[4]Sun Study of Helicopter Rotor Aerodynamics in Ground Effect[D]．Princeton：Princeton University，1983．
5.论文集析出文献：
[序号]作者．文章标题[C]//编者．文集名．出版地：出版者，出版年：起止页码．
[5]张佑才.繁荣会计理论研究促进会计事业发展[C]//中国会计学会．1996年会计学论文集．北京：中国财政经济出版社，1997：537-548．
[5]Hunninghaks G W，Gadek J B，Szapiel S V，et al．The Human Alveolar Macrophage[C]//Harris C C．Cultured Human Cells and Issues in Biomedical Research．New York：Academic Press，1980：54-56.
6.电子文献：
对于非纸张型载体的电子文献，当被引用为参考文献时需在参考文献类型标志中同时标明其载体类型［文献类型标志/载体类型标志］，如“［J/OL］”。对于载体为“OL”的文献，还应标明发表或更新日期（加圆括号，有出版年的文献可不选此项）、引用日期和网址。
[序号]作者．文章标题［文献类型标志/载体类型标志］．（发表或更新日期）［引用日期］．网址．
[6]王军.振奋精神 潜心研究 大力推进会计理论研究的繁荣与发展[R/OL].（2005-01-08）［2006-11-12]. .
[6]CHRISTINE M. Plant Physiology: Plant Biology in the Genome Era[J/OL].Science(S0036-8075),1998,281:331-332[1998-09-23].
格式如下：
[序号]主要责任者.文献题名[文献类型标识].出版地：出版者，出版年.起止页码（可选）
其中参考文献类型：专著[M]，论文集[C]，报纸文章[N]，期刊文章[J]，学位论文[D]，报告[R]，标准[S]，专利[P]，论文集中的析出文献[A]
电子文献类型：数据库[DB]，计算机[CP]，电子公告[EB]
电子文献的载体类型：互联网[OL]，光盘[CD]，磁带[MT]，磁盘[DK]
扩展资料：
其他类型参考文献写法：
1、期刊文章
[序号]主要责任者.文献题名[J].刊名，年，卷（期）：起止页码
例：[1]何龄修.读南明史[J].中国史研究，1998,(3):167-173.
[2]OU J P，SOONG T T，et advance in research on applications of passive energy dissipation systems[J].Earthquack Eng,1997,38(3):358-361.
2、论文集中的析出文献
[序号]析出文献主要责任者.析出文献题名[A].原文献主要责任者（可选）.原文献题名[C].出版地：出版者，出版年.起止页码
例：[7]钟文发.非线性规划在可燃毒物配置中的应用[A].赵炜.运筹学的理论与应用——中国运筹学会第五届大会论文集[C].西安：西安电子科技大学出版社，.
3、报纸文章
[序号]主要责任者.文献题名[N].报纸名，出版日期（版次）
例：[8]谢希德.创造学习的新思路[N].人民日报，1998-12-25（10）.
4、电子文献
[文献类型/载体类型标识]：[J/OL]网上期刊、[EB/OL]网上电子公告、[M/CD]光盘图书、[DB/OL]网上数据库、[DB/MT]磁带数据库
[序号]主要责任者.电子文献题名[电子文献及载体类型标识].电子文献的出版或获得地址，发表更新日期/引用日期
例：[12]王明亮.关于中国学术期刊标准化数据库系统工程的进展[EB/OL].
[8]万锦.中国大学学报文摘（1983-1993）.英文版[DB/CD].北京：中国大百科全书出版社，19
参考资料：
百度百科-参考文献
(美)康斯坦斯·M.卢瑟亚特()等著,英勇,于小东总译校.财产与责任保险原理[M]. 北京大学出版社, 2003 (美)小哈罗德·斯凯博()等编著,荆涛等译.国际风险与保险[M]. 机械工业出版社, 1999 (美)所罗门·许布纳()等著,陈欣等译.财产和责任保险[M]. 中国人民大学出版社, 2002 【英】Malcolm A. Clarke 著、 何美欢、吴志攀等译：《保险合同法》，北京大学出版社 2002 年版。 Mckendrick :“Contract Law”（影印本）,法律出版社 2003 年版。 H. Whincup：“Contract Law and Practice—the EnglishSystem and Continental Comparisons” 中信出版社,2003 年版。 F. Dobbyn : “Insurance Law”（影印本）,法律出版社 2001年版。 Lowry , Philip Rawlings : “Insurance Law :Doctrines andPrinciples” , Hart Publishing Ltd. (1999). Hodgin :“Insurance Law :Text and Materials” (SecondEdition) Cavendish Publishing Limited (2002) . L. Emanuel：“Contracts”，中信出版社 2003 年版。 A. Eisenberg:“Disclosure in Contract Law”，91 CaliforniaLaw Review （2003）. T. Kronman :“Mistake, Disclosure, Information, and theLaw of Contracts”,7(1) Journal of Legal Studies (1978). J :“Insurer’s breach of good faith——a newtort?”,(1992) 108 LQR 35.这些都是比较好的
互联网保险论文外国文献
中国期刊全文数据库 共找到 8 条[1]杨松. 新保险法修改的主要内容浅析[J]. 红河学院学报, 2004,(02) . [2]何杨彪. 试论新《保险法》对消费者权益的保护[J]. 湖南财经高等专科学校学报, 2009,(04) . [3]黄曼妮. 关于新《保险法》不可抗辩条款的思考[J]. 黑龙江金融, 2009,(09) . [4]方志平. 试论新《保险法》背景下寿险的合规营销[J]. 上海保险, 2009,(04) . [5]胡滨. 新《保险法》——彰显被保险人的利益保护[J]. 中国金融, 2009,(06) . [6]李斌. 新《保险法》更注重投保人权益[J]. 新财经, 2009,(05) . [7]袁建华. 2009新《保险法》的显著特点与实施效果预测[J]. 现代财经-天津财经大学学报, 2009,(09) . [8]夏益国. 中国保险业规范发展的新起点——写在新《中华人民共和国保险法》颁布实施之际[J]. 中国保险, 2009,(09) .中国期刊全文数据库 共找到 5 条[1]钟诚. 浅析新《保险法》的修订内容[J]. 北方经济, 2009,(14) . [2]熊悠云. 浅谈保险企业如何应对新《保险法》带来的巨大挑战——基于风险管理的角度[J]. 经营管理者, 2009,(16) . [3]李莎,符芸榕. 浅析法律对保险经营的影响[J]. 技术与市场, 2009,(09) . [4]胡滨. 《保险法》修订及其对中国保险业的影响[J]. 金融与经济, 2009,(08) . [5]李然. 从新保险法的几大变化谈保护保险消费者利益[J]. 金卡工程(经济与法), 2010,(03) . 中国优秀硕士学位论文全文数据库 共找到 2 条[1]徐敏峰. 开放背景下我国保险资金运用研究[D]. 河海大学, 2005 . [2]唐余. 我国保险合同纠纷解决机制探索[D]. 西南财经大学, 2007 . 中国期刊全文数据库 共找到 6 条[1]张响贤,宣鸣,王勉. 论汽车保险费率市场化的趋势——从日本汽车保险费率的变迁谈起[J]. 保险研究, 2002,(01) . [2]雷定安,刘学宁. 对人身保险不可抗辩条款的深层思考[J]. 东方论坛.青岛大学学报, 2002,(01) . [3]侯刚. 对中国人寿保险中“不可抗辩条款”的思考[J]. 经营管理者, 2008,(16) . [4]李莎,张建刚. 不可抗辩条款在我国的应用前景展望[J]. 当代经济, 2009,(07) . [5]何惠珍. 保险投资:发展障碍与发展路径[J]. 广东金融学院学报, 2005,(04) . [6]魏薇. 金融监管立法日趋成熟——解读新《保险法修订草案》[J]. 中国金融家, 2008,(09) .
网络保险 Internet Insurance Network insuranceNet Insurance保险学 Insurance , in law and economics, is a form of risk management primarily used to hedge against the risk of a contingent loss. Insurance is defined as the equitable transfer of the risk of a loss, from one entity to another, in exchange for a premium. An insurer is a company selling the insurance. The insurance rate is a factor used to determine the amount, called the premium, to be charged for a certain amount of insurance coverage. Risk management, the practice of appraising and controlling risk, has evolved as a discrete field of study and of insuranceA large number of homogeneous exposure units. The vast majority of insurance policies are provided for individual members of very large classes. Automobile insurance, for example, covered about 175 million automobiles in the United States in 2004.[2] The existence of a large number of homogeneous exposure units allows insurers to benefit from the so-called “law of large numbers,” which in effect states that as the number of exposure units increases, the actual results are increasingly likely to become close to expected results. There are exceptions to this criterion. Lloyd's of London is famous for insuring the life or health of actors, actresses and sports figures. Satellite Launch insurance covers events that are infrequent. Large commercial property policies may insure exceptional properties for which there are no ‘homogeneous’ exposure units. Despite failing on this criterion, many exposures like these are generally considered to be insurable. Definite Loss. The event that gives rise to the loss that is subject to insurance should, at least in principle, take place at a known time, in a known place, and from a known cause. The classic example is death of an insured on a life insurance policy. Fire, automobile accidents, and worker injuries may all easily meet this criterion. Other types of losses may only be definite in theory. Occupational disease, for instance, may involve prolonged exposure to injurious conditions where no specific time, place or cause is identifiable. Ideally, the time, place and cause of a loss should be clear enough that a reasonable person, with sufficient information, could objectively verify all three elements. Accidental Loss. The event that constitutes the trigger of a claim should be fortuitous, or at least outside the control of the beneficiary of the insurance. The loss should be ‘pure,’ in the sense that it results from an event for which there is only the opportunity for cost. Events that contain speculative elements, such as ordinary business risks, are generally not considered insurable. Large Loss. The size of the loss must be meaningful from the perspective of the insured. Insurance premiums need to cover both the expected cost of losses, plus the cost of issuing and administering the policy, adjusting losses, and supplying the capital needed to reasonably assure that the insurer will be able to pay claims. For small losses these latter costs may be several times the size of the expected cost of losses. There is little point in paying such costs unless the protection offered has real value to a buyer. Affordable Premium. If the likelihood of an insured event is so high, or the cost of the event so large, that the resulting premium is large relative to the amount of protection offered, it is not likely that anyone will buy insurance, even if on offer. Further, as the accounting profession formally recognizes in financial accounting standards, the premium cannot be so large that there is not a reasonable chance of a significant loss to the insurer. If there is no such chance of loss, the transaction may have the form of insurance, but not the substance. (See the . Financial Accounting Standards Board standard number 113) Calculable Loss. There are two elements that must be at least estimable, if not formally calculable: the probability of loss, and the attendant cost. Probability of loss is generally an empirical exercise, while cost has more to do with the ability of a reasonable person in possession of a copy of the insurance policy and a proof of loss associated with a claim presented under that policy to make a reasonably definite and objective evaluation of the amount of the loss recoverable as a result of the claim. Limited risk of catastrophically large losses. The essential risk is often aggregation. If the same event can cause losses to numerous policyholders of the same insurer, the ability of that insurer to issue policies becomes constrained, not by factors surrounding the individual characteristics of a given policyholder, but by the factors surrounding the sum of all policyholders so exposed. Typically, insurers prefer to limit their exposure to a loss from a single event to some small portion of their capital base, on the order of 5 percent. Where the loss can be aggregated, or an individual policy could produce exceptionally large claims, the capital constraint will restrict an insurers appetite for additional policyholders. The classic example is earthquake insurance, where the ability of an underwriter to issue a new policy depends on the number and size of the policies that it has already underwritten. Wind insurance in hurricane zones, particularly along coast lines, is another example of this phenomenon. In extreme cases, the aggregation can affect the entire industry, since the combined capital of insurers and reinsurers can be small compared to the needs of potential policyholders in areas exposed to aggregation risk. In commercial fire insurance it is possible to find single properties whose total exposed value is well in excess of any individual insurer’s capital constraint. Such properties are generally shared among several insurers, or are insured by a single insurer who syndicates the risk into the reinsurance market. [edit] IndemnificationMain article: IndemnityThe technical definition of "indemnity" means to make whole again. There are two types of insurance contracts; 1) an "indemnity" policy and 2) a "pay on behalf" or "on behalf of"[3] policy. The difference is significant on paper, but rarely material in "indemnity" policy will never pay claims until the insured has paid out of pocket to some third party; . a visitor to your home slips on a floor that you left wet and sues you for $10,000 and wins. Under an "indemnity" policy the homeowner would have to come up with the $10,000 to pay for the visitors fall and then would be "indemnified" by the insurance carrier for the out of pocket costs (the $10,000)[4].Under the same situation, a "pay on behalf" policy, the insurance carrier would pay the claim and the insured (the homeowner) would not be out of pocket for anything. Most modern liability insurance is written on the basis of "pay on behalf" language[5].An entity seeking to transfer risk (an individual, corporation, or association of any type, etc.) becomes the 'insured' party once risk is assumed by an 'insurer', the insuring party, by means of a contract, called an insurance 'policy'. Generally, an insurance contract includes, at a minimum, the following elements: the parties (the insurer, the insured, the beneficiaries), the premium, the period of coverage, the particular loss event covered, the amount of coverage (., the amount to be paid to the insured or beneficiary in the event of a loss), and exclusions (events not covered). An insured is thus said to be "indemnified" against the loss events covered in the insured parties experience a loss for a specified peril, the coverage entitles the policyholder to make a 'claim' against the insurer for the covered amount of loss as specified by the policy. The fee paid by the insured to the insurer for assuming the risk is called the 'premium'. Insurance premiums from many insureds are used to fund accounts reserved for later payment of claims—in theory for a relatively few claimants—and for overhead costs. So long as an insurer maintains adequate funds set aside for anticipated losses (., reserves), the remaining margin is an insurer's profit.[edit] Insurer’s business modelProfit = earned premium + investment income - incurred loss - underwriting make money in two ways: (1) through underwriting, the process by which insurers select the risks to insure and decide how much in premiums to charge for accepting those risks and (2) by investing the premiums they collect from most difficult aspect of the insurance business is the underwriting of policies. Using a wide assortment of data, insurers predict the likelihood that a claim will be made against their policies and price products accordingly. To this end, insurers use actuarial science to quantify the risks they are willing to assume and the premium they will charge to assume them. Data is analyzed to fairly accurately project the rate of future claims based on a given risk. Actuarial science uses statistics and probability to analyze the risks associated with the range of perils covered, and these scientific principles are used to determine an insurer's overall exposure. Upon termination of a given policy, the amount of premium collected and the investment gains thereon minus the amount paid out in claims is the insurer's underwriting profit on that policy. Of course, from the insurer's perspective, some policies are winners (., the insurer pays out less in claims and expenses than it receives in premiums and investment income) and some are losers (., the insurer pays out more in claims and expenses than it receives in premiums and investment income).An insurer's underwriting performance is measured in its combined ratio. The loss ratio (incurred losses and loss-adjustment expenses divided by net earned premium) is added to the expense ratio (underwriting expenses divided by net premium written) to determine the company's combined ratio. The combined ratio is a reflection of the company's overall underwriting profitability. A combined ratio of less than 100 percent indicates underwriting profitability, while anything over 100 indicates an underwriting companies also earn investment profits on “float”. “Float” or available reserve is the amount of money, at hand at any given moment, that an insurer has collected in insurance premiums but has not been paid out in claims. Insurers start investing insurance premiums as soon as they are collected and continue to earn interest on them until claims are paid the United States, the underwriting loss of property and casualty insurance companies was $ billion in the five years ending 2003. But overall profit for the same period was $ billion, as the result of float. Some insurance industry insiders, most notably Hank Greenberg, do not believe that it is forever possible to sustain a profit from float without an underwriting profit as well, but this opinion is not universally held. Naturally, the “float” method is difficult to carry out in an economically depressed period. Bear markets do cause insurers to shift away from investments and to toughen up their underwriting standards. So a poor economy generally means high insurance premiums. This tendency to swing between profitable and unprofitable periods over time is commonly known as the "underwriting" or insurance cycle. [6]Property and casualty insurers currently make the most money from their auto insurance line of business. Generally better statistics are available on auto losses and underwriting on this line of business has benefited greatly from advances in computing. Additionally, property losses in the US, due to natural catastrophes, have exacerbated this , claims and loss handling is the materialized utility of insurance. In managing the claims-handling function, insurers seek to balance the elements of customer satisfaction, administrative handling expenses, and claims overpayment leakages. As part of this balancing act, fraudulent insurance practices are a major business risk that must be managed and of insuranceAny risk that can be quantified can potentially be insured. Specific kinds of risk that may give rise to claims are known as "perils". An insurance policy will set out in detail which perils are covered by the policy and which are not. Below are (non-exhaustive) lists of the many different types of insurance that exist. A single policy may cover risks in one or more of the categories set forth below. For example, auto insurance would typically cover both property risk (covering the risk of theft or damage to the car) and liability risk (covering legal claims from causing an accident). A homeowner's insurance policy in the . typically includes property insurance covering damage to the home and the owner's belongings, liability insurance covering certain legal claims against the owner, and even a small amount of health insurance for medical expenses of guests who are injured on the owner's insurance can be any kind of insurance that protects businesses against risks. Some principal subtypes of business insurance are (a) the various kinds of professional liability insurance, also called professional indemnity insurance, which are discussed below under that name; and (b) the business owners policy (BOP), which bundles into one policy many of the kinds of coverage that a business owner needs, in a way analogous to how homeowners insurance bundles the coverages that a homeowner needs.[7]HealthHealth insurance policies will often cover the cost of private medical treatments if the National Health Service in the United Kingdom (NHS) or other publicly-funded health programs do not pay for them. It will often result in quicker health care where better facilities are available. Dental insurance, like medical insurance, is coverage for individuals to protect them against dental costs. In the ., dental insurance is often part of an employer's benefits package, along with health insurance. Most countries rely on public funding to ensure that all citizens have universal access to health care.[edit] DisabilityDisability insurance policies provide financial support in the event the policyholder is unable to work because of disabling illness or injury. It provides monthly support to help pay such obligations as mortgages and credit cards. Total permanent disability insurance insurance provides benefits when a person is permanently disabled and can no longer work in their profession, often taken as an adjunct to life insurance. Disability overhead insurance allows business owners to cover the overhead expenses of their business while they are unable to work. Workers' compensation insurance replaces all or part of a worker's wages lost and accompanying medical expense incurred because of a job-related injury. CasualtyCasualty insurance insures against accidents, not necessarily tied to any specific insurance is a form of casualty insurance that covers the policyholder against losses arising from the criminal acts of third parties. For example, a company can obtain crime insurance to cover losses arising from theft or embezzlement. Political risk insurance is a form of casualty insurance that can be taken out by businesses with operations in countries in which there is a risk that revolution or other political conditions will result in a loss. [edit] Life insuranceMain article: Life insuranceLife insurance provides a monetary benefit to a decedent's family or other designated beneficiary, and may specifically provide for income to an insured person's family, burial, funeral and other final expenses. Life insurance policies often allow the option of having the proceeds paid to the beneficiary either in a lump sum cash payment or an provide a stream of payments and are generally classified as insurance because they are issued by insurance companies and regulated as insurance and require the same kinds of actuarial and investment management expertise that life insurance requires. Annuities and pensions that pay a benefit for life are sometimes regarded as insurance against the possibility that a retiree will outlive his or her financial resources. In that sense, they are the complement of life insurance and, from an underwriting perspective, are the mirror image of life life insurance contracts accumulate cash values, which may be taken by the insured if the policy is surrendered or which may be borrowed against. Some policies, such as annuities and endowment policies, are financial instruments to accumulate or liquidate wealth when it is many countries, such as the . and the UK, the tax law provides that the interest on this cash value is not taxable under certain circumstances. This leads to widespread use of life insurance as a tax-efficient method of saving as well as protection in the event of early ., the tax on interest income on life insurance policies and annuities is generally deferred. However, in some cases the benefit derived from tax deferral may be offset by a low return. This depends upon the insuring company, the type of policy and other variables (mortality, market return, etc.). Moreover, other income tax saving vehicles (., IRAs, 401(k) plans, Roth IRAs) may be better alternatives for value accumulation. A combination of low-cost term life insurance and a higher-return tax-efficient retirement account may achieve better investment insurance provides protection against risks to property, such as fire, theft or weather damage. This includes specialized forms of insurance such as fire insurance, flood insurance, earthquake insurance, home insurance, inland marine insurance or boiler insurance.字数超限了。。。
Insurance, in law and economics, is a form of risk management primarily used to hedge against the risk of potential financial loss. Insurance is defined as the equitable transfer of the risk of a potential loss, from one entity to another, in exchange for a premium and duty of care. there are a few principles of insurance, which are considered as the uncertain losses, the predictable rate and distribution of losses,the sinificant of loss and the loss must be catastrophic. A property or liability insurance policy is a "personal contract," a "conditional contract," a "unilateral contract," a "contract of adhesion," a "contract of indemnity," and a contract which requires that the person insured have an insurable interest at the time of the insured-against contingency. Further: An Insurance Contract is one of Uberrima fides. This is a Latin phrase meaning "utmost good faith" (or translated literally, "most abundant faith"). It is the name of a legal doctrine which governs insurance contracts. This means that all parties to an insurance contract must deal in good faith, making a full declaration of all material facts in the insurance proposal. This contrasts with the legal doctrine of caveat emptor (let the buyer beware). An entity seeking to transfer risk (an individual, corporation, or association of any type) becomes the 'insured' party once risk is assumed by an 'insurer', the insuring party, by means of a contract, defined as an insurance 'policy'. This legal contract sets out terms and conditions specifying the amount of coverage (compensation) to be rendered to the insured, by the insurer upon assumption of risk, in the event of a loss, and all the specific perils covered against (indemnified), for the term of the contract. When insured parties experience a loss for a specified peril, the coverage entitles the policyholder to make a 'claim' against the insurer for the amount of loss as specified by the policy contract. The fee paid by the insured to the insurer for assuming the risk is called the 'premium'. Insurance premiums from many clients are used to fund accounts set aside for later payment of claims—in theory for a relatively few claimants—and for overhead costs. So long as an insurer maintains adequate funds set aside for anticipated losses, the remaining margin becomes their profit. Insurers make money in two ways. Through underwriting, the process through which insurers select what risks to insure and decide how much premium to charge for accepting those risks and by investing the premiums they have collected from insureds Some people consider insurance a type of wager (particularly as associated with moral hazard) that executes over the policy period. The insurance company bets that you or your property will not suffer a loss while you put money on the opposite outcome. The difference in the fees paid to the insurance company versus the amount for which they can be held liable if an accident happens is roughly analogous to the odds one might expect when betting on a racehorse (for example, 10 to 1). For this reason, a number of religious groups, including the Amish and some Muslim groups, avoid insurance and instead depend on support provided by their communities when disasters strike. This can be thought of as "social insurance," as the risk of any given person is assumed collectively by the community who will all bear the cost of rebuilding. In closed, supportive communities where others can be trusted to step in to rebuild lost property, this arrangement can work. Any risk that can be quantified probably has a type of insurance to protect it. Among the different types of insurance are: Automobile insurance, also known as auto insurance, car insurance and in the UK as motor insurance, is probably the most common form of insurance and may cover both legal liability claims against the driver and loss of or damage to the vehicle itself. Over most of the United States purchasing an auto insurance policy is required to legally operate a motor vehicle on public roads. Recommendations for which policy limits should be used are specified in a number of books. In some jurisdictions, bodily injury compensation for automobile accident victims has been changed to No Fault systems, which reduce or eliminate the ability to sue for compensation but provide automatic eligibility for benefits. Boiler insurance (also known as Boiler and Machinery insurance or Equipment Breakdown Insurance) Casualty insurance insures against accidents, not necessarily tied to any specific property. Credit insurance pays some or all of a loan back when certain things happen to the borrower such as unemployment, disability, or death. Financial loss insurance protects individuals and companies against various financial risks. For example, a business might purchase cover to protect it from loss of sales if a fire in a factory prevented it from carrying out its business for a time. Insurance might also cover failure of a creditor to pay money it owes to the insured. Fidelity bonds and surety bonds are included in this category. Health insurance covers medical bills incurred because of sickness or accidents. Liability insurance covers legal claims against the insured. For example, a homeowner's insurance policy provides the insured with protection in the event of a claim brought by someone who slips and falls on the property, and brings a lawsuit for her injuries. Similarly, a doctor may purchase liability insurance to cover any legal claims against him if his negligence (carelessness) in treating a patient caused the patient injury and/or monetary harm. The protection offered by a liability insurance policy is two-fold: a legal defense in the event of a lawsuit commenced against the policyholder, plus indemnification (payment on behalf of the insured) with respect to a settlement or court verdict. Life insurance provides a cash benefit to a decedent's family or other designated beneficiary, and may specifically provide for burial, funeral and other final expenses. Annuities provide a stream of payments and are generally classified as insurance because they are issued by insurance companies and regulated as insurance. Annuities and pensions that pay a benefit for life are sometimes regarded as insurance against the possibility that a retiree will outlive his or her financial resources. In that sense, they are the complement of life insurance. Total permanent disability insurance insurance provides benefits when a person is permanently disabled and can no longer work in their profession, often taken as an adjunct to life insurance. Locked Funds Insurance is a little known hybrid insurance policy jointly issued by governments and banks. It is used to protect public funds from tamper by unauthorised parties. In special cases, a government may authorise its use in protecting semi-private funds which are liable to tamper. Terms of this type of insurance are usually very strict. As such it is only used in extreme cases where maximum security of funds is required. Marine Insurance covers the loss or damage of goods at sea. Marine insurance typically compensates the owner of merchandise for losses sustained from fire, shipwreck, etc., but excludes losses that can be recovered from the carrier. Nuclear incident insurance — damages resulting from an incident involving radioactivive materials is generally arranged at the national level. (For the United States, see Price-Anderson Nuclear Industries Indemnity Act.) Environmental Liability Insurance protects the insured from bodily injury, property damage and cleanup costs as a result of the dispersal, release or escape of a pollutant. Political risk insurance can be taken out by businesses with operations in countries in which there is a risk that revolution or other political conditions will result in a loss. Professional Indemnity Insurance is normally a mandatory requirement for professional practitioners such as Architects, Lawyers, Doctors and Accountants to provide insurance cover against potential negligence claims. Non licensed professionals may also purchase malpractice insurance, it is commonly called Errors and Omissions Insurance and covers a service provider for claims made against them that arise out of the performance of specified professional services. For instance, a web site designer can obtain E&O insurance to cover them for certain claims made by third parties that arise out of negligent performance of web site development services. Property insurance provides protection against risks to property, such as fire, theft or weather damage. This includes specialized forms of insurance such as fire insurance, flood insurance, earthquake insurance, home insurance, inland marine insurance or boiler insurance. Terrorism insurance Title insurance provides a guarantee that title to real property is vested in the purchaser and/or mortgagee, free and clear of liens or encumbrances. It is usually issued in conjunction with a search of the public records done at the time of a real estate transaction. Travel insurance is an insurance cover taken by those who travel abroad, which covers certain losses such as medical expenses, lost of personal belongings, travel delay, personal liabilities.. etc. Workers' compensation insurance replaces all or part of a worker's wages lost and accompanying medical expense incurred due to a job-related injury. A single policy may cover risks in one or more of the above categories. For example, car insurance would typically cover both property risk (covering the risk of theft or damage to the car) and liability risk (covering legal claims from say, causing an accident). A homeowner's insurance policy in the . typically includes property insurance covering damage to the home and the owner's belongings, liability insurance covering certain legal claims against the owner, and even a small amount of health insurance for medical expenses of guests who are injured on the owner's property. Potential sources of risk that may give rise to claims are known as "perils". Examples of perils might be fire, theft, earthquake, hurricane and many other potential risks. An insurance policy will set out in details which perils are covered by the policy and which are not. Insurance companies may be classified as Life insurance companies, who sell life insurance, annuities and pensions products. Non-life or general insurance companies, who sell other types of insurance. In most countries, life and non-life insurers are subject to different regulations, tax and accounting rules. The main reason for the distinction between the two types of company is that life business is very long term in nature — coverage for life assurance or a pension can cover risks over many decades. By contrast, non-life insurance cover usually covers a shorter period, such as one year.
互联网保险论文范文检索
保险 论文的题目是论文的要件之首，它不同于一般 文章 的题目，有特定的构成要素、结构模式。你是不是在因为保险论文的题目头疼?为此我给大家收集了一些关于保险专业的题目材料，欢迎大家阅读。 保险论文题目(一) 1. 基于物流经济的快递商品保险现状与对策分析 2. 大病保险能否终结因病致贫 3. 浅析职工工伤保险存在的问题与对策 4. 构建我国海外投资保险制度的思考 5. 农户育肥猪保险支付意愿研究 6. 中银保险车险理赔系统设计与实现 7. 死亡率下降对商业保险和社会保险的影响 8. 信诚“安诊无忧”住院费用补偿医疗险介绍 9. 保险保障基金的道德风险分析 10. 基因测试在重大疾病保险中应用的可行性分析 11. 我国科技保险发展问题探讨 12. 投保人失踪后谁可退保取决于该合同的继承权归属 13. 保险市场行为变异及原因探析 14. 美国失业保险:特点绩效与问题 15. “.”保险宣传咨询活动 16. 中国平安回归A股成功上市 17. 论海上旅客人身伤亡责任保障机制的构建 18. 论金融化趋势下再保险发展新模式的构建 19. 对寿险公司直接开办责任保险的质疑 20. 对我国“全民医保”制度建设的初步构想 保险论文题目(二) 1. 中外国家保险业效率比较研究 2. 我国保险网络营销 渠道 策略研究 3. 中国平安人寿理赔服务满意度提升方案 4. 保险人代位求偿权问题分析 5. 我国银行保险发展问题探析 6. 关于团险渠道业务发展困境的思考 7. 从政府机构的视角构建我国海洋与渔业灾害风险防范体系 8. 中国财产保险公司经营效率实证研究 9. 互联网保险的前景分析及模式预测 10. 我国淡水养殖保险发展制约因素及对策分析 11. 中国保险业成熟度的测量与实证 12. 人寿保险信托及其在我国推行的意义 13. 我国西部民族地区巨灾保险立法探析 14. 基层农机保险现状及对策建议 15. 大学生纳入城镇居民医疗保险存在的问题与对策 16. 《社会保险法》实施中的问题及对策研究 17. 我国老年护理保险的法律探析 18. 我国保险监管模式的现实思考 19. 浅析我国电子商务保险发展 20. 我国保险业中若干问题的统计分析 保险论文题目(三) 1. 农村养老保险政策的完善问题 2. 事业单位参加养老保险的政策建议 3. 养老保险政策的问题研究 4. 单位不愿意缴纳养老保险的原因分析 5. 养老保险缴纳过程中的规避行为(探讨故意不足额缴纳的行为) 6. 养老保险待遇给付的合理性 7. 养老保险金的缺口问题(基金紧张) 8. 参保人的养老保险观念问题研究 9. 养老保险与离退休人员的社会化管理 10. 养老保险对单位用人制度的影响 11. .做实个人帐户的必要性与合理性 12. 做实个人帐户对个人养老保险待遇的影响 13. 被单位做出自动 离职 处理人员参加养老保险的对策研究 14. 关于我国养老保险问题的探讨 15. 论养老保险的进一步改革 保险论文题目(四) 1. 车险创新销售模式 2. 我国保险营销现状及对策 3. 我国财险保险发展现状及影响因素分析 4. 农业互助保险制度的优势与创设构想 5. 保险市场消费行为心理因素分析 6. 基于 市场营销 P理论的保险营销策略 7. 大数据时代保险业的发展 8. 我国城市大学生医疗保险制度比较 9. 对我国养老保险制度公平性的思考 10. 电子商务环境下流通商品保险研究 12. 政府保险采购招投标存在的问题与难点分析 13. 谈谈紧急救援保险 14. 中外遏制保险犯罪立法之比较 15. 就农业保险谈点体会与看法 16. 我国区域保险发展研究 17. 普及保险知识的“草根”智慧 18. 如何选择最省钱的汇款方式 19. 生活中的最佳保健时间 20. 涉外追偿大有可为 猜你喜欢： 1. 保险风险管理论文题目 2. 金融保险论文题目 3. 关于保险论文范文 4. 保险毕业论文参考 5. 对目前保险市场的分析论文
行政管理毕业论文一、前言保险投资在保险公司的经营中占有举足轻重的地位。但是目前我国保险公司资金运作现状并不尽如人意，保险公司作为一个商业企业，其根本目的在于追求利润的最大化，随着市场竞争的加剧，保险公司利润已不能单纯依靠收取的保险费与一定概率下的保险赔付差额，而是越来越倚重于保险投资的有效运营。因为保险与给付之差，其利润率是一定的，而且还有减少的趋势，而保险投资的运营，其预期的利润率却是无限大的，所以只有安全有效地进行各种投资运营才能使保险资金获得长期稳定的增长，使保险公司获得较高的利润。可见有效的资本运营是现代保险业的支柱，是保险经营发展的生命线。二、我国保险投资的历史和现状（一）我国保险投资的历史沿革建国初期，我国保险企业的资金按规定只能存入银行，所得利息全部上缴国家财政，无任何保险投资可言。经过20年的停办以后，我国保险业随着改革开放而获得新生。中国人民保险公司1980年开始恢复办理国内保险业务，并积极发展国外保险业务。1984年11月，国务院批转的中国人民保险公司《关于加快发展我国保险事业的报告》中指出：“总、分公司收入的保险费扣除赔款、赔偿准备金、费用开支和纳税金后，余下的可以自己运用”。1985年3月国务院颁布的《保险企业管理暂行条例》又从法规的角度明确了保险企业可以自主运用保险资金。这不仅是我国保险体制改革的一次重大突破，也是增强我国保险业活力的一项战略性措施，对加快我国保险业发展产生了深远的影响。我国保险企业投资大体可以分为以下几个阶段。1、初步发展阶段：1984年至1988年底中国人民保险公司在取得投资权后，从1984年下半年开始，总公司在北京、江苏等地尝试性地开展投资（包括贷款）业务，部分省、自治区、直辖市以及计划单列城市分公司也相继开展保险投资业务。在这一阶段，中国人民银行对保险企业的投资活动实行严格管理，一是对资金运用规模实行计划控制，例如1986年人行对人保下达2亿元投资额度。二是对资金运用的方式与方向作了严格规定。1986年人保的资金运用被限定为投资地方自筹的固定资产项目。1987年批准试办流动资金贷款业务和购买金融债券。这一阶段的经营效益不大理想，资产运用率和投资收益水平都比较低。以1986年为例，中国人民保险公司国内业务汇总的资产运用率只有，投资收益率仅为。2、调整整顿阶段：1988年底至1990年底由于面临治理整顿的经济环境和紧缩信贷规模的局面，加之保险业本身经营效益不佳，我国保险投资业务于1988年底进入调整整顿阶段。其内容和措施有：总结前几年资金运用工作的经验和教训，严格执行信贷计划，严肃利率政策，把资金转投到流动资金贷款方面，坚持“十不贷”和注意“重点倾斜”并采取了担保和银行承兑汇票抵押等手段，努力提高资金运用的安全性与收益性。在这一阶段，中国人民保险公司的资金运用工作除办理流动资金贷款业务外，大部分工作放在对原有投资贷款项目的清理的催收上。资金运用的范围被限定为流动资金贷款、企业技术改造贷款、购买金融债券和银行同业拆借。3、进一步发展阶段：1991年至1995年经过两年多的调整整顿，加之宏观经济形势的好转，保险投资业务于1991年开始进行新的发展阶段。在这一阶段，保险投资在保险界得到了普遍认同和重视。两家新成立的全国性保险公司——中国平安保险公司、中国太平洋保险公司先后加入了保险资金运用的行列。保险投资规模不断扩大，1992年底。人保、平保、太保三家保险公司的资金运用余额达亿元。保险投资的范围有所拓宽，证券投资得到较大发展，保险投资收益得到提高。4、规范发展阶段：1995年至今随着1995年《保险法》的出台和实施，各保险公司遵照《保险法》调整业务，以符合《保险法》的要求。《保险法》的实施，为我国保险投资业务的规范与健康发展奠定的基础。（二）我国保险公司保险投资现状1、决策机制薄弱目前许多保险公司尚未建立一套规范有效的决策机制，人保财险公司直到2003年下半年才成立了专门的保险投资公司。决策的盲目性、被动性、随意性十分突出，在仅能投资债券的时期，这类决策机制不会体现任何危机，对于资产规模迅速壮大的保险公司来说，更是掩盖了其决策的弊端：决策机制落后，决策反馈机制尚未建立，在保险公司进入基金市场后会充分暴露出来。2、保险投资渠道狭窄1998年以前，保险公司的资金运用渠道限于：银行存款、买卖政府债券、金融债券和国务院规定的其他资金运用形式。2000年3月1日起实行的《保险公司管理规定》，保险公司的资金运用，限于银行存款、买卖政府债券、金融债券、买卖中国保监会指定的中央企业债券和国务院规定的其他资金运用形式。而西方国家保险公司资金运用的法定渠道则较广泛。如美国、日本就规定保险公司可进行政府债券、公司债券、股票、抵押贷款、不动产、保单放贷等业务。3、保险资金利用率低保险资金的利用率，在国外基本上达到90%，而在我国还不到50%。有限的保险资金主要用于银行存款。据统计，1998年人保、平保和太保三大保险公司保险资金的40%—60%局限于现金和银行存款，保险资金基本上无“运用”可言。截止到1999年底，中国人民保险公司的资金运用率还不到20%。为了保证保险资金的安全，保险公司将大量资金存于银行，由银行进行专业的资金运用，而保险公司只能获得固定的较低的存款利息，银行存款的利息已经远远不能使保险资金保值、增值了，保险公司必须开拓出投资新领域来保证其资金的收益性、安全性。4、保险投资缺乏相应人才保险投资涉及到存款、国债、证券等多个领域，因此保险投资人才必须对国家经济发展有远见，对各行业发展有底数，才能有胆略，有灵活性，善于捕获商机，在资本市场上获得丰厚的回报。而我国保险公司由于历史原因，现有员工基本上由军转干部、金融机构及政府部门调入和正规大学毕业生三部分组成，且前两部分约占公司员工的70%，年龄大都在40周岁以上。这样的人力资源结构，呈现出明显的弊端，即知识结构老化，缺乏创造力。保险公司要想从保险投资中获益，就必须引进相应人才，同时注重公司内部年轻人才的培养。免费公文网版权所有5、保险公司管理水平落后，影响保险投资收益由于我国长期实行计划经济体制，管理体制落后，投资缺乏科学决策，许多公司在科学决策、内部约束机制方面比较薄弱。由此出现了许多领导项目贷款、人情贷款等。这些项目贷款很多无法收回投资本息，甚至成为呆账、坏账。管理水平的落后，影响了投资收益。中国的保险公司要生存，保险事业要发展，客观上要求保险资金实现有效运用，但是这并不是说中国马上就完全放开对保险资金运用的限制，还有一些地方需要去完善，还有一些制度需要制定，这是一个渐进的过程。三、建立我国保险投资体制的构想（一）保险投资客观上需要建立有效投资体制所谓保险投资体制是指保险投资活动运行机制和管理制度的总称。保险投资机制建立的目的在于提高保险投资的收益，降低投资风险。保险公司的承保业务与投资业务是现代保险业的两个重要特征，其中保险投资业务已经成为现代保险公司生存和发展的重要手段。一方面，保险投资业务的发展，将扩大保险公司的盈利，增加保险公司偿付能力和经营和稳定性。同时，保险公司收入的增加，将使保险公司有能力降低保险费率，减轻被保险人的负担，提高保险公司的竞争能力。我国保险业如果没有投资收益作为基础，加入WTO后，在承保业务上很难与国外保险公司进行价格（费率）竞争。另一方面，保险投资业务的发展和获利可以弥补业务上亏损，维持保险公司的生存和发展。如1987年英国两大保险公司保险业务亏损分别为亿英镑和亿英镑，而投资利润为亿英镑和英镑，盈亏相抵后，还有不小的综合盈利。从近期国际保险业的发展特点来看，保险公司的主要收益已经从传统的承保收益逐步转移为投资收益，如美国产险业务自1978年以来连续21年出现承保亏损，主要收益来自于投资收益。由于保险经营是一种负债经营，因而保险资金的运用除了考虑投资的收益外，还必须保证投资的安全性。因此，市场的开放，投资工具的增加和投资规模的不断扩大，客观上需要保险公司进一步加强投资机制的建设，提高化解风险的能力，保证保险资金实现安全性和投资收益的协调。（二）保险业应尽快建立、健全保险企业的制度和规范建立和完善中国保险投资体制是一个系统工程。只有保险公司建立了现代企业制度，加强经营管理，才可能为高水平、高效益的保险投资提供根本制度保证。如何加强经营管理，我个人认为可以包括以下内容：第一、加大公司运作的透明度和社会舆论的监督作用，运用法律武器，严惩那些损害股东权益的行为，有效地维护股东的权益。第二、建立和完善对经理层的约束和激励机制，彻底改变旧的用人机制，让市场和竞争来决定经理的选拔，使经理的报酬与公司的业绩直接挂钩。第三、加强管理创新，按照现代企业制度的要求，摒弃旧的、传统的管理模式及其相应的管理方工和方法，创建新的管理模式及其相应的方式和方法。（三）进一步拓宽资金运用渠道保险资金运用是保险公司稳健经营的基础，是关系到保险公司经营状况的重要因素。由于我国保险业起步较晚,加之其它种种原因,目前我国保险资金运用存在的问题是证券投资基金规模太小；保险公司无法控制入市资金的风险；在目前封闭式基金占据主流的情况下，保险公司只能被动的分红，其变现很难实现；保险资金的运用渠道过窄；保险资金中短期性行为严重。针对这些问题，必须进一步拓宽保险资金的运用渠道，加快资金入市步伐，使我国保险业能够持续快速发展。1、保险资金入市（1）保险资金入市可以增强保险公司的盈利能力，如果运用得当，还可有效解决保险公司所面临的“利差损”问题。在《保险法》规定的范围内进行投资，仅每年的利差损就有3至6个百分点，这为保险公司的长期发展埋下了巨大隐患。在银行存款的利率为，国债的买卖收益最多不过6%-7%，在同业拆借市场上，因资金量有限，所以收益率微乎其微。而在2000年保险公司投资证券基金的平均收益达12%。因此，保险资金入市，从长远来看，对保险公司增加盈利能力、解决“利差损”具有重要的意义。（2）保险资金入市可以有效改善保险公司资产结构。如果允许保险资金按严格的比例进入证券市场，可以在一定程度上缓解资金闲置的压力。因为保险资金进入证券市场是进行股权的交易，在证券市场机制作用下，根据保险资金运用原则，保险公司必然将资金投入到效益好、有成长性的企业中去，这样客观上就使保险资产得到了相应的改善。（3）从长期来看，保险资金入市对于启动保险消费将起到一定的促进作用。保险资金入市无疑使国家找到一种对资金更有效的配置方法，从而使部分社会资金与证券市场之间形成纽带。在这个纽带的连接过程中，不但可以改变整个社资金的结构，还可以使经济发展得到更大的保障，以便使国家、企业、个人以及保险公司更好的发展。（4）保险资金入市，可以增强我国保险公司的国际竞争力。随着我国加入WTO，保险业面临着更大的冲击，承受着更大的压力。保险公司除了用提高服务质量来争取保单，扩大客户群外，其所得到的保费收入如何获取最大的安全收益是关键问题。在发达国家，保险资金的投资渠道较我国畅通的多，除了存入银行和购买国债外，还可涉足证券市场甚至房地产业。所以，保险资金入市，可以增强我国保险公司与国外保险公司的竞争实力，更好地奠定加入WTO后的经济基础。（5）保险资金入市可有效缓解证券市场中资金供给与需求之间的矛盾，有助于稳定证券市场。随着保险业的不断发展，可入市的保险资金的规模将越来越大，必将会改善证券市场的资金结构，它对证券市场的长期发展所起的作用也会越来越明显。2、保险资金进入短期拆借市场。尽管保险公司都有较高的信誉，但上前还不能以信用方式进入短期拆借市场，而须有抵押。如果能直接以信用方式进入短期拆借市场，可以为保险公司提高资金运用效率提供方便。3、扩大可投资的企业债券范围。目前保险资金只可购买铁路债券、电力债券和三峡债券，应扩大到其他的企业债券。尽管企业债券质地有好有坏，或者说存在风险，但应相信保险公司有一定的鉴别能力。4、进行资产委托管理。免费公文网版权所有资产委托就是保险公司以合同的形式把资金委托给专业的资产管理公司进行运作。它的最大好处是保险公司省心省力，不必事事躬亲，同时由专业公司进行操作，也可确保较高回报。（四）培育专门资金运用人才我国加入WTO将使保险业面临更加严峻的考验，保险公司如何作好准备，采取措施，搞好投资收益，上面已经从体制和机制创新、拓宽资金运用渠道等多方面进行了探讨，但要确保这些对策措施具有现实的针对性、决策的参考性和实施的可操作性，关键在人，关键取决于目前保险公司干部职工队伍的素质。因此，首先要改变干部队伍年龄老化问题，采取买断工龄、提前内退等方式，分流一批年龄老化的人员，以保证队伍的生机与活力；其次，要从管理入手，通过秘诀革，建设与国际接轨的一流现代化商业保险公司的高效精简的机关管理体制，尽快与国际经济接轨；再次，要注重人才的引进和使用，以及后备干部和后备人才的储备。目前，当务之急是要围绕加快效率的长远目标，建立结构合理高素质的干部队伍；以及培养选拔一批优秀的中青年干部，建立数量充足、结构合理的后备干部队伍，构建既有长期培养对象，又有近期可以上岗的人才储备库《保险行政管理毕业论文:论保险公司保险投资(1)》来源于免费范文网
扩展阅读：【保险】怎么买，哪个好，手把手教你避开保险的这些"坑"
互联网保险创新论文题目
保险 论文的题目是论文的要件之首，它不同于一般 文章 的题目，有特定的构成要素、结构模式。你是不是在因为保险论文的题目头疼?为此我给大家收集了一些关于保险专业的题目材料，欢迎大家阅读。 保险论文题目(一) 1. 基于物流经济的快递商品保险现状与对策分析 2. 大病保险能否终结因病致贫 3. 浅析职工工伤保险存在的问题与对策 4. 构建我国海外投资保险制度的思考 5. 农户育肥猪保险支付意愿研究 6. 中银保险车险理赔系统设计与实现 7. 死亡率下降对商业保险和社会保险的影响 8. 信诚“安诊无忧”住院费用补偿医疗险介绍 9. 保险保障基金的道德风险分析 10. 基因测试在重大疾病保险中应用的可行性分析 11. 我国科技保险发展问题探讨 12. 投保人失踪后谁可退保取决于该合同的继承权归属 13. 保险市场行为变异及原因探析 14. 美国失业保险:特点绩效与问题 15. “.”保险宣传咨询活动 16. 中国平安回归A股成功上市 17. 论海上旅客人身伤亡责任保障机制的构建 18. 论金融化趋势下再保险发展新模式的构建 19. 对寿险公司直接开办责任保险的质疑 20. 对我国“全民医保”制度建设的初步构想 保险论文题目(二) 1. 中外国家保险业效率比较研究 2. 我国保险网络营销 渠道 策略研究 3. 中国平安人寿理赔服务满意度提升方案 4. 保险人代位求偿权问题分析 5. 我国银行保险发展问题探析 6. 关于团险渠道业务发展困境的思考 7. 从政府机构的视角构建我国海洋与渔业灾害风险防范体系 8. 中国财产保险公司经营效率实证研究 9. 互联网保险的前景分析及模式预测 10. 我国淡水养殖保险发展制约因素及对策分析 11. 中国保险业成熟度的测量与实证 12. 人寿保险信托及其在我国推行的意义 13. 我国西部民族地区巨灾保险立法探析 14. 基层农机保险现状及对策建议 15. 大学生纳入城镇居民医疗保险存在的问题与对策 16. 《社会保险法》实施中的问题及对策研究 17. 我国老年护理保险的法律探析 18. 我国保险监管模式的现实思考 19. 浅析我国电子商务保险发展 20. 我国保险业中若干问题的统计分析 保险论文题目(三) 1. 农村养老保险政策的完善问题 2. 事业单位参加养老保险的政策建议 3. 养老保险政策的问题研究 4. 单位不愿意缴纳养老保险的原因分析 5. 养老保险缴纳过程中的规避行为(探讨故意不足额缴纳的行为) 6. 养老保险待遇给付的合理性 7. 养老保险金的缺口问题(基金紧张) 8. 参保人的养老保险观念问题研究 9. 养老保险与离退休人员的社会化管理 10. 养老保险对单位用人制度的影响 11. .做实个人帐户的必要性与合理性 12. 做实个人帐户对个人养老保险待遇的影响 13. 被单位做出自动 离职 处理人员参加养老保险的对策研究 14. 关于我国养老保险问题的探讨 15. 论养老保险的进一步改革 保险论文题目(四) 1. 车险创新销售模式 2. 我国保险营销现状及对策 3. 我国财险保险发展现状及影响因素分析 4. 农业互助保险制度的优势与创设构想 5. 保险市场消费行为心理因素分析 6. 基于 市场营销 P理论的保险营销策略 7. 大数据时代保险业的发展 8. 我国城市大学生医疗保险制度比较 9. 对我国养老保险制度公平性的思考 10. 电子商务环境下流通商品保险研究 12. 政府保险采购招投标存在的问题与难点分析 13. 谈谈紧急救援保险 14. 中外遏制保险犯罪立法之比较 15. 就农业保险谈点体会与看法 16. 我国区域保险发展研究 17. 普及保险知识的“草根”智慧 18. 如何选择最省钱的汇款方式 19. 生活中的最佳保健时间 20. 涉外追偿大有可为 猜你喜欢： 1. 保险风险管理论文题目 2. 金融保险论文题目 3. 关于保险论文范文 4. 保险毕业论文参考 5. 对目前保险市场的分析论文
论文题目有帮得上吗？1、保险业税制改革研究2、保险业品牌建设研究3、保险业转变发展方式的途径及策略4、经济全球化条件下中国保险监管制度创新研究5、区域保险市场均衡发展研究6、保险电子商务相关法律问题研究7、金融综合经营趋势对保险业发展的影响及对策8、保险业反洗钱相关问题研究9、保险市场运行状况指标体系研究10、保险资产管理的监管模式研究11、保险业信用评级体系研究12、责任保险与侵权法关系研究13、保险监管的行政处罚制度研究14、中国农业保险立法研究15、保险监管岗位绩效与标准研究16、保险行业人才流动的问题与对策17、我国保险教育的问题与对策18、企业年金市场发展研究19、健康保险发展存在的问题及对策研究20、和谐社会建设与责任保险发展研究21、保险业社会贡献度指标体系研究22、保险监管专业人员职业资格标准研究23、保险服务体系建设与从业人员资格管理研究24、保险营销创新与监管研究25、保险中介市场发展研究26、保险经纪行业发展研究27、保险中介在保险创新中的作用研究28、反腐倡廉建设与保险业科学发展研究29、出口信用保险发展研究30、商业保险与社会保险关系研究31、保险业集团化经营模式的比较研究32、保险资金运用渠道拓展研究33、中小保险公司发展研究34、保险公司治理结构创新研究35、保险产品创新研究36、保险资产境外投资研究37、新会计准则对保险经营与监管的影响研究38、保险公司经营绩效指标体系研究39、保险公司社会责任研究40、保险公司风险管理体系研究41、巨灾风险的可保性研究42、我国巨灾风险证券化研究43、保险业文化建设研究44、保险公司合规制度研究45、行业自保规范发展研究46、保险公司股权激励政策研究47、保险公司风险处置法律研究48、保险资金运用的国际比较与借鉴49、保险业对外开放的国际比较与借鉴50、国际保险标准化工作研究51、保险消费者权益保护国际比较研究52、信息披露制度国际比较研究
1）论我国人身保险发展的市场前景 2）商业保险与社会保险的比较 3）商业保险在我国的发展趋势 4）中国加入WTO后保险业的发展前景 5）如何改善我国保险监管的不足、 6）论中外保险竞争与合作 7）交强险的运用与改革 8）论述我国创新型保险产品的发展现状及发展前景 9）年金保险在我国的发展前景 10）比较责任保险与一般财产保险 11）比较信用保险和保证保险的异同 12）农业保险在我国今后的发展趋势 13）我国保险代理人体制的改革 14）保险理赔应遵守的基本原则与特殊原则 15）分析影响保险公司偿付能力的主要因素 16）我国再保险业的发展趋势 17）重庆保险市场分析 18）保险企业提高经营效益的根本途径 19）分析几种典型的保险公司组织形式 20）理解偿付能力监管是保险监管的核心 21）保险业在混业经营中的意义 22）保险营销环境对保险营销策略的影响 23）理解保险经营资产具有负债性的意义 24）为什么保险人在经营中要遵守风险大量原则 25）论述人身保险的特殊性 26）农业保险经营中的主要问题 27）论保险人公估人在我国保险市场的作用 28）论《保险法》修改的要点 29）保险学大学生在中国保险市场的作为 30）保险的“助动器”与“稳定器”作用 31）论保险条款“通俗化”的必要 32）分析目前国家允许保险资金海外投资和保险外汇资金境外运用 33）分析我国保险经纪人市场的发展前景 34）分析我国保险业的人才需求状况 35）浅谈保险代理人 36）分析保险营销新渠道的拓展 37）保险市场与资本市场的互动 38）分析我国目前投资型保险 39）论我国保险资金的投资渠道 40）分析我国企业年金保险市场 41）论中国保险市场全面开放所带来的影响 42）浅谈保险合同的订立与生效 43）保险资金的有效管理运用 44）如何改善我国保险监管的不足 45）论我国保险营销策略与发展 46）浅谈保险客户服务中心管理 47）如何改善我国保险监管的不足 48）浅谈我国补充养老保险发展现状极其发展意义 49）论意外伤害保险的可保危险 50）如何发展我国农村医疗健康保险市场 51）我国财产保险发展趋势 52）论述财产保险的主要特征 53）订立财产保险合同应遵守的原则 54）简述我国财产保险市场的恶性竞争 55）再保险对财产保险公司的意义 56）家庭财产保险在中国的发展前景 57）分析目前机动车辆保险市场现状