德语谚语的中文翻译研究论文

"LIEBE1989" 和 "buyaoduowen "还有"sdyawann"的答案都可以采纳，看来给分时，你也是“Wer die Wahl hat, hat die Qual“。哈哈！

这句话翻译为 " 当风向转变的时候, 有的人筑墙, 有的人造风车" 不过据说是中国人看到外语的原文又找不到对应的谚语没有办法才直译过来的说...

朋友，下面是几个跟吃喝有关的德语谚语：Nach dem Essen soll man ruh oder tausend Schritte tun. 饭后百步走活到九十九

Ein gutes Schwein frisst alles. 会吃的人什么都吃得下Bier auf Wein, lass das sein. Wein auf Bier,das rat ich Dir. 先喝啤酒后喝葡萄酒，劝君饮之；先喝葡萄酒后喝啤酒，切莫为之。Woanders wird auch nur mit Wasser gekocht. 别处的做（饭）法也和这里一样Durch Schaden wird man klug. 吃一堑，长一智

kauft, hat hundert Augen noetig, wer verkauft, nur eins.卖者装马虎，买者要审慎 die Wahl hat, hat die Qual. 痛苦来自选择 du heute kannst besorgen, das verschiebe nicht auf morgen.日事日毕，日事日清

英语谚语翻译论文答辩

1、A merry heart goes all the e.

处处有路通长安。

4、An apple a day keeps the doctor a is like a good cake, better broken than kept.

蛋糕莫保留，坏习气要除掉。

8、A life es fair ter than none.

有一点总比没有好。

29、A good medicine tastes bitter.

良药苦口，忠言逆耳。

30、A little help is .

书是随时携带的花园。

33、A friend is a second self.

朋友是第二个自我。

34、A candle lights others and consumes itself.

蜡烛照亮了别人，燃尽了自己。

35、All ter than riches.

好名誉胜过有财富

38、A bad workman always blames his tools.

劣工咎器。

39、A snow year, a good year.

瑞雪兆丰年。

40、An evil lesson is soon learned.

学坏容易。

41、A lazy youth, a lousy age.

少年懒惰，老来贫苦。

42、A work ill done must be twice done.

工作未干好，只得重返工。

43、After supper walk a mile.

饭后百步走，活到九十九。

44、An empty bag cannot stand upright.

空袋子放不真。

45、A tree is known by its fruit.

观其行而知其人。

46、All things are difficult before they are easy.

万事开头难。

47、A good medicine tastes bitter.

良药苦口利于病，忠言逆耳利于行。

49、All men can't be first.

并非所有的都能获第一。

50、A thousand mile trip begins with one step.

千里之行，始于足下。

51、A thing of beauty is a joy for ever.

美好的事物永远是一种快乐。

52、Actions speak louder than words.

事实胜于雄辩。

53、A little knowledge is a dangerous thing.

一知半解，害已误人。

54、A man is known by his friends.

什么人交什么朋友。

55、A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush.

两鸟在林，不如一鸟在手。

56、A good conscience is a soft pillow.

问心无愧，高枕无忧。

57、All are not friends that speak us fair.

说好话的不一定都是朋友。

高考经典高中英语句子常用谚语大全带汉语

高中是要奔着高考去冲刺的，自然要好好努力一番，英语作为主课千万不能落下，每天多背一些吧。欢迎大家学习参考。

1、Diligence is the mother of success.

成功来自勤奋。

2、God helps those who help themselves.

自助者天助。

3、Gold will not buy anything.

黄金并非万能。

4、No man can do two things at once.

一心不可二用。

5、Nothing is difficult to the man who will try.

世上无难事，只要肯登攀。

6、Wealth is nothing without health.

失去健康，钱再多也没用。

7、Dont put off till tomorrow what should be done today.

今日事，今日毕。

8、Two heads are better than one.

三个臭皮匠，赛过诸葛亮。

9、Actions speak louder than words.

事实胜于雄辩。

10、A friend in need is a friend indeed.

患难见真情。

11、All things are difficult before they are easy.

万事先难后易。

12、An idle youth, a needy age. / A young idler, an old beggar.

少壮不努力，老大徒伤悲。

13、Well begun is half done.

良好的开端是成功的一半。

14、Health is happiness.

健康就是幸福。

15、He laughs best who laughs last.

谁笑到最后，谁笑得最好。

16、Failure is the mother of success.

失败是成功之母。

17、Where there is a will, there is a way.

有志者事竟成。

18、practice makes perfect.

熟能生巧。

19、An apple a day keeps the doctor away.

一天一个苹果，医生远离我。

20、Health is above wealth.

健康胜于财富。

21、Kill two birds with one stone.

一箭双雕。

22、All beginnings are hard.

万事开头难。

23、The early bird catches the worm.

早起的鸟儿有虫吃。

24、Easier said than done.

说起来容易做起来难。

25、Think twice before you do、/Look before you leap.

三思而后行。

26、Do as the Romans do.

入乡随俗。

27、A good beginning is half done.

良好的开端是成功的一半。

28、Knowledge is power.

知识就是力量。

29、Facts speak plainer than words.

事实胜于雄辩。

30、Confidence in yourself is the first step on the road to success.

自信是走向成功的第一步。

31、A thousand mile trip begins with one step.

千里之行，始于足下。

32、Unity is strength.

团结就是力量。

33、Time and tide wait for no man.

时不我待。

34、Do nothing by halves.

不可半途而废。

35、Business before pleasure.

先工作，后娱乐。

36、Nothing is too difficult in the world if you set your mind into it.

世上无难事，只怕有心人。

37、Dont judge by appearance.

不可以貌取人。

38、Time flies.

光阴似箭。

39、Time is money.

时间就是金钱。

40、Nothing seek, nothing find.

没有追求就没有收获。

41、A life without a friend is a life without a sun.

人生没有朋友，犹如生活没有阳光。

42、A life without a friend is a life without a sun.

活到老，学到老。

43、All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.

只工作而无娱乐会使人愚钝。

44、Every advantage has its disadvantage.

有利必有弊。

45、Every advantage has its disadvantage.

光阴一去不复返。

46、All roads lead to Rome.

条条大路通罗马。

47、Do it now.

机不可失，时不再来。

48、As one door closes, another door opens.

无绝人之路。

49、Honesty is the best policy.

做人诚信为本。

1、

魔鬼高兴，也发善心。 The devil is good ething for nothing.

5、

不要谋之过早。 Dont jump the gun.

6、

不劳动者不得食。 He that ails.

10、

东西是新的好，朋友是老的亲。 Everything is good .

13、

千里之行，始于足下。 A journey of a thousand miles begins y.

64、

说是一回事，做是另一回事。 Saying is one thing, doing is another.

65、

工作出工匠。 placency.

77、

人不贵妻，自我丢脸。 He that dishonors his ter wear out than rust out.

93、

活到老，学到老。 Never too old to learn.

94、

伤风时宜吃，发热时宜饿。 Feed a cold and starve a fever.

95、

勇敢的人都是信守诺言的人。 Every brave man is a man of his word.

96、

停止须生锈。 Stop rust.

97、

趁风扬帆。 Sail before the wind.

98、

求学的三个基本原则是∶多观察、多吃苦、多钻研。 The three foundations of learning: seeing much, suffering much, and studying much.

99、

生活得好的等于生活了两次。 He lives twice who lives well.

100、

玫瑰花没有不长刺的。 There is no rose without a thorn.

1、

白日不做亏心事，夜半不怕鬼敲门。 A clear conscience laughs at false accusations.

2、

危险本身就是对付危险的最好办法。 Danger itself is the best remedy for danger.

3、

权高树敌多。 Great pos.

20、

善言是世上的音乐。 Kind here to there.

39、

欲擒龙王，就得下海。 If you an can keep is her age.

49、

好马常要好靴刺。 A good horse often needs a good spur.

50、

虎父生犬子。 Like father, like son.

51、

记得青年时所做的愚笨事的人是幸福的。 Happy is he are none the better.

56、

药补不如食补。 Food is better than medicine.

57、

行胜于言。 Actions speak louder than .

61、

不尝黄连苦，怎知蜂蜜甜。 e easy.

65、

真理不些要色彩，美丽不需涂饰。 Truth needs no colour; beauty, no pencil.

66、

自由不是放纵。 Liberty is not licence.

67、

天下的狗都要咬人。 All dogs bite.

68、

人人都讲话，无人去听它。 other countries are the most beautiful.

84、

爱是人生最大的乐趣。 Love is the greatest pleasure in life.

85、

反败为胜。 Turn the tables.

86、

熟得快，烂得快。 Soon ripe, soon rotten.

87、

舍本逐末。 Cut the chase.

88、

不可以貌取人。 Dont judge a book by its cover.

89、

心情愉快，办事痛快。 A merry heart makes a merry ter than two oaths.

100、

同室不操戈。 No man is worth your tears, and the one who is, wont make you cry.

翻译专业开题报告

开题报告是毕业论文答辩委员会对学生答辩资格审查的一个重要依据材料。下面是我为大家收集整理的翻译专业开题报告，欢迎阅读。

How to Deal with Ellipsis in English-Chinese Translation

I. Purpose and Significance

With the development of globalization, the world’s political, economic and cultural communications are becoming increasingly frequent. Therefore, the role of translation cannot be ignored. However, the differences between English and Chinese cultures that are reflected in the two languages pose considerable difficulty.

It is acknowledged that when doing translation one can not translate word for word, or sentence by sentence. Therefore, we must use some translation strategies such as amplification, ellipsis, conversion and so on. Ellipsis as one of the basic translation methods plays an essential role in English-Chinese rendition. Translators apply it in order to make their versions more coherent and understandable.

According to the Oxford Advanced Learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary, ellipsis means leaving out a word or words from a sentence deliberately, when the meaning can be understood without them. Ellipsis in translation does not mean cutting some content from the original articles. What could be omitted are words that are useless in translated works or else they will make the versions redundant or disobey the manner of expression in another language.

Some words and phrases are useless in Chinese but necessary in English. Articles in English are the most significant phenomenon from this aspect. They are very important in English, but we can hardly see any reflection of this part in Chinese. Ellipsis is designed on the basis of faithfulness to the original text, making it more fluent, smooth, concise, thus conforming to idiomatic Chinese. The paper will explore ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from five aspects, which are ellipses of pronouns, conjunctions, articles, prepositions, modifications, so as to achieve smoother and clearer communications among China and English-speaking countries.

II. Literature Review

Long before, some people began to learn other countries’ languages to understand others cultures. In China, Xuanzang was the first translator who not only translated the Sanskrit sutras into Chinese, but introduced the first Chinese writings to foreign countries, making foreigners understand China’s ancient culture. Meanwhile, he was the first to translate Lao Tse's works into Sanskrit. Indian scholars had a high opinion of Xuanzang, "In China, there is no such great translator, and also in the human cultural history, we can only say that Xuanzang is the first great translator."(Ye Lang, 2008) We can say that it was Xuanzang who motivated people to know the different parts of the world, their cultures and the peoples who live there. Then, some big countries such as America, China, and so on became a melting pot.(Gu Zhengkun, 2000) People have imperceptibly spent thousands of years in knowing each other.

With China’s entry into WTO and its open-up policy, cross-cultural exchanges are increasingly frequent between this country and others. A lot of foreign tourists come to visit China. While traveling, these foreigners are not satisfied with the translations of the scenic spots. Sometimes, they even feel confused. A lot of problems exist in the translation, such as misuse of words, poor expression of meaning and so on. All of these poor translations do harm to our country’s international image, and cause a lot of inconveniences for the foreign visitors. (Ma Zuyi, 2000). I am fond of tourism and being a free tourist like the others who are good at enjoying their wonderful lives. The love of tourism makes me feel the need to improve the translation. But every time when I have a trip, many unsuitable translations of the names of those scenic spots will embarrass me. Tourism is part of intercultural communication, so proper translation of the scenic spots become more and more important to our country.

Communication plays a significant role in the globalized society. In order to know each other better, people from all over the world have tried a verity of ways. Of course, translation is one of them. All translators have done their best to make the translated works more consistent with the needs of people.(Gu Jinming, 1997) From my perspective, they really have done a great job. And I want to retrospect the cause of their development. After a thorough evaluation, I choose a branch of translation—ellipsis in translation from English to Chinese, then I did the following jobs.

I put all my researches and other stuffs together, and then I found that it is a common case in English and Chinese which draws much academic interest. In 1976, Halliday and Hsan classified ellipsis into nominal, verbal and clausal ellipsis. This classification exerts great influence in academic circle. Thereafter, ellipsis in Chinese and English has been studied according to this theory, which is based on different layers of structure. This kind of study underlines differentiations and similarities of ellipsis in Chinese and English.

Another famous theory to explain ellipsis is Economy Principle. Economy Principle was put forward by Chomsky (1991,1993, and 1995) in his Generate Crammer. It maintains that language and linguistic study follow Economy Principle, which means using the least effort to express the most information. This principle just coincides with ellipsis in function.

In this thesis, I think that brevity is the most obvious and common function of ellipsis, especially in daily language. And in both English and Chinese, people advocate brevity. Shakespeare once remarked, “brevity is the soul of wit”, and in Chinese there are numerous idioms like “yan jian yi gai” (meaning compendious). However, apart from the function of brevity, ellipsis embodies other functions which are also pretty common in the two languages but less noticed.(Hua Xianfa,2002)These functions distribute in both English and Chinese unevenly and represent great colorfulness of language. Exploring other functions of ellipsis and searching for functional recreation in translation will be of much benefit to both English to Chinese and Chinese to English translation.

I found that when Chinese authors try to analyse ellipsis in English to Chinese translation, they always initially put articles in the list. They consider that it is a common phenomenon that Chinese always leave out personal articles. While it is obviously different in English that almost every sentence has a subject, we can see articles fluently. That is because when we translate from English to Chinese, personal articles can be omitted, even though sometimes it may appear once, it can also be omitted if necessary. Furthermore, if the objects can be seen obviously, personal articles should also be omitted. However, it never happens in English. From this point, it is not only allowable but also necessary when we translate personal articles which are objects in sentences into Chinese.

In my point of view, the development of society has in some way has deliberately promoted the way of people’s thinking, translation system has become more and more perfect, people from all over the world have enjoyed the convenience. However, we can not neglect that there are still some problems in this field in China, and we have less influential Chinese translators in the world. Therefore, we still have a long way to go in translation.

III. Feasibility Analysis

This academic paper is a feasible project and the reasons are as follows:

have great interests in the way of English-Chinese translation.

have already studied translation methods and have been familiar with the functions and applications of ellipsis .

have collected enough references both Chinese and Western on ellipsis in

translation and do a scrupulous study of the relationship between them.

have a carefully planned schedule and have worked out a detailed outline of this thesis.

have acquainted myself with the correct format, a clear and complete structure required by the academic paper, and my adequate English competence will enable me to write in fluent and precise English.

instructor is a qualified translator who is familiar with the subject I havechosen.

IV. Problems of the research and solutions

1. Problems

Despite the references I have collected and read, a thorough study of ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from the point of freely using still needs far more. What’s more, owing to the limited ways of getting references in Xinjiang, I will have to make full use of my present resources. Also, this is the first time I have ever written such a serious academic paper. I am therefore a learner and lack the needed training and experience.

2. Solutions

(1) I shall make full use of my already acquired references which come from books, magazines and the Internet as well.

(2) I shall value my own original thoughts and mainly rely on detailed analysis that I have read from the books which have closely idea with my purpose.

(3) When I have difficulties in the writing process, I shall consult my instructor and seek for help.

V. Necessary conditions

1. Our university and school of foreign languages have provided the basic study and research conditions and facilities, including books and journals in the library and reading rooms.

2. The Internet is another source of information and on the campus we have easy access to the Internet.

3. I have been assigned an instructor to guide me through the whole process of planning and writing.

VI. Outline

I. Introduction

A. A Brief Introduction of Ellipsis in Translation

B. What Should We Pay Attention to When Dealing with Ellipsis

C. The Reason Why Ellipsis Is So Widely Used in Translation

1. Chinese Expressions Are Much Briefer Than That of English

2. English Grammar Is Wee-Knit and Complete in Sentence Structure

II. The Principles of Ellipsis

A. Omitted Words Must Be Useless And Unnecessary in the Translated Works

B. The Meaning of the Omitted Words Is Implied in the Test

C. Omitted Words Which Are Self-Evident

Ш. The Functions and Applications of Ellipsis

A. The Coherence of the Meaning of Expression

B. The Coincidence of the Manner of Expression

1. Ellipsis of Articles

a. Ellipsis of Definite Articles

b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Articles

2. Ellipsis of Prepositions

3. Ellipsis of Pronouns

a. Ellipsis of Personal and Impersonal Pronouns

b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Pronouns

c. Ellipsis of Relative Pronouns

4. Ellipsis of Conjunctions

a. Ellipsis of Coordinating Conjunctions

b. Ellipsis of Subordinate Conjunctions

5. Ellipsis of Rhetoric

a. Ellipsis of Repeated Words

b. Ellipsis of Synonyms

选题的原因、基本内容：

英语成语(idiom)是英语的核心与精华。其内容丰富，寓意深刻，具有浓厚的感情色彩。如果能在文章、谈话或对外交往中，恰当地加以运用，会大大增加语言的表达能力，收到良好的效果。英语谚语是英语语言的'精华，是英国艺术宝库的瑰丽明珠。英语谚语的句式特点是句式简单，语言精炼，富于形象比喻，充满浓郁的民族色彩。学习和研究英语谚语有助于启迪思想，开拓视野，了解英国的历史文化、风土人情，以及英国人民的人生哲理，同时还可以学到生动活泼的大众语言。

本文通过比较英汉成语及谚语这两种语言的相似及不同之处，详细的介绍英语成语及谚语。第一部分主要从内容和形式两方面谈谈英语成语及谚语的基本特色;第二部分谈及英语成语及谚语的一般翻译方法和翻译时应该注意的一些问题。

谚语翻译论文查重

导语：谚语，是指广泛流传于民间的言简意赅的短语。多数谚语反映了劳动人民的生活实践经验，而且一般是经过口头传下来的。下面是我分享的精选英语谚语带翻译，欢迎你阅读。如果喜欢本文，尽情点赞吧。 1. Coming events cast their shadows before them. 山雨欲来风满楼。 2. Compare your grievs with other mens and they will seem less. 你的悲痛与人比，悲痛就会轻一些。 3. Comparisons are odious. 人比人，气死人。 4. Confession is the first step to repentance. 悔罪先须认罪。 5. Confidence of success is almost success. 对成功抱有信心，就近乎成功。 6. Civility costs nothing. 礼貌不须什么代价。 7. Cleanliness is next to godliness. 清净近乎神圣。 8. Clothes make the man. 人要衣装，佛要金装。 9. Come what may, heaven wont fall. 船到桥头自会直。 10. Comfort is better than pride. 安慰胜过傲慢。 11. Conquer of fear of death and you are put into possession of your life. 不怕死，然后才能生。 12. Count not your chickens before they are hatched. 不要过早乐观。 13. Courage and resolution are the spirit and soul of virtue. 勇敢和决心是美德的灵魂。 14. Courtesy costs nothing. 谦虚恭敬，不用分文。 15. Cowards are cruel. 懦夫不仁。 16. Constant dropping wears away a stone. 滴水穿石。 17. Content is better than riches. 知足常乐。 18. Content is happiness. 知足常乐。 19. Conversation makes one what he is. 言如其人。 20. Councils of war never fight. 主战者不打仗。 21. Counsel after action is like rain after harvest. 放马后炮。 22. Counsel must be followed, not praised. 忠告必须照办，而不是赞美。 23. Credit, like a looking-glass, broken once, is gone, alas! 信誉像镜子，破碎无法补。 24. Creditors have better memories than debtors. 放债人的记性比借债人好。 25. Crows do not pick crows eyes. 同室不操戈。 26. Cry up wine and sell vinegar. 挂羊头，卖狗肉。 27. Cry with one eye and laugh with the other. 口不应心。 28. Curiosity killed the cat. 好奇心，惹祸根。 29. Custom is a second nature. 习惯是第二天性。 30. Custom is the guide of the ignorant. 习俗是无知者的向导。 31. Custom makes all things easy. 若照习惯办，万事皆不难。 32. e law. 习俗影响法律。 33. Cut the coat according to the cloth. 量布裁衣 34. Danger is next neighbour to security. 危险是安全的近邻。 35. Danger itself is the best remedy for danger. 危险本身就是对付危险的`最好办法。 36. Dead men tell no tales. 死人不会搬弄是非。 37. Death is the grand leveller. 凡人都要死，大家都一样。 38. Custom without reason is but ancient error. 习俗没有道理，古代谬误而已。 39. Cut short the nonsense and return to ones muttons. 闲话少说，言归正传。 40. Death meets us everywhere. 死亡到处和我门相遇。 41. Death pays all debts. 人死百债了。 42. Death when it comes will have no denial. 死亡来临时，无可抗拒之。 43. Deeds, no words. 不要光说不练。 44. Debt is better than death. 负债总比死亡强。 45. Deeds are fruits; words are but leaves. 行动是果实，言语只是树叶而已。 46. Deeds are males, and words are females. 言柔弱无能，行刚强有力。 47. Deep rivers move in silence, shallow brooks are noisy. 深水静静流，浅溪潺潺流。 48. Delays are dangerous. 坐失良机必有忧患。 49. Deliberate before you begin, then execute with vigour. 著手前要深思熟虑，执行要果断有力。 50. Deliberate in counsel, prompt in action. 考虑要仔细，行动要迅速。 51. Deliberating is not delaying. 慎思不是拖延。 52. Deliver not your words by number but by weight. 言不在多，而在有物。 53. Depend on others and you always repent. 依靠别人总要后悔。 54. Despair gives courage to a coward. 人急造反，狗急跳墙。 55. Destruction pursues the great. 树大招风。 56. Diligence is the mother of good luck. 刻苦是成功之母。 57. Diligence is the mother of success. 勤奋是成功之母。 58. Discontent is the first step in progress. 不知足是前进中的第一步。 59. Discretion is the better part of valour. 小心即大勇。 60. Disease, enemy, and debt --these three must be cut off as soon as they begin to grow. 病，仇与债这三者，一露苗头就砍掉。 61. Devil must be driven out with devils. 以毒攻毒。 62. Dexterity comes by experience. 熟练来自经验。 63. Diamond cut diamond. 强中更有强中手。 64. Diet cures more than the doctor. 药补不如食补。 65. Diligence is near success. 勤奋近乎成功。 66. Disease of the soul are more dangerous than those of the body. 心灵上的疾病比肉体上的疾病更危险。 67. Diseases are the price of ill pleasures. 疾病是不正当娱乐的代价。 68. Diseases come on horseback, but go away on foot. 病来如山倒，病去如抽丝。 69. Disgraced may be he who thinks ill. 心怀不端的人是可耻的。 70. Dogs wag their tails not so much in love to you as your bread. 狗摇尾巴，爱的是面包。 71. Doing is better than saying. 行胜于言。 72. Do in Rome as the Romans do. 入乡随俗。 73. Do not all you can, spend not all you have; believe not all you hear; and tell not all youknow. 不要为所能为，不要花尽所有，不要全信所闻，不要言尽所知。 74. Do not cut down the tree that gives you shade. 不要忘恩负义。 75. Do not despise your enemy. 万勿轻敌。 76. Do as most men do and men will speak well of thee. 为众之所为，受众之所夸。 77. Do as the Romans do(or Do as they do at Rome). 入乡要随俗。 78. Do as you would be done by. 推己及人。 79. Do business, but be not a slave to it. 要做事，但不要做事务的奴隶。 80. Dog does not eat dog. 物不伤其类。 81. Dogs that bark at a distance bite not at hand. 远处叫得凶的狗，不会近身来咬人。 82. Dogs that run after many hares kill none. 多谋寡成。 83. Do not give a dog bread every time he wags his tail. 不要有求必应。 84. Do not praise a day before sunset. 切勿褒贬过早。 85. Do not run too fast after gain. 不要见利就拼命追。 86. Do not speak of your happiness to one less fortunate than yourself. 不要向不如你幸运的人述说你的幸福。

从英语课本中，我们学习到的谚语，足以让我们应对考试。下面是我给大家整理的英语谚语及翻译，供大家参阅!

1. 以人为本people oriented; people foremost

2. 因材施教teach students according to their aptitude

3. 欲穷千里目，更上一层楼'to ascend another storey to see a thousand miles further; Ascend further, were you to look farther; Would eye embrace a thousand miles? Go up, one flight.' a land of milk and honey

4. 欲速则不达Haste does not bring success.

5. 优胜劣汰survival of the fittest

6. 英雄所见略同Great minds think alike.

7. 冤家宜解不宜结Better make friends than make enemies.

8. 冤假错案'cases in which people were unjustly, falsely or wrongly charged or sentenced; unjust, false or wrong cases'

9. 一言既出，驷马难追A real man never goes back on his words.

10. 招财进宝Money and treasures will be plentiful

1. If you can be well without health you may be happy without virtue. 如果不健康而能强强壮壮，那么无美德也可快快乐乐。

2. If you cannot bite, never show your teeth. 不能打仗，切莫出兵。

3. If you cannot have the best, make the best of what you have. 如果你不能有最好的，你就充分利用你现有的吧。

4. If you command wisely, you''ll be obeyed cheerfully. 倘君指挥有方，人人欣然听命。

5. If you confer a benefit, never remember it; if you receive one, remember it always. 施恩勿记，受恩勿忘。

6. If you dance you must pay the fiddler. 要想寻欢作乐，代价非付不可。

7. If you don''t aim high you will never hit high. 不立大志，难攀高峰。

8. If you have no hand, you cannot make a fist. 巧妇难为无米之炊。

9. If you lie upon roses when young, you''ll lie upon thorns when old. 年青时躺在玫瑰上，老年时就会躺在荆棘上。

10. If you live with a lame person, you will learn to limp. 远朱者赤，近墨者黑。

11. If you remove stone by stone, even a mountain will be levelled. 一块一块把石移，高山也可变平地。

12. If you run after two heares, you will catch neither. 两头落空。

13. If you sell the cow, you sell her milk too. 蚀了本也输了利。

14. If you swear you will catch no fish. 咒骂无益，于事无济。

15. If you trust before you try, you may repent before you die. 不试就相信，死前要悔恨。

16. If you want a pretence to whip a dog, say that he ate the frying-pam. 欲加之罪，何患无辞。

17. If you want a thing (well) done, do it yourself. 要想做好事情，就要自己动手。

18. If you want knwledge, you must toil for it. 若要求知识，必须刻苦学习。

19. If you wish for peace, be prepared for war. 想要和平，必须备战。

20. If you wish good advice, consult an old man. 如要忠告向老人请教。

1. If nobody loves you, be sure it is your own fault. 如果没有人爱你，肯定是你自己有问题。

2. If one desires to succeed in anything, he must pay the price. 如果想做成点事，就得付出代价一干。

3. If the beard were all, the goat might preach. 如果有了?需就什么都行，那么山羊也可以说教了。

4. If the blind lead the blind, both shall fall into the ditch. 问道于盲，无益于事。

5. If the counsel be good no matter who gave it. 只要忠告中肯，谁提都行。

6. If the eye do no admire, the heart will not desire. 眼不馋，心不贪。

7. If the old dog barks, he gives counsel. 如果老狗叫，他是给忠告。

8. If the pills were pleasant, they would not be gilded. 丸药不苦不会加糖衣。

9. If there be neither snow nor rain, then will be dear all sorts of grain. 雨雪不调，五谷价高。

10. If there were no clouds, we should not enjoy the sun. 吃得苦中苦，方知甜中甜。

11. If the sky fll (or falls), we shall catch larks. 异想天开

12. If they say you are good, ask yourself if it be ture. 若有人称赞你，要自问对不对。

13. If things were to be done twice all would be wise. 事事倘能做两次，人人都可称明智。

14. If two men ride on a horse, one must ride behind. 两人同骑一马，必有一人在后。

15. If we are bound to forgive an enemy we are not bound to trust him. 如果我们决定宽恕一个敌人，但决不能相信他。

16. If we cannot get what we like, we have to like what we can get. 随遇而安。

17. If wise men play the fool, they do it with a vengeance. 智者干傻事，愚蠢到极点。

18. If wishes were horses, beggars might ride. 愿望不等于事实。

19. If you agree to carry the calf, they''ll make you carry the cow. 得寸进尺。

20. If you are too fortunate, you will not know yourself; if you are too unfortunate, nobody will know you. 运气太好，得意忘形;运气太坏，无人理会。

个人写的方式不同查重率有差别，可能高的达到都有可能

汉语谚语名句翻译论文格式图片

答：适合写议论文的名人名言

1、一本伟大的书一定可以使读者在读过之后变成一个更优秀的人。

2、读书人的事，能说偷吗？

3、读书要玩味。

4、只看一个人的著作，结果是不大好的：你就得不到多方面的优点。必须如蜜蜂一样，采过许多花，这才能酿出蜜来，倘若叮在一处，所得就非常有限，枯燥了。

5、书籍具有不朽的能力它是人类活动的最长久的果实。

6、贪者因书而富，富者因书而贵。

7、有时候读书是一种巧妙地避开思考的方法。

8、一日不读口生，一日不写手生。

9、有创见的书籍传布在黑暗的时代里犹如一些太阳光照耀在荒凉的沙漠上为的是化黑暗为光明这些书是人类精神史上划时代的作品人们凭借它们的原则向种种新的发现迈进书本是将圣贤豪杰的心照射到我们心里的忠实的镜子。

10、自赞就是自轻。自满是智慧的尽头。

11、熟读唐诗三百首，不会作诗也会吟。

12、好学则老而不衰，可免好得之患。

13、阅读最大的理由是想摆脱平庸,早一天就多一份人生的精彩;迟一天就多一天平庸的困扰.。

14、读古诗，读现代诗，是亲近母语、培养对母语的感情的最好方式。汉语的优美，通过诗歌的语言、韵律和意境，深深地触动我们的心灵。我们不该忽略诗歌的这种特殊的教化功能。因此，儿童文学和语文教学两者要打通。

15、读书如吃饭，善吃者长精神，不善吃者长疾瘤。

16、世界上有许多好书但这些书仅仅对那些会读它们的人才是好的。

17、自得读书乐，不邀为善名。

18、我们要振作精神，下苦功学习。下苦功，三个字，一个叫下，一个叫苦，一个叫功，一定要振作精神，下苦功。

19、大师们的作品在我们心灵扎根诗人们的佳句在我们血管中运行我们年轻时读了书年老了又把它们记起。

20、书不成诵，无以致思索之功；书不精读，无以得义理之益。

一、英语论文中引用名人名言的格式通常分为直接引用和间接引用。

1、直接引用先介绍名人的来历，后面直接引出名人的原话。

例如：According to Francis Bacon, a renowned British writer and philosopher, "Money is a good servant and a bad master."

翻译：英国著名作家和哲学家培根（FrancisBacon）说：“金钱是一个好仆人，也是一个坏主人。”

2、间接引用

间接引用通常为引用俗语或者古话。

例句：There goes a saying that he knows most who speaks least.

翻译：有句俗语说，谁说得最少，谁知道得最多。

二、英语论文中引用一句句子的格式是：As an old saying goes+(引用的句子)。引述别人的观点,可以直接引用,也可以间接引用。无论采用何种方式,论文作者必须注明所引文字的作者和出处。目前美国学术界通行的做法是在引文后以圆括弧形式注明引文作者及出处。

三、正确引用作品原文或专家、学者的论述是写好英语论文的重要环节；既要注意引述与论文的有机统一,即其逻辑性,又要注意引述格式（即英语论文参考文献）的规范性。

扩展资料：

命题方式

简明扼要，提纲挈领。

英文题名方法

①英文题名以短语为主要形式，尤以名词短语最常见，即题名基本上由一个或几个名词加上其前置和（或）后置定语构成；短语型题名要确定好中心词，再进行前后修饰。各个词的顺序很重要，词序不当，会导致表达不准。

②一般不要用陈述句，因为题名主要起标示作用，而陈述句容易使题名具有判断式的语义，且不够精炼和醒目。少数情况（评述性、综述性和驳斥性）下可以用疑问句做题名，因为疑问句有探讨性语气，易引起读者兴趣。

③同一篇论文的英文题名与中文题名内容上应一致，但不等于说词语要一一对应。在许多情况下，个别非实质性的词可以省略或变动。

④国外科技期刊一般对题名字数有所限制，有的规定题名不超过2行，每行不超过42个印刷符号和空格；有的要求题名不超过14个词。这些规定可供我们参考。

⑤在论文的英文题名中。凡可用可不用的冠词均不用。

参考资料来源：百度百科-论文格式

一、直接引用

先介绍作者，后面直接引出作者原话，具体如下：

1、 ……, one of the renowned writers in …, once said that …...

……是……的一位著名作家，曾经说过……

2、 According to …, one of the renowned writers in …, …….

据……，一位著名的作家在……，……

例句：According to Francis Bacon, a renowned British writer and philosopher, "Money is a good servant and a bad master."

释义：英国著名作家和哲学家培根（FrancisBacon）说：“金钱是一个好仆人，也是一个坏主人。”

第二类：间接引用

引用俗语、古话

1、There goes a saying that …...

有句话说……

2、As a proverb says, …...

俗话说，……

例句：There goes a saying that he knows most who speaks least.

释义：有句俗语说，谁说得最少，谁知道得最多。

正确引用作品原文或专家、学者的论述是写好英语论文的重要环节；既要注意引述与论文的有机统一,即其逻辑性,又要注意引述格式（即英语论文参考文献）的规范性。

扩展资料

英语论文中参考文献格式

1、期刊类

【格式】[序号]作者。篇名[J].刊名，出版年份，卷号（期号）起止页码。

【举例】

[1] 周融，任志国，杨尚雷，厉星星。对新形势下毕业设计管理工作的思考与实践[J].电气电子教学学报，2003（6）：107-109.

[2] 夏鲁惠。高等学校毕业设计（论文）教学情况调研报告[J].高等理科教育，2004（1）：46-52.

[3] Heider, . The structure of color space in naming and memory of two languages [J]. Foreign Language Teaching and Research, 1999, （3）： 62 67.

2、专著类

【格式】[序号]作者。书名[M].出版地：出版社，出版年份：起止页码。

【举例】

[4] 刘国钧，王连成。图书馆史研究[M].北京：高等教育出版社，1979:15-18,31.

[5] Gill, R. Mastering English Literature [M]. London: Macmillan, 1985: 42-45.

3、报纸类

【格式】[序号]作者。篇名[N].报纸名，出版日期（版次）。

【举例】

[6] 李大伦。经济全球化的重要性[N]. 光明日报，1998-12-27（3）。

[7] French, W. Between Silences: A Voice from China[N]. Atlantic Weekly, 1987-8-15（33）。

4、论文集

【格式】[序号]作者。篇名 [C].出版地：出版者，出版年份：起始页码。

【举例】

[8] 伍蠡甫。西方文论选[C]. 上海：上海译文出版社，1979:12-17.

[9] Spivak,G. “Can the Subaltern Speak?”[A]. In & L. Grossberg（eds.）。 Victory in Limbo: Imigism [C]. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1988, .

[10] Almarza, . Student foreign language teacher's knowledge growth [A]. In and （eds.）。 Teacher Learning in Language Teaching [C]. New York: Cambridge University Press. 1996. .

5、学位论文

【格式】[序号]作者。篇名[D].出版地：保存者，出版年份：起始页码。

【举例】

[11] 张筑生。微分半动力系统的不变集[D].北京：北京大学数学系数学研究所，1983:1-7.

6、研究报告

【格式】[序号]作者。篇名[R].出版地：出版者，出版年份：起始页码。

【举例】

[12] 冯西桥。核反应堆压力管道与压力容器的LBB分析[R].北京：清华大学核能技术设计研究院， 1997:9-10.

7、专利

【格式】[序号]专利所有者。题名[P].国别：专利号，发布日期。

【举例】

[13] 姜锡洲。一种温热外敷药制备方案[P].中国专利：881056073, 1989 07 26.

8、标准

【格式】[序号]标准编号，标准名称[S].

【举例】

[14] GB/T 16159-1996, 汉语拼音正词法基本规则 [S].

汉语谚语研究综述论文

摘要本文主要是对近几年来对汉语谚语的相关研究进行了综述，内容主要涉及从本体的角度对汉语谚语的研究、从英汉对比的角度对汉语谚语的研究和有关对外汉语教学中谚语教学的研究，目的在于探讨目前汉语谚语研究中仍旧存在的问题，哪些是值得我们继续研究的。

关键词汉语谚语综述对外汉语教学

谚语是流传于群众之中的通俗易懂而含义深刻的现成语句，它用通俗、简练的语句表达一个完整的意思，并且含义深刻。谚语概括了人民群众社会生活中多方面的经验和客观真理，对他人和后人都有长久的莫大教益。汉语熟语数量极多，是中华民族文化的一面镜子，极富有民族特色，所以，相关学者越来越重视汉语谚语的研究。本文基于一些学者的相关研究对汉语谚语做一个综述，探讨目前汉语谚语的研究还存在哪些问题，哪些方面是值得我们继续研究的。

一、从本体的角度对汉语谚语的研究

钱玉莲在《现代汉语词汇讲义》中提到了汉语谚语的性质，并对谚语的内容作了归纳总结，谚语的内容非常丰富，涉及各个不同的领域。除了谚语的性质和内容，书中还提到了谚语的结构特点和意义，作者在书中对汉语谚语做了总的概括，有利于后人在研究谚语时寻求理论依据。

在由浙江省温州大学、山西省社会科学院和商务印书馆联合主办的第二届汉语语汇学学术研讨会上，付乔的《浅析关键性语素的解释在谚语释义中的重要性》一文,从编写谚语辞书的实践中总结归纳出谚语语目中可能成为关键性语素的常见类型,并从不同角度剖析了解释好关键性语素在谚语释义中的重要性。大会中，史素芬的《谈谚语的变异问题》通过大量例证,对谚语的变异现象进行了概括和归纳，这对人们理解谚语的含义有着重要的指导意义。

高兵的《汉语熟语的民族特色研究》一文，主要从数量、内容、来源、形式上对汉语谚语的民族特色做了研究，作者指出在数目庞大的汉语熟语体系中，谚语占着很大的分量。

该文指出汉语谚语大都是来源于民族语言的历史遗存，是汉民族自己创造的。笔者从形式和内容上对汉语谚语作出总结，说明谚语是极富有民族特色的。

付平平在《概念整合理论对汉语谚语的解读》中介绍了如何运用概念整合理论对汉语谚语的意义构建进行动态分析，作者提出之前人们对汉语谚语的解读一般都是关于内容和形式方面的，很少从认知的角度对其进行解释。在这篇文章中，笔者从一个全新的认知角度去解读汉语谚语，利用概念整合理论对汉语谚语这一极具民族特色的语言现象进行阐释，这又开拓了汉语谚语研究的新空间。

刘微微、刘洪泉的《汉语谚语的文化含义及翻译》和王岩在《汉语熟语文化学研究的现状和框架》都是从文化学角度研究汉语谚语，主要阐述了汉语谚语的文化属性及其民族文化特征，分析透视谚语中所蕴涵的文化，这些后者在研究汉语谚语的时候都是可以借鉴的。

王鸿雁在《汉语谚语的句法形式特点分析》中研究分析出了谚语在性质、功能上相当于一个词,按学术界公认的一种说法即是“词的等价物”，指出谚语具有不同于一般词语的外显特征，同时又讲到了汉语谚语的功能。他的研究还分析出了谚语的形式：单句形式、紧缩句形式和复句形式，以及汉语谚语的省略形式，这体现了谚语的口语风格，形式上实现了谚语简约的价值。

二、从英汉对比的角度对汉语谚语的研究

研究谚语对比的学者也比较多，在众多的研究中，英汉对比占大多数，主要是因为汉语谚语与英语谚语有很多的相似性。但是由于文化等因素的差异，汉英谚语还是存在着很多不同之处。近几年来，学者的主要成果是分析两者的异同，探讨一些行之有效的翻译方法，以求更好地为跨文化交际服务。

刘微微、刘洪泉主要从宗教思想、人文思想、道德观念三个方面阐述了汉语和英语谚语的文化内涵，指出了两者的异同点。文中介绍了汉语谚语英译的四种方法：再现汉语谚语中的形象直译、转换汉语谚语中的形象套译、舍弃汉语谚语中的形象意译、借用英语谚语中的形象套译，强调谚语翻译时,要充分考虑到谚语的语言特点和文化背景,根据具体的情况灵活处理。

林安洪、姜诚指出汉语谚语与英语谚语的主要区别表现在稳定性、地理位置、历史习俗及宗教方面，揭示出汉语谚语比英语谚语固性定强。由于地理位置、历史习俗和宗教信仰的影响，汉语谚语与英语谚语有着很大的不同，反映了各自的民族文化。

沈奇在《论英语谚语的汉语翻译方法》中通过对比提出了汉英谚语互译的几种方法：套用现成的汉语谚语、“客随主便”与“主随客便”、“直译”与“意译”。

杜金有指出谚语是语言文化世界里的奇葩，在各民族语言文化中担当着重要角色，文章从谚语的来源和修辞两个方面比较分析了英汉谚语的异同，揭示出英语和汉语中有许多谚语来源或衍生于外来语。周玉亮在《英汉谚语对比研究》中指出汉语谚语和俗语的关系，分别从主要来源、句法特点和语体特点等方面对英汉谚语进行了对比研究，讨论了英汉谚语在形式与内容方面的对应、半对应与不对应情况，并且提出了文学作品中谚语翻译的主要原则，体现了英汉谚语对比研究的现实意义，即它对翻译活动的借鉴作用。同时作者还指出英汉谚语对比研究，仅有一些相关的论文散见于各种学术刊物或论文集当中，专论性著作尚未问世，与英汉成语(或习语)对比研究相比显得尤为滞后。这些问题都是值得我们思考的，有待后者的研究。

薄鲜娥、冯建民、许丽红、高小燕、王清宁等学者也从汉英谚语对比的角度研究汉语谚语的，笔者在这里就不详细叙述了。还有一些学者，如张宜波(《英汉植物词语的国俗语义对比研究》)、孙永红(《中英文动物词语的`不同文化内涵及差异》)、周昆翔(《从概念隐喻看英汉动物词语的文化异同》)等，从带有动植物词语等词语的谚语入手，对汉英谚语做了比较，分析了两者的文化差异。

三、有关对外汉语教学中谚语教学的研究

谚语作为一种口承语言文化现象在语言学上有重要的研究价值，留学生学习汉语谚语,可以深入了解汉民族独特的文化特征及隐藏于语言背后的文化差异,对提高汉语口语水平具有重要作用。近几年来，随着汉语热的逐流，一些学者开始从对外汉语教学的角度研究汉语谚语，试图从中找出汉语谚语教学的好方法。

赵现琦在《对外汉语口语教学中谚语教学的重要作用》中揭示出留学生学习汉语谚语可以深入了解汉民族的独特文化以及隐藏在语言背后的文化差异，学习和掌握一些常用的谚语可以提高自身的口语交际能力，使自己的汉语说得更加地道。同时作者提出了谚语教学应注意的问题，如教学应该选择一些有教育意义的谚语，语交际实践中学习和训练谚语等，笔者提出的观点和问题都是值得我们在汉语教学中借鉴和注意的。

林安洪、姜诚在《英汉谚语的差异及其在课堂教学中的应用》指出把民族谚语的差异应用于课堂教学中，不仅能增加学生对英语学习的兴趣，扩大他们的知识面，还能提高他们的涵养，笔者的方法在对外汉语谚语教学中也是行之有效的，值得我们借鉴。

王振来的《熟语的文化附加义》指出初级留学生和谚语接触较少,中高级阶段与谚语的接触逐渐增多，留学生学习谚语难在文化附加义上。笔者就留学生学习汉语谚语难这一问题提出了自己的见解，指出留学生要想学好汉语谚语，就要了解谚语的文化附加义，正确使用谚语。笔者的见解对对外汉语谚语教学有很大的帮助，对从事对外汉语工作者有很大的启发性。

四、结语

近几年来，相关学者对谚语研究越来越重视，并取得了一定的成果。但是，我们发现谚语研究还是存在着一些问题，如专门研究汉语谚语的论著还不多，很多都是随着汉语熟语的研究出现的，而且研究都是从大的方面入手，还不够细化。谚语的对比研究成果虽多，但是大部分都是汉英对比，汉语谚语与其他语言谚语对比的很少，而且很粗化。从对外汉语教学的角度研究汉语谚语起步比较晚，虽然一些学者通过研究谚语找到了一些谚语教学的方法，也行之有效，但是不够系统化，比如说对外汉语教材中该选择什么样的谚语，专门的谚语教材如何编撰等问题涉及的很少。总之，汉语谚语研究的空间还很大，无论从哪些角度去思考去分析，我们都可以找到切入点，这些都有待学者们去研究.

论文研究谚语

我国是气象观测开始最早的国家之一，殷代的甲骨文里已有许多卜雨问晴的记载。有人对317片甲骨进行统计，发现其中104片是与气象有关的。其中卜雨的有93片，卜晴的有4片，卜暴风雨的有5片，卜雪、卜雹的各1片。这是已知的世界上最早的天气预报。中国论文网人生活在大气之中，天气气象条件是影响人体生理、心理感觉的一种重要因素。人类适宜生存的气象要素范围是有限的，当气象要素高于或低于一定的阈值时，就会对人类的身心健康产生不良影响，引起身体的不适、情绪波动，进而诱发疾病，促使旧病复发等。早在2000年前，人类就开始观察天气与健康的关系了。我国《黄帝内经・素问》就阐述了天气、气候对人体健康与疾病的影响及其变化规律，如书中“人以天地之气生，四时之法成”，就强调了人与自然界阴阳四时气候变化息息相关，人与自然界四时气候变化是一个动态的整体。一些研究表明，气温过高或过低可以引发多种疾病，甚至死亡。例如，大家都知道夏季当气温接近或高于人体温度时，如果身体不能及时散热，就会发生中暑。气温过低，可以造成冻伤，支气管炎的发病指数随温度的下降而增加，在最冷月份发病最多。天气民谚中，有许多是预报温度变化的，如“奇热必有奇寒”是指入冬以后如果持续温暖，则一旦冷空气袭来，降温可能剧烈、持久。放眼于更长的时间范畴，如果连续数年暖冬，就得留心终归会来一个寒冬。天气民谚教会我们初步识冷暖，让我们对温度变化易引起的疾病能够提早预防。某些疾病的发生、发展与气压的高低有关系。民谚中有“天气闷热不舒服，有雨不过午”的说法，即下雨前空气中水汽增大，气温湿热，人体中的水分和热量不易散发，因而会引起不舒服的感觉。空气湿度的大小，也直接影响人体各种生理机能。从民谚“南风暖，北风寒，东风潮湿西风干”可知，不同风向的风会对当地的空气湿度产生不同影响。空气湿度大，流脑发生率低；但相对湿度过高，人体会缺乏自控力，感到烦躁不安；干燥空气使鼻腔、气管黏膜脱水，弹性下降，容易出现鼻腔流血。《金匮要略》说：“风虽能生万物，亦能害万物。”这说明风对人类健康也具有二重性，当然此处的风并非单一指气象意义上的风。有研究表明，死亡高峰时段多与风速高峰时段有关。天气条件及其变化不仅影响人的生理健康，对人的心理情绪方面的影响也非常明显。有利的天气条件，可使人们情绪高涨、心情舒畅，生活质量和工作效率提高；而不利的天气条件，则使人情绪低落、心胸憋闷、懒惰无力，甚至会导致一些疾病和异常行为。例如，高温、高湿、阴雨以及一些异常天气都不利于人的心理健康。资料表明，连阴雨天气对人的心理健康有很大影响。古语说“天昏昏令人郁郁”，意思就是在阴雨连绵的季节，人们的精神较懒散，心情也不畅快，影响工作效率。研究发现，阴雨天气之所以影响人的心理健康，主要是因为阴雨天气下光线较弱，人体分泌的松果激素较多，这样，甲状腺素、肾上腺素的分泌浓度就相对降低，人体神经细胞也就因此“偷懒”，变得不怎么“活跃”，人也就会变得无精打采。由于我国地域辽阔，各地天气气候有所差异，因此天气谚语流传于全国各地，北起黑龙江，南至南海诸岛，东起东海，西至新疆、西藏，随处可见天气谚语。例如南海的西沙群岛有不少关于台风的天气谚语，如“古龙晒太阳，不久台风狂（到）”，“古龙晒太阳”是指在太阳下方有一束橙黄色的黄带；东海同样有很多关于长、中、短期天气变化的谚语，如舟山群岛的“上灯遇风暴，稻花风吹落”，是说正月十三（上灯）到十八（落灯）如果遇上偏北大风，则预示着六、七月早稻扬花或收割的时候会有台风影响；新疆、西藏也都有不少天气谚语，如新疆南部的“冬雪大，来年春暖多风沙”，西藏的“春天风沙大，夏天雨水少”等等。天气谚语的内容非常丰富，有描述气候的，不少地方都有“十二月歌”、“九九歌”，如湖南省韶山地区就有“正月阴，二月星，三月四月大雷公，五月雨，六月晴，七月八月有大风，九月寒霜十月雪，十一十二寒潮节”；在华北和黄淮地区也有“一九二九不出手，三九四九冰上走，五九六九沿河看柳，七九河开，八九雁来，九九加一九耕牛遍地走”等等。有些则反映了气象关系，“霜后暖，雪后寒”就是一例，意思是说，霜冻一般出现在冷空气侵袭后的高压控制下，霜后多是风小、天晴、阳光明媚的天气，自然比较暖和；下雪常是冷空气的前锋和暖湿空气相遇产生的，冷空气的主力还在后面，而且雪对太阳辐射能吸收很少，这也是雪后寒的原因之一。许多谚语是关于长期、中期、短期天气变化的，在长期天气变化的谚语中，又有关于旱涝、降水和冷暖趋势的，关于降水过程和冷空气活动的，以及关于稻冻、大风、冰雹、台风的等等。分散流传在广大群众当中的天气谚语，其中绝大多数均有深刻的科学道理。例如“久晴大雾阴，久雨大雾晴”的道理是：久晴时，空气中水汽一般较少，形成大雾的可能性很小，如果出现大雾，说明有外来暖湿空气向本地输送，天气将转阴雨；久阴时，空气中水汽一般较多，但因云层覆盖，地面热量不易散失，温度不会剧烈下降，也不容易出现大雾；如果出现大雾，说明天空云层消失，天气将转晴好。又如预报近日晴天的天气谚语“早要天穿顶，暮要四脚悬”的科学道理为：晴天的夜间在地面可凝成低雾，但不可能成云，故第二天早上“天穿顶”――无云，这是天气晴好的保证；晴天午后还可生成一些云彩，但地平线附近是悬空的、干净的，这种云如产生在本地，不久会消失，所以“四脚悬空”也是未来天气晴好的征兆。其他天气谚语也大都存在着一定的科学性，它是世代劳动人民智慧的结晶，是现代气象科学的摇篮。由于它既能预测天气又具有简便、实用的优点，因而在我国已流传了数千年，至今仍在人民群众中流传、使用，并得到补充和发展。在气象科学高度发展的今天，它对气象预报工作，仍有不可忽视的参考价值。但这种来自民间经验的预测天气的方法也有很大的局限性。首先，用天气谚语预测天气实际上是凭人的视觉、听觉、感觉和经验，过于主观，缺乏定量数据；其次，这种预测通常只能对即将到来的天气变化做短期的预测，很难做到对一个天气变化整个周期的预测，即使有推测也不一定准确，如山东省气象局曾通过对比分析1977年～2004年农历八月十五日与次年农历正月十五日济南20时地面观测资料，对天气谚语“八月十五云遮月，正月十五雪打灯”进行验证，结果发现，八月十五云遮月，正月十五不一定雪打灯，而八月十五与正月十五都能看到月亮的现象出现较多。还有很重要的一点是，一个地方的看天经验，仅适合于当地或本地区，视野局限在头顶上的一块天地，看不出天气系统的移动，更不能了解天气演变的物理过程。如台风在离我国几千公里以外的洋面上形成、发展，台风何时形成？沿什么路径移动？将从何处登陆影响我国？这些用天气谚语是无法作出准确的预报和判断的。现代气象学指出：世界风云变幻不是一个地方、一个局部起决定作用的，而是东西半球、南北半球的大气综合运动、互相影响的结果，只凭人的视觉、听觉、感觉和经验，或者说根据天气谚语，是无法知道距离遥远的地方正在出现和将要出现什么祥的天气的。另外，用天气谚语预测当地天气，也只能得出定性的结果、无法得到定量的结果。虽然有其局限性，但是来自民间的丰富多彩的天气谚语仍然是宝贵的智慧财富。我们如果能熟识这份来自民间的“天气晴雨表”，并结合现代的科学的天气气象预报，就能够更好的顺应自然界四时不同季节气候变化，预防疾病的发、生发展，长久保持身心健康。

汉语谚语研究综述论文

关键词汉语谚语综述对外汉语教学

一、从本体的角度对汉语谚语的研究

二、从英汉对比的角度对汉语谚语的研究

三、有关对外汉语教学中谚语教学的研究

四、结语

ABSTRACT The development of people's ability totranslate figurative speech was studied, using sentences containing metaphors, dual function words, and proverbs, aspresented in classroom workbooks. One hundred twentychildren from first, third, fifth, and seventh grades wereasked to describe the meaning of each figurative word orphrase placed in context. Responses were scored on a fourpoint scale indicating the extent to which the child used aliteral or figurative translation. Significant effects betweengrade levels and figurative conditions were found, indicatingthat the ability to translate figurative speech proceeds alonga developmental hierarchy of language comprehension. Themajority of third grade children were able to translate metaphors and dual function words into figurative language successfully. The ability to translate proverbs required a levelof comprehension that does not appear in most childrenuntil seventh grade, as suggested by recent review of the psychological literature onmetaphor suggests a strong relationship betweenmetaphor comprehension and Piaget's cognitive stagesof thought development (3). Piagetian theory suggeststhat children from seven to twelve years of age developa broad range of transformational skills that allows themto operate on reality, building a repertoire of symbolsand signs (8). This display of cognitive growth representsan enormous expansion of power and abstraction in thatit frees children from the literal aspects of their percep and Piaget suggest that the capacity for poeticusage and the ability to operate on linguistic elementsmay be the last facet of language to develop (3). Theauthors' experiences in third grade classrooms, whileobserving children's understanding of figurative speechas presented in reading workbooks, revealed a wide rangeof abilities in the children's interpretation of metaphorsand proverbs at the concrete operations period of development. Some children had an immediate grasp of the multiple meanings of terms, while others, regardless of theamount of explanation given, could not override theircognitive ties to the literal suggests that the capacity to understandmetaphoric speech occurs at an age beyond the preschoollevel (5). An early study investigated the development ofchildren's ability to understand dual function words,terms that have a joint reference in language to bothphysical and psychological data (1). For example, suchwords as "cold" and "warm" denote thermal propertiesand can serve a dual function in describing psychologicalaspects of people. The authors suggested that these termsare an elementary instance of metaphorical thinking andinvestigated the order in which children's understandingof dual terms emerged. Results indicated that childrenfrom three to seven are sensitive only to the literal translation, while seven- to eight-year olds demonstrate thebeginning of the ability to use the psychological sense ofthe terms. The ability to state the dual function of theterms was clearly developed in the twelve-year-old group(for example, "hard things and hard people are bothunmanageable").Further work examined the ability of preschool children to make metaphoric links, to perceive relationshipsamong disparate phenomena (6). Children, ages three tonineteen, were asked to indicate their knowledge ofliteral meanings of word pairs and then project them ontosensory domains using metaphoric skills. In contrast toearlier findings, these results indicated that the capacityfor metaphoric association between sensory modalitiesand adjectives was evident in young recent investigation found a developmental trendtoward the comprehension of metaphors, though it concluded that not until the age of ten were children ableto demonstrate metaphoric understanding of dual function words (12).The ability to understand proverbs has been explainedby Piaget as part of the development of cognitive thinking (10). He proposed that children from nine to elevenyears of age use a simple projection of the proverb intosentences by process of immediate fusion. At this level,there is no analysis of detail in comprehending proverbs,but a general fusion of two propositions without analysisof their meanings. Piaget believed that this phenomenonprecedes the development of logical thinking, that theability to translate proverbs does not occur until theformal operations present study examined the relationship amongmetaphors, dual function words, and proverbs, specificallylooking at children's ability to translate classroom materialpresented in context. Context has been cited as an impor

在前面的帖子中，我提到一句中国谚语“三个臭皮匠，赛过诸葛亮”。这个帖子发表后，网友vmax给我留言，问我这个谚语是否可以翻译成下面的句子。我回答他说，当然可以，但我不鼓励您这样做，主要原因是：您的译文，我们中国人看得懂，但外国人看不懂，他们根本不知道诸葛亮是什么人，如果您想让外国人也能看得懂，您就必须在译文的后面，额外增加一段注释，介绍一下《三国演义》，再介绍一下诸葛亮，只有这样，外国人才能真正理解这个谚语，您说麻烦不麻烦？！ Three cobblers are more clever than Mr. Zhuge Liang.(三个皮匠会比诸葛亮先生更聪明。) 其实，我们中国的许多谚语，都有对应的英语谚语，两者意思相同或者相似，完全可以互相代替，一般情况下，不需要我们自己翻译。比如“三个臭皮匠，赛过诸葛亮”这个谚语，就有一个对应的英语谚语，请看下面第一行。另外一个与《三国演义》人物有关的谚语“说曹操，曹操到”，也有对应的英语谚语，请看下面第二行。 ①Two heads are better than one.(两个脑袋比一个脑袋更好。) ②When we talk about the devil, he will appear.(当我们谈论魔鬼的时候，他将会出现。) 看到这里，有些朋友可能会问：在哪里可以找到这些对应的英语谚语呢？我曾在北京王府井的外文书店中，看到过这方面的书，书名好象叫做《汉英谚语词典》(时间长了，记不清楚了)，我们可以从这种词典中，查出大多数中国谚语的对应英语谚语。现在国内是“英语热”，英语图书(包括英语词典)多如牛毛，我想这种词典应当不难找到。一个中国谚语，只有在词典中找不到对应的英语谚语时，我们才考虑自己翻译，不过这种情况好象并不多见。比如“周瑜打黄盖，一个愿打，一个愿挨”这个谚语，我就一直没有找到对应的英语谚语，因此我把它翻译为： One is willing to sell, and the other is willing to buy.(一个人愿意卖，另外一个人愿意买。)