会计英文学术论文翻译

1.新旧会计准则体系下无形资产确认和计量的比较及会计处理 new old accountants under the criterion system the intangible asset confirmed and the measurement comparison and accountant process 2. 内容摘要：随着世界经济一体化进程的不断推进，企业会计制度也必须同国际接轨，为了适应我国经济发展的实际需要，财政部重新修订了《企业会计准则》，并于2007年1月1日起正式实施，其中无形资产变化较大，为了正确理解和进行会计处理，对无形资产的确认和计量方面的变化进行对比尤为必要。该准则充分体现了与国际会计准则的趋同，对于完善我国企业会计核算体系，提高会计信息质量和加速中国经济同国际化发展具有重要意义，《企业会计准则》第六号无形资产，是在原准则基础上进行了再一次修订，无形资产准则变动较大，通过新旧会计准则的对比，提示无形资产在确认和计量方面的变化，便于正确理解和操作无形资产会计处理。本文通过无形资产的确认和初始计量方面的变化和无形资产后续计量方面的变化两个角度比较新旧准则下无形资产的变化，对新准则下的无形资产的会计处理进行了研究，最后表明了本人对新无形资产会计准则的评价，在新准则的积极影响和不足之处两个方面提出了自己的建解，旨在深入学习准则，准确掌握会计处理方法。 contents abstracts: Along with the world economics integrationadvancement unceasing advancement, the enterprise accounting systemalso must with international connect rails, in order to meet the ourcountry economy development actual need, Ministry of Finance rehasrevised "Enterprise Accountant Criterion", and gets up the officialimplementation to January 1, 2007, intangible asset change bigger, inorder to correctly understood and carries on accountant to process,carries on the contrast to the intangible asset confirmation and themeasurement aspect change especially to be essential. This criterionfully manifested with international accountant criterion hasteningwith, regarding has consummated our country enterprise accountingsystem, improved the accounting information quality and acceleratesthe Chinese economy to have the vital significance with theinternationalization development, "Enterprise Accountant Criterion"the sixth intangible asset, was carries on in the original criterionfoundation has revised once again, the intangible asset criterionchange was bigger, through new old accountant the criterion contrast,prompted the intangible asset in the confirmation and the measurementaspect change, was advantageous for the correct understanding andoperation intangible asset accountant processes. This article throughintangible asset confirmation and initial measurement aspect changeand under intangible asset following measurement aspect change twoangles quite new old criterion intangible asset change, processed tounder new criterion intangible asset accountant has conducted theresearch, finally had indicated myself to new intangible assetaccountant the criterion appraisal, positively affected in the newcriterion with the deficiency two aspects proposed own constructed thesolution, was for the purpose of thoroughly studying the criterion,accurately grasped accountant the processing method. 3.无形资产 Intangible asset 确认计量 Confirmation measurement 会计准则比较 Accountant criterion comparison 会计处理 Accountant processes

Abstract: With the unceasing progress of world economic integration, the enterprises accounting system must also measure up to the international standard. In order to adapt to the development requirement of China's economic, the Treasury Ministry revised the "Accounting Standards for Business Enterprises" and which officially take effect on January 1, are large changes in intangible order to correctly understand and handle accounting treatment of intangible assets,the comparision the chages of the identification and measurement is articularly necessary. The guidelines fully reflects the international convergence of accounting standards, and have a great significance in constructing the accounting system in China, improving the quality of accounting information and speed up the internationalization of China's economic development. "Accounting Standards for Business Enterprises" No. 6 intangible assets is revised based on the original criteria , the intangible criteria has a larger change, comparing the old and new accounting standards, suggesting the changes in identification and measurement of intangible assets, it is easy to correctly understand and handle the operation of intangible assets accounting treatment. This paper comparing the old and new criteria from the two aspects of identifing intangible assets and initial measurement of change and follow-up measures of the changes intangibles changes,and also study the accounting treatment under the new guidelines . I finally show my evaluation of the new accounting standards for intangible assets, and give my opinion in the aspect of the positive impact and weakness of the new guidelines, aim to studying deeply studying the criteria and accurately grasp the accounting treatment methods. Keywords: intangible assets confirmation and measurement accounting standards comparison accounting treatmentThe accounting standards comparison of confirmation and measurement on intangible asset and accounting treatment in the new and old accounting standards system 时间紧促，能力有限，即供参考。

Ministry of Finance had issued in February 15, 2006, enterprise accountant criterion lth goods in stock, stipulated gets up from January 1, 2007 in to be listed scope executes, encourages other enterprises to carry out. The goods in stock are the enterprise property important constituent, how confirmed correctly, the measurement and the disclosure stores goods the related information directly will affect enterprise's financial condition, the management achievement and the accounting information quality. The new goods in stock criterion from standard aspects and so on scope, confirmation, measurement, disclosure to the confirmation, the measurement and the report disclosure which stored goods has carried on showing and the stipulation. This article issued on the new goods in stock criterion and Ministry of Finance in November 9, 2001, enterprise accountant criterion goods in stock, the change difference has made the concrete comparative analysis, and put forward the corresponding February 15, 2006 Ministry of Finance had issued new accountant the criterion, and will take the lead in July 1, 2007 in to be listed to implement. New accountant a criterion remarkable characteristic is and international accountant the criterion hastens with, this will reduce our country accountant the criterion with international accountant between the criterion difference, will enhance the accounting information the international commeasurability. The goods in stock are the enterprise property important constituent, how confirmed correctly, the measurement and the disclosure stores goods the related information directly will affect enterprise's financial condition, the management achievement and the accounting information quality. The new goods in stock criterion from standard aspects and so on scope, confirmation, measurement, disclosure to the confirmation, the measurement and the report disclosure which stored goods has carried on showing and the stipulation. This article issued on the new goods in stock criterion and Ministry of Finance in November 9, 2001, enterprise accountant criterion goods in stock, the change difference has carried on the analysis ponder, and put forward the corresponding proposal.

试着翻译了一下，可能不很准确。The spirit of accounting BY PAUL . MILLER AND PAUL R. BAHNSON(accounting today August 17-31,2009)It's not just academics who see value in fair value accounting“We are often accused of being wild-eyed academics unaware of how things work in the real world”Paul B. W. Miller is a professor at the University of Colorado at Colorado Springs and Paul R. Bahnson is a professor at Boise State University. The authors" views are not necessarily those of their institutions. Reach them at paulandpaul@. 会计精神作者：PAUL . MILLER和PAUL R. BAHNSON （今日会计，8月17-31,2009）不仅仅是学者看到公允价值会计中的价值。 “我们常常被责难为极端的学者，不知道事情如何在现实世界中运作” PAUL . MILLER是位于Colorado Springs的科罗拉多大学的教授，和Paul R. Bahnson是博伊西州立大学的教授。作者们的意见未必代表其机构。Over the years, we have written many columns describing the limitations of the traditional accounting model that has at its core a fixation on recording assets at their acquisition cost and then systematically depreciating or amortizing them using unverifiable suppositions and speculations about asset life, salvage value and trends in value change over the insult to injury is the portfolio of alternative depreciation methods that can be used to produce highly different patterns of calculated book value changes and recorded income statement impacts over an asset's assumed life. We know the results of these preconceived mathematical operations are unreliable, nay, totally meaningless, because they are not observations of real changes in an asset's value. We have long supported fairvalue reporting that transparently reports real factual values and changes in them. These facts are not only logically more usefiil because they're reliable, but they're also more profitable for managers and auditors because they are demanded by statement users. 多年来，我们已在诸多栏目中描述了传统的会计模式的局限性，其核心是一种固定模式，即记录资产的购置成本，然后按照关于资产周期、残值和多年的价值变化等无法证实的假定和思索来进行系统的折旧或摊销。更糟的是替代折旧方法组合，可用于对一项假定周期的资产做出不同的帐面计算值变化并且记录资产的收益影响。我们知道这些先入为主的数学运算的结果是不可靠的，不仅如此，毫无意义，因为它们不是资产价值的真正变化记录。我们长期以来一直支持公允价值报告，因为它能透明地汇报真实价值及其变化。这些事实不仅在逻辑上因为他们是可靠的，所以更有用，而且他们也更有利于管理人员和审计人员，因为帐目使用者要求这样。 Every now and again we read something that provides new insights on these issues, usually as the result of looking at things from a different perspective. That was the case recently when we heard from a reader, (eff Koch, a CPA from Concordia, Kan. Jeff shared with us his perspective on fair value accounting and encouraged us to keep making our points. From his experience working with clients, Jeff is painfully aware of the traditional system's obvious, even glaring, limitations, and the huge benefits that come from reporting fair values. Having found Jeff's discussion both clear and persuasive, we decided to let it speak for itself. Here is what Jeff had to say: 不时的，我们读到一些就这种问题提出的新见解，通常是从不同的角度看待事物。下面是最近我们从一个读者Jeff Koch那听到的，他是一名来自堪萨斯州Concordia的注册会计师，Jeff Koch与我们分享了他对公允价值会计的看法，并鼓励我们作出我们的论点。从他与客户的经验中，Jeff Koch深深地认识到传统体制的明显局限性，甚至超明显，以及报告公允价值带来的巨大利益。发现杰夫的讨论非常清楚和有说服力，我们决定引用他自己的原话。这里是杰夫说的话："I operate a CPA firm in an area with a focus in production agriculture. Many of our clients are required to prepare or have prepared fair market value balance sheets for their lenders in connection with a renewal of their farm operating note agreements and in connection with obtaining term notes for financing equipment and land on an annual basis, fhe lenders for these agricultural businesses have long ago learned that a well-cared-for 1967John Deere 4020 tractor is fully depreciated for tax and book purposes, but still likely has a fair market value equal to or greater than its original cost. Also, these lenders understand that a piece of land purchased by a farmer in 1984 at $500 per acre is today worth four tinies that much in our area and has additional value to lend against and an economic carrying cost for the farmer far beyond its GAAP basis. Tlierefore, the financial statements tbat we prepare based on GAAP or the tax basis of accounting are meaningless, while fair value accounting has significant meaning. “我在一个重点生产农产品的地区经营会计师事务所。我们的许多客户都需要准备或已经准备，在上年基础上，提供给他们的出贷方一份与其农场操作说明协议更新相连系的公平市场价值资产负债表，并且负债表与融资设备及土地的获得注意事项有关联。这些农业商业贷款人早就知道，一个保养良好的1967年的约翰迪尔4020拖拉机为税务和订购目的全面折旧，但仍可能有一个公平市场价值等于或高于其原来的成本。此外，这些贷款人明白，在我们地区，由一个农民于1984年为每英亩500美元购买的一块土地现在值四倍以上，并有比一般公认会计原则基础高的出货附加价值以及农民经济承担成本。所以，我们基于通用会计准则或会计税基础之上的财务报表是毫无意义的，而公允价值会计具有重大意义。"Naturally, some of these clients wish to have us assist with preparing these financial statements. Basically, in order to issue a report, we have to issue meaningless financial statements based on GAAP or Other Comprehensive Basis of Accounting {such as tax basis), then provide the financial statementson the estimated current value of the assets, liabilities and equity as supplemental information. As an alternative, we have issued financial statements based nn estimated current value as a prescribed form. In both cases, we have to include disclaimers in the accountants' reports that cause lenders to questionthe information. In addition, the information in the GAAP financial statements often leads to questions and unnecessary analysis by lenders or other outside investors.“当然，这些客户希望得到一些帮助去准备这些财务报表。基本上，为了发布一个报告，我们要发出基于通用会计准则或其他综合会计基础（如计税依据为基础）的无意义的财务报表，然后提供基于资产现值的财务报表、负债和权益作为补充信息。作为替代方案，我们已经发布基于现值的财务报表作为规定格式。在这两种情况下，我们必须包括在会计报告中不承诺而导致贷款人提问的信息。此外，在公认会计准则财务报表的信息往往导致贷款人或其他外部投资者提出问题和不必要的分析。"My peer review firm and I have often argued this issue. Our peer reviewer has said to me, 'I wish my banker would lend to me on market value.' My response was... 'If you had a smart banker, he would ! '"Therefore, I urge you to use your platform to keep up the fight and 1 wholeheartedly agree with your position! [Ihe acceptability of value-based statements] is a very important issue to those of us working with agricultural clients."“我的公司评论同行和我经常争论这个问题。我们的同行审稿员曾对我说，'我希望我的银行会基于市场价值借货给我‘。我的回答是...'如果你有一个聪明的银行家，他会的！' “因此，我恳请您用您的平台继续争取，并且我完全同意你的立场！对我们这些与农业客户合作的人们来说，[价值为基础报表的可接受性]是一个非常重要的问题，。”Compelling words, indeed. We want to make three points about them. First, we are often accused of being wildeyed academics unaware of how things work in the "real world." Tlie usual rant goes that fair values are great in theoiy but impractical and unreliable on Main Street. Any who have voiced those sentiments need to find another ax to grind. Jeff is a bona fide accountant, working on the front lines of practice, not up In an ivory tower. Yet he still comes down on tliis issue the same way we do. So much for fair values being academic pie in the sky.引人注目的话，确实。我们想对其做三点说明：首先，我们常常指责极端的学者不知道事情如何在现实世界中运作。通常言论是说公平价值理论上重要但不切实际。任何道出这种敏感问题的人都是别有用心。Jeff是一个真正的会计师，工作实践在第一线，没有成长于一个象牙塔。但他仍然是同我们具有同样的方式来对待此问题。公允价值不应该被当成天空中的学术馅饼。What we see as |eff's difference from other CPAs is that he is concerned about his clients' needs for providing useful information to lenders. iTiis is quite different from those who are obviously eager to manage tiieir own costs and risks in preparing or auditing the financial statements, instead of maximizing the benefit to tbe preparers and users attitude seems to be that the usersought to gratefully lick up the crumbs and just be happy they're getting anything out of management. What a travesty!我们认为Jeff与其他会计师不同的是，他对他的客户的需要关注，向贷款人提供有用的信息。这完全不同于那些只着急管理自己的成本和风险，急于编制或审核财务报表，而不是最大限度地造福准备者和使用者.他们的态度似乎是，用户应该感激涕零，只是很高兴他们逃脱了一点管理。真是滑稽！ Second, some will surely find merit in Jeff's words but try to constrain their impact by concluding that his clients operate in a specialized industry such that his conclusions duii't hold water elsewhere. Sure, land and farm equipment are instrumental to the production process In agriculture. While these sorts of assets may not be as material in other endeavors, we think one would be hard-pressed to find any situations where fixed assets are wholly irrelevant. Thus, his observations carry over, hands down and without compromise. Whether these assets are crucial or only moderately important, GAAP financial statements provided by any business that don't truthfully track the changes in their actual values are fictional at best and perhaps even fraudulent, because the managers and auditors know the information has no connection with reality. 其次，一些人一定会找到杰夫话的优点，但设法限制他的影响，因为他从事特殊的行业，他的结论在其它地方站不住脚。当然，土地和农业设备仪器是用在农业生产过程。虽然这种类型的资产不能作为其他工作的材料，我们认为人们很难找到任何情况下是完全不相干的固定资产。因此，他的观测可以传送、结转而且毫不妥协。无论这些资产是至关重要的，或只有轻微重要的，任何商业提供的通用会计准则做出的不能反映其真实价值变化的金融帐目都是虚构的，甚至是欺诈的，因为管理人员和审计人员了解这些信息与现实无联系。 Third, some oppose using fair values largely because doing so is a profound change in the way things have been done. Alter all, they ask, ifthe traditional model is so flawed, why has it been used for so many years? With hindsight, many things that seem perfectly reasonable at the time take on a completely different posture when viewed from tiie present. For example, Paul Bahnson toured a palace in Potsdam on a recent trip to Germany. The tour guide commented on 18th century thinking when he descrihed how hack then even the elite considered frequent hathing to be course, we now know that opinion is notliing short of harebrained, even though it enjoyed vast popularity. Likewise, we helieve that at some point in the near future people will look back at the stateof today's GAAP with all that reliance on past events and allocated costs and will first chuckle and theninvoke the words of Ralph Waldo Hmerson: "A foolish consistency is Ihe hobgohlin of little minds." 第三，一些人反对使用公允价值，主要是因为这样做要在已经做事情的方式上有深刻的变化。他们问，传统模式有这样的缺陷，但为何它被使用了这么多年？事后看来，很多事情在当时看来是完全合理的，但现在却是完全不同的状态。例如，Paul Bahnson最近访问参观一个德国的波茨坦宫殿。导游评论一个在18世纪的想法，他说当时多么可笑，就是精英都认为人有必要不是很健康。我们现在知道，认为是观点也绝不是没有不轻率的，即使它范围很广。同样，我们相信在不久的将来人们将回顾现在的通用会计准则，它的过去的事件和分配成本，会先笑起来，然后援引Ralph Waldo Hmerson的话：“一个愚蠢的一致性是小小脑袋的怪物。”As we descrihed in our previous column, much is going on that clearly shows fair value accounting is coming, it's about time, as far as we're concerned, and thanks to leff Koch for providing more evidence ahout why it's so necessary. He also makes it quite clear that stubborn resistance from the accounting establishment is irrational. It simply makes no sense to force clients to pay for GAAP financial statements that they literally hope no one will ever try to use. It looks to us like those who created and maintain this bizarre and pointless waste of time and talent are the ones who live in the ivory tower, not us, and certainly not leff and the many others out there in America's heartland. AT正如我们在以前的专栏所描述的，更多发生的事清楚地显示了公允价值会计已经到来，它需要时间，就我们而言，感谢Jeff Koch提供了更多的证据，证明它为什么如此有必要。他还使其相当明确，顽强抵抗新的会计制度的确立是不合理的。强制客户端来按字面上希望没有人会尝试使用的通用会计准则的财务帐目来支付是没有意义。目前我们看来，喜欢的是那些创造和维持这种怪异的、浪费时间和才华的、生活在象牙塔里的人们，而不是我们，更不是Jeff和在美国的中心地带的人们。看了看，比较长。给你指出个错误，后边连接错了，边上了另一篇文章。正确的应该如下：The tour guide commented on 18th century在这里让你看第17页See SPIRIT on 17Spirit FROM PAGE 16 上接16页，下面即是你文章的后边部分thinking when he descrihed howhack then even the elite consideredfrequent hathing to be course, we now know that opinionis notliing short of harebrained,even though it enjoyed vast , we helieve thatat some point in the near futurepeople will look back at the stateof today's GAAP with all that relianceon past events and allocatedcosts and will first chuckle and theninvoke the words of Ralph WaldoHmerson: "A foolish consistency isIhe hobgohlin of little minds."As we descrihed in our previouscolumn, much is going on thatclearly shows fair value accountingis coming, it's about time, as far aswe're concerned, and thanks to leffKoch for providing more evidenceahout why it's so also makes it quite clearthat stubborn resistance from theaccounting establishment is simply makes no senseto force clients to pay for GAAP financialstatements that they literallyhope no one will ever try to looks to us like those who createdand maintain this bizarre andpointless waste of time and talentare the ones who live in the ivorytower, not us, and certainly not leffand the many others out there inAmerica's heartland. AT

英文学术翻译论文

随着毕业季的结开始，各位本科生也开始了毕业论文的创作，在论文写作过程中我们肯定需要查询国内外该领域的论文，英文翻译因此也是必不可少的，不论是汉译英还是英译汉都在科研中有很重要的作用。

今天，笔者将对常见的在线翻译工具进行评估，希望你能找到最合适的翻译助手。

大名鼎鼎的Baidu翻译，也是我在论文创作是最常用的翻译工具。

这款软件的整体翻译效果无功无过，英汉翻译部分与GOOGLE类似，但其不会将论文里的Milk无脑翻译成牛奶。汉英翻译部分的翻译更加口语化，尤其是在SCI写作中，不推荐将汉英翻译后的文字直接使用。

MC推出的翻译引擎，也是edge browser内置的全网页翻译引擎，具有与Google类似的翻译效果。

在英汉翻译中，与Google翻译相比，一些句子的语序翻译更接近汉语的表达方式，但从句的翻译效果不如Google翻译。

与Google相比，汉英翻译水平并不理想。然而，与Google翻译一样，它也是浏览器的内置翻译引擎，专注于翻译的速度和便利性。

作为一款入门级翻译软件，Google翻译基本上是家喻户晓的名字。Google浏览器内置了完整网页翻译引擎，无论是汉英翻译还是英汉翻译，都能基本满足科研需要。

然而，它也会犯一些常见的错误。例如，当从英文翻译成中文时，它会将乳脂翻译成牛奶。

但是，由于其广泛的适用性，Google翻译是相当好的快速阅读或粗略翻译文件的工具。

以上是笔者使用各种翻译工具与大家分享的一些感受和经验。最后，我希望每个人都能根据自己的领域找到适合自己的翻译软件。

作为一名留学生，我有时也需要翻译一些学术类型的文献。所以，我有几款常用的英文学术文献类的翻译软件，下面就由我来分享几种英文学术文献的翻译软件。

01 DeepL

DeepL是我经常使用的英文学术文献翻译软件之一。这款翻译软件相对能够比较准确地翻译，同时它还会提供同义词供使用者参考。更重要的是，DeepL还能翻译整个文献，支持PDF，Word和PPT格式的文献，这就方便了很多。

用DeepL 翻译文献时，一些学术性的单词和语句都能翻译得比较自然。就像文献中常见的代词，该翻译软件能够准确翻译对应前面所说的名词，所以它能更贴近原文的意思。

02 Google translate

Google translate是最常见的翻译软件之一。我推荐这款翻译软件主要原因是它能够快速翻译出使用者所需要的文章或语句，这能节省一些时间。它还提供各种同义词，只要点击某个单词，下面就会出现多个同义词，所以这比较方便使用者替换单词。

我也常用Google translate来翻译文献。但我发现用这款翻译软件翻译整篇文献时，翻译出来的意思会与原文有一些出入，尤其体现在某个句子中。可我将整篇文献分拆几个段落来翻译，可以看到翻译得更贴近原文的意思。因此，建议读者可以通过一个大段落来翻译以保障准确度。

03 Copy translator

Copy translator翻译软件相对来说可能比较少人用，该软件只能下载安装使用，不像其他翻译软件能在线使用。对于Copy translator，它的好用之处在于它可以自动识别学术文献，同时自动删掉一些无用的符号。还有，在该翻译软件翻译整个文献，它能够保持本身的排版，这就更加方便使用者。

以上就是我向大家推荐的三种英文学术文献翻译软件，总的来说都是比较好用的。但实际还是会有出入，所以建议大家要适当使用。

作为一名即将毕业并且已经拟录取为研究生的大学生，对毕业论文的准备也有一阵子了。自己尝试过很多文献翻译工具，也踩过很多雷，今天把我觉得不错的几个工具推荐给大家，希望能对各位有所帮助。

第一个就是deepl Pro。这款翻译工具口碑非常不错，可能很多人已经用过这个了，这个也是我最近用的最频繁文献翻译工具了。它支持一键翻译整个文档，而且字体、图片格式都不会发生改变，并且没有那么种严重的“机翻”的味道，翻译的更加地道。你可以随便编辑翻译之后的文档。还有一点就是，它的数据很安全，当翻译完成之后，网站会立即删除所有文本文档记录，并且会对相应链接加密。

第二个就是QuillBot。这个是可以支持帮你润色文献语句的，它可以帮你巧妙的替换掉一些不恰当的的词汇语句，把他们替换为高级的形式，这个对查重的用户还是非常有帮助的。

个人感觉第一个和第二个搭配起来非常好用，基本是可以满足大家的文献相关的学习。下面再给大家推荐三个我觉得还比较不错的工具，大家也可以试一试。

一个是scitranslate。这个翻译工具也是很不错的，它的用法很简单，但是却很实用。它最大的优点就是不会改变原文献的排版，打开之后点击一下谷歌翻译，就会成功翻译出pdf里边的内容。同时会给你提供两个类似平行世界的界面，一边是英文文献，另一边是翻译过来的中文文献翻译。你可以通过两边进行相互对照，达到更快的阅读的目的，能够更快地提高效率。

还有一个是copytranslate。这个其实也比较好用，它为用户们提供了很多种翻译的方法，当用户输入源语言时候，点击选择想翻译的另一种语言，就会立刻翻译出来。源语言包括很多种语言可以选择。同时，它里边还包括很多翻译引擎可以选择，包括百度、谷歌、搜狗等。总之用起来比较个性化，比较方便而且也很实用。但是也有它的缺点，最大的缺点就是可能时不时的出现某些翻译问题。

最后一个就是知云文献翻译。这款软件可以对照PDF直接进行翻译，对于我们不太理解的地方，可以直接选中，然后点击翻译，这款软件真的比较实用，很不错。

以上都是我自己觉得用着还比较方便的工具，大家可以按着这几个试一试，寻找一款自己用着舒服的，或者互相搭配着使用，希望能帮到大家。

很多人都深受文献翻译时的苦恼，这个时候好的翻译软件就会事半功倍。接下来我要推荐四款很好用的翻译软件。第一个：百度翻译软件现在人们使用最多的可能就是百度的服务器，百度这些年也在努力发展别的刚需，比如百度翻译的准确率就很高，只要可以把文献的资料进行翻译，最后就可以得到比较准确的中文文献，但是很不方便的是可能你需要自己去不断的粘贴复制，在这个期间，可能会遇到格式混乱，以至于你无法快速的找到自己需要的那一句话。第二个：有道词典很多人对于有道词典都不陌生，他也是很值得依赖的翻译软件，他的准确率高，相对于百度来说他的页面会更加好看，而且他的所有句子都可以找到相对应的例句，但是唯一的缺陷就是他不可以完全的翻译所有的软件，而且对于专业术语他的翻译准确率不高。第三个：wps很多人都知道wps是可以进行文档等创作和编辑的，但是很少有人知道他的翻译软件也是很好用的，只要你在这个软件上打开文档，你就可以利用他的翻译直接翻译全文，相对于其他的软件，他最大的优势就是可以在不破坏他原有的格式的情况下，进行翻译全文。这样对于需要在较短时间内对于全文的把握更为全面的人来说，是有非常大的优势的。第四个：秒翻这个是个比较小众的软件，虽然没什么名气，但是他的功能非常有用，你可以直接将图片导入其中，他就可以进行翻译，而且不会影响到原有文档的排版，你也可以进行选择，这样就可以筛选出一些较为难的词汇，有助于后期的学习。所以在所有推荐的app中，这个虽然很小众，但是他的功能十分强大。

论文英文学术翻译

“毕业论文”用英文是dissertation dissertation[ˌdɪsəˈteɪʃn]n. 专题论文，学位论文；学术演讲毕业论文；博士论文；论文；学位论文例句： was involved in writing his doctoral dissertation. 他在聚精会神地写他的博士论文.2. I have not yet footnoted my dissertation. 我还没有给我的论文加上脚注.3. I'm working my notes up into a dissertation. 我正在把我的笔记修改成论文.

毕业论文外文翻译：将外文参考文献翻译成中文版本。

翻译要求：

1、选定外文文献后先给指导老师看，得到老师的确认通过后方可翻译。

2、选择外文翻译时一定选择外国作者写的文章，可从学校中知网或者外文数据库下载。

3、外文翻译字数要求3000字以上，从外文文章起始处开始翻译，不允许从文章中间部分开始翻译，翻译必须结束于文章的一个大段落。

参考文献是在学术研究过程中，对某一著作或论文的整体的参考或借鉴。征引过的文献在注释中已注明,不再出现于文后参考文献中。外文参考文献就是指论文是引用的文献原文是国外的，并非中国的。

原文就是指原作品,原件，即作者所写作品所用的语言。如莎士比亚的《罗密欧与朱丽叶》原文是英语。

译文就是翻译过来的文字，如在中国也可以找到莎士比亚《罗密欧与朱丽叶》的中文版本，这个中文版本就称为译文。

主要标准

翻译是语际交流过程中沟通不同语言的桥梁。一般来说，翻译的标准主要有两条：忠实和通顺。

忠实

是指忠实于原文所要传递的信息，也就是说，把原文的信息完整并且准确地表达出来，使译文读者得到的信息与原文读者得到的信息大致相同。

通顺

是指译文规范、明白易懂，没有文理不通、结构混乱、逻辑不清的现象。

实践产生理论，欧美许多国家的翻译理论是五花八门的。从大的方面来看，可以分为两大派：一派是翻译可能论，一派是翻译不可能论。其实，完完全全百分之百的可能是没有的，完完全全百分之百的不可能也是没有的。

世界上一切翻译活动都是在这两个极端之间进行的。欧洲许多著名的人物，比如马丁·路德、M.阿诺德、.纽曼、.波斯特加特、H.白洛克、.诺克斯、V.那巴可夫等等，都对翻译提出了自己的理论。据《开塞尔世界文学百科全书》的意见，这些理论中有些是刚愎自用的。

毕业论文是Graduation thesis 若要在论文里指论文就可以直接说thesis或者paper

thesis 论文 (一本，如硕士，博士论文)。paper 文章(发表在杂志上的一篇一篇的) ÄÕÂ

学术论文英语翻译

论文： paper ; thesis

经济学 | 计算机科学技术 | 法学 | 管理学

paper

The paper comprises seven chapters text.

论文共七章。

扩展资料

1、我们将在一起审阅这些论文。

We shall go through these papers together

2、我终于写完了李教授要的论文。

I finally popped that paper for Professor Li

3、教授已经把我的论文搁置一个月了。

The professor has turned aside my paper for a month

4、这里你列举出你的论文所做出的新知识的贡献。

Here you list the contributions of new knowledge that your thesis makes.

5、此时此刻，这个系统仅存在于论文和电脑里。

Right now the system exists only on paper and in the computer

6、在经济发展方面，这是最优秀的论文之一。

It’s one of the best papers on economic development

参考资料百度百科-英语单词

学术论文是对某个科学领域中的学术问题进行研究后，表述科学研究成果的理论文章。具有学术性、科学性、创造性、学理性以及严谨性。按照研究的学科，可以将学术论文分为自然科学和社会科学论文。目前，国际间的交流主要是通过英语来实现。行业内的知识成果共享，都必须转化为英文稿件才能实现。这就对于我国这类非英语母语/官方语言国家的科技工作者，造成了额外的负担，同时产生了对学术论文翻译的迫切需要。然而在翻译学术性论文时，往往会存在一些难点。毕竟不同的语言之间存在较大差异，如果要把一种语言的学术论文翻译成另一种语言的学术论文，存在的不仅是语言的差异还有文化的差异。而主要难点集中在以下几个方面：第一个难点就是中英之间的文化差异。中文与英文间的语言习惯千差万别，而绝大部分的科研人员在发表学术成果时，往往无法做到应用英文的语言习惯进行表达。只是将自己的成果先写成中文论文，再进行翻译，最后进行投稿。而在这个转述翻译的过程中，由于语言习惯的不同以及英文水平的限制，导致转述翻译的文章往往并不能真是表达出作者的实际意图和真实想法。这就造成无法使自己的优秀科学成果得到准确的评价，使自己甚至整个学界蒙受巨大的损失。因此，遇到这种情况，就需要有高水平的专业英文翻译人员去构思。第二个难点就是学术性表达。英文学术性论文还有一些特定的表达方式，词句与日常英语不同。在日常英语中，一句话可以有多种翻译的方法，可以比较灵活地翻译。但是在学术论文中，就必须按照英文学术性的语言去翻译，否则翻译出来的文章就不规范，也会造成不好的影响，影响人的阅读。第三个难点就是论文润色修改。一篇好的学术性论文，缺少不了论文润色修改服务。正所谓“三分文章，七分修改”，足以说明修改的重要性。论文修改的范围包括标题的修改、主题的修改、结构的修改、材料的修改、语言的修改等等。修改论文时要对观点、材料、结构等进一步核对和调整。但是好的论文润色修改服务，除了要英语好之外，还需要有丰富的论文润色修改经验，严谨的论述，清晰地思路，顺畅的表达和多年的经验缺一不可。因此，在学术论文写作翻译工作中，往往需要专业的翻译团队来完成。什么是专业化翻译团队？专业化翻译团队包含多项增值服务，比如译者选拔、项目管理、质量控制、文件转换、多语种项目演示的标准化等。这不是一个双语人士或教师、学生可以完成的。专业化的翻译团队配有专业的项目管理人员，根据客户需求制定合理的解决方案，安排合适的职业译员。而经过严格筛选出来的职业译者，能够用目标语言写出好文章。他们是沟通两种语言的桥梁，能够使用适当的风格与术语，把原文的信息用目标语表达出来。为什么你需要专业的翻译团队？专业的翻译团队不仅能节约你的大量时间，更重要的是为你的项目增值，与其盲目地将文件一股脑都翻译出来，不如与项目经理研判一下具体的翻译需求。 Editideas(辑思编译)为中国科研学者提供SCI/SSCI/EI论文润色、学术翻译、投稿预审、目标期刊选择和学术推广等科研服务。

毕业论文是Graduation thesis 若要在论文里指论文就可以直接说thesis或者paper

会计毕业论文英文翻译

“毕业论文”的英文：Graduation Dissertation

Dissertation 读法英 [,dɪsə'teɪʃ(ə)n] 美 ['dɪsɚ'teʃən]

n. 论文，专题；学术演讲

短语：

1、academic dissertation 学位论文 ; 学术论文

2、Graduation Dissertation 毕业论文

3、Doctorate dissertation 博士论文

4、Dissertation Committee 论文委员会

5、dissertation topics 毕业论文题目

词义辨析：

article, paper,dissertation, essay, prose, thesis这组词都有“文章”的意思，其区别是：

1、article 多指在报刊、杂志上发表的非文艺性的文章，包括新闻报导、学术论文等。

2、paper 正式用词，多指在学术刊物上发表或在学术会议上宣读的专题论文，也指高等学校的学期论文，或学校里的作文练习。

3、dissertation 书面语用词，指独立研究后所写的较为详细的专题文章；也可指学位论文。

4、essay 指任何一种非小说性的，篇幅不长、结构简练的文章，如论说文、报道、评论、讽刺性杂文等。

5、prose 专指散文。

6、thesis 既可指毕业论文、学位论文，又可指一般的为阐述学术观点而写的论文。

例句：

1、Exploring "Trinity Working Mode" of Integrating Graduation Field Work, Graduation Dissertation and Employment on Graduation.

毕业实习、毕业论文与学生就业三位一体工作模式探索。

2、On Problems in Writing Graduation Dissertation

关于撰写毕业论文应该注意的问题。

A Thesis Submitted as a Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Degree of B. A./B. S. in ***这是标准的学士学位毕业论文的说法，.代表文学学士，.代表理学学士，***处填上专业。

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[经济管理] 浅谈会计人才评价 [佚名][2007年4月24日][2] 简介：无内容：在以人为本、人才兴国的战略指导下，财政部从去年开始直接组织高层次会计人才培训，计划用10年左右的时间，培养和造就一批精通业务、善于管理、熟悉国际惯例、具有国际视野和战略思维的高素质、复合型领军人才，发挥会计人才在强化会计职能、宣传会计政策、组织继续教育、研究实务问题等方面的组织推动和辐射作用。这是促进我国会计队伍整体素质全面、迅速提高的一个重要举措。国家通过组织会计从业资格考试、会计技术职称考试、…… [Economic Management] on the evaluation of accounting personnel [Anonymous] [April 24, 2007] [2] Description: None Content: In people-oriented, human resources strategy of rejuvenating the country, under the guidance of the Ministry of Finance last year directly from high-level accounting personnel training, plans to use about 10 years time, to cultivate and foster a number of good business, good management, familiar with international practice, with an international perspective and strategic thinking of high-quality, complex-type leader personnel, accounting personnel to play in strengthening the accounting functions, accounting policies publicity, organization of continuing education, research and other aspects of the practical problems of organizations to promote the role and radiation. This is to promote the overall quality of China's accounting comprehensive, rapid increase in an important initiative. Through the organization of national accounting qualification examination, the examination of accounting titles, ... ... 12. [Economic Management] On Budget Accounting Problems and Solutions [Anonymous] [April 24, 2007] [7] Description: None Content: To 1 January, 1998 full implementation of "a total budget of the financial accounting system", "administrative accounting system", "accounting standards and institutions" (pilot), "Accounting systems and institutions" as the signs that have been out of our budget accounting under the planned economy model, embarked on the establishment of the need to adapt to a market economy with Chinese characteristics, scientific norms of the road budget for the accounting model. In recent years, with the financial management to accelerate the pace of structural reform, designed in accordance with the theory of public finance budget management model has to start building, budgeting, implementation and other aspects of the management system is undergoing a fundamental change in the budget accounting of customer ... ... 13. [Economic Management] of the bank accounting management [Anonymous] [April 24, 2007] [7] Description: None Content: Bank accounting is the emergence of banks and at the same time the birth. Each bank's business operation, that is, the operation of bank accounting, the accounting process to achieve through accounting. In other words, the bank accounts of the accounting process, that is specific for banking business and the realization of the basic functions of the banking process. Bank accounting is not only an important basis for the work of banks, the banks can be an objective starting to reflect the operations, accounting and supervisory role, and of these three banks accounting functions can also be counterproductive in the operation of banks, which are complementary to each other. Accounting functions of the bank to play properly, it may be to promote the bank's business ... ... 14. [Economic Management] of accession to the WTO to meet in rural areas, economic and accounting challenges [Anonymous] [April 24, 2007] [1] Description: None Content: I. Analysis of the current situation: the 21st century, peace and development remain the two main themes of the world. However, we are faced with the times and changes in the competitive environment. (-) Modern science and technology, the rapid development of knowledge-based economy. The 21st century, state-to-state competition in comprehensive national strength, the key is the competitive scientific and technological strength, the use of high precision, the new science and technology to improve the social productive forces, has been to increase the overall national strength has become an important tool. The overall development of science and technology, integrated and cross-cutting nature, science and technology of an unprecedented rapid spread of knowledge into application and production, will greatly promote the economic and social development. (B) of the whole ... ... 15. [Economic Management], after joining the WTO China's CPA industry supply and demand analysis [Anonymous] [April 24, 2007] [1] Description: None Content: After China's accession to the WTO Institute of Certified Public Accountants industry analysis of supply and demand has joined the World Trade Organization, which China's reform and opening up will enter a new phase. Accession to the WTO on China's accounting market is bound to a certified public accountant and have a profound impact on the industry, this has been done on a number of experts and scholars. This article from the perspective of supply and demand of China's accession to the WTO a certified public accountant, after an analysis of the industry and pointed out that China's CPA industry will face in the WTO situation and problems, and countermeasures to be taken. A needs analysis: a huge market demand and development of space after China's WTO entry, China's CPA industry needs to face the main ... ... 16. [Economic Management] on the application of a number of issues of Management Accounting Thoughts [Anonymous] [April 24, 2007] [1] Description: None Content: Management accounting is to meet the needs of economic management within the organization need to be gradually formed and developed, its main function is to improve operational efficiency and effectiveness of a variety of established system of internal accounting controls, preparation and delivery of internal management needs of the kinds of data, information and so on. Ways and means of its needs depending on the design, depending on its mode of economic organization in nature, size, operation and management mode to another. It is the most important function is the best business decisions for maximum operational efficiency and provide a variety of useful programs and information. At present, the Management Accounting in China in the application of business management are at a critical turning point ... ... 17. [Economic Management] Accounting for the current problems and countermeasures [Anonymous] [April 24, 2007] [0] Description: None Content: The current issue of Accounting and Accounting Measures of the work of my late start, from the 20th century until the late 70s, has experienced trying to stage, stage of development of spontaneous and organized, planned and steady development stage, to current management accounting software-based phase of development. More than 20 years in this course of development, has made great progress, the commercialization of GM of the financial software is widely used. Many of the accounting software development is moving toward specialization, commercialization and socialization of the track. However, due to the financial characteristics of the work itself, as well as the rapid development of networks, the rapid emergence of e-commerce, etc., some ... ... 18. [Economic Management] accounting integrity remodeling [Anonymous] [April 24, 2007] [2] Description: None Content: Securities market in 2001, the Guangxia, MACAT, ST Dawn of listed companies, such as a series of accounting fraud cases came to light, like a nuclear bomb, the explosion of China's accounting profession, and the outbreak of the end of last year the United States the wake of the Enron case, as well as the recent WorldCom, Xerox, the company's accounting fraud case, it led to a serious crisis in international accounting, the past was known as the iron abacus accounting staff, as a rat running across the street. The credibility of accounting has been severely damaged, resulting in Premier Zhu Rongji in Shanghai National Accounting Institute made no inspection of the school motto accounting. Facing a serious crisis of confidence, how to rebuild the credibility of accounting, ... ... 19. [Economic Management] The essence of strategic management accounting research and analysis of the characteristics [Anonymous] [April 24, 2007] [0] Description: None Content: First, the nature of strategic management accounting studies, the nature of Strategic Management Accounting Strategic Management Accounting (Strategic Management Accounting hereinafter SMA) is the development of management accounting, but also of the SMA did not form a unified understanding. Although many people have heard their is a clear lack of understanding. Here the author and from the strategic management of SMA, SMA, and the meaning and the development of SMA with the traditional distinction between the management of three areas of accounting, the nature of the SMA. (A) Strategic Management and the SMA SMA-shaped ... ... 20. [Economic Management] Internet era accounting system of innovation: to define property rights and market-oriented [Anonymous] [April 24, 2007] [10] Description: None Content: 【Abstract】 The development of network technology, making accounting information in order to lower cost is expected to be completed to define property rights, which means private products to sell in the market; to negotiate lower costs, so that the original accounting controls may become loose; information distance real-time transmission costs decline, making the production functions of accounting information may be completed by the market, that is, shareholders can be the production of accounting information entrusted to the enterprise other than the trustee, and so on. Finally, this paper, the direction of future research. 【Key Words】 accounting information network technology to hand over power market transaction costs of technology innovation, as well as existing accounting in many ... ...12. [经济管理] 试论我国预算会计存在的问题与对策 [佚名][2007年4月24日][7] 简介：无内容：以1998年1月1日起全面执行《财政总预算会计制度》、《行政单位会计制度》、《事业单位会计准则》(试行)、《事业单位会计制度》为标志，表明我国预算会计已摆脱计划经济体制下的模式，走上了建立适应市场经济需要，具有中国特色、科学规范的预算会计模式的道路。近几年，随着财政管理体制改革的步伐加快，按照公共财政理论设计的预算管理模式已开始建立，预算编制、执行等环节的管理制度正在发生根本性的变化，预算会计的客…… 13. [经济管理] 浅谈银行会计管理 [佚名][2007年4月24日][7] 简介：无内容：银行会计是与银行的出现而同时诞生的。银行每一笔经营业务的运作过程，也就是银行会计的运作、核算过程，都要通过会计来实现。也就是说，银行会计的核算过程，就是具体办理银行业务和实现银行基本职能的过程。银行会计不仅是银行的重要基础工作，可以客观地对银行的经营运作起反映、核算和监督作用，而且银行会计的这三个职能还可以反作用于银行的经营运作，它们是相辅相成的。银行会计的职能发挥得当，就可能会促进银行的经营…… 14. [经济管理] 浅谈加入世贸组织,迎接农村、经济、会计的挑战 [佚名][2007年4月24日][1] 简介：无内容：一、当前形势分析： 21世纪，和平与发展仍然是世界的两大主题。但是我们正面临着时代条件和竞争环境的变化。（—）现代科技、知识经济迅速发展。21世纪，国与国之间综合国力的竞争，关键是科技实力的竞争，利用高、精、尖、新的科学技术提高社会生产力，己成为各国提高综合国力的一个重要手段。科学技术发展的整体性、综合性和交叉性，科技知识的空前快速传播、转化应用和生产，将极大地推动经济和社会的发展。（二）全…… 15. [经济管理] 入世后我国注册会计师行业的供求分析 [佚名][2007年4月24日][1] 简介：无内容：入世后我国注册会计师行业的供求分析我国已经加入世界贸易组织，这标志着我国改革开放将进入一个新阶段。入世必将对我国会计市场和注册会计师行业产生深刻影响，对此已有许多专家学者做过论述。本文仅从供给和需求角度，对入世后我国的注册会计师行业进行分析，并指出我国注册会计师行业在入世后将面临的形势和问题，以及应采取的对策。一、需求分析：巨大的市场需求和发展空间入世后，我国注册会计师行业面临的需求主…… 16. [经济管理] 关于我国管理会计应用若干问题思考 [佚名][2007年4月24日][1] 简介：无内容：管理会计主要是为适应经济组织内部的经营管理需要而逐步形成和发展起来的，它的主要职能是为提高经营效率和效益而建立的各种内部会计控制制度，编制和提供内部管理需要的各种数据、资料等。它的方法和手段视不同的需要而设计，其模式视不同的经济组织性质、规模大小、经营管理方式而异。它是最重要的职能是为最优经营决策和最高经营效率提供各种有用的方案和资料。目前，管理会计在我国企业管理中的应用正处在一个关键的转折点…… 17. [经济管理] 会计电算化目前的问题及对对策 [佚名][2007年4月24日][0] 简介：无内容：会计电算化目前的问题及对对策我国的会计电算化工作起步较晚，从20世纪70年代末才开始，经历了尝试阶段、自发发展阶段和有组织、有计划地稳步发展阶段，到目前的管理型会计软件发展阶段。在这20多年的发展过程中，已取得了长足的进步，商品化、通用化的财务软件得到了广泛的应用。许多会计软件的开发已经走向专业化、商品化、社会化的轨道。但由于财务工作本身的特点，以及网络的迅速发展、电子商务的迅速兴起等等，一些…… 18. [经济管理] 重塑会计诚信 [佚名][2007年4月24日][2] 简介：无内容：在2001年的证券市场上,银广夏、麦科特、ST黎明等一系列上市公司会计造假案件曝光，像一枚枚重磅炸弹，在我国会计界炸开，而在去年年底美国爆发的安然事件，以及近来的世界通信公司、施乐公司的会计造假案，则引发了一场严重的国际性会计危机，昔日被称为铁算盘的会计人员，成为过街老鼠。会计的信誉已受到了严重损害，以致于朱总理在上海国家会计学院视察时提出了不做假账的校训。面临严重的信任危机，如何重塑会计的诚信，…… 19. [经济管理] 战略管理会计的本质研究和特点分析 [佚名][2007年4月24日][0] 简介：无内容：一、战略管理会计的本质研究一、战略管理会计的本质战略管理会计（Strategic Management Accounting以下简称SMA）是对管理会计的发展，但目前人们对SMA还没有形成统一的认识。许多人虽然对其有所耳闻，却缺乏一个清晰的理解。这里笔者从战略管理与SMA、SMA的发展及含义和SMA与传统管理会计的区别三个方面，阐述SMA的本质。（一）战略管理与SMA SMA的形…… 20. [经济管理] 网络时代会计的制度创新：产权界定与市场化 [佚名][2007年4月24日][10] 简介：无内容：【摘要】网络技术的发展,使得会计信息可望以较低的成本完成产权界定,从而以私人产品的方式在市场上出售;谈判成本的降低,使原本的会计管制可能变得宽松；信息远程实时传送成本的下降，使得会计信息的生产职能可能由市场来完成，即股东可将会计信息的生产委托给企业经营者以外的受托人，等等。最后，本文提出了未来的研究方向。【关键词】会计信息网络技术交易成本交权市场化技术的不断创新以及现行会计在许……