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关于汽车的论文10000字开头英文怎么写

发布时间:2024-07-06 19:51:47

关于汽车的论文10000字开头英文怎么写

Cars in America(美国的汽车)Cars in AmericaCars are an important part of lifein the United S The car made the UnitedStatesanationon Andit helped to make the United States what it is There are three main reasons why the car became so popular in the United S First of all the country is a huge one and Americans like to move around in The cars provide the most comfortable and cheapest form of The second reason that cars are popular is the fact that the United States never really developed an efficient and inexpensive form of public Long-distance trains have never been as common in the United States as they are in other parts of the Nowadays there is a good system of air service provided by But it is too expensive to be used The third reason is the most important one, The American spirit of independence is what really made cars Americans don't like to wait for a bus, or a train or even a They don't like to have to follow an exact And the freedom a car gives them is what Americans want most to The decrease of gas supplies has caused a big problem for A But the answer will not be a bigger system of public The real solution will have to be a new kind of car, one that does not use so much

Guide the future development of the concept of automotive vehicles Summary of high-tech popularization and application makes the pace of replacement automotive products faster and faster, also makes the Chinese automotive industry independent research and development level and technical level with the international on the growing gap in the development of the concept car is even more the difference between the very WTO accession for China car alarm sounded, but also tremendous opportunity, our government, as well as automotive companies must increase their research and automotive design input, to establish a positive right car design concept, the concept of extensive vehicle design Keywords concept car designed to develop science, technology and culture Technology start-ups PIONEERINGWITHSCIENCE & TECHNOLOGYMONTHLY The 21st century, in order to lead and performance of the new century, the development of future automotive trends, a number of international auto companies, one after another at the major auto show in the world to launch its own concept car and new There is, however, must be caused by a phenomenon we are concerned about: As a car big country, but few Chinese car makers to launch its own development and design concept Are one of the main reasons for China's automotive design concepts and methods, as well as the lack of research and development of concept cars do not pay enough It can be said that a self-designed and self-development capacity of the automobile industry, it is difficult to say that is a complete auto Thus we must intensify the study of automotive design and input, to establish a positive right car design concept, the concept of extensive vehicle 1 "concept car" is defined The so-called "concept cars" that have not yet begun to enter the market with a design unique and must advance the awareness of the new Its main characteristics are: it must give people are to consider that can guide the new concept It has just the design in general at the time, people's aesthetic ideas, the purchasing power and even the level of motor vehicle manufacturing industry is also Generally it will be it avant-garde design, innovative materials, bold use of a more perfect performance, the new car interior design indicates that the direction of development of the automobile Some of the world's largest car company every year to spend many human and material resources to design their own concept car, and in some large auto exposition on It can be said that with the continuous introduction of concept cars, the near future may occur on some concept cars have today, some features or functions of the But not necessarily a concept car will each eventually evolve into mass production cars to enter the market, the majority of concept cars are finally only a "concept" for people to discuss the 2 concept car, in reality the meaning of 1 concept car design and development of automotive products reflected the development trend of 1 the performance of the highest scientific level and the most sophisticated technology in concept car At the International Motor Show the previous, and the major automotive companies and the introduction of the concept of lot of cars, concept cars to remove these sleek, but also more integrated into a large number of high-tech and modern means of the introduction of the concept car to become Motor Company takes pride in the idea of the concept of automotive research and development are often accompanied by new technologies and the use of new materials with certain forward-looking, herald a new stage of development and the beginning for this reason that car companies the development of the concept car has invested great human and material resources, with its show car the company's strong momentum of Various high-tech applications, making car slowly evolved into information, communications, entertainment centers and the exchange of information with the outside world, the computer functions and Internet all-round involvement, in-car information and entertainment equipment, advanced navigation equipment, real-time traffic information function of the growing popularity of the inevitable demand of these high-tech automotive designers transcend time and space to establish a new value system, the emergence of various new technologies for the automotive design freely given to a wider Function of motor vehicles for further expansion and development of the concept car, the car gradually from the cold machinery into human information exchange platform, if the concept car has its own way of expressing their emotions with pregnant, anger, sadness and joy, such as facial expression make the concept car than in high volume production cars, become a new symbol of Concept Car Design of automotive products have greater and greater impact, it represents the development direction of the automobile industry and the basic idea of the automobile company design standards and a symbol of scientific and technological 2 human physiological needs and psychological needs of the largest Satisfied --- Automotive Engineering in the Ergonomics Ergonomics are 50 in the early 20th century with the rapid development of a new subject with the aim of research, design and engineering technology to solve the relationship between the human Car body design in ergonomics, it is to people (drivers and passengers) as the center, from the body's physiology, psychology, and exercise the human body, the research body design, layout and equipment in terms of how to adapt to people need to create a manipulation convenient, safe, reliable, beautiful and comfortable driving environment and take the environment, that is the best person to design a - vehicle - environment Automotive Design Human-Computer analysis of the first ministries to human size required for measurement, statistics and analysis, conducting interior layout design as a basis to determine the effective space vehicle, as well as parts, assemblies (seats, dashboard , steering wheel, ) position and dimensions of the relationship between Through the study of human physiological structure, so that the seat design in full compliance with the requirements of human Based on the manipulation of human manipulation of the scope and power to determine the layout of the manipulator position and force size, so that when the human body to manipulate natural, rapid, accurate and lightweight, so as to reduce the degree of manipulation of Through the visual characteristics of the human eye, the effect of vision research, testing, checking driver information system, to ensure that drivers have access to proper driving Exercise in accordance with the characteristics of the human body to study the automobile collision on the human body, a reasonable protection, the right to determine the hinged point seat belts and binding on the human body to study the vibration of the impact on ride comfort, research on and get off at the convenience of passengers, and door openings in order to determine location and According to the body's physiological requirements, reasonable certainty that the air-conditioning system and Research on the psychological characteristics and requirements, to design a comfortable, beautiful, relaxed by the 3 virtual product development technology At present, a growing number of automotive design companies and manufacturing companies to start using virtual product development technology, using three-dimensional virtual reality 3D technology development concept Opel car using 3D virtual reality technology concept car design and Designers can experience floating in the air of a virtual image of car design and manufacturing, saving considerable development costs, and plans to be extended to its North American assembly plant to Britain's Rolls-Royce, Renault, France, Germany Audi, as well as Italy, Sweden and other auto plants are actively engaged in this virtual design and Over the past automotive research and development centers to develop new or modified are first shaped body sludge physical model, is extremely time-consuming Now automotive R & D, in particular the development of concept cars are increasingly seeking the shortest development If the introduction of virtual product development technologies, as long as the computer input data to construct a model figure model, in the laboratory can show an ideal vehicle images, as long as the engineers wear eyepiece, you can see clearly, there is such as a car in front of us true, after all the discussion of design engineers modifications, you can quickly design an ideal new Stereotypes, the computer can use the data, outsourcing trial and trial fitted the new parts and components, assembly achieve zero error, and the development of aging more rapidly than in the 4 the concept of green environment-friendly vehicles to the development trend of Since entering the 21st century, countries around the world have been produced about 5 billion vehicles, according to expert estimates that in 2010 global vehicle production will reach 75 People sigh at the rapid development of automobile industry, but also an increasing awareness of pollution from motor vehicles to harm human beings, so many countries of the vehicle to develop environmental protection measures and regulations to protect the environment for human survival, so automotive environmental protection the design of this new concept car design to be placed in a prominent position on the Improve energy efficiency, improved engine configurations, including electronically controlled fuel injection system, secondary air injection, thermal reactor, exhaust gas recirculation system, catalytic purification device, crankcase ventilation systems, fuel evaporation control The development of alternative fuels, research and development of new environmentally-friendly energy, including natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas, fast charging batteries, hybrid power, hydrogen In the automotive manufacturing process, use of green materials, green packaging, green manufacturing processes and equipment and equipment Green car recycling 2 Concept car indicates road traffic in the evolution of human behavior 1 Concept foretells the future of the way road traffic trends Along with the development of automobile, the vehicle status is also slowly change, now car in people's minds as a symbol, a symbol of wealth and the embodiment of a status, but the car as a way of the nature of road traffic has Concept car design is based on the nature of a car's innovative design Concept car at the design of the way through the daily life of mankind, human beings in road traffic in the use of methods such as behavior and ways of life all aspects of prediction and analysis, it is envisaged to solve the future in the way road traffic between the object harmonious Strong and high-speed in today's technology enables the development of means of transport have a much broader space for development, more and more high-tech continuously applied at a new At present many of the world's major auto companies have realized that the development of the next car is no longer the biggest obstacles are technical limitations, but limits the designers Now appearing in major auto show concept cars are generally two types: one is based on the latest available technology can achieve another kind of concept cars are those who put forward some innovative technology options but is still in the research phase of the concept Able to express their feelings such as car, truck can random shell replacement car, be able to easily change the driving mode of motor vehicles, be able to swim in the water of the amphibious vehicle, able to fly in space vehicles, be able to change Like from Toyota and Sony jointly developed by "POD" cars, will be able to through the car before the lights, mirrors, antenna, as well as the rear seat to the car owners to express their "" Like Volkswagen's Seat International Auto Show in the United States on the introduction of multi-functional concept car "Sal? Juancheng sa", there are sports, comfort and three kinds of urban-type driving mode selection for 2 Concept of culture differences in performance The United States as a world leader in the auto industry, concept cars at the manufacturing are on the forefront in the At the United States because of cultural blending, collision, so the concept car embodies the greater the diversity of cultures; are also caused by a highly developed country commercial, commercial design and pragmatism prevailed, so the design is set up at a deep aesthetic Ethics on the real and solve practical With the American cars are in sharp contrast to the Japanese concept Japan as the world's output of the second car big country, its concept car many practical and imagination, technology is better than art, more concerned about solving technical problems, it can be said in Japan This is the premise of the concept of car design, each model is to solve one kinds of technical problems The Japanese car model to maintain a small, simple, style characteristics of the economy and harmonious relations between man-machine deal with the Japanese are reflected as a delicate oriental thinking and compromise approach to solve the The United States put the design of commercial operation as an important aspect, Japan put out of Products Designed to accelerate as a tool, Germany put Designed as a social and cultural foundation, while the French took the design as a designer of stage From various countries so the concept of car design in different styles, we can see different countries, different concepts, as well as their different cultural backgrounds 3 Concluding remarks The future of automotive design as the development of the inevitable progress of Automotive Technology with each passing day, many of the artistic style of the designer will make it even more widely and more strongly reflected in the car design, and give people a wider Under high-tech, and personality of the car more humane 21st century will be the necessity of the development of the automobile industry, because it is consistent with human culture, the pursuit of individuality and Therefore, the increase in automobile design concept of the attention and input, will be the development of China's automobile industry has played a great role in pushing References 1尹定邦 Introduction to Study Design [M] Hunan: Hunan Science and Technology Press, 1999 2张洪欣 Auto Design [M] Beijing: Mechanical Industry Press, 1997 3 Tang Jia-Ti, Han Xiao Jian had --- Product conceptual design theory, methods and techniques [M] Beijing: Mechanical Industry Press, 2002

Guide the future development of the concept of automotive vehicles Summary of high-tech popularization and application makes the pace of replacement automotive products faster and faster, also makes the Chinese automotive industry independent research and development level and technical level with the international on the growing gap in the development of the concept car is even more the difference between the very WTO accession for China car alarm sounded, but also tremendous opportunity, our government, as well as automotive companies must increase their research and automotive design input, to establish a positive right car design concept, the concept of extensive vehicle design Keywords concept car designed to develop science, technology and culture Technology start-ups PIONEERINGWITHSCIENCE & TECHNOLOGYMONTHLY The 21st century, in order to lead and performance of the new century, the development of future automotive trends, a number of international auto companies, one after another at the major auto show in the world to launch its own concept car and new There is, however, must be caused by a phenomenon we are concerned about: As a car big country, but few Chinese car makers to launch its own development and design concept Are one of the main reasons for China's automotive design concepts and methods, as well as the lack of research and development of concept cars do not pay enough It can be said that a self-designed and self-development capacity of the automobile industry, it is difficult to say that is a complete auto Thus we must intensify the study of automotive design and input, to establish a positive right car design concept, the concept of extensive vehicle 1 "concept car" is defined The so-called "concept cars" that have not yet begun to enter the market with a design unique and must advance the awareness of the new Its main characteristics are: it must give people are to consider that can guide the new concept It has just the design in general at the time, people's aesthetic ideas, the purchasing power and even the level of motor vehicle manufacturing industry is also Generally it will be it avant-garde design, innovative materials, bold use of a more perfect performance, the new car interior design indicates that the direction of development of the automobile Some of the world's largest car company every year to spend many human and material resources to design their own concept car, and in some large auto exposition on It can be said that with the continuous introduction of concept cars, the near future may occur on some concept cars have today, some features or functions of the But not necessarily a concept car will each eventually evolve into mass production cars to enter the market, the majority of concept cars are finally only a "concept" for people to discuss the 2 concept car, in reality the meaning of 1 concept car design and development of automotive products reflected the development trend of 1 the performance of the highest scientific level and the most sophisticated technology in concept car At the International Motor Show the previous, and the major automotive companies and the introduction of the concept of lot of cars, concept cars to remove these sleek, but also more integrated into a large number of high-tech and modern means of the introduction of the concept car to become Motor Company takes pride in the idea of the concept of automotive research and development are often accompanied by new technologies and the use of new materials with certain forward-looking, herald a new stage of development and the beginning for this reason that car companies the development of the concept car has invested great human and material resources, with its show car the company's strong momentum of Various high-tech applications, making car slowly evolved into information, communications, entertainment centers and the exchange of information with the outside world, the computer functions and Internet all-round involvement, in-car information and entertainment equipment, advanced navigation equipment, real-time traffic information function of the growing popularity of the inevitable demand of these high-tech automotive designers transcend time and space to establish a new value system, the emergence of various new technologies for the automotive design freely given to a wider Function of motor vehicles for further expansion and development of the concept car, the car gradually from the cold machinery into human information exchange platform, if the concept car has its own way of expressing their emotions with pregnant, anger, sadness and joy, such as facial expression make the concept car than in high volume production cars, become a new symbol of Concept Car Design of automotive products have greater and greater impact, it represents the development direction of the automobile industry and the basic idea of the automobile company design standards and a symbol of scientific and technological 2 human physiological needs and psychological needs of the largest Satisfied --- Automotive Engineering in the Ergonomics Ergonomics are 50 in the early 20th century with the rapid development of a new subject with the aim of research, design and engineering technology to solve the relationship between the human Car body design in ergonomics, it is to people (drivers and passengers) as the center, from the body's physiology, psychology, and exercise the human body, the research body design, layout and equipment in terms of how to adapt to people need to create a manipulation convenient, safe, reliable, beautiful and comfortable driving environment and take the environment, that is the best person to design a - vehicle - environment Automotive Design Human-Computer analysis of the first ministries to human size required for measurement, statistics and analysis, conducting interior layout design as a basis to determine the effective space vehicle, as well as parts, assemblies (seats, dashboard , steering wheel, ) position and dimensions of the relationship between Through the study of human physiological structure, so that the seat design in full compliance with the requirements of human Based on the manipulation of human manipulation of the scope and power to determine the layout of the manipulator position and force size, so that when the human body to manipulate natural, rapid, accurate and lightweight, so as to reduce the degree of manipulation of Through the visual characteristics of the human eye, the effect of vision research, testing, checking driver information system, to ensure that drivers have access to proper driving Exercise in accordance with the characteristics of the human body to study the automobile collision on the human body, a reasonable protection, the right to determine the hinged point seat belts and binding on the human body to study the vibration of the impact on ride comfort, research on and get off at the convenience of passengers, and door openings in order to determine location and According to the body's physiological requirements, reasonable certainty that the air-conditioning system and Research on the psychological characteristics and requirements, to design a comfortable, beautiful, relaxed by the 3 virtual product development technology At present, a growing number of automotive design companies and manufacturing companies to start using virtual product development technology, using three-dimensional virtual reality 3D technology development concept Opel car using 3D virtual reality technology concept car design and Designers can experience floating in the air of a virtual image of car design and manufacturing, saving considerable development costs, and plans to be extended to its North American assembly plant to Britain's Rolls-Royce, Renault, France, Germany Audi, as well as Italy, Sweden and other auto plants are actively engaged in this virtual design and Over the past automotive research and development centers to develop new or modified are first shaped body sludge physical model, is extremely time-consuming Now automotive R & D, in particular the development of concept cars are increasingly seeking the shortest development If the introduction of virtual product development technologies, as long as the computer input data to construct a model figure model, in the laboratory can show an ideal vehicle images, as long as the engineers wear eyepiece, you can see clearly, there is such as a car in front of us true, after all the discussion of design engineers modifications, you can quickly design an ideal new Stereotypes, the computer can use the data, outsourcing trial and trial fitted the new parts and components, assembly achieve zero error, and the development of aging more rapidly than in the 4 the concept of green environment-friendly vehicles to the development trend of Since entering the 21st century, countries around the world have been produced about 5 billion vehicles, according to expert estimates that in 2010 global vehicle production will reach 75 People sigh at the rapid development of automobile industry, but also an increasing awareness of pollution from motor vehicles to harm human beings, so many countries of the vehicle to develop environmental protection measures and regulations to protect the environment for human survival, so automotive environmental protection the design of this new concept car design to be placed in a prominent position on the Improve energy efficiency, improved engine configurations, including electronically controlled fuel injection system, secondary air injection, thermal reactor, exhaust gas recirculation system, catalytic purification device, crankcase ventilation systems, fuel evaporation control The development of alternative fuels, research and development of new environmentally-friendly energy, including natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas, fast charging batteries, hybrid power, hydrogen In the automotive manufacturing process, use of green materials, green packaging, green manufacturing processes and equipment and equipment Green car recycling 2 Concept car indicates road traffic in the evolution of human behavior 1 Concept foretells the future of the way road traffic trends Along with the development of automobile, the vehicle status is also slowly change, now car in people's minds as a symbol, a symbol of wealth and the embodiment of a status, but the car as a way of the nature of road traffic has Concept car design is based on the nature of a car's innovative design Concept car at the design of the way through the daily life of mankind, human beings in road traffic in the use of methods such as behavior and ways of life all aspects of prediction and analysis, it is envisaged to solve the future in the way road traffic between the object harmonious Strong and high-speed in today's technology enables the development of means of transport have a much broader space for development, more and more high-tech continuously applied at a new At present many of the world's major auto companies have realized that the development of the next car is no longer the biggest obstacles are technical limitations, but limits the designers Now appearing in major auto show concept cars are generally two types: one is based on the latest available technology can achieve another kind of concept cars are those who put forward some innovative technology options but is still in the research phase of the concept Able to express their feelings such as car, truck can random shell replacement car, be able to easily change the driving mode of motor vehicles, be able to swim in the water of the amphibious vehicle, able to fly in space vehicles, be able to change Like from Toyota and Sony jointly developed by "POD" cars, will be able to through the car before the lights, mirrors, antenna, as well as the rear seat to the car owners to express their "" Like Volkswagen's Seat International Auto Show in the United States on the introduction of multi-functional concept car "Sal? Juancheng sa", there are sports, comfort and three kinds of urban-type driving mode selection for 2 Concept of culture differences in performance The United States as a world leader in the auto industry, concept cars at the manufacturing are on the forefront in the At the United States because of cultural blending, collision, so the concept car embodies the greater the diversity of cultures; are also caused by a highly developed country commercial, commercial design and pragmatism prevailed, so the design is set up at a deep aesthetic Ethics on the real and solve practical With the American cars are in sharp contrast to the Japanese concept Japan as the world's output of the second car big country, its concept car many practical and imagination, technology is better than art, more concerned about solving technical problems, it can be said in Japan This is the premise of the concept of car design, each model is to solve one kinds of technical problems The Japanese car model to maintain a small, simple, style characteristics of the economy and harmonious relations between man-machine deal with the Japanese are reflected as a delicate oriental thinking and compromise approach to solve the The United States put the design of commercial operation as an important aspect, Japan put out of Products Designed to accelerate as a tool, Germany put Designed as a social and cultural foundation, while the French took the design as a designer of stage From various countries so the concept of car design in different styles, we can see different countries, different concepts, as well as their different cultural backgrounds 3 Concluding remarks The future of automotive design as the development of the inevitable progress of Automotive Technology with each passing day, many of the artistic style of the designer will make it even more widely and more strongly reflected in the car design, and give people a wider Under high-tech, and personality of the car more humane 21st century will be the necessity of the development of the automobile industry, because it is consistent with human culture, the pursuit of individuality and Therefore, the increase in automobile design concept of the attention and input, will be the development of China's automobile industry has played a great role in pushing References 1尹定邦 Introduction to Study Design [M] Hunan: Hunan Science and Technology Press, 1999 2张洪欣 Auto Design [M] Beijing: Mechanical Industry Press, 1997 3 Tang Jia-Ti, Han Xiao Jian had --- Product conceptual design theory, methods and techniques [M] Beijing: Mechanical Industry Press, 2002 Tang Shu-Min Concept cars and car design development and innovation [J] Shenyang Institute of Aeronautical Engineering Journal, 2002 (6)

How Manual Transmissions Work by Marshall Brain ­If you drive a stick-shift car, then you may have several questions floating in your ­How does the funny "H" pattern that I am moving this shift knob through have any relation to the gears inside the transmission? What is moving inside the transmission when I move the shifter? When I mess up and hear that horrible grinding sound, what is actually grinding? What would happen if I were to accidentally shift into reverse while I am speeding down the freeway? Would the entire transmission explode? In this article, we'll answer all of these questions and more as we explore the interior of a manual Cars need transmissions because of the physics of the gasoline First, any engine has a redline -- a maximum rpm value above which the engine cannot go without Second, if you have read How Horsepower Works, then you know that engines have narrow rpm ranges where horsepower and torque are at their For example, an engine might produce its maximum horsepower at 5,500 The transmission allows the gear ratio between the engine and the drive wheels to change as the car speeds up and slows You shift gears so the engine can stay below the redline and near the rpm band of its best Photo courtesy DaimlerChrysler Mercedes-Benz Actros, manual See more transmission Ideally, the transmission would be so flexible in its ratios that the engine could always run at its single, best-performance rpm That is the idea behind the continuously variable transmission (CVT) A CVT has a nearly infinite range of gear In the past, CVTs could not compete with four-speed and five-speed transmissions in terms of cost, size and reliability, so you didn't see them in production These days, improvements in design have made CVTs more The Toyota Prius is a hybrid car that uses a CVT The transmission is connected to the engine through the The input shaft of the transmission therefore turns at the same rpm as the engine

关于汽车的论文10000字开头英文

呵呵 3000字 20分 说真的兄弟,20元都没有人帮你搞,还带翻译,没一天都搞不出来 可能给某些机构或者个人200元就有可能

-- Scott Perl, Albuquerque, NM A: Auto racers have told us the main advantage in filling tires with nitrogen instead of ambient air is that nitrogen tends to maintain more consistent tire pressure over a wide range of As friction between the tire and pavement drives up the temperature, air with varying amounts of moisture content responds differently and can cause inconsistencies in tire While racing drivers are more likely to notice the advantages of nitrogen than everyday drivers, we haven't heard of any disadvantages to using Skeptics question the practice, noting that ambient air is about 80% nitrogen and that it expands and contracts at the same rate as pure A number of readers say there's no appreciable difference in how the tires will react if filled with nitrogen, especially in everyday Q: Is it safe to use cruise control in rain or on wet pavement? -- Scott Brake, Westminster, C A: Car makers often warn that cruise control should be used only in light traffic on open roads and in good There have been reports of accidents involving cruise control when the car lost traction -- or hydroplaned -- in slippery Some car makers warn that the steady throttle of cruise control -- like keeping one's foot on the gas -- could cause the wheels to spin when they hit a wet or icy patch of Car-company representatives say the cruise- control warnings reflect the fact that drivers should be particularly vigilant when conditions are less than ideal, and cruising along on what amounts to partial autopilot tends to lull some drivers into a false sense of Q: If an automobile manual suggests a certain weight oil (such as, 5W-30), would adding a quart of a different weight oil (say, 10W-40) between complete oil changes damage the car's engine? -- Gil Ehrenkranz, Potomac, M A: Probably But today's engines generally are more precisely engineered than those of 20 or 30 years Many of us at some point have topped off our cars with whatever oil happened to be available without causing damage -- at least not that we know Auto makers, however, say modern engines can be more sensitive to a change in oil weight, and using the wrong oil, even in small amounts, can hurt an engine's performance and even cause Q: What is a sequential manual transmission? How does it differ from an automatic or a standard manual transmission? -- Harry J Jaffe, Germantown, T A: A sequential manual transmission is a gearbox that requires gear changes to be made in order (first to second to third), instead of having a shift pattern with a lever that allows the driver to skip Motorcycles have used such transmissions for decades and racing cars began using them years ago because they allow quicker Shifting is usually done through levers, buttons or The sequential transmissions advertised today -- mainly in high- performance cars such as Ferraris, Aston Martins and some BMWs -- are technically manual transmissions, except that the clutch and the gear changes are controlled The advantage is that gear changes can be made more quickly and precisely than a human shifting the old-fashioned Traditionalists say the downside is that they simply aren't as much fun to drive and require less driver

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Guide the future development of the concept of automotive vehicles Summary of high-tech popularization and application makes the pace of replacement automotive products faster and faster, also makes the Chinese automotive industry independent research and development level and technical level with the international on the growing gap in the development of the concept car is even more the difference between the very WTO accession for China car alarm sounded, but also tremendous opportunity, our government, as well as automotive companies must increase their research and automotive design input, to establish a positive right car design concept, the concept of extensive vehicle design Keywords concept car designed to develop science, technology and culture Technology start-ups PIONEERINGWITHSCIENCE & TECHNOLOGYMONTHLY The 21st century, in order to lead and performance of the new century, the development of future automotive trends, a number of international auto companies, one after another at the major auto show in the world to launch its own concept car and new There is, however, must be caused by a phenomenon we are concerned about: As a car big country, but few Chinese car makers to launch its own development and design concept Are one of the main reasons for China's automotive design concepts and methods, as well as the lack of research and development of concept cars do not pay enough It can be said that a self-designed and self-development capacity of the automobile industry, it is difficult to say that is a complete auto Thus we must intensify the study of automotive design and input, to establish a positive right car design concept, the concept of extensive vehicle 1 "concept car" is defined The so-called "concept cars" that have not yet begun to enter the market with a design unique and must advance the awareness of the new Its main characteristics are: it must give people are to consider that can guide the new concept It has just the design in general at the time, people's aesthetic ideas, the purchasing power and even the level of motor vehicle manufacturing industry is also Generally it will be it avant-garde design, innovative materials, bold use of a more perfect performance, the new car interior design indicates that the direction of development of the automobile Some of the world's largest car company every year to spend many human and material resources to design their own concept car, and in some large auto exposition on It can be said that with the continuous introduction of concept cars, the near future may occur on some concept cars have today, some features or functions of the But not necessarily a concept car will each eventually evolve into mass production cars to enter the market, the majority of concept cars are finally only a "concept" for people to discuss the 2 concept car, in reality the meaning of 1 concept car design and development of automotive products reflected the development trend of 1 the performance of the highest scientific level and the most sophisticated technology in concept car At the International Motor Show the previous, and the major automotive companies and the introduction of the concept of lot of cars, concept cars to remove these sleek, but also more integrated into a large number of high-tech and modern means of the introduction of the concept car to become Motor Company takes pride in the idea of the concept of automotive research and development are often accompanied by new technologies and the use of new materials with certain forward-looking, herald a new stage of development and the beginning for this reason that car companies the development of the concept car has invested great human and material resources, with its show car the company's strong momentum of Various high-tech applications, making car slowly evolved into information, communications, entertainment centers and the exchange of information with the outside world, the computer functions and Internet all-round involvement, in-car information and entertainment equipment, advanced navigation equipment, real-time traffic information function of the growing popularity of the inevitable demand of these high-tech automotive designers transcend time and space to establish a new value system, the emergence of various new technologies for the automotive design freely given to a wider Function of motor vehicles for further expansion and development of the concept car, the car gradually from the cold machinery into human information exchange platform, if the concept car has its own way of expressing their emotions with pregnant, anger, sadness and joy, such as facial expression make the concept car than in high volume production cars, become a new symbol of Concept Car Design of automotive products have greater and greater impact, it represents the development direction of the automobile industry and the basic idea of the automobile company design standards and a symbol of scientific and technological 2 human physiological needs and psychological needs of the largest Satisfied --- Automotive Engineering in the Ergonomics Ergonomics are 50 in the early 20th century with the rapid development of a new subject with the aim of research, design and engineering technology to solve the relationship between the human Car body design in ergonomics, it is to people (drivers and passengers) as the center, from the body's physiology, psychology, and exercise the human body, the research body design, layout and equipment in terms of how to adapt to people need to create a manipulation convenient, safe, reliable, beautiful and comfortable driving environment and take the environment, that is the best person to design a - vehicle - environment Automotive Design Human-Computer analysis of the first ministries to human size required for measurement, statistics and analysis, conducting interior layout design as a basis to determine the effective space vehicle, as well as parts, assemblies (seats, dashboard , steering wheel, ) position and dimensions of the relationship between Through the study of human physiological structure, so that the seat design in full compliance with the requirements of human Based on the manipulation of human manipulation of the scope and power to determine the layout of the manipulator position and force size, so that when the human body to manipulate natural, rapid, accurate and lightweight, so as to reduce the degree of manipulation of Through the visual characteristics of the human eye, the effect of vision research, testing, checking driver information system, to ensure that drivers have access to proper driving Exercise in accordance with the characteristics of the human body to study the automobile collision on the human body, a reasonable protection, the right to determine the hinged point seat belts and binding on the human body to study the vibration of the impact on ride comfort, research on and get off at the convenience of passengers, and door openings in order to determine location and According to the body's physiological requirements, reasonable certainty that the air-conditioning system and Research on the psychological characteristics and requirements, to design a comfortable, beautiful, relaxed by the 3 virtual product development technology At present, a growing number of automotive design companies and manufacturing companies to start using virtual product development technology, using three-dimensional virtual reality 3D technology development concept Opel car using 3D virtual reality technology concept car design and Designers can experience floating in the air of a virtual image of car design and manufacturing, saving considerable development costs, and plans to be extended to its North American assembly plant to Britain's Rolls-Royce, Renault, France, Germany Audi, as well as Italy, Sweden and other auto plants are actively engaged in this virtual design and Over the past automotive research and development centers to develop new or modified are first shaped body sludge physical model, is extremely time-consuming Now automotive R & D, in particular the development of concept cars are increasingly seeking the shortest development If the introduction of virtual product development technologies, as long as the computer input data to construct a model figure model, in the laboratory can show an ideal vehicle images, as long as the engineers wear eyepiece, you can see clearly, there is such as a car in front of us true, after all the discussion of design engineers modifications, you can quickly design an ideal new Stereotypes, the computer can use the data, outsourcing trial and trial fitted the new parts and components, assembly achieve zero error, and the development of aging more rapidly than in the 4 the concept of green environment-friendly vehicles to the development trend of Since entering the 21st century, countries around the world have been produced about 5 billion vehicles, according to expert estimates that in 2010 global vehicle production will reach 75 People sigh at the rapid development of automobile industry, but also an increasing awareness of pollution from motor vehicles to harm human beings, so many countries of the vehicle to develop environmental protection measures and regulations to protect the environment for human survival, so automotive environmental protection the design of this new concept car design to be placed in a prominent position on the Improve energy efficiency, improved engine configurations, including electronically controlled fuel injection system, secondary air injection, thermal reactor, exhaust gas recirculation system, catalytic purification device, crankcase ventilation systems, fuel evaporation control The development of alternative fuels, research and development of new environmentally-friendly energy, including natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas, fast charging batteries, hybrid power, hydrogen In the automotive manufacturing process, use of green materials, green packaging, green manufacturing processes and equipment and equipment Green car recycling 2 Concept car indicates road traffic in the evolution of human behavior 1 Concept foretells the future of the way road traffic trends Along with the development of automobile, the vehicle status is also slowly change, now car in people's minds as a symbol, a symbol of wealth and the embodiment of a status, but the car as a way of the nature of road traffic has Concept car design is based on the nature of a car's innovative design Concept car at the design of the way through the daily life of mankind, human beings in road traffic in the use of methods such as behavior and ways of life all aspects of prediction and analysis, it is envisaged to solve the future in the way road traffic between the object harmonious Strong and high-speed in today's technology enables the development of means of transport have a much broader space for development, more and more high-tech continuously applied at a new At present many of the world's major auto companies have realized that the development of the next car is no longer the biggest obstacles are technical limitations, but limits the designers Now appearing in major auto show concept cars are generally two types: one is based on the latest available technology can achieve another kind of concept cars are those who put forward some innovative technology options but is still in the research phase of the concept Able to express their feelings such as car, truck can random shell replacement car, be able to easily change the driving mode of motor vehicles, be able to swim in the water of the amphibious vehicle, able to fly in space vehicles, be able to change Like from Toyota and Sony jointly developed by "POD" cars, will be able to through the car before the lights, mirrors, antenna, as well as the rear seat to the car owners to express their "" Like Volkswagen's Seat International Auto Show in the United States on the introduction of multi-functional concept car "Sal? Juancheng sa", there are sports, comfort and three kinds of urban-type driving mode selection for 2 Concept of culture differences in performance The United States as a world leader in the auto industry, concept cars at the manufacturing are on the forefront in the At the United States because of cultural blending, collision, so the concept car embodies the greater the diversity of cultures; are also caused by a highly developed country commercial, commercial design and pragmatism prevailed, so the design is set up at a deep aesthetic Ethics on the real and solve practical With the American cars are in sharp contrast to the Japanese concept Japan as the world's output of the second car big country, its concept car many practical and imagination, technology is better than art, more concerned about solving technical problems, it can be said in Japan This is the premise of the concept of car design, each model is to solve one kinds of technical problems The Japanese car model to maintain a small, simple, style characteristics of the economy and harmonious relations between man-machine deal with the Japanese are reflected as a delicate oriental thinking and compromise approach to solve the The United States put the design of commercial operation as an important aspect, Japan put out of Products Designed to accelerate as a tool, Germany put Designed as a social and cultural foundation, while the French took the design as a designer of stage From various countries so the concept of car design in different styles, we can see different countries, different concepts, as well as their different cultural backgrounds 3 Concluding remarks The future of automotive design as the development of the inevitable progress of Automotive Technology with each passing day, many of the artistic style of the designer will make it even more widely and more strongly reflected in the car design, and give people a wider Under high-tech, and personality of the car more humane 21st century will be the necessity of the development of the automobile industry, because it is consistent with human culture, the pursuit of individuality and Therefore, the increase in automobile design concept of the attention and input, will be the development of China's automobile industry has played a great role in pushing References 1尹定邦 Introduction to Study Design [M] Hunan: Hunan Science and Technology Press, 1999 2张洪欣 Auto Design [M] Beijing: Mechanical Industry Press, 1997 3 Tang Jia-Ti, Han Xiao Jian had --- Product conceptual design theory, methods and techniques [M] Beijing: Mechanical Industry Press, 2002

关于汽车的论文10000字开头怎么写

保养内容周期  每天的保养内容  外观检查 在出车前,环视汽车,看看灯光装置有没有损坏,车身有没有倾斜,有没有漏油、漏水等泄漏情况;检查轮胎的外表情况;检查车门、发动机仓盖、行理仓盖和玻璃的状况。  信号装置检查 打开点火开关钥匙(不起动发动机),检查各报警灯和指示灯的点亮情况,起动发动机查看各报警灯是否正常熄灭,指示灯是否还在点亮。  燃油检查查看油量表的指示,补充燃油。  每周的保养内容  轮胎气压检查调整轮胎气压、清理轮胎上的杂物。不要忘记对备胎的检查。  发动机及各种油液 检查发动机各部件的固定情况,查看发动机各结合面有没有漏油、漏水的情况;检查调整皮带紧度;查看各部位的管路和导线固定情况;检查补充机油;检查补充冷却液;检查补充电解液;检查补充动力转向机油;清洁散热器外表;补充风挡玻璃清洗液等。�  清洁 清洁汽车内部,清洗汽车外表。   每月的保养内容  外部检查 巡视汽车,检查灯泡及灯罩的损坏情况;检查车体饰物的固定情况;检查倒车镜的情况。  轮胎 检查轮胎的磨损情况,清理行李厢;接近轮胎的磨耗记号时应更换轮胎,检查轮胎有没有鼓包、异常主要磨损、老化裂纹和硬伤等情况。  清洁打蜡 彻底清扫汽车内部;清洁水箱外表、机油散热器外表和空调散热器外表上的杂物。  底盘检查底盘有没有漏油的现象,发现有漏油痕迹,应检查各总成的齿轮油量并进行适当的补充,对底盘所有的油嘴进行充分的补脂作业。  其他 细致重复每周的保养内容。  每半年的保养内容  发动机外部 清洗发动机外表,清洗时注意对电气部分的防水处理。如果电气部分对防水要求较高的话,应避免用高压、高温的水枪来冲洗发动机,可以用毛刷沾清洗剂清洗发动机外表。  分电器 用干净的抹布擦净分电器盖内的污物,清除分电器触点处的污物,消除触点烧蚀的斑痕,检查高速触点间隙或电子点火系统的磁极间隙,润滑分电器各润滑点。  三滤机油 用压缩空气吹去空气滤清器的灰尘;适时更换燃油滤清器并清洗管路接头的滤网;更换机油及机油滤清器。 对于国产车还应清洗机油粗滤器、燃油预滤器和离心式细滤清器。  电瓶 检查蓄电池接线柱部分有没有腐蚀的现象,用热水冲洗蓄电池外表,清除蓄电池接线柱上腐蚀物。测量调整蓄电池的电解液比重。  冷却液 检查补充冷却液、清洁水箱外表。  轮胎轮毂 检查轮胎的磨损情况,对轮胎实施换位。检查轮毂、轴承预紧情况,如有间隙应调整预紧度。  制动系统 检查调整手制动拉杆工作行程;检查调整鼓式手制动器的蹄片间隙;检查调整脚制动踏板的自由行程;检查车轮制动器蹄片磨损情况,如果达到磨耗记号应更换制动蹄片;检查调整车轮制动器蹄片间隙;检查补充制动液等。  紧固 检查底盘重要螺栓或螺线的紧定情况,特别是转向系统的重要螺栓和螺线,发现有松动或缺损情况,应补齐拧紧。  底盘 检查底盘各部分管路情况,查看有没有泄漏,检查紧固所有金属连接杆件,并检查橡胶轴套有没有损坏的情况,对底盘所有润滑点进行补脂润滑。  灯光 检查修理汽车灯光,检查维护制冷、取暖装置,清洁音响系统等。  每年的保养内容  点火正时 检查调整汽车发动机的点火正时情况,对柴油机的供油正时的检查与调整最好到修理厂进行。  气门间隙 对装有普通气门发动机,应检查高速气门间隙。  清洁润滑清洁发动机仓盖,车门和行李仓的铰接机构的油污,重新调整并润滑上述机构。  每两年的保养内容  防冻液防冻液一般的使用年限为两年,届时应在年度保养中更换防冻液,并对冷却系进行彻底的清洗。  制动系统 由于制动系统的吸湿性,制动液每两年更换一次。  汽车部件更换周期  部件及部件名称 更换周期(km)说明  发动机部分  正时皮带(胶带)5万~6万  传动三角皮带4万  机油及滤清器5千~1万  防冻液 2年  火花塞 2万  汽油滤清器 8万  空气滤清器滤芯4万  分电器触点4万 清洁、检查,必要时更换  汽化器 8万 解体清洗调整,必要时更换包件  汽油软管 8万 冲洗、放出沉淀物  汽油箱 16万 冲洗、放出沉淀物  底盘及车身部分  鼓式制动片 每1万公里检查 使用厚度极限1mm  盘式制动片 每1万公里检查 使用厚度极限1mm  制动鼓 磨损极限制动盘磨损极限2mm  制动总分泵橡胶件及防尘套 8万或3年  制动系软管 8万或3年  制动液 8万或2年  离合器助力系统橡胶件及防尘套 8万或3年  离合器助力系统油液 8万或3年  动力转向油液 8万或2年 TⅡ或同等品  自动变速箱油 4万 TⅡ或同等品  手动变速箱油 6万或3年 APIGL4或GL-5  差速器油 6万或3年APIGL4或GL-5新车需在第一次换油时更换  轮胎 花纹深度不小于1mm  上下控制臂球头节及防尘套8万公里检查 必要时更换  转向杆球头节及防尘套 8万公里检查必要时更换  离合器摩擦片 8万公里检查 换铆钉深度不小于3mm  电器及其他附件  蓄电池 每周检查补充电瓶液液面高出极板10~15mm通气孔畅通  起动机8万公里解体检查更换损坏部件  发电机 8万公里解体检查 更换损坏部件  空调机干燥罐 8万或3年  风挡玻璃  风挡玻璃清洗液  每月检查 冰点-10℃以下  发动机属汽车的要害部位,平常检查与保养应慎之又慎,外部可用引擎清洗剂清洗干净,至于内部则会在工作中产生积碳、杂质、胶质等废物,如果对发动机比较熟悉,可打开机盖进行清洗,也可使用免拆清洗机在不解体的情况下清洗内部,内部故障应交给修理厂。�  平时行车,汽车在行驶中需注意观察发动机的水温,水温如突然升高,原因大多是冷却系严重缺水。此时,应立即停车,保持发动机怠速运转一段时间后,加注冷却水。除此外,要注意发动机的声音、排气颜色。发动机的正常水温应在80℃-90℃之间,水温过高或过低都会使机件磨损加剧,油耗增加,降低发动机寿命。冬季使用,应使发动机水温超过50℃。节温器是调节水温的重要部件,如发现水温异常,还应检查节温器。节温器的阀门常开或常闭,会造成发动机温度过低或过高。  更换三滤  三滤是指空气滤清器、机油滤清器和汽油滤清器,用于去污存清,因此及时清洁将有利于改善汽车机体内部的工作环境。�  空气滤清器:空气滤清器的作用是在空气进入气缸前对其加以过滤,去除其中夹带的杂质、灰尘、砂粒等异物。�  在通常环境下,空气滤清器的清洁保养间隔为6000-8000公里。但有时虽然更换时间或里程未到,但滤芯内侧已沾满了灰尘或油污,必须立即换新。空气滤清器分为干式与湿式两种,多数汽车上使用的是干式空气滤清器。�  机油滤清器:其功能是去除机油中的各种杂质,保证润滑系统的正常。机油滤清器可在换机油时与机油一并更换。注:安装新滤芯时,不要用滤清器扳手拧的过紧,以防造成损坏。�  机油滤清器如果堵塞时也应更换或将脏滤芯洗干净,晾干后重新使用。如滤清器衬垫损坏漏油时,也需更换,或用厚度相当的布剪出原垫形状代用。�  汽油滤清器:汽油滤清器每周应进行一次放除滤清器的水分及沉淀物的工作,清洁更换的间隔一般为2000-3000公里。�   冷却系的检查与保养  水箱:检查水箱只需看一下副水箱的水量是否在上下限间即可。�  主水箱盖子内有一个橡胶垫圈,具有防止高压水气泄漏的功能,如发现垫圈失去弹性并已硬化,请立即更换。清洗水箱及冷却管路。汽车发动机冷却水最好使用清洁的软水。硬水的软化的方法是:以40克苛性钠在1升水中溶化后,再加入60升水中,然后将溶液过滤并注入散热器中。  防冻液的使用:防冻液的主要成分为乙二醇,呈碱性,PH值多在5~11之间,冰点应低于-25℃,沸点应高于106℃,有效期一般为1~2年。汽车每行驶两年应更换发动机冷却液。�  使用防冻液应注意以下问题:  1、 不同品牌的防冻液所使用的金属缓蚀剂也不相同,因此不同品牌的防冻液不能混用。�  2、 使用了防冻液的车辆,切勿直接补充自来水,应该加入蒸馏水或去离子水,若实在没有条件,加冷开水也比加自来水好。如果防冻液因泄漏损失,应补充同品牌的防冻液。防冻液应四季使用,夏天使用自来水的方法是不科学的,也是得不偿失的。�  3、有的防冻液存放一年后,会出现少量絮状沉淀,这种现象多半是添加剂析出造成的,不必扔掉。如果出现大量的颗粒沉淀,表明该防冻液已经变质,不能再使用了。�  4、选择防冻液的另一个关键是确保安全性。高级防冻液兼具防腐、防垢、防沸、防冻、防锈等功效,还能对水箱起到很好的保护,一年四季都可使用。优质防冻液外观应清亮透明,并有醒目的颜色,无异味,而一些劣质防冻液根本不具备抗冻及防止开锅功能,有的防冻液虽然冰点及沸点合格,但却有腐蚀性,能把水箱及管路“咬”的千疮百孔,影响行车。�  节温器的检查与保养  1、节温器发生故障,会导致发动机升温较慢,低速行驶时温度偏低,这一现象在冬季尤其突出。节温器阀门不开启所造成的表象特征为水箱上水室烫手而下水室很凉。此时应予以检查、更换。�  2、平时在进行冷却系统的保养时,应注意清洗节温器上的水垢及污物。如发现破损,应及时更换。�  点火线圈的使用注意事项:点火线圈如果使用方法不当,会造成点火线圈损坏,因此应注意以下几点:防止点火线圈受热或受潮;发动机不运转时不要开点火开关;经常检查、清洁、紧固线路接头,避免其短路或搭铁;控制发动机性能,防止电压过高;火花塞不得长期“吊火”;点火线圈上的水分只能用布擦干,绝不能用火烘烤,否则会损坏点火线圈。  火花塞的保养  火花塞的功能及特征:火花塞的作用是将点火线圈所产生的脉冲高压电引进燃烧室,利用电极产生的电火花点燃混合气,完成燃烧。国产火花塞的型号由三部分数字或字母组成。前面的数字表示螺纹直径,如数字1,表示螺纹直径为10mm,中间的字母表示火花塞旋入气缸部分的长度;最后一位数字表示火花塞的热型:1-3为热型、5、6为中型,7以上为冷型。火花塞的“间隙”是其主要工作技术指标,间隙过大,点火线圈和分电器产生的高压电难以跳过,致使发动机起动困难;如间隙过小,会导致火花微弱,同时易发生漏电。  �  汽车的一级保养 发动机离合器等7项  一、发动机部分:  (1)起动发动机,倾听发动机在怠速、中速和高速运转时有无杂音异响。  (2)检查风扇皮带的松紧紧度,并进行调整。  (3)检查、清洗化油器、汽油泵、汽油滤清器、空气滤清器(视需要更换机油)。  (4)检查气缸盖,进、排气歧管及消声器的连接紧固情况,检查并紧固发动机固定螺栓、螺母及飞轮壳螺栓。  (5)清洁机油粗、细滤清器及滤芯,放出滤清器中的沉淀物,检查机油的多少和质量,检查润滑系(接头)有无漏油现象,紧固油底壳螺栓。  (6)检查空气压缩机的固定情况及管道有无漏油、漏气,排除贮气筒内的油水及污物。  (7)检查散热器、水泵固定情况及水管有无渗漏、百叶窗的效能及水泵轴加润滑脂的情况  二、离合器和传动部分:  (1)检查离合器效能及底盖螺栓,踏板选种,踏板轴加润滑脂。  (2)检查变速器紧固情况,油平面及有无漏油现象,根据需要添加齿轮油。  (3)检查万向节、传动轴、伸缩套、中间轴承及支架、拖车钩等紧固及润滑情况。  (4)检查手制动器工作情况,必要时调整工作行程,制动蹄销加注润滑脂。  (5)检查主减速器壳有无漏油现象,检查油面,必要时加齿轮油。  三、前桥部分:  (1)检查前制动鼓有无漏油现象,检查并调整前轮毂轴承的松紧度,检查转向节和主销工作情况,并加注泣滑脂,紧固轮胎螺栓、螺母。  (2)检查转向器,加注润滑油,检查、调整方向盘的转动量和游隙,检查转向横、直拉杆,直拉杆臂转向臂各接头的迦接和紧固情况,并加注润滑脂。  (3)检查减震器固定情况,钢板弹簧有无折断,钢板销加注润滑脂,检查骑马螺栓与螺母的螺母的紧固情况。  (4)紧固前保险杠、翼板、发动机罩、脚踏板、驾驶室螺栓、螺母,检查制动器室连接情况并紧固螺栓、螺母,制动凸轮轴加注润滑脂。  (5)检查前轴(工字梁)有无弯曲、断裂现象,检查和调整前束。  四、后桥部分:  (1)检查后制动鼓有无漏油现象,检查调整后轮毂轴承松紧度,检查轴NN距,检查紧固半轴突缘螺栓、螺母,轮胎螺栓、螺丝母,制动室螺丝栓、螺母,制动凸轮轴加润滑脂。  (2)检查钢板弹簧有无折断,吊耳是否良好,钢板销加注润滑脂,检查骑马螺栓、螺母的紧固情况。  (3)检查紧固油箱架螺栓、螺母,挡泥板螺栓、螺母等。  (4)检查紧固备胎架、工具箱。  五、电气设备:  (1)检查蓄电池电解液液面,不足时加蒸溜水,冬季加水后须充电,以防冻结。电柱头涂凡十林,以防腐蚀,疏通盖上的通气也。紧固蓄电池去架。  (2)检查喇叭、指示灯、制动灯、转向灯、大灯等的照明设备,以及电气仪表的工作状况  (3)检查发动机、起动机的工作状是况否良好,并润滑轴承。  六、轮胎部分:  (1)检查轮胎外表及气压情况,按标准充足气压并配齐胎嘴帽  (2)除去胎纹里的石子和一部分要物,发现油眼用生胶塞补,检查轮胎拱配是否合理。  (3)检查轮胎与钢板弹簧、车厢、挡泥板或其他部分有无摩擦碰挂现象。  七、整车检验项目:  检查汽车全部外表完好状态以及油漆情况,检查车架有无裂缝、铆钉有无松动现象,检查制动系统的工作效能及管路密封情况,检查转向系统的工作情况以及信号、照明设备的工作情况,按照全车润滑图中的规定检查润滑情况,如发现故障,应由有关工种及各工位调整修理。  汽车的二级保养 整车检验电气设备等7项  一、发动机部分:  (1)起动发动机,倾听发动机的怠速、中速和高速运转时有无杂音异响。  (2)检验气缸压力或真空度,必要时清除燃烧室积炭及研磨气门、调整气门脚间隙,检查油封及曲轴后轴承有无漏油现象。  (3)根据情况拆栓化油器、汽油泵,必要时在试验台上试验、调整,使其符合标准;拆先空气滤清器和更换机油,清理汽油滤清器检查管道和接头。  (4)检查紧固气缸盖,进、排气歧管及消声器的螺栓、螺母,检查发动机固定情况,飞轮壳与缸体的连接和紧固情况。  (5)清理机油粗、细滤清器(更换细滤芯),拆洗耳恭听油底壳,清洗机油泵和机油集滤器,擦试和检查气缸壁,检查轴瓦(必要时进行调整),装上油底壳并紧固,按规定加注对号的新机油至规定油面。  (6)检查空气压缩机工作情况及管道密封性,调整皮带松紧度,排除贮气微内的油水及污物,检查刮水器及其气道。  (7)检查散热器及罩盖的固定情况、水泵工作情况,有无漏水,水泵轴加润滑脂,检查百叶窗工作效能。  二、离合器及传动部分:  (1)检查离合器效能及底盖螺栓,调整跳板自由行程,向跳板轴加注润滑脂。 (2)检查变速器放出齿轮油,清洗变速箱及齿轮,检查齿轮、轴及变速机构的磨损器与飞轮壳螺栓的紧固情况,装复变速器盖,加注对号的齿轮油至规定高度。  (3)检查万向节,根据情况调换十安轴的方向,检查传动轴、伸缩套的松旷情况,检查中间支撑架及轴承,加注润滑脂,紧固拖车钩螺母。  (4)检查手制动器工作情况,机伯连接紧固情况,调整手制动部分,制动蹄销加注润滑脂。  (5)根据情况拆栓主减速器和差速器,检查齿轮的啮合情况,调整轴承的松紧度,添加或更换齿轮油,疏通通气孔,检查是否漏油,紧固螺丝栓、螺母。  三、前桥部分:  (1)拆栓前制动鼓、制动足乍、弹簧、轴承、油封、蹄片轴、凸轮的磨损情况,调整制动蹄片间隙及前轮毂轴承的松紧紧度,补充或更换润滑脂,紧紧固轮胎螺栓、螺母。  (2)检查调整转向器,加注润滑脂,检查调整方向盘的转动量及游隙,紧固固定螺栓、螺母,拆栓转向横、直拉杆,直拉杆臂、转向臂球头及弹簧等,调整松紧度,紧固并加注润滑脂。  (3)检查减震器固定情况及作用,根据情况补充减震液,拆栓钢板弹簧、钢板销、支架和吊耳、夹子、骑马螺栓、螺母的技术状况,加注润滑脂,装复并紧固。  (4)紧固前保险杠,前拖钩、翼板、发动机罩、脚踏板、驾驶室的固定螺栓、螺母,等,检查制动器室的工作情况并紧固螺栓、螺母,制动凸轮轴加注润滑脂。  (5)检查前轴(工字梁)有无弯曲、断裂现象,检查主调整前束,拆栓转向横拉杆球头,加注泣滑脂,并调整紧固。  四、后桥部分:  (1)拆检后制动鼓、制动蹄片、弹簧、轴承、轴承、油封、足乍轴、凸轮的磨损情况,调整制动足片间隙及后轮毂轴承松紧度,补充或更换润滑脂,检查轴距,根据情况进行半轴换位,紧固半轴突缘螺栓、螺母,紧固轮胎螺栓、螺丝平和制动室螺栓、螺母,制动凸轮轴加注润滑脂。  (2)拆检主、副钢板弹簧、钢板销、支架和吊耳、夹子、骑马螺栓、螺丝母的的技术状况,加注润滑脂,进得装复和紧固。  (3)检查紧固油箱架螺栓、螺母,车厢挡板、后门挡板,车厢固定螺栓、螺母,挡泥板螺栓、螺母等。  (4)检查和紧固备胎架、工具箱。  五、电气设备:  (1)检查蓄电池电解液比重,加注电解液比重,加注蒸溜水并充电,电桩头涂凡士林,以防腐蚀,疏通盖上的通气孔,检查起动线路,紧固蓄电池支架。  (2)检查汽车全部电气设备及完好状况,检查调整喇叭、指示灯、制动灯、转向灯、大灯等以及电气仪表的工作状况,拆检、清理和润滑分电器检验离心块弹簧拉力和真空调节器的工作情况,检验电容器和点火线圈和工作性能。  (3)检查、清理泣滑发电机、调节器起动机,试验其工作性能,每行驶6000~8000km(可根据具体情况适当增减)又进行二级保养时,必须对发电机、起动机解体进行预防性检查,消除隐患。  六、轮胎部分:  (1)清除治纹里的石子等夹杂物,栓查外胎有无鼓泡、脱层、裂伤、变殂、老化等故障  (2)拆卸轮胎,对轮辋进行除锈,检查内胎和誓带有无损伤或拆摺现象,按规定气压充气,进行轮胎翻边或换位。  (3)检查轮胎与翼板、车箱底板、钢板弹簧、挡泥板等有无摩擦碰挂现象。  七、整车检验项目:  检查汽车全部外表完好状况及油漆情况,检查车架有无裂缝、铆钉有无松动,检查制动系统工作效能及管路密封情况,检查转向系统的工作情况以腋号、照明设务的工作情况,按照全车润滑图中的规定检查润滑情况,如发现有故障或不合要求时,分别由有关工种及工位调整修理。进行汽车路试,倾听发动机在加速、美中不足速时的运转情况,有无不直正常的响声,底盘部分有无不正常的响声,在各种不同速度下试验制动器的制动性能,应无跑偏、拦颤及制动不灵现象和不正常的响声,汽车停在陟坡上,将手制动器拉紧,应停住不动。路试一段距离后,检查变速器壳、后桥主减速器壳、各制动鼓等处是否过热。路试后,发现有不正常现象,应立即予以检查、调整、排除。  汽车的三级保养 检查项目及规范  一、发动机部分:  (1)起动发动机,倾听发动机在怠速、中速和高速运转时有无杂音异响,拆下发动机总成  (2)清洗、拆卸发动机,清除积炭、油污和结胶,清理水垢,主油道、油底壳,检查各机件的技术状况,研磨气门,检验气门弹簧,收校轴承衬瓦,根据情况更换活塞环,检查油封,根据清况进行更换。  (3)拆检、清先化油器汽油泵,在试验台上进行试验和高速使其符合标准,拆洗空气滤清器和更换机油,清洗汽油滤清器及其管道。  (4)检验气缸盖,根据情况更换气缸盖衬垫,清进进、排气歧管及消声器并紧、固其螺栓、螺母,检查并紧固飞轮壳与缸体的螺栓。  (5)清理机油粗、细滤清器更换细滤芯),拆栓机油泵、机油集滤器装上油底壳并紧固,发动机装配后,按规定加注对号的新机渍至规定高度。  (6)检查空气压缩机工作情况及管道密封性,根据情况进行拆修,调整皮带公紧度,擀除贮气筒内的油水及污物,检查刮水器及其气道。  (7)拆检水泵,根据情况更换密封皮碗和垫圈,水泵轴加注润滑脂,检查节温器疏通水道及分水管。  二、离合器及传动部分:  (1)分解、清洗、检查和调整离合器(根据情况更换被动盘磨擦片和分离轴承),高速离合器跳板的自由行程,向跳板轴加注润滑脂。  (2)分解、清洗、检查和调整变速器根据情况进行修整或列换,按远见定加注对号的齿轮油至所需高度,运转,检验质量,检查并紧固变速器壳与飞轮壳螺栓。  (3)拆检万向节,根据情况进行更换,检查伟动轴的弯曲并进行校正,检查传动轴与伸缩套的松旷程度,拆栓中间轴承及支架,加注传动系统润滑脂,检查并紧固拖车挂鬼及螺母  (4)拆检、清洗、调整手制动器根据情况更换制动摩擦片),向制动蹄销加注润滑脂。  (5)拆检、清洗、高速主减速器和差速器根据情况更换誓片),更换齿轮油,疏通通气孔,栓查其紧固情况和有无漏油现象。  三、前桥部分:  (1)拆卸、清洗、检查前制动鼓、制动足片(根据情况更换制动摩擦片),弹簧、轴承、油封(根据情况更换)、蹄片轴、凸轮的磨损情况,调整制动蹄片与制动鼓之间的间隙,调整前轮毂轴承的松紧度,更换润滑脂,拆栓转向节和主销磨损情况,根据顶要更换衬大、垫圈或止推轴承,加注润滑脂,紧固轮胎螺母。  (2)拆检、清洗、调整转向器加注润滑脂,检查调整方向盘的转动量和游隙,拆检、清洗耳恭听、润滑横、直拉杆,直拉杆臂转向臂球头及弹簧、钢碗(根据情况更换),调整松紧度,紧固并加锁销。  (3)拆卸、清洗、检查减震器更换减震液,试验其减速震效果,拆栓、清洗、润滑钢板弹筑、钢板销、去架和吊耳(根据情况更换钢板销或衬套),检查、清洗夹子、骑马螺栓、螺母、装复并紧固。  (4)紧紧固前保险杠、前拖钩、翼板、发动机罩、脚啃板、倒车镜、驾驶室的固定螺栓、螺母等,拆检制动器气室、软管(根据情况更换橡皮膜片或软管),拆检制动器气室、管(根据情况更换橡皮膜片或软管),拆检制动凸轮调整臂向凸轮轴加润滑脂。  (5)检查前轴(工字梁)有无弯曲、断裂现象,较削主销孔上下平面,拆检转向横拉杆球头,加注润滑脂,并调整其松紧度,调整前轮的定位及转向角。  四、后桥部分:  (1)拆卸、清洗、检查后制动鼓、制动蹄片(根据情况更换制动摩擦片)、弹簧、轴承、油封(根据情况更换)、蹄片轴、凸轮的磨损情况,调整制动蹄片与制动鼓的间隙,高速后轮毂轴承的松紧度,更换润滑脂,检查轴距,检查兰轴,紧固半轴突缘螺栓、螺母和轮胎螺栓、螺母,拆卸制动器气室(根据情况更换橡皮膜片和软管),检查通气管道,拆检制动凸轮高速臂向制动凸轴加润滑脂。  (2)拆检、清洗、润滑主、副钢板弹簧、钢板销、支架和吊耳(根据情况更换钢板销和衬套),检查和清洗夹子、骑马螺栓、螺母。  (3)检查、紧固油箱架螺栓、螺栓、螺母,车厢挡板、后门挡板、车厢固定螺栓、螺母、挡泥板螺栓、螺母等。  (4)检查、紧固备胎架,工具箱。  五、电气设备:  (1)检查蓄电池,如110h放电容量小于40%额定容量时,可根据具体情况进行充电或解体修理,检查或修整起动导线。  (2)检查汽车全部电气设备,检查各仪表及传感20A保险器及各开关和线路的清理,拆检、清理和润滑分电器,检验离心块弹簧拉力、真空调节器的作用,检验电容器点火线圈、火花塞、灯光、喇叭、转向开关及闪光灯等,必要时进行拆修或调整。  (3)清理、检查、高速发电机及调节器,起动机的工作性能,根据情况进行拆检修整。  六、轮胎部分:  (1)清除胎纹里的石子等夹杂物,检查外胎有无鼓泡、脱层、断线、裂伤、变殂、老化等  (2)拆检轮胎,检查钢圈有无变形,清除轮辋锈污和补漆,检查内胎和垫带有无损伤或折摺,按规定充足气压,配齐胎嘴帽,进行轮胎翻边或换位。  (3)检查轮胎与翼板、车厢底板、钢板弹簧、挡泥板等有无摩擦碰挂现象。  七、车架部分:  (1)检修保险杠,检查车架有无断裂、扭曲或变形,铆钉有无松动,并根据情况进行修整  (2)清洗散热器水垢,焊修渗漏,清洗油箱,焊修渗漏。  (3)修整车头面、翼板、驾驶室等裂缝及不平整等缺陷。  (4)检查全车门窗及下班是否完整,开关是否灵活合适,门锁是否良好,并根据情况进行修整。  (5)检修座垫、篷布。  (6)检修车厢、工具箱等。  (7)检查车头面、翼板、驾驶室、车门、车厢等油漆情况,根据情况进行补漆,车架、前后桥、脚踏板等处的补漆。  整车检验项目:  检查汽车全部外表完好状态及油漆情况,检查制动系统的工作效能及管路密封情况,调整制动阀拉臂自由行程和最大气压,调整制动跳板自由行程,按照全车润滑图中的规定检查润滑情况,如发瑞故障或不合技术要求时,应由有关工位高速修理。  进行路试,倾听发动机的加速、减速时的运转情况,有无不正常的响声,底盘部分有无不正常的响声,在各种不同速度下试验制动器的制动性能,应无跑偏、拦颤及制动不群众观点现象有不正常的响声。汽车停在陡坡上,将手制、动器拉紧,应停止不动。检查变速器壳、后桥主减速器壳、各制动鼓处是否过热。路试发现有不正常现象,应予以消除。

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汽车检测与维修技术 浅谈汽车轮胎保养  摘要汽车轮胎对行驶安全性起着十分重要的作用。 文中主要介绍了汽 车轮胎保养与维护的前提, 研究和论述了汽车轮胎保养的手段、 汽 车轮胎的正确维护方法及维修技巧。  关键词:汽车; 轮胎; 磨损; 气压; 保养与维护   浅谈汽车轮胎保养  一、引言轮胎是汽车行驶系的一个重要组成部件。 按其内空气压力的大小, 可分为高压胎、 低压胎和超低压胎;按其有无内胎,可分为有内胎轮胎 和无内胎轮胎;按胎体帘布层结构,分为斜交轮胎和子午线轮胎。 现代 汽车都采用充气式轮胎。 轮胎安装在轮毂上,直接与路面接触,其功能是支承汽车的质量、 承受路面传来的各种载荷的作用;与汽车悬架共同缓和汽车行驶中所 受到的冲击,并衰减由此而产生的振动,保证汽车有良好的乘坐舒适 性和行驶平顺性;保证车轮和路面有良好的附着性,提高汽车的动力 性、 制动性和通过性。由此可见,汽车轮胎对行驶安全性起着十分重 要的作用,对它进行合理使用、 正确维护及有技巧的维修和处理非常 必要。  二、轮胎保养与维护的基本前提  (一)按额定负荷均匀装载 按额定负荷均匀装载 荷均匀装摩擦力与轮胎负荷成正比,故超载使轮胎负荷加大,则轮胎磨损 也大,使轮胎行驶里程减少。 超载还会使胎侧曲挠变形增大,轮胎肩着 地,造成胎面边缘不均匀磨损;经常超载将造成轮胎的不正常磨损;前 轮定位角会随汽车超载的不同程度而变化,超载会使车轮内倾发生变 化, 改变转向轮外倾角, 破坏与转向轮前束的匹配关系,使车轮产生 侧滑,从而加剧轮胎的磨损。 当轮胎负荷超过 20%时,轮胎行驶里程将 降低 35%; 当轮胎负荷超过 50%时, 轮胎行驶里程将降低 59%。此外, 载荷过大时,轮胎产生剧烈的径向变形,使侧偏刚度下降、 侧偏角加大, 只要受到侧向力的作用,车轮跑偏程度就会加大,影响汽车的操纵稳 定性。  (二)坚持中速行驶 超速行驶不但不利于安全行驶,而且由于轮胎线速度的提高和单 位时间内转动次数增加使胎内摩擦,轮胎与路面的摩擦加大, 随之产 生的热量增加,轮胎温度和气压升高,从而加速内外胎的磨损。 超速行 驶汽车转弯时,产生的离心力加大,引起汽车侧滑,加剧胎冠的磨损。 行驶条件越差,超速行驶时磨损越大。 试验表明,轮胎磨损与车速成正 比。 汽车以 60km/ h 的速度行驶时, 轮胎磨损为正常状态; 以 70km/ h 行驶时,轮胎磨损开始加剧,轮胎行驶里程与 60 km/ h 相比下降 30%; 当车速达到 100 km/ h 时,轮胎行驶里程将下降 70%。由此可见,车速 对轮胎寿命的影响是相当大的。 试验还表明, 汽车等速油耗在中速时 最低。因此,为了更加安全、 省油和延长轮胎使用寿命,必须坚持中 速行驶。  (三)正确驾驶,减少或避免轮胎的不正常磨损 正确驾驶, 驾驶员技会影响轮胎的使用寿命, 正确的驾驶操作可减少或避 免轮胎的不正常磨损。 汽车急加速时,驱动轮局部胎面将会滑移,可能 产生胎面肩部片状磨损;汽车紧急制动出现车轮抱死状况时,轮胎在 路面上拖滑,坚硬的路面像锉刀一样使胎冠橡胶磨掉一层,在路面上 留下清晰的轮胎印迹,也会使轮胎表面产生局部片状磨损;汽车转弯 时,轮胎将产生横向变形,如果此时车速较高,会使轮胎产生较大的切 向变形,这种变形将造成局部胎面变形加大,甚至造成局部胎面滑移, 使胎面、胎侧严重磨损。  三、汽车轮胎保养的手段——检查 汽车轮胎保养的手段——检查 —— 轮胎检查主要是检查轮胎磨损程度和气压。  (一) 轮胎磨损程度的检查 通过对轮胎接地面的观察, 也能够判断出车辆四轮定位及悬架存 在的隐患。这需要比较细心察。一般来说,如果一条胎发现了问题, 那就需要认真地观察对称的另一条同轴胎, 甚至需要仔细查看另两条 异轴胎。图 1 表示了各种情况造成的轮胎磨损痕迹。如果发现了这种 痕迹,就可以根据痕迹的不同来判断车辆到底是哪里出了问题。 图1 A、表明轮胎气压经常较高或是经常遭遇较恶劣的行驶条件; B、表明悬架或四轮定位出现问题; C、表明气压常常太低,使两侧转向时接地的花纹有较大程度的磨损; 3 D、表明很可能是因为长期摆震或运转不平而造成的磨损; E、表明高速运转时的紧急强制动造成某一部位局部的磨损痕迹。 轮胎花纹对轮胎寿命影响很大。 最早的充气轮胎胎面是光滑和无 花纹的。随着汽车工业的发展,汽车的行驶速度越来越快,因此,也 就在汽车行驶的安全性及行驶性能上发生越来越多的问题。1904 年 德国大陆轮胎公司推出了第一个带有花纹的汽车轮胎。之后,轮胎的 花纹技术始终不断得在发展。今天,没有花纹的轮胎仅应用在摩托体 育运动中(赛车轮胎)。在发达国家,法律规定,行驶在公共道路上的 轮胎必须带有花纹。轮胎花纹最重要的功能是排水,排除雨天马路上 影响轮胎与路面接触的积水。在路面有水且汽车高速行驶情况下,轮 胎和路面接触面间会产生一个“水锲”而抬起轮胎,车辆将会失控。 即使轮胎有着足够深的花纹也无法排除上述极其危险的情况。 即使车 辆在低速情况下行驶,已经磨损了的轮胎将提高汽车出事故的可能 性,特别是当路面潮湿的情况下。轮胎花纹越浅,制动距离越长。 就轿车而言,当轮胎花纹深度磨损到 1.6 毫米时,刹车路程距 离几乎是新轮胎的一倍(新轮胎花纹深度约为 8 毫米)。 一条轮胎无论 是圆周方向还是整个胎面宽度方向必须都有花纹, 也就是不能出现局 部的花纹已经完全磨损。花纹的深度测量必须测主排水沟的深度。现 代化轮胎都有一个 TWI 标记。如果这个标记已被磨损,则必须更换轮 胎。 在大多数西欧国家,法律规定,轮胎花纹的深度必须深于 1.6 毫米。出于对驾驶员自身安全的慎重考虑,交通行家推荐,夏季轮胎 4 的花纹深度不应浅于 2 毫米;冬季轮胎的花纹深度不应浅于 4 毫米; 扁宽轮胎的花纹深度不应浅于 3 毫米。另外,轿车的四个车轮应使用 相同花纹的轮胎(冬夏季轮胎不能同时混用), 至少同一根轴上应该使 用相同的轮胎。 轮胎磨损过甚,花纹过浅是行车中重要的不安全因素。过度磨损 的轮胎,除容易爆破外,还会使汽车操纵稳定性变坏。 汽车在雨中高速 行驶时, 由于不能把水全部从轮胎下排出, 轮胎将会出现水滑现象, 致使汽车失控。花纹过浅, 水滑的倾向越严重。轮胎磨损程度的检查 包括:  1、胎面花纹深度的检查。根据 GB7258- 1997 机动车运行安全技术条 件, 轿车轮胎胎冠上花纹磨损至花纹深度小于 6 mm, 载荷汽车转 向轮胎胎冠上的花纹深度小于 2 mm, 其余轮胎胎冠花纹深度小于 6 mm 时, 应停止使用。胎面磨损标志位于胎面花纹沟底部, 当胎 面磨损到此处时,花纹沟断开,表明轮胎必须停止使用并送去翻新。 按 《轿车子午线轮胎》 (GB9743- 88)和 《载重汽车斜交轮胎》 (GB516- 89) 的规定,每个轮胎应周向等距离设置不少于 4 个磨损标志。  2、轮胎异常磨损的检查。轮胎常见的异常磨损有胎肩或胎面中间磨 损、内侧或外侧磨损、前束和后束磨损( 羽状磨损)、前端和后端磨 损。 检查轮胎的异常磨损,可以发现故障的早期征兆和原因,以便及时 排除影响轮胎寿命的不良因素,防止轮胎早期磨损和损坏。  (二)轮胎气压的检查 轮胎气压的检查对行车也非常重要。轮胎气压不足,会导致轮 胎过热,并因轮胎的接地面积不均匀而产生不均匀磨损或胎肩和胎侧 快速磨损, 缩短轮胎的使用寿命。同时会增加滚动阻力、加大油耗, 影响车辆的操控, 严重时还会引起交通事故。轮胎气压过高,则使车 身质量集中在胎面中心上,将导致胎面中心快速磨损,不但会缩短轮 胎的使用寿命,而且会降低车辆的舒适性。所以日常维护和各级维护 时,对轮胎气压的检查非常必要。轮胎气压可用气压表进行检查。不 同的车辆,轮胎的气压值可能不同, 检查时应参看相应车辆的维修手 册。一般桑塔纳 2000 轿车前轮的胎压为 18 MPa、后轮的胎压为 22 MPa,即平时所说的前轮 8 个大气压、后轮 2 个大气压。  四、 轮胎的正确维护汽车使用过程中的维护应坚持以预防为主、制维护的原则,及时 发现和消除故障,防止轮胎不正常磨损。  (一)确保轮胎气压正常  1、 按照汽车使用说明书上规定的气压标准进行充气,绝对不要按轮胎 上标注的气压数值加气。  2、检查轮胎气压是否符合实际要求, 尤其在进入高速公路和山区公 路行驶时更要注意。检查胎压时一定要使用经标定的轮胎气压值。  3、 子午线轮胎要严格控制气压,因为同规格的子午线轮胎下沉量比斜 交胎大 1% ~ 3%, 如果气压使用不当,会引起轮胎急剧的不正常磨损。  (二)安全操作,科学充气 安全操作,  1、充气时,应将撬棒插入轮毂的孔中压住锁圈,尤其因无气行驶中锁 圈脱开锁定位置时更应注意,防止锁圈蹦出伤人。 另外,边充气边敲打 6 轮胎四周,并拿去锁圈,使其恢复原状, 回到锁定位置, 防止其蹦出 伤人。  2、对于内胎轮胎的充气要注重科学性, 因为其密封性主要靠内压使 轮毂与胎圈张紧, 装胎充气时要比标准气压高 2 MPa,但不能过高, 否则将造成轮辋损坏。待充至比标准气压高 2 MPa 时,轮辋与胎圈 贴合密实后, 再放气直至标准气压。 无内胎轮胎每装一次, 需换上新 的 O 型圈( 使用前应将它放在植物油中侵泡片刻) 。  (三)轮胎合理换位 轮胎使用过程中, 由于气压不正常、转向轮侧滑、前轮定位不正 常等原因, 轮胎磨损会不一致, 所以二级维护中应进行轮胎换位。  1、按时换位可使轮胎磨损均匀, 约延长 20%的使用寿命。在路面拱 度较大的地区或夏季, 轮胎磨损差别较大,可适当增加换位次数。  2、常用的轮胎换位方法有交叉换位法,循环换位法和单边换位法。  3、轮胎换位后, 应按所换的胎位要求, 重新调整气压;并做好记录, 下次换位时仍要按上次选定的换位方法进行。  (四)汽车轮胎的合理使用 汽车轮胎的合理使用方法:做好轮胎的养护,经常观察轮胎气压, 并检查胎侧和胎顶是否有裂口、胎面磨损状况等,及时养护和排除; 防止汽车超速行驶;防止胎压过高或过低;防止轮胎机械性损伤;正确 选用轮胎, 要选择近期生产的轮胎,选用同类型、同规格、同轮辋轮 胎,同一车轴要装同花纹、同结构及同层级、同速度级别的轮胎;汽车 下长坡时少制动;防止汽车超载和装载超偏;磨损至标志的轮胎应更 7 新;防止轮胎帘布层数级别与载重负荷不相符;防止选用不匹配的轮 胎与轮辋。  五、 轮胎的正确维护  (一)无千斤顶时的换轮胎技巧 汽车运行中,若轮胎损坏,在无千斤顶时可以用以下方法换轮胎:  1、后轮外侧轮胎的更换。在拆轮胎前,先用木块或石、砖块垫在内侧 轮胎的前方, 然后开车, 使内侧轮胎压到垫块上面后停车。 再用其他 物件挤紧内侧轮胎的前后部位, 以防溜滑,然后拆卸外侧轮胎并进行 更换。  2、前轮或后轮内侧轮胎的更换。将车开到坚硬的土路上,用木块或砖 块将前轴或后轴垫牢,在要更换的轮胎下挖坑, 然后进行轮胎更换。  3、用木柱顶车架换轮胎。用粗细合适的木柱斜撑在要换轮胎一侧车 架的前端或后端, 然后开车使木柱将车顶起,待木柱直立并前后用石 块塞住车轮后,便可进行轮胎更换。  (二)敲击胎侧检查轮胎内损伤的技巧 敲击胎侧, 若发出“啪啪”的响声,可能是胎体发生大脱空现象; 若 发出“笃笃”的响声,可能是胎体有小的脱空现象发生; 若发出带有 “喳喳”的“咚咚”响声,可能是由胎体发粘现象造成的; 若发出带 有“吱吱”的“咚咚”响声,可能是由于轮胎缓冲层出现折断现象引 起的; 若发出“咚咚”响声, 一般表明胎体良好,无大的损坏。  (三)轮胎异常磨损的巧排除  1、轮胎中央部分的早期磨损。主要原因是轮胎气压过高,可通过测量 8 和调整轮胎气压及进行轮胎换位来排除。  2、轮胎两边磨损过大。主要原因是轮胎长期气压不足或车辆长期超 载运行, 可通过测量轮胎气压并调整至规定值和防止车辆超载来排 除。  3、轮胎面锯齿状磨损。主要原因是前轮定位失准或前悬挂系统位置 失常、 有关球头松旷等。可通过调整前轮定位, 检查前悬挂系统和 调整球头销或更换来排除。  4、轮胎一边磨损量过大。主要原因是转向轮外倾角不当。可通过修 理或更换车桥和悬架上的零件,并调整车轮外倾角和前束,使其匹配 来排除。 5、个别轮胎磨损过大。主要原因是个别车轮的悬架系统失常、支承 件弯曲或个别车轮不平衡。可通过检查磨损严重车轮的定位情况、独 立悬架弹簧和减振器的工作情况以及缩短轮胎换位周期来解决。  6、轮胎斑秃形磨损。轮胎个别部位出现斑秃形严重磨损的原因是轮 胎平衡性差。若汽车运行中发现在某一特定速度车辆有轻微抖动,则 应对车轮进行平衡,以防轮胎产生斑秃形磨损。  六、结语综上所述,汽车轮胎不仅影响整车动力性、经济性和轮胎使用寿 命, 而且直接影响汽车的操纵稳定性、汽车行驶方向的可控性,关系 到人的生命和财产安全。因此,要科学地按技术要求控制轮胎气压, 减少或避免轮胎异常磨损,合理维护和正确使用轮胎。  9 致谢  参考文献:  、张红伟,王国林 《汽车底盘构造及维修 》 高等教育出版社, 6、薛宏建,张全良 《汽车运用维修与应急技巧》 北京机械工业出版社, 7、崔选盟 8、 GB7258- 1997 《汽车故障诊断技术》 人民交通出版社, 《机动车运行安全技术条件》 11

关于汽车的论文10000字开头英文缩写

How Manual Transmissions Work by Marshall Brain ­If you drive a stick-shift car, then you may have several questions floating in your ­How does the funny "H" pattern that I am moving this shift knob through have any relation to the gears inside the transmission? What is moving inside the transmission when I move the shifter? When I mess up and hear that horrible grinding sound, what is actually grinding? What would happen if I were to accidentally shift into reverse while I am speeding down the freeway? Would the entire transmission explode? In this article, we'll answer all of these questions and more as we explore the interior of a manual Cars need transmissions because of the physics of the gasoline First, any engine has a redline -- a maximum rpm value above which the engine cannot go without Second, if you have read How Horsepower Works, then you know that engines have narrow rpm ranges where horsepower and torque are at their For example, an engine might produce its maximum horsepower at 5,500 The transmission allows the gear ratio between the engine and the drive wheels to change as the car speeds up and slows You shift gears so the engine can stay below the redline and near the rpm band of its best Photo courtesy DaimlerChrysler Mercedes-Benz Actros, manual See more transmission Ideally, the transmission would be so flexible in its ratios that the engine could always run at its single, best-performance rpm That is the idea behind the continuously variable transmission (CVT) A CVT has a nearly infinite range of gear In the past, CVTs could not compete with four-speed and five-speed transmissions in terms of cost, size and reliability, so you didn't see them in production These days, improvements in design have made CVTs more The Toyota Prius is a hybrid car that uses a CVT The transmission is connected to the engine through the The input shaft of the transmission therefore turns at the same rpm as the engine

防抱死刹车系统 ABS空调 AC自动变速箱油液 ATF自动变速器 AT电子制动力分配 EBD

贴在外面的一半都是汽车厂商引以为傲的技术。。VVT就是日系的发动机。TFSI就是大众的涡轮增压缸内直喷发动机。。DSG就是大众的双离合自动变速箱。

谁知道哪些网站有关于汽车方面的英文类文章?感谢大家了! “认识汽车学英文英文里这类的用法非常多,像是红 Control的缩写,

关于汽车的论文10000字开头怎么写的

你这是写什么类的呢?我给不了你范文,不过可以推荐你去看看几篇参考文献,如:1、施一敏 轻量化在汽车线束技术中的应用[J] 交通技术, 2013, 2(3): 190- 2、孙志诚, 陈光, 戴天禄, 朱凯, 贺可勋, 黎苏 实际道路工况对电动汽车能耗的影响[J] 交通技术, 2019, 8(6): 403-3、王永红, 武志斐, 梅军豪 电动汽车悬架动态特性仿真[J] 仪器与设备, 2019, 7(2): 106-4、陈光, 孙志诚, 戴天禄, 王晓兵, 朱凯 基于实际道路的电动汽车能耗分析[J] 交通技术, 2019, 8(6): 376-

汽车营销毕业论文  摘要:汽车,市场,销售  一、汽车配件网络化经营的概念  美国汽车配件经销商雷蒙德的汽车配件店位于美国亚特兰大市的一个郊外,这个小店与别的配件店并无二致,但其特色是网上交易,任何与汽车配件销售相关的服务均可在互联网上实现。该经销店的销售员们都具有丰富的网络知识,他们耐心地帮助没有网上交易经验的顾客完成在互联网上的买卖。如果顾客需要,他们还可免费传授各种有关网上交易的知识。为了体现网上销售的快速与便捷,他们提供24小时服务,只要顾客提出问题,他们总是力争在15分钟内给予答复。顾客只需坐在家中的电脑前进入该经销店的网站,然后就可以完成所有想做的事,观看该店全貌、下载所需车款配件的图片、了解价格、下订单等。然后,就可以安坐在家或在自己的维修店里收到由销售员送货上门的汽车配件。  网上交易确实有着许多优点。节约时间,这是显而易见的。对于经销商说,这种交易方式越来越成为吸引客户的一种途径,人们慢慢地接受它,并表示认可。同时,网上交易还减少了许多开支,其中包括员工、管理、市场等方面的花费,而节省下的费用又可在汽车配件售价上使顾客受益。  这是国外汽车配件经营实现网络化销售的一个实例。这种通过互联网和电子商务实现网上经营,对我国的汽车配件销售业,具有非常重要的借鉴意义。从目前我国的汽车配件销售状况来看,整个汽配流通领域的网络建设还很不健全,还是处在一种内部局域网的状况。这种网络的设置大都是为了企业内部的协调和日常管理,而非电子商务。  我国开展网上配件销售的前景,也可以从国外汽车配件网上销售的发展中得到启迪。在国外的汽车配件销售中,怎样才能做到“零公里”销售?怎样才能为顾客提供最满意的服务?有了互联网,上述两个问题可大大缓解。现在,全世界尤其是欧美发达国家通过互联网来购买汽车配件的人正在快速增加。  二、汽车配件网络化经营的优点  网上购买汽车配件车不管对于顾客、经销商,还是对于汽车配件生产企业来说,都是一件大好事。首先,对于汽车配件生产企业来说,互联网可以更方便地收集顾客购买汽车配件过程中所提的各种问题,并及时将这些信息反馈给汽车配件生产企业。生产企业可以据此分析出顾客的购买意愿,从而尽早生产出符合市场需求的汽车配件。这样既节约了时间和费用,又抢得了市场先机。其次,利用互联网的信息和便捷服务,生产企业可以及时得知配件销售商的库存情况和销售情况,从而调整自己的生产和汽车配件调配计划。汽车配件销售商减少了库存,加快了资金流通,获得了较满意的收益。对用户来说,他们可以通过互联网,象“点菜单”似的随意选取自己所需要的汽车配件。  市场信息对于汽车配件生产企业和销售商来说至关重要,而通过互联网即可轻松获得。互联网汽车配件销售商可以给生产企业提供顾客实时实地的信息。这种需求意愿的信息可以帮助生产企业降低汽车配件销售费用,而这种费用通常将占到汽车配件最终销售价格的15%左右。如果算上促销费用的话,这种费用所占比例就更高了。事实上,互联网还可起到一定的广告促销作用。  以前,销售商所经销的汽车配件中总有一部分畅销,而另一部分滞销。滞销部分占用资金所引起的费用就要分摊到卖出去的汽车配件上。通过互联网,生产企业和销售商都可以及时避免生产和销售市场销售不好的汽车配件。有了互联网的便捷服务,不仅仅节约了时间和费用,更重要的是,互联网还可引起一种观念的变革,使汽车配件生产企业、销售商和顾客贴得更近。  三、我国汽车配件网络化经营的发展趋势  我国的汽车配件网络化经营和电子商务,已经开始呈现发展的趋势。目前国内的许多大中型汽车修理企业建立电脑管理系统,实现了内部联网。这种网络覆盖了整个维修业务。从业务接待到派工领料,再到检验结算。电脑化的实时控制使经营者可随时了解到厂内的实时状态,从而可以进行监控,并且大大提高每位员工的工作效率,更重要的是可取代手工做帐和对帐,加强配件管理。  与此同时,眼下一些经营规模较大、业绩较好的汽车配件经销商也引入了电脑化管理。由于汽车配件产品种类繁多,因此对使用此类管理软件的人员要求较高,必须经过一段时期的培训才能上岗。此类汽配经营管理网络涵盖了汽配经营的全流程。从产品入库、确定零售和批发价格以及按车型、编号等方式分类管理,最后到出货、结算乃至做帐、销帐。连锁经营搞得比较好的经销商已把这种网络管理扩大到了它的整个分销点,形成了一定规模的网内网。许多汽车配件经销商都从网络管理中获得了较好的收益。其最显著的特点就体现在商品的调拨上,通过网络管理,可达到事半功倍的效果。  此外,近几年旧的汽车配件流通体制逐渐被打破,各地汽配件市场蓬勃发展,不断成熟壮大。一些有远见、有见地的经营者已感觉到了网络时代的临近,纷纷建立和启动市场网络。象长春汽车配件城、北京西郊汽车配件城、上海汽车配件城等市场都把网络化建设和虚拟市场作为2000年的发展重点。但就现实来看,这种网络还是相当稚嫩的,当然更无法实现网上交易和服务。  随着我国“入世”步伐的加快,业内人士为之称道的“三位一体”的销售模式也逐渐落户中华大地。譬如,上海通用在选择各地经销商时候,就以是否具备“三位一体”的销售能力来最终确定对象的,这种“三位一体”销售模式正是整个汽车配件流通领域网络化的一个缩影。因为它包括了从整车销售、配件供应以及维修保养的全过程。  提起汽车配件网络化经营和电子商务,有人认为,汽车配件电话购物其实也是电子商务,因为两者之间只是通讯平台不同,后台的操作基本上是一样的。其实这种理解并不准确,电话商务和电子商务更象是近亲,在许多方面,电话商务先天不足。首先,消费者从电话中了解的信息很有限,无法充分满足客户要求。其次,如果发广告,或印刷配件目录给客户,由于销售的配件越来越多,使得印刷成本越来越高,而更新速度却越来越慢。另外,在电话中交流时,由于环境、语音、语速、方言等因素的影响,使电话业务人员的工作难度和出错率不断增加。仅仅作电话商务,经营内容在深度和广度方面进一步发展就会受到限制。  四、汽车配件配送系统和网络化经营的构建  众所周知,如今在网上实现成功交易的有形产品如图书、音像制品、成衣等等,而汽车配件作为一种有一定科技含量、某些产品还有国家强制性标准的工业产品,要实现网上交易,较之其他工业产品,更有其优势,销售者和购买者只要在互联网上发布和输入汽车配件的有关信息,例如车型、车款、配件名称、零件编号、生产地、价格、数量等,即可实现网上销售或购买。要真正实现电子商务概念的网上销售,除了解决买卖双方的“诚信”等问题外,还必须建立一整套完整高效的物流配送系统。以前说起限制电子商务发展的因素,不外乎支付手段、安全认证等方面,真正做起来,才会发现汽车配件物流配送系统是最难、最花力气、最花钱的一块。许多汽车配件电子商务企业试图寻找现有的实体网络,比如邮政、快递甚至送报公司作为配送系统。但是,一个适合与电子商务的汽车配件配送系统应该是什么样子?什么条件的实体网络能改造成为电子商务的汽车配件配送系统才会成本最低?  在商场购买大件商品,商场可以为顾客送货,连锁超市、连锁专卖店也有自己的配送系统。但商场送货都是一次性服务,客户也不是固定的,说到底只是个服务概念,不是网络概念。同一客户再次需要商场的送货服务时,对商场而言,这又是一个新客户。连锁店的配送网络只连接起不同的店铺,真正到客户家里或汽车维修厂的“最后一公里”还是个空白。被人看好的邮政、速递、送报公司,能将触角伸到老百姓家里,可是每天基本上只送一次,而且不太可能递送体积和重量较大的汽车配件。所以,如果汽车配件配送系统不能真正建立,实现配件网上经营就无法实现。因为,一方面入网的修理厂家希望通过互联网找到价格合适的汽配产品,以实现零库存的最佳状态,但被选择的汽配产品如果不能及时送达目的地,那网上交易实质上就无法实现;另一方面,当那些零部件制造企业发现通过提高劳动生产率不再容易时,就会想到通过互联网的集约化配送来降低其流通成本,也就希望有这样一套完整的物流配送体系。同时,目前汽车配件流通领域内供大于求的状况,在短期内还根本无法改变,许多配件经销商存在着不同程度的货物积压,因此很需要通过网上完成过剩产品的交易,但这一目标的实现必须有高效的物流配送系统作保证,否则网上交易也就名存实亡。  应该看到,单凭各企业自己去建立这样一套配送系统是绝对划不来的,所以可以预见随着汽车配件流通领域网络化进程的加快,必将带动这项服务领域的发展。而如何利用现有实体网络或自己建立配件配送系统,将是我国汽车配件流通领域要解决的关键。  那么,假如在拥有这样的物流配送系统的前提下,如何来实现汽配流通领域的网络建设呢?  1、汽配市场的网络建设必须坚持“小市场、大流通”的方针。比如在汽配城内建成完整的导购系统,客户入城后便能通过触摸式电脑对城内商家布局、产品价格和分类有详细地了解,使购物做到有的放矢,得心应手。不仅如此,汽配城还必须把各自城内信息通过专业汽配互联网站发送出去,与全国其他汽配市场实现信息共享,以扩大各自城内商户的交易面。  2、汽配经销商的网络经营。各地的汽配经销商在完善各自的内部网络管理、调配的基础上,通过专业汽配网站及时提供产品价格目录和品牌目录,以供广大用户(主要是修理厂和大用户)进行选择、定购,最终实现网上交易。现阶段,在配送服务还不完善的状况下,最可行的就是把一些比较特殊的产品和一些发达地区可能已经淘汰的过剩产品通过专业网络实现按需交易。  五、汽车配件网络化经营是发展的必由之路和改革之路  中国汽车配件网络销售的发展应该适合中国的国情,走有中国特色的互联网经营之路。诚然,美国的网络经营取得了很大的成功,但我们不能忽略这辉煌的背后,是美国雄厚的社会基础物质基础。早在100多年前,美国就已经建立起来了完善的公路、铁路、邮政、速递相结合的配送体系;当今社会的美国人已经习惯了“无货币交易”。可以这么说,互联网经济今天在美国的发展,应该是一个很自然的结果,是有美国200多年自由市场经济发展作为基础的必然产物。就像一个孩子从一开始是用手爬,然后学会走路,过一段时间自然就学会跑了。而作为发展中的中国,仅仅是支付和配送这两方面的问题就已经形成了致命的“瓶颈”。  如何结合中国的国情和互联网发展的特点,踏踏实实地去做一些实事,才是当今汽车配件网络经营发展的当务之急。中国的汽车配件电子商务和网络化经营必须走企业联合之路,网站与实体企业结合,实现机构调整以及行政、采购、配送、财务、市场信息、网络经营部门的改造,只有这样,才会是实实在在的互联网经营。目前,汽车配件的网络化经营还有比较长的一段路要跋涉,但是,传统企业一定要顺应互联网时代作出选择,网络化经营必然是汽车配件营销的必由之路和改革之路。

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