政治与法律评论文章题目大全高中英语作文
Attention Should Be Given to SpellingOn the Popularity of Microblog（微博）On Pursuing FashionHow to Prevent the Spread of Epidemics（传染病）满意请给分哦
介绍或导游之类的，一般看广告，你自个翻译些事情经过或者表达感受的的，写个日记每年搞作文题目都这样，就像今年全国卷一的作文题目，关于北京前门大街的
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书面表达中常用的连接词 （1），表选择关系或对等关系的连接词：either…or…， neither…nor…， or， as well as， and， both…and… （2），表因果关系的连接词：therefore， so， as a result， as the result of， because of， due to， owing to， thanks to等。 （3），表时间顺序的连接词：the moment， as soon as， at first， then， later， meanwhile， at the beginning， in the end， before long， for the first time， the （4），表转折关系的连接词：yet， and yet， but， while， on the contrary， on the other hand， however， at the same time（然而）等。 （5），表解释说明的连接词：that is， that is to say， in other words， such as， for example， for instance， and so on， etc， and the like， and what not等。 （6），表递进关系的连接词：not only…but (also)， what’s more， what’s worse， besides， in addition， worse still， moreover， above all等。 （7），表总结的连接词：in a word， on the whole， in short， briefly， in brief， to sum up， in all等 1)表层次: first，firstly， to begin with， further， in the first place second，secondly， to start with， still， furthermore third，thirdly， what is more， last， last but not least also， and then， next， besides and equally important too moreover besides in addtion finally 2)表转折； by contrast although though yet at the same time but despitethe fact that even so in contrast nevertheless even though for all that notwithstanding on the contarary however in spite of on the other hand otherwise instead still regardless 3)表因果； therfore consequently because of for the reason thus hence due to owing to so accordingly thanks to on this account since as on that account in this way for as a result as a consequence 4）表让步： still nevertheless concession granted naturally in spite of all the same of course despite even so after all 5)表递近： furthermore moreover likewise what is more besides also not but too in addtion 6)表举例： for example for instance for one thing that is to illustrate as an illustration a case in point 7)表解释： as a matter of fact frankly speaking in this case namely in other words 8)表总结： in summary in a word thus as has been said in brief in conclusion altogether in other words to conclude in fact finally in simpler terms indeed in short in particular that is in other words of course on the whole to put it differently namely in all therefore to summarize 对等连接词and可连接两个动词，意思是"而且，并且"。 Hey， a pet Let's go in and have a 嘿，宠物商店。进去看看。 对等连接词and可连接两个名词或代名词；"和"。 My friend and I want to buy a 我的朋友和我想买个宠物。 连接词after连接子句，意思是"在…之后"。 Why don't we do it after we have finished shopping? 我们为什么不买完东西后再去？ 连接词before连接子句，意思是"在…之前"。 No， I have to buy a pet before you use up all the 不，我得在你把钱花完之前买个宠物。 连接词for连接表原因的子句；"因为…"。 I think this way， for I had the similar experience 我这么想，因为我以前有过相似的经历。 连接词therefore连接表结果的句子，"所以…"；that连接形容词子句。 Therefore， this time I must buy things that I like 所以，这次我必须先买我喜欢的东西。 连接词if连接表示假设的子句，"如果…"。 Ok， I'll go with you if you promise not to use up all the 好吧，如果你保证不把钱花光我就和你去。 连接词but连接表示转折的句子，意思是"但是…；而…"。 A cat? But we've already got 猫？但我们已经有一只了。 连接词because连接表示原因的句子，意思是"因为…"。 You have to buy the two together， because this one is that one's 不行，你得两只一起买，因为这只是那只的翻译。 连接词neither…nor连接两代名词，意思是"既不也不"。 Neither he nor I like a 他和我都不喜欢狗。 连接词why连接名词子句，意思是"为何…"。 I wonder why you think this 搞不懂你为何这么想。 连接词whether连接名词子句，意思是"是否"。 I wonder whether you can help 不知道你是否能帮我们。 what连接名词子句，相当于all that。 Ha， parrots! This is what I 哈，鹦鹉！这是我要的东西。
政治与法律评论文章题目大全高中英语
结合上下文 推测 高中英语阅读理解题有多少种题材 英语
语法填空专练老师叮咛：李辉老师说，“语法填空这种题型，考点极其固定，因为百年以来英语语法都没发生过巨大的变化。高考语法考点本来就有限，能用填空这种形式来考的语法考点就更有限了。所以只要选题准、做题狠，基本上三篇出规律、五篇出能力、十篇出满分、二十篇出速度。”下文经过了全网首席高考英语名师李辉老师团队高度认真的整理校对，无错，可信！可供全国各省高中生打印、学习、背诵！ ARobinson Crusoe is an English After many adventures and dangers， he comes to Brazil， ________ he settles down another voyage — to West Africa， for the purpose of trading ________ the During a storm the ship ________ (destroy) off the coast of an island without people， and he alone manages to swim ashore， ________ all the rest of the crew are He builds himself a house， and lives first by hunting， then raising livestock (牲畜) and He saves a savage (野人) from the hands of cannibals (食人者)， gives ________ the name Friday， and makes him into a perfect After some time he rescues three more ________ (prison) from the For many years he manages to live on the One day ________ English ship visits the island， its crew intending to leave the captain and his officers Robinson succeeds ________ helping the captain regain control of the Robinson， ________ (take) Friday with him， is invited aboard the ship and returns to E After some years he revisits his island colony， ________ is becoming more and more prosperous， but Friday is killed during an attack by the I文章大意：鲁滨逊•克鲁索是一个英国水手，在经历了许多冒险和危险之后，他来到巴西。在一次暴风雨中，这艘船在荒无人烟的岛屿上被摧毁了，船上其他的人全都遇难，只有他独自一人设法游上了岸．本文主要讲述了鲁滨逊•克鲁索在荒岛上的艰苦生活以及最后和仆人星期五回到英国的故事。答案： where with is destroyed while prisoners an in taking which 解析：1．where。考查定语从句的关系词．分析句子成分可知，Brazil是先行词，settles down another voyage是定语从句，设空处引导定语从句且在从句中作状语，修饰先行词Brazil，故填where．2．with。考查介词．with 表示与…一起，短语trade with Sb．意为“与某人交易”句意：为了与当地的人进行交易，故填with。3．is destroyed。考查时态和语态．根据上下文语境可知，此处要用一般现在时，且主语ship与谓语动词destroy之间为被动关系，故填is destroyed。4．while。考查连词。"他成功地游到了海岸"和"其他的船员都被淹死了"两个分句之间是对比关系，故填while．5．him。考查代词．根据空前的谓语动词gives可知，此处作宾语应用代词的宾格，结合后面的him，故填him。6．prisoners。考查名词。根据rescues three more可知，此处应用prison表人的名词且为复数形式，故填prisoners。7．an。考查冠词。句意：一天，一艘英国船经过这个岛，English ship在此表泛指，应用不定冠词，English以元音因素开头，故填an。8．in。考查介词。固定短语succeed in doing eth．表示"成功做成某事"，符合语境，故填in。9．taking。考查非谓语动词。Robinson与take之间为主谓关系，且take所表示的动作与is invited 同时发生，所以应用take的现在分词形式，故填taking。10．which。考查定语从句的关系词。设空处引导非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词his island colony，which引导定语从句，代指那个小岛，故填which。 BJoseph Henry was an American He served as ________ first Secretary of the Smithsonian I He used to tell a rather strange story about his His grandmother， ________ raised him， once paid a cobbler(制鞋匠) to make him a pair of The man measured ________ feet and told Joseph that he could choose between two styles: a rounded toe (足尖部) ________ a square Little Joseph couldn’t It seemed to be such a huge decision; after all， they ________ (become) his only pair of shoes for a long The cobbler allowed him ________ (take) a couple of days to make ________ his Day after day， Joseph went into the shop， sometimes three or four times a day! Each time he looked over the cobbler’s shoes and tried to The rounded-toed shoes were more ________ (practice)， but the square-toed shoes looked much ________ (nice) He continued to hesitate and couldn’t decide!Finally， one day he went into the shop and the cobbler handed him a small package ________ was wrapped in brown His new shoes! He raced He tore off the wrapping and found a beautiful pair of leather shoes — one with a rounded toe and the other with a square 文章大意：约瑟夫·亨利是一位美国科学家。他曾担任史密森学会的首任秘书。他常讲一个关于他童年的相当奇怪的故事。约瑟夫去鞋店做鞋，鞋匠告诉他鞋头有两种选择，但他拿不定主意，最后鞋匠给了他一双不一样的鞋头的鞋。答案： where with is destroyed while him prisoners an in taking which 解析： the。考查冠词。由served as 及Secretary 可知，first 前用the 表示“第一”。 who。考查关系词。设空处引导非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词His grandmother，且在从句中作主语，故用who。 his。考查代词。制鞋匠量了Joseph Henry的脚，故用his指代Joseph Henry’s。 or。考查连词。根据上下文语境可知此处是选择关系，故用or。 would become。考查时态。根据上下文语境可知鞋那时尚未被制作，故此处要用过去将来时。 to take。考查非谓语动词。allow S to do 表示“允许某人做某事”。 up。考查固定短语。make up one’s mind表示“下定决心”。 practical。考查形容词。由were more可知在此用形容词作表语。 nicer。考查比较等级。由much可知，在此用nice的比较级。 which / that。考查关系词。设空处引导定语从句，修饰先行词a small package，故用which / that。 CA few close friends meant more than the best medical facilities in the When Harry Truman was pushed into the US presidency after the death ________ Franklin Roosevelt， a colleague and friend — Congressman (国会议员) Sam Rayburn of Bon ham， Texas — ________ (give) Truman some fatherly Rayburn said， “Harry， from here on out， you’re going to have lots of people around you， ________ will try to put a wall around you and cut you off from any ideas but They’ll tell you what a great man you are， H But you and I ________ know you aren’” Friends can say those things to each Later， when Sam Rayburn discovered that he was seriously ill， he told his friends in Congress that he was going home to Bon ham for medical “ ________ there are excellent doctors and medical facilities in Washington， DC，” some of them “Why would you want ________ (go) to Bon ham?”“Because，” the congressman replied， “Bon ham is a place ________ people know it when you’re ”Rayburn had a need ________ (great) than good medical He needed Someone to ask what his grandchildren were Someone to sit by him and stop by his Someone to Who is such ________ friend to you? That person is more valuable than your greatest ________ (possess)Have you said “thanks”?文章大意：雷伯恩给了杜鲁门一些忠告，几个亲密的好朋友比世界上最好的医疗措施更重要。当雷伯恩发现自己病重时，毅然要回伯纳姆治疗，当别人问为什么时，他回答伯纳姆是一个当你生病人们知道的地方。答案： of gave who both But to go where greater a possession解析： of。考查介词。after the death of S 意为“在某人死后”。 gave。考查时态。根据When从句的时态可知此处要用一般过去时。 who。考查关系词。设空处引导非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词people，故用who。 both。考查代词。由you and I可知在此用both。 But。考查连词。根据上下文语境和句意可知此处是表示惊讶和反对，故用But。 to go。考查非谓语动词。want to do 表示“想做某事”。 where。考查关系词。设空处引导定语从句且在从句中作状语，修饰先行词a place，故用where。 greater。考查比较等级。由than可知在此用great的比较级。 a。考查冠词。friend 在此表泛指且由such 可知在此用a。 possession。考查名词。由greatest可知，在此用名词。
假设你叫王明，昨天收到了笔友David的e-mail，得知他不久要到北京来学习中文。他想了解如何学好中文。请你用英文给他回复一封e-mail，介绍学习中文的体会和方法，提出你的建议，以及表达你帮助他学好中文的愿望。Dear David， I''m glad you''ll come to Beijing to learn C Chinese is very useful， and many foreigners are learning it It''s difficult for you because it''s quite different from E You have to remember as many Chinese words as It''s also important to do some reading and You can watch TV and listen to the radio to practise your Do your best to talk with people in C You can learn Chinese not only from books but also from people around If you have any questions， please ask I''m sure you''ll learn Chinese Hope to see you soon in B Yours， Wang Ming 二给朋友的信 假如你是英国学生PETER在北京学习，请按下文给你的朋友MARY写一封信谈一下北京和伦敦的异同相同点：北京和伦敦都是首都和重要城市，都拥有众多人口，都是国家经济 政治 文化中心，都拥有许多历史，文化古迹不同点：伦敦；汽车靠左行，很多人坐汽车上班 阴天多 懂汉语人少 学生不充分利用时间 北京：汽车靠右行很多人骑自行车上班 晴天多 懂 英语人多 学生学习勤奋Dear Mary， I have been living in Beijing for some time now and I find it very interesting There are so many similarities between Beijing and L They are both the capital of the country and are both very important Both places have huge They are both the economical， political and cultural They both have many historical and cultrual I also found many differences in the two In London we drive on the left side of the road， while in Beijing they drive on the right Most people in London go to work via public transportation， here in Beijing most people rides In London the weather is always cloudy， here in Beijing most the the time it's And in London most student don't spend their time efficiently， but here in Beijing many people speak English cause they study Regards， Peter三下面是李明同学在日记里记录下来的“保持健康的方法”的几条好建议。请你跟具下表的内容提示，以“The way to keep healthy ”为题，写一篇不少于80个词的短文。 1要多吃水果和蔬菜，多喝开水 2要多运动 3晚上睡眠时间不少与8个小时 三不要： 1晚上不要喝咖啡或茶 2不要吃太多的糖 3工作或学习不要太劳累 The Way To Keep Healthy Health has become a very important part of our life，and there are many ways to keep First，you can eat more fruit and vegetables，and you'd better drink more warn Next，you have to do lots of And having at least 8 hours'sleep a Remember，don't drink coffe or tea before you go to bed，don't eat too much sugar and don't work or study too late，it will make you too If you care about yourself， it's easy to have a healthy 四保护森林 题目：保护森林 字数：60字 内容：介绍我国森林情况与保护森林的措施our country has a large area of however，not until recently did the goverment begin to realize the importance of protecting the as we may know from various sources，the government recently adopted a policy called "restore the farmland to the forest"(退耕还林）。this has brought much hope to the forest of our country as well as the sustainable development of our 五Fresh Air 没有空气我们就不能活，请以Fresh Air为话题，写一篇短文。 提示词：villagers，more healthy，than，towns，air，fresh，all day in the fields，breathing fresh clean air，cities，full of smoke，dust，diseasePoeple in villages are healthier than people in That is because the air in villages is very Farmers are working all day in the fields， breathing fresh clean But there are too many factories in They produce more and more harmful At last， cities are full of And there's many dust in cities， It may cause a So fresh air is very important to the people in We need fresh So please don't pollute the air! 六一篇关于学校要举行校运会的通知!! Announcement（或者Notice也可以的） Boys and girls， may I have your attention， please?（典型的通知开头语） We will have a sports meeting next F The meeting will be held on the playground of our school， from 8 o'clock in the morning till 5 o'clock in the Anybody who would like to take part in the competitions? Just come on and join in! Also， we would like to remind you to make sure you can arrive on Thank you! the Students' Union Feb 13th，2006 （学生会的说法最好记住．这种通知没有落款也可以，但地道的"学生会"往那一摆，至少多得两分！） 七2008年奥运会我要做一名志愿者 I want to be a volunteer of beijing olympic I realized the time I must study english very Because English is very useful and it is very And to be a volunteer of the olympic games is good for myself I can make some friends from different countries and learn more about sport，about But the first thing to perpare this is study hard， I am confident i will to be a good volunteer and I will show the world:our country and our cities are so perfect in the 八奥运会将在北京举行 奥运会将在北京举行为了更好的迎接它的到来，北京政府在今后的几年中修建马路，体育场游泳池作为一名中学生，我们该怎么做呢? In three years later，Beijing will hold the 28th Olympic GThe goverment has decided to build new roads，buildings for As a junior student，i must study my english well enough to communicate with the foreigners，so that i can be a Then i can tell them more about my That will be so of the idea of the beijing is so every of us have to keep the circumstance around us，then our country will be more and more beautiful 九Yaoming - My Favorite Sports Star Yaoming - My Favorite Sports StarI am a basketball My favorite sports star is YAs we all know， Yao is a super star in NBA He is famous in America not only for his amazing height， but also for his perfect skills in basketball and in Although he is very popular throughout the world， he has never forgot his country and his teachers in C He's the hero in my 十My School My school is in the east end of the It takes me half an hour to get to school on I usually ride a bike to There are over one hundred and fifty teachers and about two thousand students in our We have two classroom The office building is three storeys On weekdays our teachers often take us to the laboratories to do Sometimes we have English lesson in the language We have a very large After school we take part in various activities， such as ball games， painting， singing and I like to play football with my I love my
政治与法律评论文章题目大全高中英语版
本刊注重学理探讨，欢迎有深度、有独立见解、反映最新学术水平的学理性文章，同时也关注直接涉及社会现实问题的制度性研究文章。来稿形式不拘，精粹简练的文稿将优先录用。自投稿起3个月内未获稿件备用通知者可自行处理其文稿；获稿件备用通知者，可按编辑部建议进一步修改后提交电子文稿。不同意编辑部对文稿作必要文字处理者，请于来稿时说明。此外，请勿以电子函件方式投稿。本刊采取隐名审稿方式选用来稿，来稿请直接寄达编辑部，并请另页附具作者姓名、单位、通讯地址或其他联系办法。为适应我国信息化建设需要，扩大作者学术交流渠道，本刊与部分知名期刊网站建立了合作关系。作者著作权使用费与本刊稿酬一次性给付。如作者不同意将文章编入该数据库，请在来稿时声明，本刊将做适当处理。
都是相对应的，大学教师发论文最低也要发国家级的，中国科教创新导刊，还有时代教育，有些杂志就不收中小学的文章。大学学后关键是评什么，学校要求发什么级别的期刊。
你好 你的文章要是很好很好的话 最权威得nature和science 祝你好运……
《政治与法律》是一部以刊登各个国际新闻，政坛要事，以及有关法制方面的文章为内容的刊物
政治与法律评论文章题目大全初中英语作文
优质解答带提纲和关键词的作文，就是把所给的提示语用上，合理安排次序，注意上下文之间的联系而写的文章例如：利用这些单词写一篇你的家乡环境，live in，chang，take place，building，shop，market，flower，tree，grass，street，wide，clean，have a…life，work hard，beautiful I live in the Great changes have taken place in my hometown in the past ten A lot of tall buildings have put There are more and more shops and super You can see trees，grass and beautiful flowers here and The street is very wide and The people there are having a happy Everyone is working hard to make my hometown I love my 再如：题：为了提高学生的英语口语水平，新华中学将举行一次英语演讲比赛，请你以学校的名义按照下面的内容写一篇通知参加对象：九年级学生报名时间与地点：截至10月10日；学生会办公室比赛时间与地点：11月8日下午2点；学校礼堂、比赛前三名优胜者将获奖欢迎全体学生去听演讲比赛注意：1) 词数：80左右2）不可逐字翻译，可适当发挥3）提示词：英语演讲比赛 English Speech Contest、最好是初中词汇奥60字就可以了NoticeIn order to improve your English speaking，we are going to have an English Speech Contest in Xinhua High SAll the students in Grade Nine can come to The registration time wiil last till October The location is in the Student Union The Contest will start at 2 o'clock pm on November 8 in the school The top three winners in the Contest will be Welcome all students to come to the speech 希望对你有所帮助
The Importance of Physical Exercise Everyone hopes to live happily in the Physical exercise is indispensable to a happy There is a famous saying: "Life lies on " Although you will not necessarily die without regular physical exercises， they' II certainly help you live longer and more Exercise is good for us to build our It helps co - ordinate the different parts of our bodies when we have For example， we must try our best to co - ordinate the movements of the arms and legs when we play basketball， or we won't be able to shoot the Exercise also benefits our It lets the heart beat faster than usual， and then helps enlarge the blood vessels to protect us from heart Exercise can also contribute to the development of our ability to response For instance， when you play table- tennis， you must try to reflect as quickly as you can so that you may fight back at the right position at the fight Exercise can also contribute to improving our When you do exercise， you move a lot， and you have to be more It helps you become more Exercise will fill your life with various contents and make it more What's more， exercise will help you get rid of your If you keep doing exercise regularly， you will never be a lazy Therefore， exercise has great effect on one's In a word， exercise is helpful， important and absolutely necessary 在体育锻炼的重要性大家都希望生活在世界的快乐。体育锻炼是必不可少的幸福生活。有一句名言：“生活在演习的谎言。”虽然你不一定会死没有经常体育锻炼，他们'第二一定帮助你活得更久，更健康。运动有利于我们建立我们的机构。它可以帮助公司-我们身体协调不同地区当我们的体育。例如，我们必须尽最大努力协调-统筹的手臂和腿的动作，当我们打篮球，否则我们将无法射篮。运动也有利于自己的器官。它让心跳比平时快，然后帮助扩大血管，防止心脏病发作我们。运动也有助于我们的能力的发展作出回应，灵活地。例如，当你打乒乓球，你必须设法尽快反映你可以让你可以在战斗在斗争的时刻回到正确的位置。运动也有助于改善我们的情绪。当你做运动，您移动了很多东西，你必须更积极。它可以帮助你变得更加乐观。工作将填满你的生活中的各种内容，使其更加丰富多彩。更重要的是，练习将帮助你摆脱你的惯性。如果你继续做定期运动，你永远是一个懒惰的人。因此，演习，一个人的性格有很大影响。总之，运动是有益的，重要的和必要的。应该有500字吧？
告诉你最王道的英语作文，观音怕怕佛祖摇头，如果是双人对话 ：Can you speak chinese？
题目呢，至少有个中心思想吧？你补充一下内容，我等着 【参考文章】I’m proud of being Chinese Hello， My name is L Do you know where I am from? From America? From England? Maybe you’re Let me tell you the correct I am from C I also want to say， I’m proud of being C The Olympic Games held in Beijing in A All the players and tourists came to C New Beijing， new Olympic G All the things to face to the world are All the foreigners thumb “China is the best!” In the field， all the players tried their best to be I learned a lot from I should study Chinese players were the They got so many Gold medals so that all over the world were It was so China is getting stronger and I’m proud of being C 【中文译文】我为中国骄傲你好，大家好。我的名字是莉莉。你知道我在哪里的呢？从美国？来自英格兰？也许你错了。让我告诉你正确的答案。我来自中国。我还想说，我身为炎黄子孙为荣。奥运会在北京举行8月。所有球员和游客来到中国。新北京，新奥运。所有的东西面对世界是新的。所有的外国人大拇指。 “中国是最好的！在外地”，所有的球员尽力第一。我学到了很多他们。我要努力学习。中国选手是最好的。他们得到了这么多的金牌，让全世界都大为震惊。它是如此令人兴奋。中国越来越强。我身为祖国骄傲。
政治与法律评论文章题目大全高中英语单词
同求！。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。
信息的特征 载体依附性，无线共享性，永不枯竭性开发增值性 应用实效性存在普遍性情报的定义和属性 是运用一定的媒体（载体），越过空间和时间传递给特定用户，解决科研、生产中的具体问题所需要的特定知识和信息。 1、知识性（情报的本质是知识。没有一定的知识内容，就不能成为情报。知识性是情报最重要的属性。） 2、传递性（知识若不进行传递交流，供人们利用 ，就不能构成情报。） 3、效用性（情报为用户服务，用户需要情报，效用性是衡量情报工作的重要标志。）信息源的类型 按信息源存在的形式划分为个人信息源、组织机构信息源、实物型信息源、文献型信息源、电子型信息源五个类型。 信息源定义 信息源：个人为满足其信息需要而获得的信息来源。文献定义 用一定的方式（文字，图像声音）记录在一定载体（纸张磁盘光盘等）上的知识都称之为文献。文献是知识的外在表现形式。 文献的四要素： 信息内容（文献中所表达的思想意识和知识观念。是文献的内涵灵魂之所在，直接体现了文献精神产品的性能，具有知识和情报价值）、信息符号（符号系统是揭示文献信息内容的标识，表达知识情报的手段，记录和传播文献信息内容的媒介）、记录方式（将文献符号系统所代表的信息内容通过特定的人工记录手段和方法，使其附着于一定的文献载体材料上）、载体材料（可供记录信息符号的物质材料，是全部信息载体中一个重要的子系统） 信息源组成的三要素： 信息生产者、信息、信息技术。 主题语言： 叙词、元词、标题词、关键词。 文献的类型 按信息源内容深度划分为零次文献、一次文献、二次文献、三次文献。1、 零次文献：未经出版发行或未进入社会交流的最原始的文献。2、 一次文献：以作者本人取得的成果为依据而创作的论文、报告等经公开发表或出版的各种文献，习惯上成为原始文献。3、 二次文献：二次文献是按照特定目的对一定范围或学科领域的大量分散的、无组织的一次文献进行鉴别、筛选、分析、归纳和加工整理重组而成的系统的有序化的、方便查找使用的浓缩简化产物。4、 三次文献：根据二次文献提供的线索，选用大量一次文献的内容，经过筛选、分析、综合和浓缩而再度出版的文献。 文献型信息的类型：（1）、图书（2）期刊（3）学位论文（4）科技报告（5）专利文献（6）标准文献（7）产品样本（8）会议文献（9）政府出版物狭义信息资源的概念 认为信息资源是指人类社会经济活动中，经过加工处理，有序化，并大量积累起来的，有用信息的集合广义的概念 认为信息资源是指人类社会信息，活动中积累起来的，信息信息，生产者信息技术等信息，活动要素的集合总体来说，信息资源就是人类信息社会活动中大量积累起来的以信息为核心的各类信息活动要素（信息生产者、信息技术、设备、设施、资金等）的集合。信息资源的构成要素，信息生产者 信息，信息技术信息源和信息资源的区别 信息源不等于信息资源，信息源与信息资源既紧密相关又有区别。信息源是信息资源的源，是先于信息资源的，信息源可以不断的转化为信息资源；但信息源不等于信息资源，信息源是蕴含信息的一切事物，信息资源则是可利用的信息的集合，信息资源可以是一种高质量、高纯度的信息源，但信息源不全是信息资源。信息文化的特征 数字化全球化 虚拟性交互性 开放性自治性自律性 自由平等共享 医学信息素养的内涵主要包括： 信息意识、信息知识、信息勇气、信息道德。1、 信息意识：指信息在人脑中的反映即人对各种信息的自觉心理反映，反映人在信息活动过程中对信息的认识、态度、价值趋向和一定需求。2、 信息知识：指与信息有关的理论、知识和方法。3、 信息勇气：指有效利用信息技术和信息资源获取信息、加工处理信息以及创造和交流新信息的能力。4、 信息道德：指在获取信息、使用、创造和传播过程中应该遵守一定的伦理规范。信息检索的类型，文献检索 事实检索 数据检索 信息检索的类型 1、文献检索（是查找特定相关内容的文献，如 查找某一专题或者找某一著作的文献，再从查找的文献中获取相关的信息，只是最重要、最基本的检索。）2、事实检索（是以特定事实为检索对象，检索的结果是有关某一事物的具体答案，因此事实检索是一种确定性检索。）3、数据检索（是以特定的数据为检索对象，检索的结果是经过测试、评价过的各种数据，可直接用于比较分析或定量分析，是一种确定性的检索。） 信息检索系统的组成：一般由计算机硬件、计算机软件及数据库三部分组成。数据库：信息检索系统的信息源，是按一定方式存储磁盘、磁带或光盘上的相互关联的数据集合。 数据库的组成：文档、记录、字段。 数据库的类型：书目数据库、事实数据库、数值数据库、全文数据库、图像数据库 世界上的检索语言有很多种，依其划分方法的不同，划分出不同类型。有表达文献外部特征的检索语言，也有表达文献内容特征的检索语言。信息检索的语言：分类语言、主题语言。（标题词 元词叙词，关键词）分类语言：是运用逻辑分类原理，按文献内容的学科、专业集中文献、从知识分类的角度揭示各类文献在内容上的区别和联系，将性质相同的文献聚集在一起，性质相近的联系在一起，性质不同的予以分开。 信息检索的途径：分类途径、主题途径、关键词途径、著者途径、题名途径、号码途径、其他途径。分类途径 分类途径是按文献内容所需的学科类别来检索文献的途径，通过分类号或类别进行检索。利用分类途径可以了解学科概念之间的隶属、并列、相关等关系，适用于回溯性检索和广义概念（类目概念较大）的检索，能够满足族性检索（按学科集中文献）的要求。查全率高，但查准率低。信息检索技术：布尔逻辑检索、截词检索、位置检索、限定字段检索。信息检索的策略：(1)、分析检索课题，明确目标和要求；（2）、检索系统和数据库的选择；（3）、选择检索途径，确定检索标识；（4）、编制检索表达式，调整检索策略；（5）、获取原始文献。选择检索系统要掌握以下几个原则：专业要对口，报道文献数量多、信息量大，报道速度快、时差短，检索途径多。 查全率：是表示检出的相关文献与全部文献库中实际存储着的相关文献的比例。 查全率=检出的相关文献量/文献库中的相关文献总量*100% 查准率:是表示检出的文献中所需要的相关文献所占的比例。 查准率=检准的相关文献量/检出的所有文献量*100% 提高检索效果的措施：（1）、提高查全率的措施：a、尽量采取主题词与关键词相结合进行检索；b、主题词检索时要进行扩展检索和使用全部副主题词检索；c、分类检索时要进行扩展检索和全部复分检索；d、删除某个不甚重要的概念组面，减少AND运算；e、多用同义词进行“OR”运算检索；f、采用截词检索等。（2）、提高查准率的措施：a、采用规范化的主题词与副主题词组配进行检索，少用或不用自由词；b、采用限定主要概念主题词字段的加权方式检索；c、增加概念组面，用AND运算符进行连接；d、用NOT算符排除无关概念；e、限定检索字段，如文献类型、语种、作者、刊名等；f、运用放宽位置算符等。 搜索引擎：是Internet上具有查询功能的网页的统称，即允许用户递交查询，检索出与查询相关的网页结果列表，并且排序输出。 搜索引擎的类型：(1)、按搜索的内容划分：综合性搜索引擎、专业性搜索引擎。（2）、按搜索的方式划分：目录式搜索引擎、全文搜索引擎、元搜索引擎、智能搜索引擎。 搜索引擎的结构和原理 一个搜索引擎一般由搜索器、索引器、索引数据库、检索器和用户接口等5部分组成。搜索引擎的工作程序可以分为4个步骤：（1）、信息的采集和存储；（2）、索引数据库的建立；（3）、检索界面的建立；（4）、检索结果的相关性处理。