孔子研究论文的目的和意义英语作文

Confucius --Chinese He was a famous thinker and social philosopher of China whose teachings have deeply influenced East Asia for twenty Living in times of trouble， he was convinced of his ability to restore the world's order but he Considered as a "Throneless King"， he eventually became involved in teaching His philosophy emphasized personal and governmental morality， correctness of social relationships， and justice and These values gained prominence in China after being chosen among other doctrines (such as Legalism or Taoism) during the Han Used since then as the imperial orthodoxy， Confucius' thoughts have been changed into a vast and complete philosophical system known in the west as CThe Analects is a short collection of his discussions with disciples， compiled These contain the gist of his This book contains the best view on the Master's life and Although Confucianism is often followed in a religious manner by the Chinese， argument continues over whether to refer to it as a religion because it makes little reference to theological or spiritual matters (God(s)， the afterlife， )Confucius's principles gained wide acceptance primarily because of their basis in common Chinese He championed strong familial loyalty， ancestor worship， and respect of elders by their children and of husbands by their wives， and used the family as a basis for an ideal He expressed the well-known principle to not do to others what you do not want done to yourself (the Golden Rule) He also looked nostalgically upon earlier days， and urged the Chinese， particularly the politicians， to model themselves on earlier examples — although whether or not older rulers had governed by Confucian standards is SpreadingConfucianism survived its suppression during the Qin Dynasty partly because a trove of Confucian classics was uncovered hidden in the walls of a scholar's After the Qin， the new Han Dynasty approved of the doctrine and sponsored Confucian scholars in the Eventually， Emperor Wu of Han found great utility in Confucianism's political ideas and made Confucianism the official state Toward this end， study of the Confucian classics became the basis of the government examination Confucianism became the very core of the educational With Confucianism firmly ensconced in the minds of the Chinese people and their politicians， the philosophy gained political primacy， and no serious attempt to thoroughly replace it came until the advent of Communism in the 20th

==，直接给你找课本原句去。正好有那么一课。 Ancient China was a place where states were often at war with each But it was also a time when there were many great Confucius(551BC-479BC)is the philosopher whose influence has been the He stressed the importance of kindness，duty and order in Chinese society was influenced by these ideas for more than 2，000 建议直接用第2段，第1段是介绍战国时期的，当然也可以用。

confucius Confuius's given name is Qiu， also styled Z He was born in QuFu， China， 551 BC， and died in 479 BC Confucius founded confuciansism--the famous philosophical school in the history of C The kernel of his thought is Ren(benevolence)， its form of expression is Li(the Rites) Confucius travlled from one state to another preaching his doctrines until he was He spent his last years in compiling and His works include Book of Spring and Autumn， Book of Odes， Book of History， Book of Rites， Book of Music and Book of These six books regarded as the classical works of Confucianism have been handed down to the present He founded the first private school in Chinese He was the teacher of 3，000 disciples among whom 72 were S His major sayings were written down in Lun Yu (The Analects)， one of the Four B Confucius lived in the late Spring and Autumn period(770-476 BC) In his last years he lived in relative poverty and no longer enjoyed great But after his death， his thought continued to influence the Chinese people for over 2，500 His doctrine on morality and ethics has had a great effect on their ideology， strenthening the unity of the nation and making it known to the world for its courteous dealing and solemn Confucius said， "Let there be three men walking together: from the nmuber I should be sure to find my " "To make accomplishment you must help others to be accomplished " "Never be satiated with you knowledge and never be tired of " Today， these philosophical sayings are still shining In the long span of the Chinese history， the descendants of the Yellow Emperor have been righteously proud of the existence of the outstanding C The influence of the great thinker and educator has now exceeded the national boundary and spread to other parts of the It is our earnest hope that through more understanding of Confcius and the bridge of friendship and cultural exchange， we can make the world filled with more love， justice and We wish also that we offspring of the Yellow Emperor， either in China or abroad， through better understanding of Confcius and academic research， will be more inspired with nationalism， and find a new way of making the past serve the present， and redouble our efforts for rejuvenation of C

孔子研究论文的目的和意义英语

主要写微观的目的和宏观的目的。

目的: 1、培养学生的科学研究能力。2、加强综合运用所学知识、理论和技能解决实际问题的训练。 3、从总体上考查学生大学阶段学习所达到的学业水平。意义: 1、撰写毕业论文是检验学生在校学习成果的重要措施，也是提高教学质量的重要环节。 2、通过撰写毕业论文，提高写作水平。论文是一个汉语词语，拼音是lùn wén，古典文学常见论文一词，谓交谈辞章或交流思想。当代，论文常用来指进行各个学术领域的研究和描述学术研究成果的文章，简称之为论文。它既是探讨问题进行学术研究的一种手段，又是描述学术研究成果进行学术交流的一种工具。它包括学年论文、毕业论文、学位论文、科技论文、成果论文等。随着计算机技术和因特网的迅猛发展，网上查询、检索和下载专业数据已成为当前科技信息情报检索的重要手段，对于网上各类全文数据库或文摘数据库，论文摘要的索引是读者检索文献的重要工具，为科技情报文献检索数据库的建设和维护提供方便。摘要是对论文综合的介绍，使人了解论文阐述的主要内容。论文发表后，文摘杂志或各种数据库对摘要可以不作修改或稍作修改而直接利用，让读者尽快了解论文的主要内容，以补充题名的不足，从而避免他人编写摘要可能产生的误解、欠缺甚至错误。所以论文摘要的质量高低，直接影响着论文的被检索率和被引频次。

1、题目：题目应简洁、明确、有概括性，字数不宜超过20个字（不同院校可能要求不同）。本专科毕业论文一般无需单独的题目页，硕博士毕业论文一般需要单独的题目页，展示院校、指导教师、答辩时间等信息。英文部分一般需要使用TimesNewRoman字体。2、版权声明：一般而言，硕士与博士研究生毕业论文内均需在正文前附版权声明，独立成页。个别本科毕业论文也有此项。3、摘要：要有高度的概括力，语言精练、明确，中文摘要约100—200字（不同院校可能要求不同）。4、关键词：从论文标题或正文中挑选3～5个（不同院校可能要求不同）最能表达主要内容的词作为关键词。关键词之间需要用分号或逗号分开。5、目录：写出目录，标明页码。正文各一级二级标题（根据实际情况，也可以标注更低级标题）、参考文献、附录、致谢等。6、正文：专科毕业论文正文字数一般应在3000字以上，本科文学学士毕业论文通常要求8000字以上，硕士论文可能要求在3万字以上（不同院校可能要求不同）。毕业论文正文：包括前言、本论、结论三个部分。前言（引言）是论文的开头部分，主要说明论文写作的目的、现实意义、对所研究问题的认识，并提出论文的中心论点等。前言要写得简明扼要，篇幅不要太长。本论是毕业论文的主体，包括研究内容与方法、实验材料、实验结果与分析（讨论）等。在本部分要运用各方面的研究方法和实验结果，分析问题，论证观点，尽量反映出自己的科研能力和学术水平。结论是毕业论文的收尾部分，是围绕本论所作的结束语。其基本的要点就是总结全文，加深题意。7、致谢：简述自己通过做毕业论文的体会，并应对指导教师和协助完成论文的有关人员表示谢意。8、参考文献：在毕业论文末尾要列出在论文中参考过的所有专著、论文及其他资料，所列参考文献可以按文中参考或引证的先后顺序排列，也可以按照音序排列（正文中则采用相应的哈佛式参考文献标注而不出现序号）。9、注释：在论文写作过程中，有些问题需要在正文之外加以阐述和说明。10、附录：对于一些不宜放在正文中，但有参考价值的内容，可编入附录中。有时也常将个人简介附于文后。

孔子研究论文的目的和意义英语版

Confucius (born Kong Qiu， styled Zhong Ni) was born in the village of Zou in the country of Lu in 551 BC， a poor descendant of a deposed noble As a child， he held make-believe temple rituals; as a young adult， he quickly earned a reputation for fairness， politeness and love of learning， and he was reputed to be quite He traveled extensively and studied at the imperial capital， Zhou， where he is said to have met and spoke with Lao Zi， the founder of D Upon his return to Lu， he gained renown as a teacher， but when he was 35， Duke Zhao of Lu led his country to war， was routed and fled to the neighboring country of Qi; in the disorder following the battle， Confucius Duke Zhao frequently came to him for advice， but upon counsel of one of his ministers， he decided against granting land to Confucius and gradually stopped seeking his When other nobles began plotting against Confucius' position， Duke Zhao refused to intervene， and Confucius returned to L But conditions there were no better than before， and Confucius retired from public life to concentrate on teaching and At age 50， he was approached by the Baron of Qi to help defend against a rebellion， but he He was later made a city magistrate by the new Duke of Lu， and under his administration the city flourished; he was promoted several times， eventually becoming Grand Secretary of Justice and， at age 56， Chief Minister of L Neighboring countries began to worry that Lu would become too powerful， and they sent messengers with gifts and dancers to distract the duke during a sacrifice When the duke abandoned his duties to receive the messengers， Confucius resigned and left the Confucius spent the next five years wandering China with his disciples， finding that his presence at royal courts was rarely tolerated for long before nobles would begin plotting to drive him out or have him He was arrested once and jailed for five days， and at 62 he was pursued， along with his disciples， into the countryside by a band of soldiers sent by jealous nobles， until he was able to send a messenger to the sympathetic king of a nearby country， who sent his own soldiers to rescue Once again， Confucius was to be given land but was denied it upon counsel of another high After further wanderings， he eventually returned to Lu at age Although he was welcomed there and chose to remain， he was not offered public office again， nor did he seek Instead he spent the rest of his years teaching and， finally， He died at 孔子(名秋字仲尼)生于鲁国邹村在我国公元前551年，元老废黜了一个贫苦家庭高贵作为一个孩子，他认为地以为庙祭; 作为一个年轻的成年人，他很快赢得美誉公平、礼貌、爱学习，他被誉为是相当高大他走遍了研究和广泛的帝国首都周据说他曾与交谈老子，道家创始人返回卢，他赢得声威当老师，但是当他35岁赵吕公爵率领乌加战争是落花流水逃往邻国齐; 在混乱的战斗后，孔子之后杜克赵常找他请教，但他的一名律师在部长会议他决定对孔子逐渐停止批地给他的律师求当其他贵族开始密谋对付孔子地位杜克赵拒绝介入，孔子返鲁但没有任何条件比以前更好、离退休孔子退隐专心教学和学习 50岁时，他遇见了男爵齐协防打击叛乱，但他拒绝他后来被新县长作了一个城市格洛斯特路而在他主政全市蓬勃开展; 升任几次，终于成为大政司司长，年仅56岁，首席部长鲁周边国家开始担心，将成为卢太强大送信、送礼物、跳舞，他们分散在公爵牺牲假期当公爵遗弃职务领取送信，孔子辞职，离开该国未来5年内花费孔子与弟子中徘徊，法院认定他出席皇家贵族很少容忍多久便开始密谋把他或他杀死他被捕入狱后五天，他是在62追求，随着他的弟子，到郊外一阶士兵发出嫉妒贵族，直到他能够体谅国王派遣使者到邻近的国家，当年送自己的士兵拯救再次，孔子得到它的土地，但遭到拒绝后，高律师另一个大臣进一步漫游后，他终于回到鲁年仅虽然他并没有选择留欢迎，他没有向公职再次他也不求而他花了他多年的教学和休息，最后写作他死在

Confucius，One of the most famous people in ancient China was a wise philosopher named C Hesometimes went by the names Kong Zi though he was born - Kong Qiu - styled Zhong N He wasborn in the village of Zou in the country of LThis Chinese man was a well-known leader in philosophy and he also made many wise phrases and theories about the law， life， and the Confucius is famous for his philosophy because he made many wise sayings in ancient China that helped many people learn about nature，the world， and the human He also helped the government and the emperor by teachingthem lessons on how the emperor should rule his kingdom Confucius was born in a poor family in the year 551 BC， and he was born in the state of L His original name was Kung C His father， commander of a district in Lu， died three years after Confucius was born， leaving the family in poverty; but Confucius nevertheless received a fine He was married at the age of 19 and had one son and two 翻译：　孔子，名丘，字仲尼。鲁国陬邑人。先世是宋国贵族，避难迁鲁。他出生时，家世已经没落。年轻时做过季孙氏的委吏和乘田等。三十多岁到齐国，几年没有得到齐君的｀重用，又回到鲁国，聚徒讲学。五十多岁时，由鲁国中都宰升任司寇。后又曾周游宋、卫、蔡、齐、楚等国。晚年在鲁国编订古代文化典籍《诗》《尚书》《春秋》等，教授门徒。孔子的弟子曾将他的谈话和他与门徒的问答，辑成《论语》一书，这是研究孔子思想的主要资料。孔子的教育思想孔子在中国历史上最早提出人的天赋素质相近，个性差异主要是因为后天教育与社会环境影响（“性相近也，习相远也”）。因而人人都可能受教育，人人都应该受教育。他提倡“有教无类”，创办私学，广招学生，打破了奴隶主贵族对学校教育的垄断，把受教育的范围扩大到平民，顺应了当时社会发展的趋势。

研究目的（Research Aim）是你论文的长期目标，也就是最终目标，整篇论文只存在一个，通常一两句话概括就行。Research objectives是论文的短期目标，就是你每一步要达成什么目标才能达成你的终极Aim。这也就是你如何回答你的Research questions。Research objectives一般用to do的形式来表达。可以从理论理解，实证发现，现实影响等方面入手。研究意义（Significance），为什么这个主题对你很重要？是出于个人兴趣，亦或是前人研究不足，填充学术空白，解决实际生产问题？为什么其他人对此感兴趣？考虑一下是什么促使你进行该领域的研究？你可能还会考虑该领域的学者如何讨论其重要性。你对它的意义的理解有哪些相似之处或不同之处？

主要写微观的目的和宏观的目的。

孔子研究论文的目的和意义英文作文

很多自己摘录些吧His ancestry is unknown and was largely self-educated according to the Later became a teacher， philosopher and political theorist， but was unable to gain a worthwhile position where he could put his theories into practice and， after years of traveling， returned home to continue teaching until his death at the age of Although during his lifetime he had little influence outside his own band of disciples， Confucianism has been the dominant philosophical system in China for over 2000 Confucius' Social PhilosophyConfucius' teachings and his conversations and exchanges with his disciples are recorded in the Lunyu or Analects， a collection that probably achieved something like its present form around the second century BCE While Confucius believes that people live their lives within parameters firmly established by Heaven—which， often， for him means both a purposeful Supreme Being as well as ‘nature’ and its fixed cycles and patterns—he argues that men are responsible for their actions and especially for their treatment of We can do little or nothing to alter our fated span of existence but we determine what we accomplish and what we are remembered Confucius represented his teachings as lessons transmitted from He claimed that he was “a transmitter and not a maker” and that all he did reflected his “reliance on and love for the ” (Lunyu 1) Confucius pointed especially to the precedents established during the height of the royal Zhou (roughly the first half of the first millennium， BCE) Such justifications for one's ideas may have already been conventional in Confucius' Certainly his claim that there were antique precedents for his ideology had a tremendous influence on subsequent thinkers many of whom imitated these But we should not regard the contents of the Analects as consisting of old Much of what Confucius taught appears to have been original to him and to have represented a radical departure from the ideas and practices of his Confucius also claimed that he enjoyed a special and privileged relationship with Heaven and that， by the age of fifty， he had come to understand what Heaven had mandated for him and for (Lunyu 4) Confucius was also careful to instruct his followers that they should never neglect the offerings due H (Lunyu 13) Some scholars have seen a contradiction between Confucius' reverence for Heaven and what they believe to be his skepticism with regard to the existence of ‘the ’ But the Analects passages that reveal Confucius's attitudes toward spiritual forces (Lunyu 12， 20， and 11) do not suggest that he was Rather they show that Confucius revered and respected the spirits， thought that they should be worshipped with utmost sincerity， and taught that serving the spirits was a far more difficult and complicated matter than serving mere Confucius' social philosophy largely revolves around the concept of ren， “compassion” or “loving ” Cultivating or practicing such concern for others involved deprecating This meant being sure to avoid artful speech or an ingratiating manner that would create a false impression and lead to self- (Lunyu 3) Those who have cultivated ren are， on the contrary， “simple in manner and slow of ” (Lunyu 27) For Confucius， such concern for others is demonstrated through the practice of forms of the Golden Rule: “What you do not wish for yourself， do not do to others;” “Since you yourself desire standing then help others achieve it， since you yourself desire success then help others attain ” (Lunyu 2， 30) He regards devotion to parents and older siblings as the most basic form of promoting the interests of others before one's own and teaches that such altruism can be accomplished only by those who have learned self-Learning self-restraint involves studying and mastering li， the ritual forms and rules of propriety through which one expresses respect for superiors and enacts his role in society in such a way that he himself is worthy of respect and A concern for propriety should inform everything that one says and does:Look at nothing in defiance of ritual， listen to nothing in defiance of ritual， speak of nothing in defiance or ritual， never stir hand or foot in defiance of (Lunyu 1)Subjecting oneself to ritual does not， however， mean suppressing one's desires but instead learning how to reconcile one's own desires with the needs of one's family and Confucius and many of his followers teach that it is by experiencing desires that we learn the value of social strictures that make an ordered society possible (See Lunyu ) Nor does Confucius' emphasis on ritual mean that he was a punctilious ceremonialist who thought that the rites of worship and of social exchange had to be practiced correctly at all Confucius taught， on the contrary， that if one did not possess a keen sense of the well-being and interests of others his ceremonial manners signified (Lunyu 3) Equally important was Confucius' insistence that the rites not be regarded as mere forms， but that they be practiced with complete devotion and “He [， Confucius] sacrificed to the dead as if they were He sacrificed to the spirits as if the spirits were The Master said， ‘I consider my not being present at the sacrifice as though there were no ’” (Lunyu 12)While ritual forms often have to do with the more narrow relations of family and clan， ren， however， is to be practiced broadly and informs one's interactions with all Confucius warns those in power that they should not oppress or take for granted even the lowliest of their “You may rob the Three Armies of their commander， but you cannot deprive the humblest peasant of his ” (Lunyu 26) Confucius regards loving others as a calling and a mission for which one should be ready to die (Lunyu 9) Confucius' Political PhilosophyConfucius' political philosophy is also rooted in his belief that a ruler should learn self-discipline， should govern his subjects by his own example， and should treat them with love and “If the people be led by laws， and uniformity among them be sought by punishments， they will try to escape punishment and have no sense of If they are led by virtue， and uniformity sought among them through the practice of ritual propriety， they will possess a sense of shame and come to you of their own ” (Lunyu 3; see also ) It seems apparent that in his own day， however， advocates of more legalistic methods were winning a large following among the ruling Thus Confucius' warning about the ill consequences of promulgating law codes should not be interpreted as an attempt to prevent their adoption but instead as his lament that his ideas about the moral suasion of the ruler were not proving Most troubling to Confucius was his perception that the political institutions of his day had completely broken He attributed this collapse to the fact that those who wielded power as well as those who occupied subordinate positions did so by making claim to titles for which they were not When asked by a ruler of the large state of Qi， Lu's neighbor on the Shandong peninsula， about the principles of good government， Confucius is reported to have replied: “Good government consists in the ruler being a ruler， the minister being a minister， the father being a father， and the son being a ” (Lunyu 11) If I claim for myself a title and attempt to participate in the various hierarchical relationships to which I would be entitled by virtue of that title， then I should live up to the meaning of the title that I claim for Confucius' analysis of the lack of connection between actualities and their names and the need to correct such circumstances is usually referred to as Confucius' theory of Elsewhere in the Analects， Confucius says to his disciple Zilu that the first thing he would do in undertaking the administration of a state is (Lunyu 3) Xunzi composed an entire essay entitled Z But for Xunzi the term referred to the proper use of language and how one should go about inventing new terms that were suitable to the For Confucius， zhengming does not seem to refer to the ‘rectification of names’ (this is the way the term is most often translated by scholars of the Analects)， but instead to rectifying behavior of people so that it exactly corresponds to the language with which they identify and describe Confucius believed that this sort of rectification had to begin at the very top of the government， because it was at the top that the discrepancy between names and actualities had If the ruler's behavior is rectified then the people beneath him will follow In a conversation with Ji Kangzi (who had usurped power in Lu)， Confucius advised: “If your desire is for good， the people will be The moral character of the ruler is the wind; the moral character of those beneath him is the When the wind blows， the grass ” (Lunyu 19)For Confucius， what characterized superior rulership was the possession of de or ‘’ Conceived of as a kind of moral power that allows one to win a following without recourse to physical force， such ‘virtue’ also enabled the ruler to maintain good order in his state without troubling himself and by relying on loyal and effective Confucius claimed that， “He who governs by means of his virtue is， to use an analogy， like the pole-star: it remains in its place while all the lesser stars do homage to ” (Lunyu 1) The way to maintain and cultivate such royal ‘virtue’ was through the practice and enactment of li or ‘rituals’—the ceremonies that defined and punctuated the lives of the ancient Chinese These ceremonies encompassed: the sacrificial rites performed at ancestral temples to express humility and thankfulness; the ceremonies of enfeoffment， toasting， and gift exchange that bound together the aristocracy into a complex web of obligation and indebtedness; and the acts of politeness and decorum—such things as bowing and yielding—that identified their performers as In an influential study， Herbert Fingarette argues that the performance of these various ceremonies， when done correctly and sincerely， involves a ‘magical’ quality that underlies the efficacy of royal ‘virtue’ in accomplishing the aims of the Confucius and EducationA hallmark of Confucius' thought is his emphasis on education and He disparages those who have faith in natural understanding or intuition and argues that the only real understanding of a subject comes from long and careful Study， for Confucius， means finding a good teacher and imitating his words and A good teacher is someone older who is familiar with the ways of the past and the practices of the (See Lunyu 22) While he sometimes warns against excessive reflection and meditation， Confucius' position appears to be a middle course between studying and reflecting on what one has “He who learns but does not think is He who thinks but does not learn is in great ” (Lunyu 15) Confucius， himself， is credited by the tradition with having taught altogether three thousand students， though only seventy are said to have truly mastered the arts he Confucius is willing to teach anyone， whatever their social standing， as long as they are eager and He taught his students morality， proper speech， government， and the refined While he also emphasizes the “Six Arts” -- ritual， music， archery， chariot-riding， calligraphy， and computation -- it is clear that he regards morality the most important Confucius' pedagogical methods are He never discourses at length on a Instead he poses questions， cites passages from the classics， or uses apt analogies， and waits for his students to arrive at the right “I only instruct the eager and enlighten the If I hold up one corner and a student cannot come back to me with the other three， I do not go on with the ” (Lunyu 8)Confucius' goal is to create gentlemen who carry themselves with grace， speak correctly， and demonstrate integrity in all His strong dislike of the sycophantic “petty men，” whose clever talk and pretentious manner win them an audience， is reflected in numerous Lunyu Confucius finds himself in an age in which values are out of Actions and behavior no longer correspond to the labels originally attached to “Rulers do not rule and subjects do not serve，” he (Lunyu 11; also 3) This means that words and titles no longer mean what they once Moral education is important to Confucius because it is the means by which one can rectify this situation and restore meaning to language and values to He believes that the most important lessons for obtaining such a moral education are to be found in the canonical Book of Songs， because many of its poems are both beautiful and Thus Confucius places the text first in his curriculum and frequently quotes and explains its lines of For this reason， the Lunyu is also an important source for Confucius' understanding of the role poetry and art more generally play in the moral education of gentlemen as well as in the reformation of

求阙斋 [圣贤] 检举儒家关于伦理道德的学说，是儒学最光辉的内容之一。《说文》云：“伦，辈也，从人仑声，一曰道也”。《礼记·中庸》云：“今天下车同轨，书同文，行同伦”。即天下所有的车子在同一轨道上运行，用同一种文字书写，道德行为也要在同一个法则下规范。孔颖达疏曰：“伦，道也，言人所行之行皆同道理”。所谓伦理，也就是道理的意思。儒家学说中有关家庭伦理的道德，人们社会交往的道德，在社会经济利益方面的道德都表现出一种高尚的情操，具有极强人性美的魅力。这些关于道德的理论是几千年中华民族恪守道德的准则和基础，对促进当今社会祥和稳定仍有重要的现实意义。一、儒家伦理思想对家庭和谐稳定的意义家庭是组成社会的个体单位。在每一个家庭中，一些具有亲缘关系的人，如父、母、兄、弟、姐、妹以及相关的人，应当和睦。在不损害国家社会利益的前提下，每个成员都要对自己的家庭有责任心。儿子对父母要孝，兄弟姐妹之间要互相友爱。家庭的稳定、和谐是社会稳定的基础。只有家庭稳定了，人们在家庭中能够得到温暖和安慰，那社会上的不稳定因素会大大减少。儒家学说主张家庭和睦。中华民族的家庭以儒学提倡的孝悌来维系。虽然由于历史的局限性，儒家所说的孝还可进一步的完善。但儒家关于家庭伦理的许多思想是需要继承的精华。儒学的家庭伦理思想，是儒家关于如何处理家庭关系的主张。《论语·学而》云：“君子务本，本立而道生。孝弟也者，其为仁之本与”。即每一个有道德的人都要专心致力于“本”，本就是孝悌。本立而道理才能出现，这也是为仁之本。孔子认为，孝悌是仁之本，即每一个有道德的人要孝顺父母，敬爱兄长。仁，是孔子思想的核心之一。孔子在《颜渊》中说：“克己复礼为仁，一日克己复礼，天下归仁焉。为仁由己，而由人乎哉？”也就是说，对自己的行为进行约束检点，使之达到礼的高度，这就是仁。如果有一天人们都能克己复礼，天下就都归于仁了。是否达到仁，是根于自己的行为，而不在别人。仁，由自己而为，不是别人来督促自己做的。《学而》篇还说：“弟子入则孝，出则悌，谨而信，泛爱众，而亲仁”。即年轻人回到家里要孝顺父母，出门对兄弟要悌。谨慎小心而守信用，热爱众生而亲仁。儒家认为，对父母仅能养，不可谓孝；孝的含义是既能养父母，还要尊敬父母。《论语·为政》云：“子游问孝。子曰：今之孝者，是谓能养，至於犬马，皆能有养。不敬，仍以别乎？”子游问什么是孝？孔子说：现在所谓的孝，就是说能够养活父母就行了。而每人对于犬马来说，皆能养。如果只养活父母而对父母不敬，那么与养犬马又有什么区别呢？孔子认为，待奉父母时，脸色一定要有愉悦之色。《为政》云：“子夏问孝。子曰：色难。有事弟子服其劳；有酒食，先生馔，曾是以为孝乎？”这段话为，有一次子夏问什么是孝，孔子回答，待奉父母时，有愉悦的脸色很难。孔子认为，如果有什么事情，弟子们替他办理操劳；有酒食，年长的人先吃，这不为孝。真正的孝是不仅干活操劳，还要在父母面前有愉悦的表情。《礼记·祭义》云：“孝子之有深爱者必有和气，有和气者必有愉色，有愉色者必有婉容”。孝敬父母，必须对父母和气，脸色柔顺谦和，愉快，否则就不是孝子。《孟子·离娄下》云：“世俗所谓不孝者五：惰其四支，不顾父母之养，一不孝也。博弈好饮酒，不顾父母之养，二不孝也。好货财，私妻子，不顾父母之养，三不孝也。从耳目之欲以为父母戮，四不孝也。好勇斗以危父母，五不孝也”。孟子认为，世俗不孝的有五：四体不勤，懒惰，不赡养父母，这是一不孝；赌博酗酒，不赡养父母，是二不孝也；贪财，偏爱妻子，不赡养父母，是三不孝也；放纵耳目之嗜好，并因此给父母带来耻辱，这是四不孝也；逞勇斗殴并危及父母，这是五不孝也。就是懒惰、赌博、酗酒、贪财、贪图享受或者打架斗殴以影响到父母者是不孝之人。反之，勤劳、苦干、廉洁、善良，以奉养父母，当然为之“孝”。儒家关于家庭伦理的学说，在家庭中以亲父子，以睦夫妇，以友兄弟，使家庭中的成员友家相亲，使家庭稳定幸福。每一个家庭的稳定则是社会稳定的基础。儒家的家庭伦理学说对家庭和谐的稳定有重要的现实意义。二、儒家社会伦理思想对促进社会祥和稳定的意义随着社会的进步，人与人之间的联系交往会愈加频繁，人际关系也更加重要。儒学中的社会伦理在当今人际交往中将会发挥重要的作用。儒家的社会伦理学说将使社会呈现一派祥和的气氛。《孟子·梁惠王上》云：“老吾老以及人之老，幼吾幼以及人之幼”。《礼记·礼运篇》云：“故人不独亲其亲，不独子其子。使老有所终，壮有所用，幼有所长，矜寡孤独废疾者，皆有所养”。儒家的社会伦理学说要求人们不仅尊重爱护奉养自己的老人，不仅抚养爱护自己的孩子，而且要把别人的老人，别人的孩子当做自己的老人，自己的孩子一样的爱护、奉养和抚养，要求人们“不独亲其亲，不独子其子”。要让人们在年老时有人奉养，以终天年，年轻的时候，社会提供条件来发挥自己的作用，让年幼的未成年的孩子在社会的爱护下成长，鳏寡孤独的老人及有疾病残疾的，皆能有所养。这虽然是一种社会的理想，但也是人们对社会道德的要求，是儒家社会伦理的主张。《论语·公冶长》记载：孔子在谈到自己的志向时说：他愿使“老者安之，朋友信之，少者怀之”。就是说，孔子希望通过自己的行为和努力，使年老的人过得安逸，朋友对他相信，年少的人也会怀念他。这其实也是“老吾老以及人之老，幼吾幼以及人之幼”的具体实践和社会效果。在与人的交往中，儒家认为对待上司，要豁出性命；对待朋友，要讲信用。《论语·学而》云：“事君，能致其身；与朋友交，言而有信”。又云：“谨而信，泛爱众，而亲仁”。人生最重要的是待人谨慎讲信用，热爱众生，用亲仁的态度去对待他们。《论语·为政》云：“人而无信，不知其可也。大车无輗，小车无軏，其何以行之哉？”如果一个人没有信用，就如大车子没有安横木的輗，小车子没有安横木的軏，怎么能行走呢？《论语·卫灵公》记载：孔子说“言忠信，行笃敬，虽蛮貊之邦，行矣。言不忠信，行不笃敬，虽州里，行乎哉？”这段话的意思是，对人恭敬，言语忠诚有信用，即使在异国他乡，也是可以行得通的；反之，如果言语行动不忠信，不笃敬，虽在自己的家乡故里，也是行不通的。孔子认为，如果想了解某一件事，必须有谦恭的态度。《论语·学而》记载：“子禽问於子贡曰：‘夫子至於是邦也，必闻其政，求之与？抑与之与？’子贡曰：‘夫子温、良、恭、俭、让以得之’”。孔子弟子子禽问子贡说：‘夫子每到一个国家，就很快地了解这个国家的情况和政治，夫子是向人求问的，还是人家主动给他讲的？’子贡说：‘夫子以温和、友善、恭敬、节俭、谦逊而去了解诸侯各国的情况的’”。《论语·里仁》记载：曾子曰“夫子之道，忠恕而已矣”。孔子认为，在与人的交往方面，要宽恕待人。《论语·卫灵公》云：子曰“躬自厚而薄责于人，则远怨矣”。在一切问题上，都要多责备自己，而少责备别人，就不会招致怨恨。孔子主张，对自己严格要求，如果别人对自己不能理解，也不要去怨恨别人，应以自己的行为去改变别人的看法。《学而》云：“人不知而不愠，不亦君子乎？”如果别人不了解自己或误会自己，也不去怨恨别人，不也是君子所为吗？“不患人之不己知，患不知人也”。别人不了解我，我不着急，着急的是我不了解别人。“君子求诸已，小人求诸人”。有道德的人要求自己，而小人则去要求别人。“已所不欲，勿施于人”。自己不愿意做，或不能接受的事情，也不要去强加于别人。孔子把“忠恕”当做终身信用的格言，要宽恕待人，自己不愿做的，也不要强加于人；自己所希望达到的，也要替别人考虑，《颜渊篇》云：“君子成人之美，不成人之恶，小人反是”。君子要成人之美，不破坏别人的事，而小人则相反。“已欲立而立人，已欲达而达人”。凡自己希望成就的事业，也帮助别人成就，凡自己希望达到的事情，也帮助别人达到。《子罕》云：“子绝四：毋意、毋必、毋固、毋我。”即不凭空揣测、不绝对肯定、不固执已见，唯我独是。但君子要坚持真理，择善而从之。《卫灵公》云：“当仁，不让于师”；“君子贞而不谅”。孔子在社会道德方面表现出一种浩然正气，表现出对家庭、社会、父母、朋友等各方面强烈的责任心。

According to tradition， Confucius was born in 551 BC， in the Spring and Autumn Period， at the beginning of the Hundred Schools of Thought philosophical Confucius was born in or near the city of Qufu， in the Chinese State of Lu (now part of Shandong Province)He was a Chinese thinker and social philosopher， whose teachings and philosophy have deeply influenced Chinese， Korean， Japanese， Taiwanese and Vietnamese thought and His philosophy emphasized personal and governmental morality， correctness of social relationships， justice and These values gained prominence in China over other doctrines， such as Legalism (法家) or Taoism (道家) during the Han Dynasty[2][3][4] (206 BC – 220 AD) Confucius' thoughts have been developed into a system of philosophy known as Confucianism (儒家) It was introduced to Europe by the Jesuit Matteo Ricci， who was the first to Latinise the name as "C"His teachings may be found in the Analects of Confucius (论语)， a collection of "brief aphoristic fragments"， which was compiled many years after his Modern historians do not believe that any specific documents can be said to have been written by Confucius，[5][6] but for nearly 2，000 years he was thought to be the editor or author of all the Five Classics[7][8] such as the Classic of Rites (editor)， and the Spring and Autumn Annals (春秋) (author)

孔子研究论文的目的和意义英语翻译

“孔子的很多思想，尤其是其教育思想。”用英文翻译是：Many thoughts of Confucius， especially educational 　四级有关孔子翻译题：一、孔子(ConfUcius)是一位思想家、政治家，教育家，也是中国儒学(the Ru School)思想的创始人。儒学(Confucianism)，这个道德和宗教哲学的大系统建立在孔圣人(Master Kung)的教学上。冯友兰，中国思想史上20世纪伟大的的权威之一，把孔子在中国历史上的影响比作西方的苏格拉底。参考译文：　　Confucius was a thinker， political figure， educator， and founder of the Ru School of Chinese Confucianism， the great system of moral and religious philosophy built upon the teachings of Master K Fung You-lan， one of the great 20th century authorities on the history ofChinese thought， compares Confucius9 influence in Chinese history with that of Socrates in the W二、孔子(Confucius)是我国古代著名的思想家、教育家，儒家学派(Confucian School)的创始人。相传孔子有弟子三千，贤弟子72人，孔子曾带领部分弟子周游列国14年。在中国五千年的历史上，对华夏民族的性格、气质 (temperament)产生最大影响的人就算是孔子了。他正直、乐观向上、积极进取。他一生都在追求真、善、美，一生都在追求理想的社会。他品格中的优点，几千年来影响着中国人，特别是影响着中国的知识分子。参考翻译:ConfuciusConfucius is a famous ideologist， educator， and thefounder of Confucian School in ancient C It'ssaid he has 3，000 disciples， 72 out of whom areexcellent ones， and he has led some disciples to visitvarious states for 14 During 5，000 years' history of China， it's Confucius who has exertedthe greatest impact on Chinese nation's characteristic and He is upright，optimistic， active and enterprising， striving for truthfulness， kindness and beauty， andseeking for an ideal society all his The shining points in his characteristics have beeninfluencing the Chinese people， especially the Chinese intellectuals for thousands of 创始人:说思想、学派的创始人或奠基者，可以founder、creator或 originator来表达。弟子:译为disciple，当时的弟子多指门徒，而非当今的学生。周游列国:可译为visit various states 或者travelaround various states。孔子生于春秋时期，那时的国家跟现在国家的概念是不一样的，那时的国家更适合译作state，而不是country，如“战国”应译作Warring States。积极进取:可译为active and enterprising，其中active意为“积极的”，enterprising意为“有进取心的”。真、善、美:应译为truthfulness， kindness， beauty。追求:文中两处用到“追求”，可以分别翻译为striving for和seeking for，以增加用词的变化，彰显语言功底。